josh matthew's project in science
TRANSCRIPT
PROJECT IN SCIENCE
Submitted to: Mrs. Myra M. PareñasScience VI
Earthquake
VolcanoSubmitted by:
Josh Matthew E. Hernandez
Grade VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Earthquake Photos of Earthquake Latest Earthquake Information Seismological Observation and Earthquake Prediction
Division Latest Earthquakes in the World - Past 7 days Philippine Fault Zone Maps Effects of Earthquake Types of Volcano Parts of Volcano Volcanic Eruption Effects of Volcanic Eruption Safety Tips Before and After the Volcano Erupt
EARTHQUAKEAn earthquake is the shaking and
trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust. The most common cause of earthquakes is faulting. During faulting, energy is released. Rocks continue to move until the energy is used up.
1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES
4.7 MAGNITUDE QUAKE IN MINDORO
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Bulletins of latest seismic events in the Philippines are listed below. The event parameters (hypocenter, time and magnitude) are determined using incoming data from the Philippine National Seismic Network Philippine Standard Time (PST) is eight hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). (PST = UTC + 8H) UTC is the time standard for which the world regulates clocks and time.Earthquakes in this list with their date and time underlined in blue have reported felt intensities. Intensity ratings are based on thePHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale. Magnitudes in the list are color-coded: below magnitude 5.0 (M < 5.0) are in black, magnitudes 5.0 but below 6.0 (5.0 ≤ M < 6.0) are in blue, magnitudes 6.0 and above (M ≥ 6.0) are in red.
SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATION AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION DIVISION
DATE - TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH MAGNITUDE LOCATION(PST) ` ( °N ) ( °E ) ( km ) ( Ms )02 Nov 2011 - 08:06 PM 19.38 120.19 023 2.9 138 km N 19° W of Laoag City01 Nov 2011 - 07:22 PM 10.08 126.14 014 3.0 032 km N 03° W of General Luna(Siargao) 31 Oct 2011 - 03:29 AM 13.68 121.71 020 2.6 028 km S 23° E of Lucena City30 Oct 2011 - 11:36 PM 16.06 119.92 033 3.3 012 km S 31° W of Alaminos (Pangasinan)30 Oct 2011 - 07:42 PM 18.91 120.87 029 3.2 085 km N 21° E of Laoag City30 Oct 2011 - 06:33 PM 13.08 121.24 035 2.3 038 km S 10° E of Calapan (Oriental Mindoro)30 Oct 2011 - 04:54 PM 07.70 124.54 019 3.0 067 km N 34° E of Cotabato City30 Oct 2011 - 01:09 PM 04.94 125.34 172 3.8 131 km S 08° E of General Santos City30 Oct 2011 - 09:08 AM 12.41 120.87 009 3.7 048 km S 13° E of Sablayan (Occidental Mindoro)29 Oct 2011 - 09:38 PM 13.70 120.40 034 2.8 017 km S 80° E of Looc (Lubang)29 Oct 2011 - 03:32 PM 13.73 120.47 094 2.6 024 km N 89° E of Looc (Lubang)29 Oct 2011 - 10:46 AM 09.23 125.60 002 3.2 032 km N 11° E of Butuan City26 Oct 2011 - 06:44 PM 20.88 121.78 033 4.2 012 km N 37° W of Itbayat (Batanes)26 Oct 2011 - 06:28 PM 07.28 121.94 007 3.7 039 km N 23° W of Zamboanga City
LATEST EARTHQUAKES IN THE WORLD - PAST 7 DAYS
Based on USGS
PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE MAPS Large-scale digital mapping of the Philippine fault zone based on
aerial photograph interpretation:
The 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ) is a major tectonic feature that transects the whole Philippine archipelago from northwestern Luzon to southeastern Mindanao. This arc-parallel, left-lateral strike slip fault is divided into several segments and has been the source of large-magnitude earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake (M 7.0), 1990 Luzon earthquake (Mw 7.7) (Figure 1), and 2003 Masbate earthquake (Ms 6.2). The high seismic risk posed by this fault zone requires a large-scale active faults map, a fundamental data set for seismic hazard mitigation.
LARGE-SCALE DIGITAL MAPPING OF THE PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE BASED ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION:
Since 2003, Kyoto University and PHIVOLCS-DOST have been mapping the Philippine Fault. At present, approximately 90% of on-land-stretch of the PFZ has been mapped. This delineation is based on interpretation of available large-scale (at least 1:30,000) aerial photographs. In areas where there are no available aerial photographs, various satellite images are used to map the fault zone. The identified surface traces of the PFZ are then plotted onto 1:50,000 topographic maps published by NAMRIA and compiled using commonly used Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms such as MapInfo Professional and Generic Mapping Tool (GMT). These active faults maps are now available on this website and upon request to PHIVOLCS-DOST (Figure 2: example of active faults map).
PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE MAPS:
1. Northern Luzon 2. Central Luzon 3. Infanta 4. Guinayangan 5. Bondoc Peninsula 6. Masbate Island 7. Leyte Island 8. Eastern Mindanao
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
Negative effects of earthquakes: Tremendous loss of life. Loss of property. Collapse of transport – roads, railways,
ports, bridges. Fire, landslides, floods. Blocked roads Facilities disrupted – electricity, water,
medical Tsunamis
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING
Northridge, CA 1994
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS -GROUND SHAKING
Northridge, CA 1994
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING
Kobe, Japan 1995
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING
Kobe, Japan 1995
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - SURFACE FAULTING
Landers, CA 1992
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - LIQUEFACTION
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - LIQUEFACTION
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
Liquefaction occurs when the earth shakes something like Jell-O – a lot of water in the solid makes this happen. In the 1995 San Francisco earthquake, the Marina area shook buildings to the ground because they were built on “fill” that was dumped into the Bay to create land. Seattle also has fill areas.
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - LANDSLIDES
Turn again Heights, Alaska,1964 (upper left inset);Santa Cruz Mtns, California , 1989
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - FIRES
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - TSUNAMIS
Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical Data Center
1957 Aleutian Tsunami
WHAT IS A VOLCANO?
Volcano- Areas of earth’s surface through which magma and volcanic gases pass
Volcano comes from the Roman word Vulcan, which means “fire”
WHAT’S INSIDE A VOLCANO?
Magma Chamber- molten rock that feeds a volcano
Vents- cracks in the crust
What is the difference between magma and lava?
VOLCANOES
Mt. Pinatubo
Taal Volcano
Mayon Volcano
WHY DOES THE PHILIPPINES HAVE MANY VOLCANOES?
The Philippines sits on a unique tectonic setting ideal to volcano formation. The archipelago is surrounded by subducting plates as manifested by the trenches that are related to volcano formation.
CLASSIFY VOLCANOES Composite • Cinder • Shield
• Active • Intermittent
• Dormant • Extinct
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Cinder Cone Volcano
a) Built from pyroclastic material
b) Moderately explosive, short eruptions
c) Small in size, steep slopes
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Shield Volcano
a) Built from layers of lava
b) Non-explosive eruptions
c) Not very steep, but can be big
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Composite Volcanoes
a) Most common type
b) Explosive eruptions
and lava flow
c) Built from pyroclastic material AND lava
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
WHERE ARE THE VOLCANOES?
Active Volcanoes of the World
70
60
50
45
40
20
12
600
204
50Indonesia
Central America
Europe
Japan
Africa
Iceland
Italy
Ring of Fire
South America
North America
THE RING OF FIRE
Subduction zones
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Effusive eruptions are characterised by outpourings of lava on to the ground.
Hawaii
Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch
Three products from an explosive eruption Ash fall Pyroclastic
flow Pyroclastic
surge
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
Pyroclastic flows on Montserrat, buried the capital city.
During a volcanic eruption lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases are expelled from avolcanic vent or fissure. Several types of volcanic eruptions have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Ash add to the soil fertility – farming
New minerals may be discovered
Promotes Tourism Research and education
purposes. Geothermal Energy –
renewable energy.
Loss of life Loss of property
(economic loss) Air Pollution (ash, smoke,
gases, acid rain etc) Water pollution Lahars (mudflows with
water) Earthquakes Increase in
temperature of the area
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member of the family to your disaster supply kit.
Stay away from active volcano sites.
Before a Volcanic Eruption
During a Volcanic EruptionThe following are guidelines for what to do if a volcano erupts in your area:Evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a mudflow increases near stream channels and with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can move faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a bridge, and do not cross the bridge if mudflow is approaching.Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
PROTECTION FROM FALLING ASH Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.· Use goggles and war
eyeglasses instead of contact lenses. Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with
breathing Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic
ash. Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the
roof collapsing. Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents,
furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents. Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters. Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash
that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles. Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have
to drive, keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.
JOSH MATTHEW E. HERNANDEZ
End of presentation Thank you very much….. Bagong Bayan Elementary School