john w. johnston todd a.€¦ · j.p. (eds.), tracking environmental change using lake sediments,...

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Todd A. Thompson Assistant Director for Research Indiana Geological Survey Indiana University 6 N hWl G John W. Johnston Assistant Professor Dept. of Earth and Env. Sciences University of Waterloo Ui i A W 611 NorthWalnut Grove Bloomington, IN 474052208 Email: [email protected] Phone: (812) 8554400 200 University Ave. W . Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Email: [email protected] Phone: (519) 8884567 ext. 33234

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Page 1: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Todd A. ThompsonAssistant Director for ResearchIndiana Geological SurveyIndiana University6  N h W l  G

John W. JohnstonAssistant ProfessorDept. of Earth and Env. SciencesUniversity of Waterloo

 U i i  A  W   611 North Walnut GroveBloomington, IN 47405‐2208Email:  [email protected]: (812) 855‐4400

200 University Ave. W. Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1Email: [email protected]: (519) 888‐4567 ext. 33234

Page 2: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Outline to the dayOutline to the day18 AUGUST  (Thursday) – Coastal Features and Deposits

8:00 – 9:00 Introduction to the Coastal Depositional System8:00  9:00 Introduction to the Coastal Depositional SystemControls on Shoreline SedimentationCoastal Processes and Littoral TransportShoreline BehaviorShoreline Features

9:00 – 10:00 Identification of Coastal Facies9:00  10:00 Identification of Coastal FaciesTypes and Characteristics

10:00 – 10:15   BREAK

10:15‐ 11:15  Coastal SequencesiTransgressive

Regressive/Aggradational

11:15 – 12:15 Chronostratigraphic TechniquesApplicationsShort‐lived vs. Long‐lived Isotopes (Cs137, Pb210 and C14) O i ll  S i l d L i  (OSL)

“The Fourth Dimension”Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

12:15 – 1:00 LUNCH while traveling to field site

1:00 – 6:00 Interpret Features in the FieldVisit Miller LookoutVisit modern Tiesma BeachVisit Platte Lake strandplain

Page 3: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

“Accurate sediment

chronologies are of crucialg

importance in interpreting p p g

sedimentary archives.”yAppleby, P.G. (2001) Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 171‐203.

Page 4: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Why is accurate dating important?To investigate: Timing of events, rates of change, correlation.

Need to… • Avoid contamination & understand stratigraphic context• Understand assumptions and limitations of dating procedure= realistic interpretation

Items to consider: Budget ‐ amount and quality? Site Selection – continuous record? Site Selection  continuous record?Well preserved or disturbed?  Retrieval? (dig, core‐vibrate,push,rotate) Suitable material? Suitable material?Multiple methods? Gaps or abrupt changes?

Page 5: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Two decades of age‐dating strandplainsLake SuperiorRadiocarbon & OSL

Lake HuronOSL

L k  Mi hi

OSL

Lake MichiganRadiocarbon

Johnston and others (in press)

Page 6: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Two decades of age‐dating lake sediment

Slave River Delta (~40 sites)

Wolfe, B.B., Hall, R.I., Edwards, T.W.D., and Johnston, J.W., 2012, Johnston, J.W., 2012, Developing temporal hydroecologicalperspectives to inform stewardship of a northern floodplain landscape subject to multiple 

Peace‐AthabascaRiver Delta (~60 sites)

j pstressors: paleolimnologicalinvestigations of the Peace‐Athabasca Delta, Environmental Reviews 20 191‐210

Page 7: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Lateral and Vertical Chronosequences

VerticalVerticalStratigraphy

Lateral Chronosequence

YoungestShallow

http://kingfish.coastal.edu  http://sepmstrata.org 

OldestYoungestOldest Lakeward LandwardDeep

Page 8: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Reconstructing Lake Level from ancient shorelines & coastal wetlands

Lake Athabasca PaleohydrographMackenzie y g p

a) Ancient shoreline and wetland.

Johnston et al. The Holocene (2010)http://hol.sagepub.com/content/20/5/801.abstract

Wolfe et al. Geophysical Research Letters (2011)http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2011GL047599.shtml

Lakes Superior, Michigan & Huron PaleohydrographsGreat Lakes

Wolfe et al. Environmental Reviews (2012)http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/full/10.1139/a2012‐008#.UJsv_Wez6yM

) O A i Sh lia) One Ancient Shoreline

b) 30 to 80 Ancient Shorelines in a Strandplain

c) Many Strandplains around lake basin

MICHIGAN  B dk  & Th  J l  f G  L k  R h ( )

MN

Lake Superior

Th

GrandTraverse

BayTahquameno

Au TrainBay

Batcha

S

SUPERIOR ‐ Johnston et al. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2012)http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e2012‐057#.UJssQmez6yMHuron – (in prep.)

MICHIGAN ‐ Baedke & Thompson Journal of Great Lakes Research (2000)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133000707052

Page 9: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Principle Dating MethodsRate of atomic disintegration in a sample or 

Growth of an organisms to date the substrate on p

surrounding environment.

the substrate on which it is found.

(Used for correlation)Past reversals of Earth’s magnetic field & their effects on a sample.

Time‐dependent chemical Bradley (2014) Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, Academic Press, 696 p.

Time dependent chemical Changes in sample or chemical characteristics of sample.

Page 10: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Radioisotopic Dating Methods

Radioactive Isotope

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

Unstable atoms decay or disintegrate spontaneously at predictable and measureable ratesmeasureable rates. Carbon‐12 (126C)

• 6 protons, 6 neutrons, mass 12Carbon‐13 (136C)

• 6 protons 7 neutrons mass 13

www.nrc.gov

• 6 protons, 7 neutrons, mass 13Carbon‐14 (146C)

• 6 protons, 8 neutrons, mass 14

Lead‐210 (210Pb) Dating Luminescence (OSL) Dating

Radiocarbon (14C) Dating

Page 11: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Can we differentiate these three?Lead‐210 (210Pb) Dating The degree to which members of a chain of radioactive decay are 

d    ilib i f ll i    i i i l  l  b i

Temporal range of each?

restored to equilibrium following some initial external perturbation. Approx. 150 years (half‐life of 210Pb = 22 years) Fine‐grained sediment (210Pb: source ‐ transport ‐ deposition)

Radiocarbon (14C) Dating The quantity of a radioisotope as a fraction of a presumed initial level. (h lf l f f )

Type of sediment?

Luminescence (OSL) Dating

Approx. 40,000 years (half‐life of 14C = 5568 years)  Any material which is composed of carbon may be dated.

( ) g The integrated effects of some local radioactive process on the 

sample material, compared to the value of the local (env.) flux. A      (   i ) Approx. 200,000 years (near saturation) Principle minerals used are quartz and feldspar. (fine silt to med. sand)

Page 12: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Half‐life and Radioactive decayHalf life and Radioactive decayUnstable atoms decay or ydisintegrate spontaneously at predictable and measureablerates

14C (t1/2 = 5568 years)

rates.

210Pb (t1/2 = 22 years)

Page 13: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

How does 210Pb get to our sediments? Th  d f  R  ( d )  f ll i   h  d   f  6R  ( di ) [ 8U d   i ] The decay of 222Rn (radon), following the decay of 226Ra (radium) [238U decay series] Both 222Rn and 226Ra escape from Earth’s surface and enter the atmosphere. The stratigraphic distribution of unsupported 210Pb (the dominant 210Pb supply to 

l k ) l k d b d bl h l f l k dlakes) in lake sediments can be used to establish a timescale for lake sediments. Total 210Pb activity in sediment = supported + unsupported.

Unsupported:Unsupported:From atmospheric flux• washed out = precip.• settles out = dry falloutsettles out = dry fallout

Supported:From in situ decay of the parent radionuclide 226Ra (radium)

T  22 years (210Pb)

(When supported and unsupported 210Pb are in equilibrium, background 210Pb has been reached)

T1/2 = 22 years (210Pb)to stable 206Pb

Bradley Paleoclimatology

Page 14: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Estimate of Background Depth(Where Total 210Pb = Supported 210Pb or Unsupported 210Pb = 0)

J F B 4 30

(Where Total 210Pb = Supported 210Pb or Unsupported 210Pb = 0)

h (c

m)

1

2

Dep

th

3

4

T o ta l 2 1 0 P b2 2 6 R a

A c t iv i t y ( d p m /g )

1 1 05

We now have an inference of “background depth” where Total 210Pb = Supported 210Pb.  We have directly measured the Total 210Pb for each slice and with our measured 

Supported 210Pb we can calculate Unsupported 210Pb for each core slice down to background depth as: Unsupported 210Pb = Total 210Pb ‐ Supported 210Pb

Page 15: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

From sediments to a 210Pb chronology

How many samples?

Age Model

Height of artificial fallout from 

l  Equilibrium:Unsupported

Smol (2008) Pollution of Lakes and Rivers: a Paleoenvironmental Perspective

nuclear weapons tests

UnsupportedSupported

Page 16: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Height of 

137CsTime MarkersHeight of artificial fallout from nuclear weapons tests(1963 CE)

What should the characteristics of good ti   k  b ? ( 9 3 )time markers be?

1. Instantaneous2. widespread 1963‐64 (Bomb‐test peak, Global fallout) 1986 (Chernobyl, mostly Europe) 2011? (Fukushima, Mostly Japan and region?)2. widespread3. distinctive

What are some examples of potentially good time markers?

volcanic deposits magnetic events  catastrophic e ents 

good time markers?

catastrophic events (floods, pollution, land use)

Human events Bradley  Paleoclimatology

Page 17: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

210Pb Dating fi i  l i t d  di t    t   ( l) confirming laminated sediments are true varves (annual) confirming core‐tops are undisturbed calibrate with instrumental records to develop accurate transfer 

functions for paleo reconstructionsfunctions for paleo‐reconstructions

Sinnatamby et. al. (2010) Historical and paleolimnologicalp gevidence for expansion of Lake Athabasca (Canada) during the Little Ice Age. J Paleolimnology.

Page 18: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Peace‐Athabasca Delta

Appleby (2001) Chronostratigraphic techniques n   di  I  L   d S l ( d ) T ki  recent sediment, In Last and Smol (eds) Tracking 

environmental change using lake sediments, volume 1: Basin analysis, coring, and chronological techniques.

B. Wolfe

Page 19: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

14C: Formation, Di l & D

Where?• C14 is constantly forming in the

  h  Dispersal, & Decay upper atmosphere. How Form?

• When a high‐energy neutron( f ) k(a type of cosmic ray) strikes a N14 atom, it may be absorbedby the nucleus and eject a proton, changing it to C14. 

Rate of Formation?• fairly constant and has been 

calibrated against tree rings.

• All carbons are absorbed in a nearly constant ratio by all nearly constant ratio by all living organisms. 

• When an organism dies, C14 is not replenished and the ratio not replenished and the ratio of C14 to C12 decreases.

• C14 dating uses the C14/C12 ratio ofmaterial that was once living, clockstarts when an organism dies. Half‐life: T1/2 = 5568 years (14C)

Page 20: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

From sediments to a radiocarbon age

Conventional / AMS 14C DatingConventional / AMS  C Dating small amounts selected fractions of sediment better time resolution better time resolution

Bjork & Wohlfarth (2001), 14C ChronostratigraphicTechniques in Paleolimnology, In Last & Smol, Tracking Env. Change using lake sediment V1.

Page 21: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Calibration 6000

7000Calibration databaseIntCal13 Reimer et al. (2013)Radiocarbon 55: 1869‐1887

3000

4000

5000

arbo

n ag

e  BP

calibrated

uncalibrated (1:1)

“present”

Radiocarbon 55: 1869‐1887.

Radiocarbon Age1000±50

1000

2000

3000

Rad

ioca present

1950 CE

Calibration programs:• CALIB / Oxcal / CalPal

00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Calendar  year BP

Intercept &Probability

Radiocarbon AgeRadiocarbon Age4000±80

One Sigma Ranges: [start:end] relative area

One Sigma Ranges: [start:end] relative area[cal BP 801: cal BP 812] 0.072[cal BP 828: cal BP 862] 0.276 g g [ ]

[cal BP 4299: cal BP 4327] 0.071[cal BP 4353: cal BP 4369] 0.040[cal BP 4386: cal BP 4582] 0.0849[cal BP 4603: cal BP 4606] 0.009[cal BP 4769: cal BP 4781] 0.031

Two Sigma Ranges: [start:end] relative area[ l BP    l BP  ] 

[ ] 7[cal BP 903: cal BP 963] 0.652

Two Sigma Ranges: [start:end] relative area[cal BP 789: cal BP 988] 0.977[cal BP 1030: cal BP 1048] 0.023

[cal BP 4237: cal BP 4709] 0.934[cal BP 4754: cal BP 4813] 0.066

Page 22: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Depositional Lag Times & Sample ContaminationDoes the final reworking and transportation take place fairly soon after death?Is there a connection between event being dated and the startof the radiocative decay process (the “clock”)

Can you see evidence of reworking?

(the  clock )

Bjork & Wohlfarth (2001), In Last & Smol, Tracking Env. Change using lake sediment V1.

http://geology.tufts.edu/varves/Geology/dating.asp

Page 23: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Radiocarbon Dating

Used throughout the world

many different types of samples used for dating

covers a time period of major, global env. change

invaluable in archaeological studiesg

Page 24: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Radiocarbon and OSL (Paleohydrograph Age)Radiocarbon & OSL

4000

4500

C14

Modified from:Argyilan et al.

2500

3000

3500

ars

befo

re 1

950

C14OSL

QuaternaryResearch(2005)

1000

1500

2000

Cal

enda

r yea

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Distance from modern shoreline (m)

0

500

Page 25: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

• Age of Burial• Quartz or FldsprQ p• Imperfections in crystallattice, able to storeionizing energy (trap)ionizing energy (trap)

• Absorb radiation• Surrounding decay(235U, 238U, 232Th, 40K, 87Rb)

• Energy released (reset) if http://core.ecu.edu/geology/mallinsond/OSL.htm

gy ( )exposed to sunlight or heat)

Page 26: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Dr. K. Lepper, North Dakota State Universityhttp://crustal usgs gov/laboratories/luminescence dating/what is tl htmlhttp://crustal.usgs.gov/laboratories/luminescence_dating/what_is_tl.html

Page 27: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

OSL dating repeated and/or lengthy light exposure

Partial bleaching of grains 

Cores vs. Soil PitsPartial bleaching of grains during burial, mixing of grains by bioturbation, and pedogenic (soil formation) processes can alter the dose rate over time. The largest uncertainty in the dose 

rate calculation is commonly associated with water content.

Rhodes (2011) Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 200,000 years, Annual review of earth and planetary sciences 39 (1) 461 ‐488.

Page 28: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

QuestionsQuestions… Can you name and differentiate the 

three radioisotopic dating methods 

Do I always need to go 

three radioisotopic dating methods I mentioned in this talk?

y gdeeper to obtain older sediments or landforms?

Items to consider: Budget ‐ amount and quality? Site Selection  continuous record? Site Selection – continuous record?Well preserved or disturbed?  Retrieval? (dig, core‐vibrate,push,rotate) Suitable material? Preparation? Suitable material? Preparation?Multiple methods? Gaps or abrupt changes?

Page 29: John W. Johnston Todd A.€¦ · J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and ... environmental change using lake sediments,

Useful References• Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments (DPER Volume 1 to 5)

• Appleby, P.G. (2001) Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments. In DPER, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques, pp. 171‐203.

• Blaauw  M  and Heegaard  2012  Estimation of Age Depth Relationships  In Birks  • Blaauw, M. and Heegaard, 2012, Estimation of Age‐Depth Relationships, In Birks, H.J., Lotter, A.F., Juggins, S., Smol, J.P. (eds) Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Volume 5, pp 379‐413.

• Rhodes (2011) Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past y g200,000 years, Annual review of earth and planetary sciences 39 (1) 461 ‐488.

• Sanchez‐Cabeza & Ruiz‐Fernandez (2012) 210Pb sediment radiochronology: An integrated formulation and classification of dating models. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 82: 183–200.

• CALIB (Stuiver and Reimer 1993: http://www.calib.org), BCal (Buck et al. 1999: http://bcal.shef.ac.uk), and OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 2007: https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal)

• Argyilan, E.P., Forman, S.L., Johnston, J.W., 2005, Optically stimulated luminescence dating of late Holocene raised strandplain sequences adjacent to Lakes Michigan and Superior, Upper Holocene raised strandplain sequences adjacent to Lakes Michigan and Superior, Upper Peninsula, Michigan USA, Quaternary Research, v. 63, p. 122‐135.

• Bradley (2014) Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, Academic Press, 696 p.• Johnston. J.W., Thompson, T.A., and Wilcox, D.A. (in press) Paleohydrographic reconstructions from 

strandplains of beach ridges in the Laurentian Great Lakes, in Martini, I. P., and Wanless, H. R., d  S di t  C t l Z  f  Hi h t  L  L tit d  Si il iti   d Diff  G l i l eds., Sedimentary Coastal Zones from High to Low Latitudes: Similarities and Differences: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 388.

• Smol, J.P. 2008. Pollution of Lakes and Rivers: A Paleoenvironmental Perspective. 2nd edition. Wiley‐Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 383 pp.

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http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/now/wlevels/dbd/ 

Baedke and |Thompson (2000) & Johnston and others (2012)