journal of microscopical science. description of … · 2.—ophryodendron pedicellaium, hincks,...

JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I.,

Illustrating the Rev. Thomas Hincks's paper on the Pro-tozoon Ophryodendron abietinum, Claparede andLachmann.

FIG.1.—A colony of Ophryodendron (Claparede and Laclimann), on a calycle

o. lHunmlaria pinnaia, a the proboscidian zooid; b, the lageni-form zooid. All the figures are very highly magnified.

2.—Ophryodendron pedicellaium, Hincks, the proboscidian zooid, showingthe pedicle.

3.—Ophryodendron pedicettatum, the lageniform zooid with curved pedicle ;x, the clear space below the oral aperture.

4.—Ophryodendron abieiinum, Claparede and Lachmann; a single sessileproboscidian, bearing a lageniform bud (5) and one of the flask-shaped zooids beside it, with a straight pedicle.

6.—Ophryodendron abiehnum, the proboscidian zooid bearing a fully de-veloped lageniform individual.

6.—The flask-shaped zooid of Ophryodendron pedicellulnm, with bud.


DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II,

Illustrating Rev. Thomas Hincks's paper, " Contributions tothe History of the Polyzoa."

Kg.1.—Two zooecia of Bicellaria ciliata, Linn., containing germ-capsules in

different stages of development, a, a germ-capsule surrounded bya mass of pale-yellowish globules; a', a germ-capsule partiallydeveloped into the polypide.

2.—A zooecium of Bicellaria ctliala containing a germ-capsule (a), in whichthe formation of a polypide-bud is just commencing at x.

3.—A zooecium of Bugula plumosa, Pallas, in which the polypide-bud onthe germ-capsule has reached a more advanced stage.

4.—A zooecium of Bugula plumosa containing a perfect polypide recentlydeveloped from the germ-capsule.

5.—A germ-capsule removed from the zooecium. a, the capsule, of a darkreddish-brown colour; b, the bud, in which the tentacles of thepolypide are traceable (the bud is of a light greyish colour); c, anoval body, of a pale golden colour; d, the (so-called) funicuius.

6.—The digestive sac of a polypide removed from the zooecium. ce, thebase of the oesophagus; i, the intestine; s, the stomach; a, aglobular appendage of the stomach, formed by a constriction of itswalla at y.

7.—The lower part of the stomach, showing the commencement of theconstriction (c, c) by which the globular appendage is ultimatelyformed.

8.—An adult zooecium of Bugula, in which a polypide is budding from theendocyst (b).

9.—A zooecium, with a bud from the endocyst, in a more advanced stage.10.—The ooecium of Bicellaria ciliata. o, the ovum; x, the membranous

capsule which closes the opening; m, muscular band by which thecapsule is retracted.

11,—The same, o, the ovum in an early stage; x, the capsule partiallywithdrawn; m, muscular band.

12.—A portion of the stem of Valkeria pustulosa, Ellis and Solander, showingthe colonial nervous system, a, points at which the zooecia areattached; b, b, nerve threads forming part of the plexus; c, massof cells; z, a zooecium in situ; g, the ganglion of the branch.

13.—The same more highly magnified. This figure is diagrammatic, theparts represented not being all in focus at the same time, t, t,thicker nerve.cords; t', i', nerve-threads forming part of theplexus; g, ganglion at the base of a zooecium.

14.—Portion of the stem of Fesiculctria spinosa, Linn, t, the nerve-trunk;g, g, the ganglia at the base of the branches.

15.—The embryo of Pedicettina echinatu, Sars. b, the ciliated edge of themantle; c, the lobe bearing the oral aperture; d, the opposite lobefurnished with long and flexible setiform processes; e, the projec-tion at the base of the body by which the embryo attaches itself.

16.—The same as it appears when creeping.

All the figures are very highly magnified.


DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III,

Illustrating M. Ranvier's paper on the Connective Tissuearid Vessels of Nerves.

Eg.1.—Transverse section of the large bundle of the sciatic nerve of the dog;

prepared with picric acid, gum, and alcohol, a, circular spacelined with endothelium. (100 diameters.)

2.—Transverse section of the sciatic nerve of the rabbit, in which thelaminae of the sheath have been separated by an injection of silvergelatine. (80 diameters.)

3.—Transverse section of the laminated sheath of the sciatic nerve of thedog after impregnation with nitrate of silver. (SO diameters.)

4.—Laminae of the laminated sheath of the sciatic nerve of the dog, dis-sected with needles from a longitudinal section, after impregnationwith nitrate of silver. (50 diameters.)

5.—Elastic plates and reticulations of the internal laminBe of the laminatedsheath in the dog. b, network of nodulated fibres; c, chains ofrefracting granules. (600 diameters.)

6.—Elastic fibre from the lax subcutaneous connective tissue of the dog,after the action of osmic acid. (GOO diameters.)

JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV,

Illustrating Prof. McNab's paper on Hanstein's Researches onthe Development of the Embryo in Monocotyledons andDycotyledons.

The letters apply to all the figures.

ui, proembryo; vkl, basal cell of proembryo, attaching it to apex of theembryo-sac; km, embryo mother-cell, a, lower daughter-cell or cells,'_form-ing hypoeotyledonary portion of embryo, b, upper daughter-cell or' cells,forming cot.ylodonary portion of embryo, c, hypophyse-cell and cells formedfrom it. 1, 2, 3, with a, b, c, indicate daughter-cells, formed by transversedivision in order from above downwards, i. e. from cotyledon to root, s, cellsformed from the hypophyse; .s1, hypophyse-cell ending the periblem ; s'2, hy-popliyse-cell ending the dermatogen; s3, first cell of pileorhiza. h, cells ofpileorhiza. v, portion of stem-bud, q, quarter cells formed by division ofembryo mother-cell, m, first longitudinal division-wall of embryo mother-cell, d, dermatogen and its mother-cells, pe, peri-blem and its mother.cells.pi, plerom and its mother-cells, pr, procambium mother-cells, fa, embryo-sac.

Pigs. 1 to 9.—Capsella Bursu-pastoris.Kg. ].—Embryo and proembryo of Capsella, with greatly enlarged basal

cell; the mother-cell of the embryo showing the first division-wall (longitudi-nal).

Kg. 2.—Embryo showing division of the embryo mother-cell into fourquarters.

Kg. 3.—Embryo in which the four dermatogen mother-cells have formed.Fig. 4.—The same, showing further division of dermatogen cells.Kg. 5.—Further stage; the hypophyse-cell has divided by a transverse

wall. Indications of periblem and plerom.J?ig. 6.—Embryo still further advanced ; the form is still spherical; the

plerom-cells have divided, and the first cell of the procambium {pr) formed;hypophyse-cells divided by a longitudinal wall.

Kg. 7.—Cotyledons beginning to form by being elevated, the position oforigin of the stem-bud remaining unchanged; the cells in the interior rapidlydividing, the dermatogen increasing, and the hypophyse divided into threeseries of cells.

Kg. 8.—Embryo becoming more cordate; the tissues of the hypoeotyle-donary portion distinctly separated into periblem and plerom; no suchchange seen in the cotyledonary portion ; the dermatogeu-cells dividing andforming the pileorhiza, with part of hypophyse.

Fig. 9.—Section of root end, showing formation of pileorhiza and theposition of the dermatogen, periblem, plerom, and procambium cells (pleromand dermatogen shaded).

Kgs. 10 to li.—Alisma Plantago.Kg. 10.—Embryo-sac of Alisma Plantago, with large basal cell of pro-

embryo ; the two embryo mother-cells (a and b) have divided by a trans-verse'wall, and the hypophyse-cell (c) is divided by a longitudinal wall.

Fig. 11.—Division of the inner cells and separation of the dermatogen;hypophyse-cell divided by a transverse wall.

Fig. 12.—Separation into cotyledonary and hypoeotyledonary part indi-cated; the development of the hypophyse and differentiation of inner celJaproceeding.

Fig. 13.—Entire embryo, showing cotyledon and stem-bud.Fig. 14.—Section of root end ; periblem and dermatogen shaded, plerom

and pileorhiza not shaded.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE V,

Illustrating the abstract of Dr. Cohn's " Memoir on Bacteria."

rig.1.—Micrococcus prodigiosus {Monas prodigiosa, Bhr.). Spherical Bacteria

of the red pigment, aggregated in pairs and in fours; the otherpigment Bacteria are not distinguishable with the microscope fromthis one.

2.— Micrococcus vaccinm. Spherical Bacteria, from pock-lymph in a stateof growth, aggregated in short 4—S-jointed straight or bentchains, and forming also irregular cell-masses.

3.—Zooglcea-form of Micrococcus, pellicles or mucous strata characterisedby granule-like closely set spherules.

4.—Rosary-chain (Torula-form) of Micrococcus ure<s, from the urine.5.—Rosary-chain and yeast-like cell-masses from the white deposit of a

solution of sugar of milk which had become sour.G.—Saccharomyces glutinis {Cryptococciis glulinis, Fresen.), a pullulating

yeast which forms beautiful rose-coloured patches on cookedpotatoes.

7.—Sarcina spec, *from the blood of a healthy man, **from the surfaceof a hen's egg grown over with Micrococcus luteus, forming yellowpatches.

8.—Bacterium ttrtno, free motile form.9.—Zooglsea-form of Bacterium termo.

10.—Bacterium-pellicle, formed by rod-shaped Bacteria arranged one againstthe other in a linear fashion, from the surface of sour beer.

11.—Bacterium lineola, free motile form.12.—Zooglsea-form of B. lineola.13.—Motile filamentous Bacteria with a spherical or elliptical highly re-

fringent' head,' perhaps developed from Gonidia.14.—Bacillus sublilis, short cylinders and longer, very flexible motile fila-

ments, some of which are in process of division.15.—Bacillus ulna, single segments and longer threads, some breaking up

into segments.16.—Vibrio rugula, single or in process of division.17.—Vibrio serpens, longer or shorter threads, some dividing into bits, at *

two threads entwined.IS.—'Swarm' of V. serpens, the threads felted.19.—Spirillum tenue, single and felted into 'swarms.'20.—Spirillum undula.21.—Spirillum vohtans; * two spirals twisted around one another.22.—Spirocluele plicalilis.

All the figures were drawn by Dr. Ferdinand Conn with the immersionlens No. JX of Hartnack, Ocular 111, representing a magnifying power ofC50 diameters.


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI,

Illustrating Mr. B. Wills Richardson's Observations onXanthine.

Fig.a, a, a. Bodies resembling spherules of urate of soda in appearance. Simi-

lar-looking bodies Lave been obtained by the writer by acting

upon amorphous xanthine with nitric and with sulphuric acids.

b. Dark mass resembling amorphous xanthine, having crystals pro-

truding from a portion of its surface.

With the exception of a, a, a, and b, the crystals represented in Plate VI

are very transparent.

All the figures are magniDed 150 diameters.

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DESCRIPTION OF PLATES VII & VIII,

Illustrating Dr. Heitzmann's Memoir on Bone and Cartilage.

PLATE VII.FIG.

1.—Two bone-cells from the uninjured scapula of a cat. Prepared withchromic acid. Magnified 800 diam.

2.—Bone-cell from a cat's scapula, crushed with the hone-forceps, afterthree days' inflammation. Chromic acid. S00 diam.

3.—Bone-cell, with marks of division, from a dog's scapula, in the neigh-bourhood of the wound, produced by breaking out a piece. Chromicacid, 800 diam.

4 and 5.—Bone lacuuse, containing blood-corpuscles, from the compactsubstance of a dog's tibia injured by the actual cautery, after eightdays' inflammation. Chromic acid. 800 diam.

6.—Bone-cells from the same object as figs. 4 and 5, iu two planes, drawnwith topographical accuracy. Forms of the hfematoblastic sub-stance :—a, parietal border; b, darkly outlined lumps; e, pale greydiscs; d, completely formed blood-corpuscle; e, lamella perforatedwith small vacuoles. 800 diam.

PLATE VIII .

7.—Section of cartilage, coloured with nitrate of silver, from the edge ofthe external coudyle of the femur of a young dog. 800 diam.

8.—Section of cartilage, coloured with chloride of gold, from the lateralsurface of the external femoral condyle of an old dog. 800 diam.

9 and 10.—Forms of cartilage-cells from close to the calcified portion ofthe articular cartilage of the femoral condyle of young rabbits, whollyfrom vertical sections. The cells show transitional forms of hcemato-blastic substance up to the formation of almost perfect blood-corpuscles. From preparations partly fresh, partly decalcified withhydrochloric acid. 800 diam.

JOURNAL OP MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IX & X,

Illustrating Prof. Schwendener's Papers on the Nature ofLichens.

The amplification is indicated by the figures in brackets on the plates.

PLATE IX.

Figs. 1 & 2.—Lichen "Pannaria- affinis," Tuck.—1. Portion of a section ofa thallus with embedded Scytonema-fH&ments. At a, b, and c the sheaths assumedthe well-known green colour with hydrochloric acid. The tissue is withoutinterstices, parencbymatous in the interior with the cells elongate, towardsthe surface short-celled with almost isodinmetral cells.—2. Portion, of a sectionof a thallus with curved $>^ose«za.threads in colourless sheaths, which areintimately united to the neighbouring oells. To the left below, a slightlyaltered Scytonema-fHament with dead heterocyst.—The tissue of this lichen is,o,u the whole, Pcmnaria-like, calling to mind in several points of view alsoLichina. The embedded Gonidia-chains, which sometimes appear as unalteredScylommea, but sometimes also form irregular convolutes, not rarely showglobular heterocysts. In the interior of the thallus-lobes the sheaths arealtogether colourless; at and near the surface, a green colour presents itself onthe application of hydrochloric acid. This lichen was communicated to me byProf. Tuckerman, with the remark: " absque fructu, California."

Fig. 3.—Portion of a freely-vegetating Scyionema-?A&me,\\t from the samesubstratum as the lichen from Tuckerman just mentioned. The sheath towardsthe right hand was colourless, at the end to the left, however, yellowish (inhydrochloric acid green). Is manifestly the gonidia-t'ormer of the foregoinglichen.

Figs. 4—8.—Pannaria flabtllesa, Tuck.—4. Pi.adi»l section through theunder part of the thallus wiih a similar sheath as in fig. 2.—5. The sameradial seotion completely from the upper to the under cortical stratum.The gonidia-chains in the upper part of the thallus are irregularly curved,here and there conglomerated into regular clusters; the sheaths here becomecoloured in hydrochloric acid slightly or intensely green (the same, as inRaeoblenna). Diam. of the cortical cells in the fully-grown state 10 m.rn.m. andwore.—6. Portion of a thallus section with partly straight, partly more orless curved, gonidia-chains. Tissue indistinct on account of the previouswarming with hydrochloric acid. Below a portion of the lower (blue-coloured)oortex in obliqu« superficial view, somewhat crushed and put out of position.The gonidia here do1 not lie at the upper surface.—7. Young thallus-lobe insuperficial view ill order to present its form and the arrangement of thegonidia. 8. A curved gonidia-obak with sheath (same as fig. 6 to the right).'l'h« sbeath becomes coloured intensely green in hydrochloric acid. Thislichen essentially agrees with the foregoing, only the globular heterocystswere here m*ore r*re. Free Scyfonema-mammis of 8—10 m.m.m. thicknesswere not rate upon the same substratum, Rivuluriea none. Ou the labelTuckerman had added the remark: 'Obs. Lich. in Proceed. Acad. Amer.,'5, p. 401. In Nova Anglia.

PLATE X.

Fig. 9.—Cephalodia Slereoccmlorum.—Sirosipkon-gTOup from the medullaryportion of a Cephalodium; with exception of the projecting apices of the alga,closely surrounded by Stereocazilon-Hbres.—This figure is given in completionof what has been mentioned previously.

Tig. 10. — SpharompAale fma. — Hymenial-gonidia; mostly two-celled andthen 10—14 m.m.m. long and 3£ — 4 in.m.m. broad; besides others alsothree-celled, as in the figure, which reach 17 m.m.m. in length. Membranevery delicate; contents, in comparison with the rest of the gonidia, morebluisA-green. Agree exactly with Slichococcus bacillaris, which, for the sakeof greater certainty, I examined from examples which Dr. llabenhorst kindlysent me as " forma minor."

Kg. 11.—Polyblastia intercedens ?, flepp.—(«) Alga, that is, gonidia in a freecondition. Cells as much as 20 m.m.m. in diameter, ordinarily 12—16 m.m.m.,often with brown, more frequently with colourless, membrane; [b] the samegreen cells on the surface of the thallus (here without cortex), partly involvedby short-celled hyphfe.

Figs. 12 & 13.—Gonionema.—12. Young spermogoniutn. The developmentof these spermogonia manifestly took place in the interior of the Scylonema-sheaih, that is, in the membrane-substance itself; for the yellow colouredperipheral membrane-lamella is swollen out in an inflated manner and longitudi-nally torn. Such occurrences speak in any case rather for than against theparasitism.—13. A portion of the thallus of the same lichen from Arnoldexceptionally with curved gonidia-chains. As a rule, the thallus is moreslightly surrounded and appears like an unaltered Scytonema-fA&mvwt.

Fig. 14.—Secoliga gyalectoides, Mass.—Two gonidia-groupa, manifestlybelonging to Chroolepus. Contents intensely orange-coloured.

Fig. 15.—Secoliga upon " Bryoplutgns."—Median section through an apothe-cinm. The hypothecium (its maximum thickness 20 m.m.m.) is directly seatedupon the jelly of BryopAugus, and sends downwards numerous individual hyphee,which surround the scattered Chroococcaceous colonies. To the left (at themargin at a) and somewhat deeper in the interior are two obliquely inter-sected brown moss-leaves; below (at b) colonies of Oloeothece. The sporesof this Secoliga were linear-spindleshaped, 12 m.m.m. long and about 2 m.m.m.broad.

The following figures are copied from the Plates (coloured in the original)illustrating the ' Algentypen der Mechtengonidien :'—

Figs. 16 & 17.—" Thamnidium Willeyi" Lichina, sp.—16. Portion of theshrubby thallus of " Thamnidium Willeyi," Lichina, spec, showing a lermiualapothecium (t. i, f. 4, in orig.).—17. Portion of a longitudinal section throughthe thallus of the same. The embedded gonidia, which here figure as gonidia,partly still possess yellowish-coloured sheaths and flagellate ends (t. i, f. 5, inorig.).

Fig. 18.—Racoblenna.—Two gonidial chains, bent zig-zag and with parenchy-matous envelope. A portion of a larger convolute, in which here and theresome algal filaments, still unaltered, projected outwards (t. ii, f. 2, in orig.).

Figs. 19—21.—Nostoc.—19. A Nosloc-co\ony, into which a fungal-thread haspenetrated from without (t. ii, f. 13, in orig.).—20. A portion of a largerNostoc-cotonj penetrated by a fungal thread (t. ii, f. 14, in orig.).—21. Nostoethreads with special sheaths (HormosipAon) permeated by fungal threads. Seenin a tangental section through the thallus of Lempkolemma (t. ii, f. 15, in orig.).

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Plate XI.—To illustrate the paper upon the Growth and Development of theLayers of the Blastoderm.

Pig 1.—Section through an utiincubated blastoderm, showing the upperlayer, composed of a single row of columnar cells, and the lower layer, composed!of several rows of rounded cells in which no nucleus is visible. Some of the" formative cells," at the bottom of the segmentation cavity, are seen at (b).

Fig. 2.—Section through the periphery of an eight hours' blastoderm, showingthe epiblast (p), the hypoblast (A), and the mesoblast commencing to be formed (a),partly by lower-layer cells enclosed between the epiblast and hypoblast, and partlyby formative cells. Formative cells at the bottom of tbe segmentation cavity areseen at i. At s is one of the side folds parallel to the primitive groove.

Fig. 3.—Portion of the bypoblast of a thirteen hours' blastoderm, treated withsilver nitrate, showing the great variation in the size of the cells at this period.An hour-glass-shaped nucleus is seen at a.

Fig. 4.—Periphery of a twenty-three hours' blastoderm, showing cell for cellthe junction between the hypoblast (A) and white-yolk spheres (to).

Fig. 5.—Junction between the white-yolk spheres and the hypoblast cells atthe passage ismt the area pellucida to the area opaca. The specimen was treatedwith silver nitrate to bring out the shape of the cells. The line of junctionbetween the opaque and pellucid areas passes diagonally.

Plate XII, figs. 1 to 3.—To illustrate the paper upon the Primitive Groove.Figs. 1 and 2 are sections through an embryo rather earlier than the one drawn

in fig. 3. Section 1 passes through the just commencing medullary groove (md),which appears in fresh specimens, as in fig. 3, merely as an opaque streak comingfrom the end of the primitive groove. The notochord is hardly differentiated, butthe complete separation of mesoblast and hypoblast under the primitive grooveis clearly shown. Section 2 passes through the anterior end of the primitivegroove (pr), and shows the fusion between the mesoblast and epiblast, whichis always to be found under the primitive groove.

i'ig. 3 is a view from above of a twenty hours' blastoderm, seen as a trans-parent object. Primitive groove (pr). Medullary streak (in, d), which passes otffrom the anterior end of the primitive groove, and is produced by the thickeningof the mesoblast. Heudfold (p,f).

Plate XII, figs. 4, 5, 6, and V.—To illustrate the paper upon the Growth andDevelopment of the Layers of the Blastoderm.

Fig. 4.—Section through the primitive streak of an eight hours' blastoderm.The specimen shows the mesoblast very much thickened in the immediateneighbourhood of the primitive streak, but hardly formed at all on each side ofthe streak. It also shows the primitive groove just beginning to beformed (pr),and the fusion between the epiblast and the mesoblast under the primitivegroove. The hypoblast is completely formed in the central part of the blastoderm.At f is seen one of the side folds parallel to the primitive groove. Its depthhas been increased by the action of the chromic acid.

Fig. 5.—Hypoblast cells from the hinder end of a thirty-six hours' embryo,treated with silver nitrate, showing the regularity and elongated shape of thecells over the embryo and the smaller cells on each side.

Fig. 6.—Epiblast cells from an unicubated blastoderm, treated with silvernitrate, showing the regular hexagonal shape of the cells and the small spherulesthey contain.

Fig. 7.—Portion of the epiblast of a thirty-six hours' embryo, treated with silvernitrate, showing the small rounded cells frequently found at the meeting pointsof several larger cells which are characteristic of the upper layer.

Plate XIII.—To illustrate the paper on the Primitive Groove.Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are sections through the blastoderm, drawn in fig. 6 through

the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively.The first section (fig. 1) passes through the true medullary groove (me); the

two medullary folds (A, A) are seen on each side with the thickened mesoblast*and the mesoblast cells are beginning to form the notochord (no) under the medul-lary groove. There is no adherence between the mesoblast cells and the epiblastunder the medullary groove.

The second (fig. 2) section passes through the medullary groove where it hasbecome wider. Medullary folds, A, A ; notochord, ch.

In the third section the notochord (ch) is broader, and the epiblast is raised inthe centre, while the medullary folds are seen far apart at A.

In section fig. 4 the medullary folds (A) are still to be seen enclosing the an-terior end of the primitive groove (pr). Where the primitive groove appearsthere is a fusion of the epiblast and mesoblast, and no appearance of the notochord.

In the last section, fig. 5, no trace is to be seen of the medullary folds.Figs. 6 and 7 are magnified views of two hardened blastoderms. Pig. 6 is

twenty-three hours old; fig. 7 twenty-five hours. They both show how the me-dullary canal arises entirely independently of the primitive groove and in front ofit, and also how the primitive groove gets pushed backwards by the growth of themedullary groove, pv, Protovertebrte; other references as above. Fig. 6 is theblastoderm from which sections 1 to 5 were cut.

Plate XIV.—To illustrate the paper upon the Development of the VascularSystem in the Chick.

Fig. 1 is taken from the anterior part of the pelhicid area of a thirty hours'chick, with four proto-vertebrse. At n is a nucleus with two nucleoli.

Kgs. 2 and 8 are taken from the posterior end of the pellucid area of a cliickwith eight proto-vertehrse. In fig. 3 the nuclei are seen to have considerably in-creased in number at the points of starting of the protoplasmic processes. At »is seen a nucleus with two nucleoli.

Fig. 4 is taken from the anterior part of the pellucid area of an embryo ofthirty-six hours. It shows the narrow processes characteristic of the anterior partof the pellucid area, and the fewer nuclei. Small spaces, which have the appear-ance of vacuoles, are shown at v.

Fig. 5 is taken from the posterior part of the pellucid area of a thirty-sixhours' embryo. It shows the nuclei, with somewhat irregular nucleoli, whichhave begun to acquire the red colour of blood-corpuscles; the protoplasmic pro-cesses containing the nuclei; the nuclei in the protoplasm surrounding thecorpuscles, as shown at a, a'.

Fig. 6 shows fully formed blood-vessels, in part filled with blood-corpusclesand in part empty. The walls of the capillaries, formed of cells, spindle-shapedin section, are shown, and also the secondary investment of Klein at k, and at bis seen a narrow protoplasmic process filled with blood-corpuscles.

Fig. 7 is taken from the anterior part of the pellucid area of a thirty-six hours'embryo. It shows a collection of nuclei which are beginning to become blood-corpuscles.

Figs. 1—5 are drawn with an \ object-glass. Fig. 6 is on a much smallerscale. Fig. 7 is intermediate.

Plate XV.—To illustrate the paper upon the Development of the VasculnrSystem in the Chick.

Fig. 1.—A transverse section through the dorsal region of a f jrty-fivo hours'embryo; ao, aorta with a few blood-corpuscles, v, Blood-vessels, all of thembeing formed in the splanchnopleure, and all of them provided witli the secondaryinvestment of Klein; p, e, pellucid area; o, p, opaque area.

Kg. 2.—Small portion of a section through the opaque area of a thirty-fivehours' embryo, showing protoplasmic processes, with nuclei passing from thesomatopleurc to the splancbnopleure.

Kg. 3.—Section through the heart of a thirty-four hours' embryo, a, Alimen-tary canal; hb, hind brain; nc, uotochord; e, epiblast; s, o, mesoblast of thesoisatoplcure; sp, mesoblast of the splanchnopleure; hy, hypoblast; hz,cavity of the heart.

Fig. 4.—Section through the same embryo as fi#. 3, and passing through theorifice of the omphalo-meseraic vein, of, Omphalo-meseraic vein; other refer-ences as above.

These two sections show that the heart is entirely formed from the mesohlustof the splanchnopleure, and that it is formed by the splitting of that part of themesoblast which bus turned to assume its normal direction after being folded into form the muscular wall of the alimentary canal. In fig. 4 the cavities soformed on each side have not yet united, but in fig. 3 they have united. Whenthe folding becomes more complete the cavities (of, of) in fig. 4 will unite, andin this way the origin of the omphalo-meseraic veins will be carried further back-wards. In the section immediately behind section 4 the mesoblast had becomethickened, hut had not split.

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JOURNAL OT MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVI & XVII,

Illustrating Mr. Edwin T. Newton's paper on the Structureof the Eye of the Lobster.

PLATE XVI.Pig.

1.—.Front part of the head of a lobster (Homarus vulgaris), naturalsize, the upper part of carapace and rostrum being removed.(a) The right eye showing the semilunar form of the cornea and(i) its basal joint. The upper portion of the left eye has beenremoved to show the optic nerve which swells anteriorly to form(c) the so-called optic ganglion, (d) The kidney-shaped bodyseen in section in fig. 13r. (e) The supra-oisophageal ganglion,raised somewhat out of its natural position.

2.—A longitudinal and horizontal section of a right eye seen by reflectedlight (X 8). (a) Cornea, (b) First baud of pigmentj beneathwhich are the crystalline cones, (c) A broad band of radiatingfibres free from pigment, (d) Second black band composed of thepigmented spindle-shaped bodies; the lower ends of these bodiesare covered with an opaque white pigment which forms («) the firstwhite band. ( / ) The third black band; the fine line running inthe centre of this band is the fenestrated structure (fig. 19), itshows the boundary of the so-called optic ganglion, (y) Secondwhite band, (h) Bundles of radiating nerve-fibres, (i) Enlargedend of the optic nerve. The musclea and connective tissue whichnaturally fill the cavity ( X ) have been omitted in this figure.

3.—Portion of cornea as seen by reflected light, showing the cross andcentral spot.

4.—Perpendicular section from the middle of the cornea, showing thesmooth outer and slightly convex iuner surfaces.

5.—Similar section near edge of cornea, showing smaller size of facets andtheir more convex inner surface. This section is viewed some-what obliquely, arid, therefore, three or four rows of facets arevisible upon the inner surface.

6.—Similar section at junction of cornea (#), with the calcareous portion(i). (c, d, e) The three layers into which the shell appears to bedivided.

7.—Cornea seen by transmitted light. The shaded part a is a portion ofthe substance intermediate between the cornea and crystallinecones.

8.—A gronp of elements showing the relation of the pigment to the cones.The cornea is not present, (a) Substance intermediate betweencornea and cone. (£) Crystalline cone, (e) Nerve-rod, (a)Pigment, (d) Festoons of pigment.

9,10,11,—Crystalline cones, with portions of the nerve-roda, after treat-

PLATE XVI.-contimied.ment with caustic potash (eye having been hardened in chromicacid), showing the tendency to break up into separate portions.

12.—Longitudinal and perpendicular transparent section of optic nerveand ganglion, (d) Spindle bodies; a portion of these are repre-sented as broken away from / , the perforated structure formingthe surface of the so-called optic ganglion (sclerotic of Leydig).(y) Nerve-fibres running together to form the bundles (A), h too as in fig. 20. (p) First lenticular body, (q) Second ditto.(r) Kidney-shaped body seen at d, fig. 1.

13.—Kidney-shaped body enlarged.

PLATE XVII.

14.—Longitudinal and horizontal transparent section of optic nerve andganglion with some of the crystaline rods and cones left attached,a to A as in fig. 2, the remainder as in fig. 12.

15.—A partly diagrammatic view of one of the elements of the eye from thecornea to the optic ganglion. («) cornea, {a') Substance betweencornea and cone, {s n.) Semper's ? nuclei. (A) Lower end ofcrystalline cone, (c) Nerve-rod, around which is seen the invest-ing membrane with its nuclei {d). (d) Spindle-shaped or trans-versely striated body, {d') Nuclei in the horns of the spindlebody. ( / ) Perforated membrane at surface of optic ganglion.

16.—View of surface of a number of elements after treatment with potash.(«) Crystalline cone, (i) Investing membrane much swelled.

17.—Penestrated structure found near the lower part of the investing mem-brane parallel with the surface of the optic ganglion, (a) nerve-rods passing down to the spindles. {

18.—Spindle body enlarged to show disposition of pigment.19.—Portion of the perforate membrane covering outer surface of optic

ganglion. The nerve-rods and. pigment occupy the apertures,which have a diameter of ^gVs 'n>

20.—Enlarged view of a portion of the optic ganglion. Letters correspondwith those in figs. 1, 2, and 14. (h) Bundle of nerve-fibres.(i) Horizontal layer of nerves. (Jc) Bundles of nerves leavinginterspaces in which are cells and fibres. (/) Horizontal nerve-fibres and elongated cells ?, below which are numerous horizontalblood-vessels, (m) Two layers of cells. («) Layer of cells andblood-vessels, (o) Nerve-fibres with .interspaces in which arespindle-shaped cells.

21.—Blood-vessels which, for the sake of distinctness, were not representedin the last figure. The fine parallel capillaries at m occupy naturallya position among the cells indicated by the same letter (m) infig. 20.

22.—Enlarged view of the first lenticular body (p, fig. 14) showing thebands and blood-vessels.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

To illustrate Dr. E. Klein's contributions to the Anatomy ofAuerbach's Plexus in the Intestine of the Frog and Toad.

FIG.

1.—a. Nerve branches.

b. Medullated nerve-fibre.

c. Nuclei of the sheath.

d. e,f. Ganglion cells.

Magnifying power: Hartnack's eye-piece I I I : Obj. 7.

2.—An isolated ganglion cell l ike/ in fig. 1.

a. Nucleus.

b. Cell substance.

c. Nucleated placoids, into whicli some of the processes spread out.


3.—A similar ganglion cell as in fig. 2.

a. A nerve branch, with which the ganglion cell is in connexion.

b, c. As in fig. 2.


The explanations of Plates XIX, XX, and XXI, illustratingProfessor Lister's paper on Bacteria and the germ theory,are given on the plates themselves.


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXII & XXIII,

Illustrating Mr. E. Ray Lankester's paper on a Peach-coloured Bacterium.

All the figures, with the exception of fig. 1, were drawn from specimensunder observation with Hartnack's objective ' 10<i immersion.'

Fig.1. Portion of a growth of Bacterium rubeseens from the side of a glass jar.

a. Homogeneous biscuit-shaped plastids, forming single and compound,dense, gloeogenous, globose aggregates, b. Homogeneous plastids oflarger size, forming loose gleeogenous masses, c. Unilocular sphoerousplastids, forming a very dense, dark-coloured, irregular, slightly gloeo-genous mass.

2. Acicular mnltilocular forms of B. rubeseens, and mnltilocular sphsrOuBforms attached to a linear growth (leptothrix-forin) of a colourlessspecies.

5. Unilocular sphseroids of B. rubeseens in catenular aggregation.4. Linear aggregate of B. lineola. The units are biscuit-shaped (bacterioid).6. a. Bacillar-forni of a colourless species, b. Biscuit-shaped form of ditto.6. Linear growth of a colourless form smaller than fig: 4. The units are

generally biscuit-shaped, but have themselves the aspect of beingformed by fusion of from two to three spheroids.

7. Bacterium termo from a turnip infusion, sp. gr. 1016, after twenty-four •hours' standing in an uncleansed test-tube, a. B. termo as limited byCohn. Biscuit-form of this memoir. 4. Microcoecus sp., Colin; sphae-rous-form of this memoir, c. More minute condition of 6.

8—9. Glaeogenous Spirillum undula, forming Zooglma masses.10 to 29 are all plastids of B. rubeseens.10. Homogeneous biscuit-forms, loose, glceogenouB.11. Large ditto, with two highly refringent loculi.12. Large ditto, with diffused coloration and numerous deeply-coloured loculi.13. Walled or unilocular biscuit-forms.14. Globose gleeogenous aggregates of large homogeneous biscuit-forms.15. Smaller ditto.16. Separate inultilocular sphseroid forms with the colour confined to the loculi.17. Globose frlceogenous aggregate of the same.18. Globose naked, aggregate of unilocular or walled sphserous plastids. Colour

entirely looular.19. Eeticular aggregate of unilocular, prismatic, biscuit-shaped plastids.20. Multilocular sphasroid plastids, in stages of sub-division.21. Part of a tesselate aggregation of walled, biscuit-shaped plastids (m/co-

dema-phase).22. Large unilocular or walled bacterioids or biscuit forms developing secondary

loculi in their walls. Some of these are of excessive size and irregulargrowth.

23. Eeticular aggregate of trilooular biscuit-shaped plastids.24 Multilocular filaments or linear aggregates of unilocular sphjeroida ; sub-

division of the coloured loculi is in process.25. Ditto, of smaller diameter.26. Unilocular or walled forms of plastid; spharous, biscuit-shaped, and

irregular.27. Unilocular spheorous forms tending to the biscuit shape.28. Stellar aggregate of the acicular plastids.29. Isolated actively swimming acicular plastidi. a. The dotted part indicates

the mode of vibration of the extremity.

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