journal of earth energy science, engineering, and

Journal of Earth Energy Science, Engineering, and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019

49

The Effect of Coconut Fibres, Banana Trunk Peel and Baggasse on the

Lost Circulation of the Drilling Mud

(Pengaruh Serabut Kelapa, Kulit Batang Pisang Dan Ampas Tebu Pada

Kehilangan Sirkulasi Lumpur Pemboran)

Rizki Akbar1*

, Abdul Hamid1, Ratnayu Sitaresmi

2

1Petroleum Engineering Departmen, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta

2Master Program of Petroleum Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta

Abstract

Lost Circulation Materials (LCM) are specially designed not to damage the penetrating formation during handling of loss

circulation problems and are very effective for drilling operations worldwide. Optimization of LCM composition may stop loss

circulation effectively and protect the production zone from the invasion of mud filtrate. The concentration of lost circulation

materials (LCM) is a key parameter to determine the effectiveness of LCM. In this study, laboratory equipment such as the

Hamilton beech mixer, Fann VG meter and API filter press are used to evaluate the effectiveness of various LCMs in dealing

with loss circulation. In this research, coconut fibre, banana tree skin, and bagasse are used as LCM in various

concentrations. The mud losses were simulated using an 80 mesh shaker. The quality of the muddy rheological properties was

the basic parameters to be evaluated. The test was carried out at 80oF and 200oF. The experimental results show that bagasse

has the best performance both at 80oF and 200oF as LCM compared withcoconut fibres and banana trunk. The lost circulation

of mud filtrate at 80oF and 200oF due to the addition of 2 gram bagasse is 34 ml and 40 ml, respectively.

Keywords: Lost Circulation Materials, Coconut Fibres, Baggasse, Banana Trunk

Sari Lost Circulation Materials (LCM) dirancang khusus agar tidak merusak lapisan batuan yang ditembus pada saat

penanggulangan masalah loss circulation dan cara ini sangat efektif untuk operasi di seluruh dunia. Optimasi komposisi LCM

dapat menghentikan kehilangan sirkulasi secara efektif serta melindungi zona produktif dari invasi filtrat lumpur.

Konsentrasi Lost Circulation Materials (LCM) merupakan parameter utama untuk menentukan keefektifan dari LCM. Dalam

penelitian ini, peralatan–peralatan laboratorium seperti Hamilton beech mixer, Fann VG meter dan API filter press

digunakan untuk mengevaluasi keefektivitan dari berbagai macam LCM dalam menangani loss circulation. Pada penelitian

ini serabut kelapa, kulit batang pisang dan ampas tebu digunakan sebagai LCM pada berbagai konsentrasi. Kehilangan

lumpur disimulasikan dengan menggunakan shaker berukuran 80 mesh. Kualitas sifat reologi lumpur inilah yang akan

menjadi paramater dasar untuk dievaluasi. Pengujian akan dilakukan pada suhu 80oF dan 200oF. Hasil percobaan

memperlihatkan bahwa ampas tebumempunyai kinerja terbaik pada 80oF dan 200oF sebagai LCM dibandingkan serabut

kelapa dan kulit batang pisang. Kehilangan sirkulasi filtrate lumpur pada 80oF dan 200oFberkenaan dengan penambahan 2

gram ampas tebu berturut-turut adalah 34 ml and 40 ml.

Kata-kata kunci: Lost Circulation Materials, Serabut Kelapa, Ampas Tebu, Batang Pisang

*Corresponding author

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: +62 81315557735

I. INTRODUCTION

Loss Circulation is a problem that often occurs

in drilling operations, namely the migration of

drilling fluid into the formation. Drilling by

penetrating formations that have large

permeability, large fractures and areas with low

pressure, resulting in a partial and even partial loss

of formation fluid, loss circulation is a very

difficult challenge, because it can cause cost

overruns and time to handle it (Adam, 1985). As

explained earlier, loss circulation is a problem that

is troublesome and requires a large amount of

money in handling it in this industry. The classic

problem in drilling penetrates large cracks, low

pressure and large permeability is not only difficult

but also expensive and risky. Migration / invasion

occurs in cavernous, hollow (vugular) formations,

unconsolidated fractures or rocks. In dynamic

conditions, the fluid migration process increases,

this condition is due to the large pressure difference

between formation pressure and hydrostatic

pressure, decreasing the viscosity value due to the

effect of voltage and thinning of the mud cake due

to trip in - trip out and circulation. There are many

studies to overcome the problem of loss circulation.

In research, several materials such as bagasse,

cocout fibres, and banana trunk were used as LCM.

The effect of each material on mud slurry rheology


50

was tested.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Until now, the drilling industry has developed

Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) technology, this

technique is used because it has the advantage of

reducing formation damage and minimizing loss

circulation problems, but in this case UBD

techniques require special equipment and trained

crew, so that costs are needed. big and always

updated technology (Perez-Tellez, 2002). Drilling

mud is one of the main components that determine

the smoothness and success of a drilling operation.

The sludge system used in a drilling operation must

be in accordance with the conditions of formation

and lithology that must be penetrated (Adam,

1985). There are two main problems that occur in

loss circulation, namely invasion / migration and

large fractures. Loss circulation can be classified

into three parts, namely seepage loss (1-10 bbl / hr,

partial loss (10-500 bbl / hr), total / complete loss

(over 500 bbl / hr) (Rabia, 1985). Coconut fibres as

biosorbents to remove heavy metals from the

waters are quite high because coconut fibers

contain lignin (35% - 45%) and cellulose (23% -

43% (Carrijo, 2002). Fiber from banana stems

comes from banana plants that have been cut down

for the fruit is taken and is an agricultural waste

that has not been widely used. Banana stem fiber is

one source of fiber that has a source of fiber that

has a high cellulose content. Banana stem has a

specific weight of 0.29 gr / cm3 and fiber length

4.2-5.0, 46 mm and lignim content of 33.51%,

(Husin, 2007). Baggasse bagasse mostly contains

ligno-cellulose. The fiber length is between 1.7 to 2

mm with a diameter of about 20 m, so that the

bagasse can meet the requirements for being

artificial boards or for other purposes. Bagasse

contains 48 - 52% water, average sugar 3.3% and

average fiber 47.7%. Bagasse fiber is insoluble in

water and consists mainly of cellulose, pentosan

and lignin [3].

III. METHOD

The laboratory study used a mud which was

based on fresh water (Water Based Mud). The

composition of the drill mud as well as the

properties of mud is very influential on drilling.

Casing planning, drilling rate and completion are

influenced by the drill mud which is used at that

time. For example in areas with soft rocks,

controlling the nature of mud is very necessary. But

in areas with hard rock these properties are not too

critical so that water can sometimes be used. It can

be said that the geological properties of an area also

determine the type of mud to be used. Various

additives are intentionally added to the mud to

produce certain properties needed to carry out their

functions. Drill mud must be thixotropic which is

runny (liquid) when stirred or pumped and if the

mixture / pump stops the mud will form gelatinous

properties (gel). This property is required if the

circulation is stopped due to pump damage, for

example, the cuttings remain propped up not to the

bottom of the well and cause the pipe to be pinched

or re-formed (regrinding) which will become a clot

in the bit (bit balling). In the laboratory testing,

rheology determination was obtained and observed

in reading the equipment used during the study,

including Mud Balance, Fann VG Meter, API Filter

Press, Hamilton Mixer, an 80 mesh filter and other

supporting equipment. A mud which composed

water volume of 341.22 ml, Bentonite of 22.5

grams and Caustic Soda of 0.5 gram was made.

Then experiments were conducted to determine the

rheological properties as given in Table 1. The

research referred to API 13B-1 [2].

Table 1. Basic Mud Rheology

Mud Properties

Additif (gram) 0

Density (ppg) 8,6

Viscosity (dtk/cc) 83

PV (cps) 10

YP (lbs/sqft) 40

GS 10sec (lbs/100 ft2) 30

GS 10mnt (lbs/100 ft2) 35

API water loss 30 min, 100 psi (cc) 11,8

Mudcake (min) 0,5

pH Filtrate 9,5

Lost circulation (ml) 210

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Continuous testing of fresh water-based mud

with the addition of the number of additives was

testing. The additives used were coconut fibers,

baggasse pulp, and banana tree skin with each

composition (gram) 0 gram, 0.5 gram, 1 gram, 1.5

gram, and 2 gram at a room temperature of 80oF

and mesh size of 80.

Tables 2 and 3 show lost circulation by adding

2 gram LCM additive at 80oF and 200

oF. The tables

show that have a minimum value of Water / Fluid

loss on temperatures of 80oF and 200

oF. This

means that bagasse is the most effective LCM

compared with coconut fibres and banana trunk.

The complete experimental results are shown in

Figures 1 and 2.

Figures 1 and 2 indicate that the addition of

additives such as coconut fibers, bagasse and

banana tree peels into basic mud is able reduce the

mud filtrate. In this case, coconut fibers, bagasse

and banana tree peels have a function as lost

circulation materials (LCM) at temperature 80oF


51

and 200oF. Other information obtained from the

figures is bagasse has the highest performance

dealing with lost circulation compared with

coconut fibers and banana tree peels both at

temperature at 80oF and at 200

oF. Figures 1 and 2

indicated that coconut fibres are more effective to

handle lost circulation than banana trunk peels at at

80oF but they are less effective at 200

oF.

Figure 1. Compostions of Baggasse, Coconut Fibres,

Banana Trunk Additives for Lost Circulation

in 80oF

Figure 2. Compostions of Baggasse, Coconut Fibres,

Banana Trunk Additives for Lost Circulation

in 200oF

Table 2 Lost Circulation at 80oF

No. Additives Lost Circulation,

ml

1 Coconut Fibres (2 gr) 42

2 Baggasse (2 gr) 34

3 Banana Trunk (2 gr) 52

Table 3 Lost Circulation at 200oF

No. Additives Lost Circulation,

ml

1 Coconut Fibres (2 gr) 60

2 Baggasse (2 gr) 40

3 Banana Trunk (2 gr) 50

IV. CONCLUSIONS

During this study, the performance of coconut

fibers, bagasse and banana tree peel was tested as

lost ciculation materials (LCM) in drilling water

based on freshwater. The difference in

concentration / composition of coconut fibers,

bagasse and banana tree peel uses 80 mesh pore

sandy media. The observations have been analyzed

so that conclusions can be drawn as follows:

1. Coconut fibres, bagasse, and banana trunk have

a function as lost circulation method, since they

are able to reduce the lost circulation volume of

freshwater based mud.

2. Baggasse is the best additive compared with

coconut fibres and banana trunk, since it

resulted in lowest lost circulation volumes for

various additive concentrations and

temperatures of 80oF and 200

oF.

3. Increasing the amount of concentration/

composition of additives (coconut fibers,

bagasse and banana trunk) from 0.5 gram to 2

grams both at temperature of 80oF and 200

oF

will further reduce the volume of lost

circulation. The smallest mud filtrate loss

obtained by adding 2 gram bagasse into mud

slurry which is 34 ml and 40ml at 80oF and

200oF, respectively.

REFERENCES

1. Adam N J. 1985. Drilling Engineering, A

Complete Well Planning Approach. PennWell

Books. PennWell Publishing Company. Tulsa.

Oklahoma.

2. API 13B-1, “Standard Practice for Field Testing

Water Based Drilling Fluids”.

3. Badan Standardisasi Nasional., Serat Sabut

Kelapa, SNI 01-6095-1999 dan SNI 0492:2008.

4. Carrijo, O.A., Liz, R.S., Makishima, N. 2002.

Fibra da Casca do Coco Verde Como Substratto

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Lost

Cir

cula

tio

n, m

l

Additives, gram

Coconut Fibres

Baggasse

Banana Trunk

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Lost

Cir

cula

tio

n, m

l

Additives, gram

Coconut Fibres

Baggasse

Banana Trunk


52

Agricola. Horticultura Brasileira,

20(4):533-535.

5. Husin A A. 2002. Pemanfaatan Limbah Untuk

Bahan Bangunan. Pengembangan Pemanfaatan

Limbah Pertambangan dan Industri untuk

Bahan Bangunan, Pusat Penelitian dan

Pengembangan Pemukiman Bandung. Modul

1-3, p.6-7.

6. Perez-Tellez C, Smith J R, Edwards J K. 2002.

A New Comperehensive, Mechanistic Model

for Underbalanced Drilling Improves Wellbore

Pressure Predictions,” SPE 74426, 2002.

7. Rabia H. 1985 Oil Well Drilling Engineering:

Principles and Practices. University of New

Castle Upon Tyne, Graham Trotman,

Newcastle.

The Effect of Coconut Fibres,Banana Trunk Peel and

Baggasse on the Lost Circulationof the Drilling Mud

by Ratnayu Sitaresmi

Submission date: 30-Jan-2021 08:50PM (UTC+0700)Submission ID: 1497684931File name: eel_and_Baggasse_on_the_Lost_Circulation_of_the_Drilling_Mud.pdf (630K)Word count: 2065Character count: 10809


m The Effect of Coconut Fibres, Banana Trunk Peel and Baggasse on the

Lost Circulation of the Drilling Mud

(Pengaruh Serabut Kelapa, Kulit Batang Pisang Dan Ampas Tebu Pada

Kehilangan Sirkulasi Lumpur Pemboran)

Rizki Akbar 1 ', Abdul Hamid 1 , Ratnayu Sitaresmi 2

1 Petroleum Engineering Departmen, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta 2Master Program of Petroleum Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta

Abstract Inst Circulation Materials (LCM) are specilllly designed not lo damage the penetrnting formation d11ring handling of loss Dc11lation problems and are very effective for drilling operations worl,lwide. Optimization o.8'M composition mlly stop loss circ11/ation effectively llnd protect the production �one from the invllsion of mud filtrate. The concentration of lost circulation materials (LCM) is a key parameter to determine the effectiveness of LCM. In this study, laborato,y eq11ipment s11ch as the Hamilton beech mixer, Fann VG meter llnd AP/filter press are used to evalullte the effectiveness ofvllrio11s LCMs in dealing with loss circulation. In this research, coconut fibre, banana tree skin, and bagasse are used as LCM in various concentrations. The m11d losses were si111u/ated using an 80 mesh shaker. The q11ality of the m,uldy rheological properties was the Jx,sic parameters to be eval11ated. The test was carried 011t at 8Cf F and 20CfF. The experimental results show that bagasse has the best pe1forma11ce both lit 80°F and 200°F as LCM compared withcoco1111tfibres and bllnana trunk. The lost circ11lation of mud filtrate at 8CfF and 20CfF due to the addition of2 gram bllgasse is 34 ml and 40 ml, respectively.

Keywords: Inst Circulation Materials, Coconut Fibres, Baggasse, Banana Trunk

Sari

Inst Circ11lation Materials (LCM) dirancang klwsus agar tidak merusak lapisan lx1t11an yang dite111b11s pada .rnat penangg11langan masa/ah loss circ11lation dan cara ini sangat efektif11ntuk operasi di sel11ruh d11nia. Opti111asi komposisi LCM dapat menghentikan kehilangan sirk11lasi secara efektif serta melindungi zona prod11ktif dllri invasi filtrat lumpur. Konsentrasi Inst Circullltion Mlllerillls ( LCM) merupaklln pllrameter 11tlllllll untuk menentukan keefektifan dari LCM. Dak1111 penelitian ini, peralatan-peralatan laboratorium .\·eperti Hamilton beech 111ixer, Fann VG 111eter dan AP/ filter press digunakan unt11k mengeval11llsi keefektivitan dari berbagai 111acllm LCM dlllam menangani loss circ11llltion. Padll penelitilln ini serabut kelapa, kulit barang pisang dan ampas tebu digw1llkL111 sebagai LCM pada berbagai konsentrasi. Kehilangan lwnpur disimulasikan dengan menggwwkan shaker ber11k11ran 80 mesh. Kualitas sifat reologi l11mp11r inilah yang akan menjadi paramater dasar 11nt11k dieval11asi. Pengujian akan di/ak11kan /Jada s11/111 80°F dan 20CfF. Hasil percobaan memperlihatklo1 bahwa ampas tebumempunyai kine,ja terbaik padll 80°F dan 200°F sebagai LCM diba,ulingkan serab11t kelapa dan kulit batang pi.rnng. Kehilangan sirk11lasi filtrate lumpur pada 8CfF dan 20CfFberkenaan dengan penambahan 2

gram ampas teb11 bert11rut-t11rut adalah 34 ml and 40 ml.

Kata-kata kunci: Inst Circ11lation Materials, Serabut Kelapa, Ampas Tebu, Batang Pi.rnng

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: +62 81315557735

I. INTRODUCTION

Loss Circulation is a problem that often occurs in drilling operations, namely the migration of drilling fluid into the formation. Drilling by penetrating formations that have large permeability, large fractures and areas with low pressure, resulting in a partial and even pattial loss of formation tl uid, loss circulation is a very difficult challenge, because it can cause cost overruns and time to handle it (Adam, 1985). As explained earlier, loss circulation is a problem that is troublesome and requires a large amount of money in handling it in this industry. The classic problem in drilling penetrates large cracks, low

49

pressure and large permeability is not only difficult but also expensive and risky. Migration / invasion occurs in cavernous, hollow (vugular) formations, unconsolidated fractures or rocks. In dynamic conditions, the fluid migration process increases, this condition is due to the large pressure difference between formation pressure and hydrostatic pressure, decreasing the viscosity value due to the effect of voltage and thinning of the mud cake due to trip in - trip out and circulation. There are many studies to overcome the problem of loss circulation.

In research, several materials such as bagasse, cocout fibres, and banana trunk were used as LCM. The effect of each material on mud slrnTy rheology


was tested.

U. LITERATURE REVIEW

Until now, the drilling industry has developedUnderbalanced Drilling (UBD) 8:hnology, this technique is used because it has the advantage of reducing formation damage and minimizing loss circulation problems, but in this case UBD techniques require special equipment and trained crew, so that costs are needed. big and always updated technology (Perez-Tellez, 2002). Drilling mud is one of the main components that determine the smoothness and success of a drilling operation. The sludge system used in a drilling operation must be in accordance with the conditions of formation and lithology that must be penetrated (Adam, 1985). There are two main problems that occur in loss circulation, namG invasion / migration and large fractures. Loss circulation can be classified into three parts, namely seepage loss (1-10 bbl / hr, partial loss (10-500 bbl / hr), total I complete loss (over 500 bbllhr) (Rabia, 1985). Coconut fibres as biosorbents to remove heavy metals from the waters are quite high because coconut fibers contain lignin (35% - 45%) and cellulose (23% -43% (Carrijo, 2002). Fiber from banana stems comes from banana plants that have been cut down for the fruit is taken and is an agricultural waste that has not been widely used. Banana stem fiber is one source of fiber that has a source of fiber that has a high cellulose content. Banana stem has a specific weight of 0.29 gr / cm3 and fiber length 4.2-5.0, 46 mm and ligfli content of 33.51%, (Husin, 2007). Baggasse bagasse mostly contains ligno-cellulose. The fiber length is between 1.7 to 2 mm with a diameter of about 20 µm, so that the bagasse can meet the requirements fofJbeing artificial boards or for other purposes. Bagasse contains 48 - fJ% water, average sugar 3.3% and average fiber 47 .7%. Bagasse fiber is insoluble in water and consists mainly of cellulose, pentosan and lignin [3].

m.METHOD

The laboratory ,tudy used a mud which wasbased on fresh water (Water Based Mud). The Dmposition of the drill mud as well as the prope1ties of mud is very influential on drilling. Casing planning, drilling rate and completion are influenced by the drill mud which is used at that time. For example in areas with soft rocks, controlling the nature of mud is very necessary. But in areas with hard rock these properties are not too critical so that water can sometimes be used. It can be said that the geological properties of an area also determine the type of mud to be used. Various additives are intentionally added to the mud to produce certain properties needed to carry out their functions. Drill mud must be thixotropic which is

50

runny (liquid) when stirred or pumped and if the mixture / pump stops the mud will form gelatinous properties (gel). This property is required if the circulation is stopped due to pump damage, for example, the cuttings remain propped up not to the bottom of the well and cause the pipe to be pinched or re-formed (regrinding) which will become a clot in the bit (bit balling). In the laboratory testing, rheology determination was obtained and observed in reading the equipment used during the study, including Mud Balance, Fann VG Meter, API Filter Press, Hamilton Mixer, an 80 mesh filter and other supporting equipment. A mud which composed water volume of 341 .22 ml, Bentonite of 22.5 grams and Caustic Soda of 0.5 gram was made. Then experiments were conducted to determine the rheological properties as given in Table I. The research referred to API 138- I [2].

Table I. Basic Mud Rheology

Mud Properties Additif (gram) 0 Density (ppg) 8,6 Viscosity (dtk/cc) 83 PY (cps) IO YP (lbs/sqft) 40

GS 10sec (lbs/100 ft2) 30 GS I01rmt (lbs/100 ft2) 35 API water loss 30 min, 100 psi (cc) 11,8 Mudcake (min) 0,5 pH Filtrate 9,5 Lost circulation (ml) 210

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Continuous testing of fresh water-based mud with the addition of the number of additives was testing. The additives used were coconut fibers, baggasse pulp, and banana tree skin with each composition (gram) 0 gram, 0.5 gram, I gram, 1.5 gram, and 2 gram at a room temperature of 80°F and mesh size of 80.

Tables 2 and 3 show lost circulation by adding 2 gram LCM additive at 80°F and 200°F. The tables show that have a minimum value of Water / Fluid loss on temperatures of 80°F and 200°F. This means that bagasse is the most effective LCM compared with coconut fibres and banana trunk. The complete experimental results are shown in Figures I and 2.

Figures 1 and 2 indicate that the addition of additives such as coconut fibers, bagasse and banana tree peels into basic mud is able reduce the mud filtrate. In this case, coconut fibers, bagasse and banana tree peels have a function as lost circulation materials (LCM) at temperature 80°F


Agricola. Horticttltura

20(4):533-535.

Brasileira,

5. Husin A A. 2002. Pemanfaatan Limbah Untuk Bahan Bangunan. Pengembangan Pemanfaatan

Limbah Pertambangan dan lndustri untuk

Bahan Bangunan, Pusat Penelitian dan

Pengembangan Pemukiman Bandung. Modul

1-3, p.6-7.6. Perez-Tellez C, Smith J R, Edwards J K. 2002.

A New Comperehensive, Mechanistic Model

for Underbalanced Drilling Improves Wellbore

Pressure Predictions," SPE 74426, 2002. 7. Rabia H. 1985 Oil Well Drilling Engineering:

Principles and Practices. University of New

Castle Upon Tyne, Graham Trotman,

Newcastle.

52

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