john quincy adams - bill of rights institute...handout b character cards (cont.) being an american...
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HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
AN
DR
EW C
AR
NEG
IEJO
HN
QU
INC
Y A
DA
MS
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS
Joh
n Q
uin
cy A
da
ms
17
67
- 1
84
8
Som
e be
lieve
Joh
n Q
uinc
y A
dam
s’s m
ost
hero
ic
cont
ribut
ion
to h
is co
untr
y cam
e afte
r he w
as P
resid
ent.
Ada
ms w
as b
orn
in M
assa
chus
etts
in 17
67. H
e was
the
son
of P
resid
ent J
ohn
Ada
ms.
Afte
r ser
ving
in va
rious
offi
ces,
incl
udin
g the
Pre
siden
cy, J
ohn
Qui
ncy A
dam
s w
as el
ecte
d to
Con
gres
s in
1830
.In
1835
, the
Hou
se o
f Rep
rese
ntat
ives
vote
d to
tabl
e (p
ostp
one w
ithou
t hea
ring)
any p
etiti
ons a
bout
slav
ery.
Ada
ms,
then
in h
is m
id-s
even
ties,
was
still
vigi
lant
. He
led
a sm
all g
roup
of R
epre
sent
ativ
es in
the fi
ght a
gain
st
the G
ag R
ule.
Ada
ms s
aid
that
wha
teve
r one
’s po
sitio
n on
sla
very
, the
Gag
Rul
e w
as a
vio
latio
n of
the
Firs
t A
men
dmen
t’s p
rote
ctio
n of
free
dom
of p
etiti
on. “
[T]
he st
ake i
n th
e que
stio
n is
your
righ
t to
petit
ion,
you
r fr
eedo
m o
f tho
ught
and
of a
ctio
n, a
nd th
e fr
eedo
m
in C
ongr
ess o
f you
r Rep
rese
ntat
ive,”
he d
ecla
red.
The
Gag
Rul
e had
to b
e ren
ewed
each
sess
ion,
and
Ada
ms
cour
ageo
usly
foug
ht a
gain
st it
eac
h tim
e. O
ver t
hose
ni
ne y
ears
, Ada
ms
was
acc
used
of t
reas
on a
nd e
ven
rece
ived
dea
th th
reat
s. Bu
t he
neve
r bac
ked
dow
n.
The
Gag
Rul
e w
as re
peal
ed in
184
4, d
ue in
par
t to
John
Qui
ncy
Ada
ms’s
cou
rage
ous
fight
for
the
Firs
t A
men
dmen
t rig
ht to
free
dom
of p
etiti
on.
An
dre
w C
arn
egie
1
83
5 -
19
19
And
rew
Car
negi
e’s r
ags-
to-r
iche
s st
ory
is on
e of
pe
rsev
eran
ce, in
itiat
ive,
and
reso
urce
fuln
ess.
Car
negi
e w
as b
orn
in 18
35 to
a w
orki
ng-c
lass
Scot
tish
fam
ily. H
e ca
me t
o th
e Uni
ted
Stat
es w
ith h
is fa
mily
whe
n he
was
th
irtee
n ye
ars o
ld. H
e be
gan
wor
king
righ
t aw
ay: a
s a
mes
seng
er, a
bob
bin
boy,
and
stea
m m
achi
ne o
pera
tor.
In 18
53 h
e too
k a j
ob as
tele
grap
h op
erat
or at
a ra
ilroa
d co
mpa
ny. H
e w
as c
harm
ing
and
inte
llige
nt. H
e to
ok
an ac
tive i
nter
est i
n hi
s wor
k an
d qu
ickl
y ad
vanc
ed at
th
e co
mpa
ny.
Car
negi
e al
so t
ook
the
initi
ativ
e to
lear
n ab
out
inve
stin
g. H
e wise
ly in
vest
ed h
is m
oney
in eq
uipm
ent
and
tech
nolo
gies
that
he b
elie
ved
wer
e goo
d fo
r to
the
railr
oad
indu
stry
. In
1889
, he
foun
ded
the
Car
negi
e St
eel
Com
pany
. T
his
com
pany
com
bine
d w
ith
othe
rs to
cre
ate
U.S
. Ste
el. U
.S. S
teel
hel
ped
mee
t the
co
untr
y’s g
reat
dem
and
for
stee
l—us
ed in
rai
lroad
s, sk
yscr
aper
s, an
d ot
her e
xam
ples
of g
reat
tech
nolo
gica
l ac
hiev
emen
ts. H
e lit
eral
ly h
elpe
d bu
ild A
mer
ica.
Late
r in l
ife, A
ndre
w C
arne
gie b
ecam
e a ph
ilant
hrop
ist
(som
eone
who
hel
ps a
ctiv
ely
othe
rs).
He
used
his
fort
une
to fo
und
the
Car
negi
e C
orpo
ratio
n of
New
Yo
rk, C
arne
gie E
ndow
men
t for
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pea
ce, a
nd
Car
negi
e Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity in
Pitt
sbur
gh.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
HEN
RY C
LAY
CES
AR
CH
AV
EZ
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Ces
ar
Ch
ave
z 1
92
7 -
19
33
Ces
ar C
have
z st
rugg
led
thro
ugho
ut h
is li
fe f
or
bette
r w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
for
unio
n fa
rm w
orke
rs.
He w
as b
orn
in Y
uma,
Ariz
ona.
His
pare
nts l
ost t
heir
farm
in th
e G
reat
Dep
ress
ion,
and
the
fam
ily m
oved
fr
om p
lace
to p
lace
, wor
king
the
field
s. H
e at
tend
ed
thirt
y-se
ven
diffe
rent
scho
ols.
Thes
e ear
ly ex
perie
nces
le
ft th
eir m
ark
and
gave
his
life p
urpo
se. H
is fa
ther
had
be
en in
jure
d in
a c
ar a
ccid
ent,
so a
fter e
ight
h gr
ade,
youn
g C
have
z bec
ame a
farm
wor
ker t
o he
lp su
ppor
t hi
s fam
ily.
In 19
62, C
have
z fou
nded
and
orga
nize
d th
e Nat
iona
l Fa
rm W
orke
rs A
ssoc
iatio
n, la
ter
calle
d th
e U
nite
d Fa
rm W
orke
rs. Th
is un
ion
was
the fi
rst o
f its
kin
d, an
d fo
ught
for c
ontr
acts
, saf
e con
ditio
ns, h
ighe
r wag
es, a
nd
job
secu
rity
for u
nion
mem
bers
. He
led
a na
tionw
ide
boyc
ott o
f gra
pes t
hat i
ncre
ased
supp
ort f
or th
e Uni
ted
Farm
Wor
kers
. In
a m
ovem
ent
calle
d La
Cos
a, h
e br
ough
t tog
ethe
r chu
rche
s, un
ions
, and
cons
umer
s. H
is m
otto
was
“Si,
se p
uede
.” (“
Yes,
it ca
n be
don
e.”)
A hu
mbl
e and
dee
ply r
eligi
ous m
an, C
have
z’s hu
nger
st
rikes
, boy
cotts
, and
mar
ches
got
Am
eric
a’s at
tent
ion,
an
d im
prov
ed th
e liv
es of
thou
sand
s. Th
ough
his
criti
cs
poin
t out
that
uni
oniz
ed fa
rm la
bor
resu
lted
in g
reat
nu
mbe
rs of
will
ing m
igra
nt w
orke
rs b
eing
turn
ed aw
ay
from
jobs
, Ces
ar C
have
z’s p
erse
vera
nce
brou
ght t
he
expe
rienc
es o
f mig
rant
wor
kers
to n
atio
nal a
ttent
ion.
Hen
ry C
lay
17
77
- 1
85
2
Hen
ry C
lay’s
per
seve
ranc
e and
mod
erat
ion
earn
ed
him
his
repu
tatio
n as
the “
Gre
at C
ompr
omise
r.” C
lay
was
raise
d w
ith h
is ei
ght s
iblin
gs in
Han
over
Cou
nty,
Virg
inia
. With
littl
e for
mal
scho
olin
g, h
e was
trai
ned
as a
law
yer.
He
saw
opp
ortu
nitie
s on
the
expa
ndin
g fr
ontie
r, an
d m
oved
wes
t to
Kent
ucky
in 1
797.
H
e fo
und
grea
t suc
cess
, and
was
kno
wn
as a
n el
oque
nt
and
cour
teou
s spe
aker
. Th
e new
fron
tier b
roug
ht gr
eat c
halle
nges
as w
ell a
s op
port
uniti
es. C
lay r
epre
sent
ed K
entu
cky i
n bo
th th
e H
ouse
and
Sena
te. A
s a la
wm
aker
, he p
ut th
e int
egrit
y of
the
Uni
on fi
rst.
He
mad
e a
deal
in th
e Se
nate
to
low
er ta
riffs s
low
ly w
hen
Sout
h C
arol
ina
thre
aten
ed
to se
cede
(lea
ve th
e na
tion)
in re
spon
se to
the
Tariff
A
ct. A
s Spe
aker
of t
he H
ouse
, he h
elped
lead
the y
oung
na
tion
thro
ugh
stru
ggle
s ov
er sl
aver
y. C
lay
was
abl
e to
calm
the b
itter
ness
on
both
side
s to
secu
re p
assa
ge
of th
e Miss
ouri
Com
prom
ise an
d th
e Com
prom
ise o
f 18
50. H
e he
lped
pas
s law
s he
hope
d w
ould
allo
w th
e na
tion
to su
rviv
e. H
e di
ed in
185
2, a
yea
r aft
er le
avin
g C
ongr
ess.
Hen
ry C
lay’s
com
mitm
ent t
o hi
s cou
ntry
as a
who
le
was
mad
e cle
ar o
n hi
s hea
dsto
ne: “
I kno
w n
o N
orth
—
no S
outh
—no
Eas
t—no
Wes
t.”
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
FRED
ERIC
K D
OU
GLA
SSD
OR
OTH
EA D
IX
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Do
roth
ea D
ix
18
02
- 1
88
7
Dor
othe
a Dix
cour
ageo
usly
foug
ht fo
r peo
ple w
ho
coul
d no
t figh
t for
them
selv
es. D
ix tr
avel
ed to
alm
ost
ever
y sta
te in
the U
nion
and
visit
ed o
ver 9
,000
peo
ple
suffe
ring
from
men
tal i
llnes
s. Sh
e sa
w th
em c
ast o
ut
of s
ocie
ty a
nd la
rgel
y ig
nore
d. S
he v
isite
d th
em in
po
orho
uses
, jai
ls, d
ark
cella
rs, a
nd h
ovel
s. Sh
e sa
w
man
y of
them
chai
ned,
froz
en, s
tarv
ing,
or n
egle
cted
. Ap
palle
d by
thei
r tre
atm
ent,
she
beca
me
a cr
usad
er.
From
1842
to 18
87, D
ix le
d a o
ne-w
oman
cam
paig
n fo
r com
pass
ion.
She
wro
te a
nd sp
oke
publ
icly
abo
ut
wha
t sh
e ha
d se
en. S
he w
as c
onvi
nced
tha
t m
any
patie
nts,
if tr
eate
d w
ell,
coul
d be
cur
ed. S
he a
lso
thou
ght t
hat g
over
nmen
t had
a re
spon
sibili
ty to
hel
p.
Dix
was
succ
essf
ul in
lobb
ying
stat
e le
gisla
ture
s. Sh
e w
as w
ell-c
onne
cted
, soft
-spo
ken,
and
per
suas
ive.
In a
tim
e w
hen
wom
en c
ould
be
jaile
d fo
r vot
ing,
D
ix c
oura
geou
sly c
ham
pion
ed h
er c
ause
. She
rai
sed
publ
ic a
war
enes
s. C
ongr
ess
deba
ted
man
y of
Dix
’s pe
titio
ns. H
er fi
rst p
etiti
on le
d to
the
cons
truc
tion
of
a st
ate
hosp
ital i
n M
assa
chus
etts
. Tw
elve
oth
er st
ates
an
d th
e Dist
rict o
f Col
umbi
a fo
llow
ed su
it. D
orot
hea
Dix
fore
ver c
hang
ed th
e w
ay A
mer
ican
s car
e fo
r the
m
enta
lly il
l.
Fred
eric
k D
ou
gla
ss
18
18
- 1
89
5
Fred
eric
k D
ougl
ass
wro
te a
nd s
poke
abo
ut t
he
inju
stic
es o
f sla
very
, and
hel
ped
open
the
eye
s of
a
natio
n. H
e w
as b
orn
a sla
ve in
Mar
ylan
d, in
181
7 or
18
18. A
lthou
gh it
was
agai
nst t
he la
w to
teac
h en
slave
d pe
ople
to
read
, Dou
glas
s le
arne
d to
rea
d an
d al
so
taug
ht o
ther
slav
es to
do
so. H
e kne
w th
at re
adin
g and
le
arni
ng w
ould
hel
p pe
ople
see t
hat s
lave
ry w
as a
grea
t in
just
ice.
Afte
r tw
o fa
iled
atte
mpt
s, D
ougl
ass e
scap
ed
from
slav
ery
in 1
838.
Dou
glas
s set
tled
in M
assa
chus
etts
whe
re h
e wen
t to
abol
ition
ist m
eetin
gs. H
e beg
an gi
ving
spee
ches
on
his
expe
rienc
es, a
nd so
on h
e be
gan
trav
eled
in A
mer
ica
and
Euro
pe g
ivin
g le
ctur
es. H
e al
so p
ublis
hed
his
thou
ghts
in a
wee
kly
new
spap
er. H
is m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t w
ork
was
his
auto
biog
raph
y, N
arra
tive
of th
e Li
fe o
f Fr
eder
ick
Dou
glas
, an
Amer
ican
Sla
ve. I
t w
as v
ery
popu
lar a
nd, l
ike h
is sp
eech
es, o
pene
d m
any
peop
les’
eyes
to th
e ho
rror
s of
sla
very
. Dou
glas
s ad
vise
d tw
o Pr
esid
ents
, Abr
aham
Lin
coln
and
And
rew
John
son,
ab
out t
he tr
eatm
ent o
f Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans.
He
spok
e an
d w
rote
in f
avor
of
a co
nstit
utio
nal a
men
dmen
t se
curin
g vo
ting
right
s and
oth
er li
bert
ies f
or fo
rmer
sla
ves.
Fred
eric
k D
ougl
ass
pers
ever
ed in
his
wor
k fo
r eq
ual r
ight
s fo
r fo
rmer
sla
ves,
and
also
for
wom
en,
until
he
died
.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
THO
MA
S ED
ISO
NB
ENJA
MIN
FR
AN
KLI
N
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Ben
jam
in F
ran
klin
1
70
6 -
17
90
Benj
amin
Fra
nklin
ded
icat
ed h
is lif
e to
impr
ovin
g th
e liv
es o
f his
fello
w ci
tizen
s. H
e did
this
by cr
eatin
g go
ods,
serv
ices
, and
a fo
rm o
f gov
ernm
ent.
“The m
ost
acce
ptab
le se
rvic
e of
God
is d
oing
goo
d to
Man
,” he
sa
id. H
e liv
ed b
y th
is pr
inci
ple—
as a
citi
zen,
aut
hor,
inve
ntor
, sci
entis
t, an
d st
ates
man
.Fr
ankl
in’s
life
was
fille
d w
ith fi
rsts
. He
put
his
idea
s in
act
ion
to c
reat
e th
e fir
st fi
re d
epar
tmen
t, th
e fir
st p
ublic
libr
ary,
and
the
first
pub
lic h
ospi
tal
in P
hila
delp
hia.
He
shar
ed h
omes
pun
hum
or a
nd
advi
ce in
his
popu
lar
Poor
Rich
ard’s
Alm
anac
k. H
e al
so im
prov
ed p
eopl
es’ l
ives
with
his
inve
ntio
ns. H
e m
ade
the
first
ligh
tnin
g ro
d, b
ifoca
l gla
sses
, and
iron
fu
rnac
e st
ove.
Yet
Fran
klin
mad
e hi
s gr
eate
st c
ontr
ibut
ions
to
Am
eric
a’s fi
rst g
over
nmen
ts. H
e ha
d a
stro
ng s
ense
of
res
pons
ibili
ty a
nd n
ever
ref
used
a p
ublic
offi
ce.
To b
uild
the
new
repu
blic
, he
serv
ed fa
ithfu
lly a
t the
Se
cond
Con
tinen
tal C
ongr
ess.
He
help
ed d
raft
the
Dec
lara
tion
of I
ndep
ende
nce.
He
help
ed n
egot
iate
th
e Tr
eaty
of P
aris,
end
ing
the
Revo
lutio
nary
War
. H
e jo
ined
the
Con
stitu
tiona
l Con
vent
ion,
whe
re h
e st
ood
up fo
r a
stro
nger
uni
on a
nd w
orke
d ha
rd to
pr
otec
t citi
zens
from
tyra
nny.
Benj
amin
Fra
nklin
was
op
timist
ic a
bout
Am
eric
a’s fu
ture
; and
gav
e m
uch
of
his l
ife to
hel
p he
r gro
w.
Tho
ma
s Ed
iso
n 1
84
7 -
19
31
Thom
as E
diso
n sa
w ev
ery o
bsta
cle as
an op
portu
nity
. “G
eniu
s is
1% in
spira
tion
and
99%
per
spira
tion,”
he
said
. He h
ad lit
tle sc
hool
ing,
and
was
dea
f fro
m a
youn
g ag
e, bu
t he p
ursu
ed h
is in
tere
sts w
ith re
sour
cefu
lnes
s an
d pa
ssio
n. H
e lov
ed sc
ienc
e and
mec
hani
cs. H
e was
dr
iven
to in
vent
.By
186
8, E
diso
n ha
d im
prov
ed th
e te
legr
aph
and
the t
ypew
riter
. He m
ade a
n el
ectr
ic v
ote r
ecor
der a
nd
a st
ock
ticke
r. Tw
o ye
ars l
ater
, he
had
enou
gh m
oney
to
ope
n hi
s fir
st “
inve
ntio
n fa
ctor
y.” H
e w
as o
nly
twen
ty-t
hree
. He
and
the
tale
nted
team
of e
ngin
eers
an
d sc
ient
ists h
e hi
red
wou
ld ch
ange
the
wor
ld.
With
in fi
ve ye
ars,
they
had
per
fect
ed th
e tel
epho
ne
and
crea
ted
the
phon
ogra
ph. N
ext,
they
bec
ame
fam
ous
for
the
inca
ndes
cent
ligh
t bu
lb. L
ater
the
y w
orke
d on
the m
otio
n pi
ctur
e cam
era,
talk
ing m
ovie
s, a
car
batte
ry, a
nd a
n x-
ray
mac
hine
. In
his
lifet
ime,
Ediso
n re
gist
ered
1,0
93 p
aten
ts.
“The t
hree
esse
ntia
ls to
achi
eve a
nyth
ing w
orth
whi
le
are,
first
, har
d w
ork;
seco
nd, s
tick-
to-it
ive-
ness
; thi
rd,
com
mon
sens
e,” E
diso
n sa
id. W
ith a
boom
ing b
usin
ess
and
boun
dles
s en
thus
iasm
, Thom
as E
diso
n he
lped
br
ing
Am
eric
a in
to th
e m
oder
n ag
e.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
FAN
NIE
LO
U H
AM
ERA
NN
E H
UTC
HIN
SON
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Fan
nie
Lo
u H
am
er
19
17
- 1
97
7
Fann
ie L
ou H
amer
cou
rage
ously
foug
ht fo
r he
r rig
ht to
vot
e. H
amer
was
bor
n in
Miss
issip
pi in
191
7.
In 19
62 sh
e atte
nded
a vo
ter r
egist
ratio
n m
eetin
g. It
was
th
ere
that
she
first
lear
ned
the
Fifte
enth
Am
endm
ent
prot
ecte
d A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s’ ab
ility
to v
ote.
She
left
that
mee
ting
dete
rmin
ed to
regi
ster
to v
ote.
Ham
er d
ecid
ed s
he w
ante
d to
hel
p ot
her
Afr
ican
A
mer
ican
s pa
rtic
ipat
e in
Am
eric
an d
emoc
racy
. She
to
ok th
e in
itiat
ive
to o
rgan
ize
regi
stra
tion
driv
es. O
n th
ese d
rives
, she
bec
ame f
amou
s for
sing
ing h
ymns
. In
one
1963
driv
e, sh
e w
as th
row
n in
jail.
Mon
tgom
ery
Cou
nty g
uard
s bea
t her
and
fello
w ci
vil r
ight
s wor
kers
. Sh
e lo
st h
er jo
b an
d ev
en re
ceiv
ed d
eath
thre
ats,
but
she
pers
ever
ed.
In 1
964,
Ham
er s
poke
out
at
the
Dem
ocra
tic
pres
iden
tial c
onve
ntio
n ab
out p
eopl
e be
ing
illeg
ally
pr
even
ted
from
vot
ing.
A y
ear l
ater
in 1
965,
Pre
siden
t Jo
hnso
n si
gned
the
Vot
ing
Rig
hts
Act
. Thi
s la
w
rem
oved
man
y ba
rrie
rs to
vot
ing,
and
man
y se
e it
as
a fu
lfillm
ent o
f the
Fift
eent
h A
men
dmen
t’s p
rom
ise.
Fann
ie L
ou H
amer
’s co
urag
e an
d pe
rsev
eran
ce h
ad
neve
r wav
ered
.
An
ne
Hu
tch
inso
n 1
59
1 -
16
43
Ann
e Hut
chin
son
stoo
d up
to a
relig
ious
theo
crac
y (w
here
the c
hurc
h an
d th
e gov
ernm
ent a
re th
e sam
e) in
de
fens
e of r
elig
ious
libe
rty.
A w
ell-e
duca
ted
min
ister
’s da
ught
er, H
utch
inso
n ca
me
to th
e M
assa
chus
etts
Bay
C
olon
y in
163
4. S
he b
ecam
e a m
idw
ife, a
nd sh
e mad
e fr
iend
s. So
on sh
e beg
an to
invi
te w
omen
to h
er h
ome
for B
ible
stud
y.O
ver
the
year
s, H
utch
inso
n at
trac
ted
a fo
llow
ing.
A
lmos
t six
ty p
eopl
e, bo
th m
en an
d w
omen
, joi
ned
her
grou
p. Th
e disc
ussio
ns at
her
hom
e soo
n be
cam
e mor
e lik
e ser
mon
s. Sh
e crit
iciz
ed th
e tea
chin
gs of
the c
olon
y’s
min
ister
s. Fo
r any
one—
and
espe
cial
ly a
wom
an—
to go
ag
ains
t the
offi
cial
relig
ion
of th
e co
lony
was
a c
rime.
Col
ony
min
ister
s ch
arge
d H
utch
inso
n w
ith e
ight
y-tw
o “e
rron
eous
opi
nion
s.” B
ut sh
e did
not
kee
p sil
ent.
She
cour
ageo
usly
def
ende
d he
r be
liefs
. In
the
end,
H
utch
inso
n w
as co
nvic
ted
and
bani
shed
. H
utch
inso
n’s s
trug
gle
help
ed s
prea
d th
e va
lues
of
resp
ect a
nd re
ligio
us li
bert
y. In
178
9, th
e Con
stitu
tion
bann
ed r
elig
ious
tes
ts f
or p
ublic
off
ice;
the
Fir
st
Am
endm
ent,
adop
ted
in 1
791,
sto
pped
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent
from
est
ablis
hing
a r
elig
ion;
fina
lly, a
ll th
e sta
tes e
nded
thei
r offi
cial
chur
ches
by t
he ea
rly 19
th
cent
ury.
Ann
e H
utch
inso
n’s st
rugg
le h
elpe
d re
ligio
us
liber
ty ta
ke ro
ot.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
THO
MA
S JE
FFER
SON
AN
DR
EW J
AC
KSO
N
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Tho
ma
s Je
ffer
son
17
43
- 1
82
6
Thom
as J
effer
son
spen
t hi
s lif
e fig
htin
g fo
r th
e in
tegr
ity of
each
per
son’s
bel
iefs,
and
the i
nteg
rity o
f his
coun
try.
Born
in V
irgin
ia in
174
3, h
e was
a re
spec
ted
law
yer a
nd w
riter
. Whe
n he
was
33 ye
ars o
ld, J
effer
son
wro
te a
nd s
igne
d hi
s na
me
to t
he D
ecla
ratio
n of
In
depe
nden
ce. Th
e Kin
g co
nsid
ered
this
trea
son,
but
Je
ffers
on a
nd th
e ot
her
signe
rs h
ad th
e co
urag
e an
d in
tegr
ity to
stan
d by
thei
r bel
iefs
. Je
ffers
on fo
ught
for
the
new
nat
ion’s
pro
mise
to
prot
ect
righ
ts. H
e au
thor
ed t
he V
irgin
ia S
tatu
e fo
r Re
ligio
us F
reed
om in
178
6. Th
is s
tatu
te, w
hich
is
still
par
t of V
irgin
ia la
w, b
roug
ht a
n en
d to
the
stat
e ch
urch
. Jeff
erso
n w
as s
ervi
ng in
Fra
nce
whi
le t
he
Con
stitu
tion
was
bei
ng d
rafte
d in
178
7. B
ut h
e sta
yed
invo
lved
. He w
rote
lette
rs to
Con
vent
ion
dele
gate
s. H
e ur
ged
that
a bi
ll of
righ
ts b
e add
ed to
the C
onst
itutio
n.
Year
s aft
er th
e Bi
ll of
Rig
hts
was
ado
pted
, he
foug
ht
agai
nst a
179
8 la
w th
at m
ade i
t a cr
ime t
o cr
itici
ze th
e fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent.
Two
year
s la
ter,
he w
as e
lect
ed
pres
iden
t. A
fter
two
term
s as
pre
side
nt, h
e re
tired
to
his
hom
e, M
ontic
ello
. In
1819
, Thom
as Je
ffers
on fo
unde
d th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Vir
gini
a, o
ne o
f hi
s pr
oude
st
achi
evem
ents
.
An
dre
w J
ack
son
17
67
- 1
84
5
And
rew
Jack
son
serv
ed h
is co
untr
y with
cour
age:
as
an A
rmy G
ener
al an
d as
Pre
siden
t. Ja
ckso
n w
as b
orn
in 1
767
near
the N
orth
and
Sout
h C
arol
ina b
orde
r. A
yo
ung
boy
durin
g th
e Re
volu
tiona
ry W
ar, h
e fo
ught
as
an
“irr
egul
ar.”
He
was
cap
ture
d by
the
Briti
sh, a
nd
late
r re
leas
ed. Th
ese
early
exp
erie
nces
str
engt
hene
d Ja
ckso
n’s in
tegr
ity a
nd re
solv
e.
Jac
kson
con
tinue
d se
rvin
g hi
s co
untr
y in
the
m
ilita
ry. H
e le
d vi
ctor
ies
agai
nst t
he C
reek
Indi
ans,
and
mos
t fam
ously
agai
nst t
he B
ritish
at N
ew O
rlean
s in
181
4. A
s an
Arm
y G
ener
al, h
e be
cam
e kn
own
as
“Old
Hic
kory
.” Afte
r the
war
, Jac
kson
bec
ame g
over
nor
of t
he n
ew F
lori
da t
erri
tory
, whi
ch h
e ha
d he
lped
ac
quire
from
the
Span
ish.
As
Pres
iden
t, Ja
ckso
n oft
en c
lash
ed w
ith o
ther
br
anch
es o
f go
vern
men
t. H
e ve
toed
Con
gres
s’s r
e-ch
arte
r of t
he N
atio
nal B
ank,
whi
ch h
e be
lieve
d w
as
a go
vern
men
t-sp
onso
red
mon
opol
y. H
e de
fied
the
Supr
eme
Cou
rt. H
e ev
en lo
cked
hor
ns w
ith h
is V
ice
Pres
iden
t. Bu
t hi
s re
fusa
l to
com
prom
ise w
on h
im
man
y ad
mire
rs. A
ndre
w Ja
ckso
n w
as b
elov
ed b
y th
e pe
ople
, win
ning
56%
of t
he p
opul
ar vo
te an
d fiv
e tim
es
as m
any e
lect
oral
vote
s as h
is op
pone
nt in
the e
lect
ion
of 1
832.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
MA
RTI
N L
UTH
ER K
ING
, JR
.A
BR
AH
AM
LIN
CO
LN
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Ma
rtin
Lu
ther
Kin
g, J
r. 1
92
9 -
19
68
Mar
tin L
uthe
r Kin
g, Jr
. per
seve
red
for c
ivil
right
s th
roug
hout
his
life
. Kin
g w
as b
orn
in G
eorg
ia in
19
29. H
e fo
ught
for
dese
greg
atio
n an
d eq
ual r
ight
s fo
r A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s by
spe
akin
g ou
t and
lead
ing
mar
ches
. He a
lway
s pre
ache
d no
n-vi
olen
ce as
a m
eans
fo
r cha
nge.
The m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t mar
ch o
f Kin
g’s ca
reer
was
the
Mar
ch o
n W
ashi
ngto
n in
196
3. A
qua
rter
of a
mill
ion
peop
le p
acke
d th
e N
atio
nal M
all.
Kin
g st
ood
on th
e st
eps
of t
he L
inco
ln M
emor
ial.
In h
is sp
eech
, Kin
g re
ferr
ed to
the
“arc
hite
cts
of o
ur re
publ
ic”
and
thei
r co
mm
itmen
t to
freed
om. H
e ele
ctrifi
ed th
e cro
wd
with
hi
s spe
ech,
sayi
ng, “
I hav
e a
drea
m th
at o
ne d
ay th
is na
tion
will
rise
up
and
live o
ut th
e tru
e mea
ning
of i
ts
cree
d: ‘W
e hol
d th
ese t
ruth
s to
be se
lf-ev
iden
t, th
at al
l m
en a
re cr
eate
d eq
ual.’”
In t
he y
ears
tha
t fo
llow
ed, K
ing
led
civi
l rig
hts
mar
ches
in
Selm
a, A
laba
ma.
He
alw
ays
urge
d m
oder
atio
n in
non
-vio
lenc
e pro
test.
Kin
g was
awar
ded
the N
obel
Pea
ce P
rize i
n 19
64. K
ing
was
ass
assin
ated
in
1968
. Mar
tin L
uthe
r Kin
g, Jr
.’s fu
nera
l was
atte
nded
by
300
,000
peo
ple,
and
his c
oura
geou
s life
con
tinue
s to
insp
ire p
eopl
e to
day.
Ab
rah
am
Lin
coln
1
80
9 -
18
65
Abr
aham
Lin
coln
rose
from
obs
curit
y to
cele
brity
, fr
om b
oyho
od o
n th
e Ke
ntuc
ky fr
ontie
r to
Pres
iden
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. D
espi
te e
lect
ion
defe
ats,
he
pers
ever
ed in
his
purs
uit o
f pub
lic o
ffice
. In
1858
, he
beca
me f
amou
s in
deba
tes o
ver t
he w
este
rn ex
pans
ion
of s
lave
ry. Th
e na
tion
coul
d no
t su
rviv
e ha
lf-sla
ve,
half-
free
, he
said
.El
ecte
d on
the e
ve of
Civ
il War
, Lin
coln
cour
ageo
usly
le
d th
e nat
ion
thro
ugh
four
blo
ody,
tum
ultu
ous y
ears
. At
Get
tysb
urg
in 1
863,
he
insp
ired
all A
mer
ican
s to
re
cove
r the
inte
grity
of t
heir
coun
try a
nd it
s ide
als.
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es w
as “c
once
ived
in li
bert
y, an
d de
dica
ted
to th
e pro
posit
ion
that
all m
en ar
e cre
ated
equa
l.” F
or
his
seco
nd in
augu
ral s
peec
h, L
inco
ln s
tood
on
the
East
Por
tico
of th
e Cap
itol,
Mar
ch 4
, 186
5. Th
e end
of
the C
ivil
War
was
in si
ght.
Thou
sand
s had
gath
ered
to
hear
him
. They
exp
ecte
d a
vict
ory
spee
ch.
Linc
oln
surp
rised
them
. He
calle
d fo
r for
give
ness
an
d un
ity. H
e kn
ew th
e ch
alle
nges
the
natio
n w
ould
fa
ce. A
brah
am L
inco
ln’s
wor
ds ec
ho th
roug
h th
e age
s: “W
ith m
alic
e tow
ard
none
; with
char
ity fo
r all…
let u
s st
rive
on to
fini
sh th
e w
ork
we
are
in, t
o bi
nd u
p th
e na
tion’s
wou
nds..
.” an
d ar
rive
at a
“ju
st a
nd la
stin
g pe
ace.”
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
JOH
N M
AR
SHA
LLJA
MES
MA
DIS
ON
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Joh
n M
ars
ha
ll 1
75
5 -
18
53
As
Chi
ef J
ustic
e of
the
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
in
the
earli
est y
ears
of t
he A
mer
ican
repu
blic
, Joh
n M
arsh
all
had
impo
rtan
t re
spon
sibi
litie
s. M
arsh
all w
as b
orn
in 1
755
on t
he V
irgi
nia
fron
tier.
He
serv
ed in
the
Re
volu
tiona
ry W
ar, a
nd la
ter s
tudi
ed la
w.
Mar
shal
l wish
ed fo
r the
new
nat
ion
to b
e st
rong
an
d un
ified
. He
knew
the
Art
icle
s of
Con
fede
ratio
n w
ould
not
hel
p th
is ha
ppen
. He
spok
e ou
t on
beha
lf of
the
new
Con
stitu
tion
in 1
789.
He
was
app
oint
ed
to th
e Su
prem
e C
ourt
by
Pres
iden
t Joh
n A
dam
s. H
is ro
le o
n th
e C
ourt
gav
e hi
m th
e ch
ance
to in
terp
ret
the
Con
stitu
tion
and
the
syst
em o
f go
vern
men
t it
crea
ted.
H
e w
rote
mor
e th
an 5
00 o
pini
ons.
His
mos
t im
port
ant o
pini
on w
as M
arbu
ry v
. Mad
ison
(180
3),
in w
hich
Mar
shal
l exp
lain
ed th
at it
was
the
Supr
eme
Cou
rt’s
job
to “
say
wha
t th
e la
w is
.” Th
is d
ecis
ion
affi
rmed
the
pow
er o
f ju
dici
al r
evie
w. M
any
of
Mar
shal
l’s ru
lings
affi
rmed
the
pow
er o
f the
nat
iona
l go
vern
men
t. H
is op
inio
ns a
re st
ill c
ited
by S
upre
me
Cou
rt Ju
stic
es to
day.
They
form
the b
ackb
one o
f muc
h co
nstit
utio
nal l
aw. Th
roug
hout
his
thirt
y-fo
ur ye
ars o
n th
e Sup
rem
e Cou
rt, J
ohn
Mar
shal
l’s ru
lings
supp
orte
d th
e in
tegr
ity o
f the
new
nat
ion.
Jam
es M
ad
iso
n 1
75
1 -
18
36
Jam
es M
adiso
n’s id
eas
form
ed t
he b
ackb
one
for
the U
nite
d St
ates
’ pla
n fo
r sel
f-go
vern
men
t. M
adiso
n,
a w
ealth
y V
irgin
ia p
lant
er, g
rew
up
smal
l, th
in, a
nd
sickl
y. Ph
ysic
ally,
he
coul
d no
t com
pete
with
man
y Fo
unde
rs. I
ntel
lect
ually
, he
was
a g
iant
.M
adiso
n ha
d th
e in
itiat
ive
and
reso
urce
fuln
ess t
o nu
rtur
e a
natio
n in
way
s no
one
else
cou
ld. I
n 17
87,
he w
as a
lead
er at
the C
onst
itutio
nal C
onve
ntio
n. H
e to
ok n
otes
, spo
ke o
ften,
and
hel
ped
peop
le c
ome
to
com
prom
ises.
He
was
eve
r vi
gila
nt a
bout
the
abus
e of
gov
ernm
ent p
ower
, and
wor
ked
to p
reve
nt it
. He
was
wis
e en
ough
to
be w
orri
ed a
bout
fact
ions
. He
sugg
este
d a
syst
em o
f che
cks
and
bala
nces
. He
also
w
orke
d to
bal
ance
the
pow
er o
f the
sta
tes
and
the
fede
ral g
over
nmen
t. Bo
th a
re k
ey p
arts
of A
mer
ican
go
vern
men
t.W
hen
the
Con
stitu
tion
was
sen
t to
the
sta
tes,
Mad
ison
wro
te n
ewsp
aper
artic
les t
o de
fend
it. W
hen
it be
cam
e cl
ear t
hat t
he C
onst
itutio
n w
ould
not
pas
s w
ithou
t it,
he
draft
ed t
he B
ill o
f Ri
ghts
. Mad
ison
be
lieve
d th
e ne
w g
over
nmen
t w
as “
the
wor
k of
m
any
head
s and
man
y ha
nds.”
Hist
ory,
how
ever
, has
m
ade
Jam
es M
adiso
n fa
mou
s as
the
“Fa
ther
of t
he
Con
stitu
tion.”
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
WIL
LIA
M P
ENN
THU
RG
OO
D M
AR
SHA
LL
HANDOUT B
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BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Will
iam
Pen
n 1
64
4 -
17
18
Will
iam
Pen
n’s fi
ght f
or re
ligio
us li
bert
y sp
anne
d fo
ur d
ecad
es a
nd t
wo
cont
inen
ts. A
t tw
enty
-fou
r ye
ars
of a
ge, P
enn
was
impr
isone
d in
the
Tow
er o
f Lo
ndon
in 1
668
for l
ife. B
ut h
e was
did
not
repe
nt. “
I ow
e m
y co
nsci
ence
to n
o m
orta
l man
,” he
dec
lare
d.
A d
evou
t Q
uake
r, he
had
bee
n pe
rsec
uted
for
his
belie
fs. F
ortu
nate
ly, P
enn
was
wel
l-con
nect
ed. W
ithin
ei
ght m
onth
s he
was
rele
ased
. He
cont
inue
d to
writ
e an
d gi
ve sp
eech
es. H
e co
ntin
ued
to su
ppor
t rel
igio
us
tole
ratio
n. H
e co
ntin
ued
to p
rote
st e
ffort
s to
forc
e En
glish
men
to fo
llow
one
faith
.A
s he
gre
w o
lder
, Pen
n be
cam
e in
tere
sted
in
Am
eric
a. I
n 16
81, t
he K
ing
gave
him
the
larg
est
rem
aini
ng p
iece
of
land
bet
wee
n N
ew Y
ork
and
Mar
ylan
d as
pay
men
t of
a d
ebt
to h
is fa
ther
. Pen
n na
med
the c
olon
y for
his f
athe
r, cal
ling i
t “Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia”
or P
enn’s
Woo
ds. H
e adv
ertis
ed fo
r col
onist
s, an
d th
ey
cam
e in
dro
ves.
Penn
calle
d it
his “
Hol
y Exp
erim
ent.”
As g
over
nor,
he b
elie
ved
that
goo
d go
vern
men
t cou
ld n
ot fo
rce
a fa
ith o
r re
quire
con
form
ity. R
espe
ct fo
r in
divi
dual
be
liefs
and
sel
f-go
vern
men
t, W
illia
m P
enn
argu
ed,
wou
ld b
ring
peac
e an
d pr
ospe
rity
to P
enns
ylva
nia—
and
they
did
.
Thu
rgo
od
Ma
rsh
all
19
08
- 1
99
3
Thur
good
Mar
shal
l may
be
best
kno
wn
as t
he
first
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an Su
prem
e Cou
rt Ju
stic
e, bu
t his
cour
age a
nd d
eter
min
atio
n w
ere c
lear
long
bef
ore h
is ap
poin
tmen
t to
the
Cou
rt. H
e w
as b
orn
in 1
908,
the
gran
dson
of a
slav
e. H
e gr
adua
ted
from
col
lege
with
ho
nors
. In
1930
, he w
as tu
rned
dow
n at
the U
nive
rsity
of
Mar
ylan
d be
caus
e he w
as b
lack
. He c
ompl
eted
law
sc
hool
at h
istor
ical
ly b
lack
How
ard
Uni
vers
ity.
Mar
shal
l de
cide
d to
use
his
tal
ents
to
end
segr
egat
ion
in p
ublic
life
. His
first
lega
l vic
tory
cam
e ag
ains
t th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Mar
ylan
d’s
adm
issi
on
polic
y—th
e ve
ry s
choo
l whi
ch d
id n
ot le
t hi
m in
be
caus
e he
’s bl
ack.
He
beca
me
chie
f cou
nsel
for
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
for t
he A
dvan
cem
ent o
f Col
ored
Pe
ople
(NA
AC
P). M
arsh
all a
nd th
e N
AA
CP
bega
n a
lega
l cam
paig
n ag
ains
t seg
rega
tion
in p
ublic
scho
ols.
This
stru
ggle
end
ed w
hen
Mar
shal
l arg
ued
Brow
n v.
Boar
d of
Edu
catio
n (1
954)
bef
ore t
he S
upre
me C
ourt
. Th
is de
cisio
n de
clar
ed s
egre
gatio
n in
pub
lic s
choo
ls un
cons
titut
iona
l.
Mar
shal
l was
app
oint
ed to
the
Supr
eme
Cou
rt in
19
67, b
ecom
ing
the
first
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iate
Ju
stic
e. T
hurg
ood
Mar
shal
l spe
nt a
lmos
t a
quar
ter
cent
ury
on th
e C
ourt
, sup
port
ing
the
Con
stitu
tion’s
pr
otec
tions
for i
ndiv
idua
l and
civi
l rig
hts.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
ELIZ
AB
ETH
CA
DY
STA
NTO
NJA
CK
IE R
OB
INSO
N
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Eliz
ab
eth
Ca
dy
Sta
nto
n 1
81
5 -
19
02
Eliz
abet
h C
ady
Stan
ton
foug
ht fo
r th
e id
eals
of
the D
ecla
ratio
n of
Inde
pend
ence
—th
at a
ll pe
ople
are
crea
ted
equa
l. St
anto
n w
as b
orn
in N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e in
1815
. She
rec
eive
d a
form
al e
duca
tion,
unl
ike
mos
t w
omen
of h
er ti
me.
She d
id w
ell i
n sc
hool
, im
pres
sing
her t
each
ers a
nd cl
assm
ates
with
her
inte
llige
nce.
But
as a
wom
an, s
he c
ould
not
atte
nd th
e co
llege
of h
er
choi
ce.
Sta
nton
was
dis
turb
ed b
y w
omen
’s lo
wer
lega
l st
atus
. She
hel
ped
orga
nize
the
firs
t wom
en’s
right
s co
nven
tion
in th
e U
S in
Sen
eca
Falls
, New
Yor
k. A
t th
at c
onve
ntio
n, th
e D
ecla
ratio
n of
Sen
timen
ts a
nd
Reso
lutio
ns w
as r
ead.
This
docu
men
t, ba
sed
on th
e D
ecla
ratio
n of
Inde
pend
ence
and
writ
ten
by S
tant
on,
decl
ared
the
lega
l equ
ality
of m
en a
nd w
omen
, and
lis
ted
the
lega
l rig
hts w
omen
shou
ld h
ave,
incl
udin
g th
e rig
ht o
f suff
rage
(vot
ing)
. Her
wor
k he
lped
laun
ch
the w
omen
’s m
ovem
ent w
hich
even
tual
ly w
on w
omen
th
e rig
ht to
vot
e.St
anto
n kn
ew sh
e was
figh
ting f
or so
met
hing
bigg
er
than
her
self.
She
did
not
live
to se
e the
pas
sage
of t
he
Nin
etee
nth
Am
endm
ent.
Susa
n B.
Ant
hony
wro
te
whe
n El
izab
eth
Cad
y Sta
nton
die
d, “M
rs. S
tant
on w
as
alw
ays a
cou
rage
ous w
oman
, a le
ader
of t
houg
ht a
nd
new
mov
emen
ts.”
Jack
ie R
ob
inso
n 1
91
9 -
19
72
Jac
kie
Robi
nson
was
bor
n in
Geo
rgia
in 1
919.
A
band
oned
by
his
fath
er a
nd r
aise
d w
ith h
is f
our
sibl
ings
by
thei
r m
othe
r, R
obin
son’
s ea
rly
life
expe
rienc
es w
ere o
f seg
rega
tion:
in re
stau
rant
s, m
ovie
th
eate
rs, a
nd a
t sch
ool.
His
mot
her
taug
ht h
im s
elf-
resp
ect,
cour
age,
and
pers
ever
ance
. His
athl
etic
tale
nts
blos
som
ed in
hig
h sc
hool
. He e
xcel
led
at m
any s
port
s. A
s a p
laye
r in
the N
egro
Am
eric
an L
eagu
e, Ro
bins
on’s
batti
ng av
erag
e ap
proa
ched
.400
. Ro
bins
on si
gned
on
with
the B
rook
lyn
Dod
gers
in
1947
, end
ing
80 y
ears
of s
egre
gatio
n in
pro
fess
iona
l ba
seba
ll. R
obin
son
knew
it w
ould
be
a to
ugh
road
. So
me p
laye
rs th
reat
ened
to st
rike.
Whe
n he
was
at b
at,
fast
bal
ls w
ould
nar
row
ly m
iss h
is he
ad. Th
e cr
owd
taun
ted
him
with
raci
al e
pith
ets.
His
fam
ily re
ceiv
ed
hate
mai
l. Bu
t Rob
inso
n di
d no
t bac
k do
wn.
And
as
time
wen
t on,
his
fello
w b
all p
laye
rs c
ould
not
den
y hi
s tal
ents
and
cont
ribut
ions
to th
e te
am.
Robi
nson
was
a t
railb
laze
r in
Am
eric
an s
port
s. In
199
7, o
n th
e an
nive
rsar
y of
his
first
gam
e, M
ajor
Le
ague
bas
ebal
l ret
ired
Jack
ie R
obin
son’s
num
ber—
42—
as a
test
amen
t to
his c
oura
ge a
nd p
erse
vera
nce.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
HEN
RY D
AV
ID T
HO
REA
UH
AR
RIE
TT B
EEC
HER
STO
WE
HANDOUT B
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BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Hen
ry D
avi
d T
ho
rea
u 1
81
7 -
18
62
As
a w
rite
r, fr
iend
, and
citi
zen,
Hen
ry D
avid
Th
orea
u liv
ed a
life
of i
nteg
rity
and
mod
erat
ion.
For
ov
er a
yea
r, Th
orea
u liv
ed in
a sm
all b
are
cabi
n ne
ar
Wal
den
Pond
, Mas
sach
uset
ts. I
n st
ark
cont
rast
to th
e In
dust
rial R
evol
utio
n go
ing o
n ar
ound
him
, he w
ante
d to
live
by
Tran
scen
dent
alis
t pr
inci
ples
: sim
plic
ity,
econ
omy,
and
mod
erat
ion.
Thor
eau
trie
d to
live
his
life
with
thi
s ki
nd o
f in
tegr
ity. I
n th
e m
id-1
800s
, he
oppo
sed
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es’ w
ar w
ith M
exic
o. H
e be
lieve
d th
at t
he w
ar
wou
ld le
ad to
slav
ery’s
expa
nsio
n in
the W
est.
He d
id
not w
ant h
is ta
x m
oney
to su
ppor
t the
war
or s
lave
ry.
Whe
n th
e M
assa
chus
etts
gov
ernm
ent r
equi
red
that
ci
tizen
s pa
y a
poll
tax
to v
ote,
Thor
eau
refu
sed.
As
a re
sult,
Thor
eau
was
arr
este
d. H
e sp
ent
a ni
ght i
n ja
il an
d w
rote
abo
ut it
. “U
nder
a g
over
nmen
t whi
ch
impr
isons
any
unj
ustly
, the
true
pla
ce fo
r a ju
st m
an
is in
pri
son,
” he
arg
ued.
He
belie
ved
he a
lone
had
ac
ted
resp
onsib
ly a
s a c
itize
n, b
y re
fusin
g to
supp
ort
an u
njus
t war
. Th
rore
au b
elie
ved
that
one
per
son,
firm
in h
is or
her
bel
iefs
, can
cha
nge
the
wor
ld. H
enry
Dav
id
Thor
eau’s
wor
ds an
d ac
tions
hav
e ins
pire
d ge
nera
tions
of
Am
eric
ans.
Ha
rrie
t Bee
cher
Sto
we
18
11
- 1
89
6
Har
riet B
eech
er S
tow
e us
ed th
e po
wer
of h
er p
en
to o
pen
the e
yes o
f a n
atio
n to
the i
njus
tices
of s
lave
ry.
She
was
bor
n in
Con
nect
icut
in 1
811.
She
live
d in
a
Prot
esta
nt, a
bolit
ioni
st tr
aditi
on: h
er fa
ther
a m
inist
er,
her b
roth
er a
theo
logi
an, h
er h
usba
nd a
cler
gym
an.
Whe
n C
ongr
ess
pass
ed th
e Fu
gitiv
e Sl
ave
Act
in
1850
, Sto
we k
new
she h
ad to
act.
At th
e tim
e, w
omen
ha
d fe
w w
ays t
o en
gage
in p
oliti
cs. S
he co
uld
not r
un
for o
ffice
, or e
ven
vote
, but
she
was
und
eter
red.
Eve
r re
sour
cefu
l, she
foun
d a p
oliti
cal v
oice
in h
er w
ritin
gs.
She b
egan
to d
o re
sear
ch by
inte
rvie
win
g for
mer
slav
es
and
othe
rs w
ho h
ad p
erso
nal e
xper
ienc
e with
slav
ery.
Her
firs
t nov
el, U
ncle
Tom
’s Ca
bin,
told
of t
he a
buse
su
ffere
d by
ensla
ved
peop
le an
d fa
mili
es in
emot
iona
l, hu
man
term
s. U
ncle
Tom
’s Ca
bin
sold
10,
000
copi
es in
its
first
w
eek,
and
was
a b
ests
elle
r in
its
time.
She
rea
ched
pe
ople
s’ he
arts
and
min
ds in
a w
ay th
at p
oliti
cian
s had
no
t bee
n ab
le to
do.
Hist
oria
ns b
elie
ve th
e pub
licat
ion
of U
ncle
Tom
’s Cab
in sp
ed u
p th
e out
brea
k of
the C
ivil
War
, as m
ore a
nd m
ore p
eopl
e bel
ieve
d th
e nat
ion
had
a dut
y to
end
slave
ry. H
arrie
t Bee
cher
Sto
we’s
writ
ing
trul
y ch
ange
d a
natio
n’s v
iew
of j
ustic
e.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
MA
RY T
SUK
AM
OTO
MA
RY B
ETH
TIN
KER
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Ma
ry T
suka
mo
to (
left
) 1
91
5 -
19
98
Mar
y Ts
ukam
oto
devo
ted
her l
ife to
ensu
ring
civi
l rig
hts f
or al
l Am
eric
ans.
She w
as b
orn
in Sa
n Fr
anci
sco
to p
aren
ts w
ho h
ad co
me t
o C
alifo
rnia
from
Japa
n. Sh
e at
tend
ed a
seg
rega
ted
scho
ol, a
nd h
elpe
d he
r fa
mily
gr
ow m
odes
t cr
ops
desp
ite la
ws
bann
ing
Japa
nese
pe
ople
from
ow
ning
the
land
they
farm
ed.
In 1
941,
the
Japa
nese
bom
bed
Pear
l Har
bor
and
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
nter
ed W
orld
War
II.
Pres
iden
t Ro
osev
elt
was
con
cern
ed t
hat
peop
le o
f Ja
pane
se
desc
ent m
ight
aid
the
Japa
nese
. Roo
seve
lt sig
ned
an
Exec
utiv
e O
rder
cre
atin
g de
tent
ion
cam
ps. 1
20,0
00
peop
le o
f Jap
anes
e des
cent
—m
ost o
f the
m A
mer
ican
ci
tizen
s—w
ere
roun
ded
up a
nd fo
rced
to li
ve in
the
cam
ps. Th
ey lo
st th
eir p
osse
ssio
ns, t
heir
livel
ihoo
ds,
and
thei
r dig
nity
. Ts
ukam
oto
wor
ked
to m
ake
sure
the
sto
ry o
f Ja
pane
se In
tern
men
t wou
ld n
ot b
e for
gotte
n by
hist
ory.
She r
ecor
ded
her e
xper
ienc
e in
a boo
k: W
e the
Peo
ple:
A St
ory o
f Int
ernm
ent i
n Am
erica
. She
also
wor
ked
with
th
e Cal
iforn
ia H
istor
y M
useu
m an
d th
e Sm
ithso
nian
In
stitu
tion
in W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C t
o de
velo
p ex
hibi
ts
abou
t Jap
anes
e In
tern
men
t. D
espi
te h
er e
xper
ienc
e, sh
e rem
aine
d co
mm
itted
to se
lf-go
vern
men
t. In
1990
, M
ary T
suka
mot
o w
rote
: “O
nly i
n a d
emoc
racy
can
we
corr
ect m
istak
es. I
am
pro
ud to
be
an A
mer
ican
.”
Ma
ry B
eth
Tin
ker
b.
19
52
Mar
y Be
th T
inke
r fou
ght f
or th
e rig
ht o
f stu
dent
s to
resp
ectfu
lly e
xpre
ss th
eir p
erso
nal v
iew
s in
publ
ic
scho
ol. T
inke
r was
a th
irtee
n ye
ar o
ld m
iddl
e sc
hool
st
uden
t fro
m D
es M
oine
s, Io
wa i
n 19
65. S
he o
ppos
ed
the
war
in V
ietn
am. S
he, h
er o
lder
bro
ther
John
, and
ot
her
stud
ents
dec
ided
to
wea
r bl
ack
arm
band
s to
sc
hool
to p
rote
st th
e war
and
mou
rn th
e dea
d. W
hen
they
got
to
scho
ol, t
hey
wer
e to
ld t
hey
wou
ld b
e su
spen
ded
from
sch
ool u
ntil
they
ret
urne
d w
ithou
t th
e ar
mba
nds.
Tink
er b
elie
ved
the
puni
shm
ent
she
face
d w
as
unju
st. S
he b
elie
ved
had
a rig
ht to
expr
ess h
er vi
ews i
n a r
espe
ctfu
l and
non
-disr
uptiv
e way
. She
cour
ageo
usly
w
ore t
he ar
mba
nd ev
en th
ough
she k
new
she w
ould
be
susp
ende
d. S
he re
fuse
d to
giv
e up
her
figh
t. Sh
e an
d he
r bro
ther
took
thei
r cas
e to
the
Supr
eme
Cou
rt.
In T
inke
r v. D
es M
oine
s (19
69) T
inke
r won
her
case
. Th
e C
ourt
said
that
the
arm
band
s wer
e “a
kin
to p
ure
spee
ch.”
Scho
ols m
ust h
ave
the
abili
ty to
kee
p or
der,
but u
nles
s stu
dent
s tru
ly d
isrup
t sch
ool,
they
do
not
“she
d th
eir c
onst
itutio
nal r
ight
s to
free
dom
of s
peec
h or
exp
ress
ion
at t
he s
choo
lhou
se g
ate.”
Mar
y Be
th
Tink
er’s
fight
for
just
ice
beca
me
a la
ndm
ark
vict
ory
for p
ublic
scho
ol st
uden
ts’ ri
ghts
.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
GEO
RG
E W
ASH
ING
TON
HA
RR
IETT
TU
BM
AN
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
Geo
rge
Wa
shin
gto
n 1
73
2 -
17
99
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
wan
ted
his p
resid
ency
to b
e an
exam
ple o
f mod
erat
ion,
just
as h
e had
live
d hi
s life
. O
n Se
ptem
ber 1
9, 17
96, W
ashi
ngto
n ga
ve h
is Fa
rew
ell
Add
ress
. Alth
ough
the
Con
stitu
tion
did
not l
imit
the
Pres
iden
t’s t
erm
, Was
hing
ton
knew
the
sys
tem
of
chec
ks an
d ba
lanc
es w
as d
esig
ned
to p
reve
nt ab
use o
f po
wer
. The l
ette
r of t
he la
w d
id n
ot fo
rbid
a th
ird te
rm,
but h
e be
lieve
d its
spiri
t did
.Th
e de
cisio
n to
step
dow
n ke
pt w
ith W
ashi
ngto
n’s
char
acte
r. Th
roug
hout
his
life,
he w
orke
d to
follo
w a
se
t of s
tron
gly
held
val
ues i
nclu
ding
mod
erat
ion
and
resp
onsib
ility
. He
was
a h
ot te
mpe
red
pers
on, b
ut h
e m
oder
ated
his
actio
ns. H
e alw
ays a
nsw
ered
the c
all o
f du
ty—
as C
omm
ande
r in
Chi
ef of
the C
ontin
enta
l Arm
y, an
d as
pre
siden
t of t
he C
onsti
tutio
nal C
onve
ntio
n. A
nd
he a
lway
s st
eppe
d do
wn
whe
n th
e jo
b w
as d
one.
In
fact
, Was
hing
ton
war
ned
agai
nst l
eade
rs w
ith a
“love
of
pow
er” a
nd th
e abi
lity t
o ab
use i
t. Th
ere w
as n
o gr
eate
r da
nger
to li
bert
y, no
gre
ater
per
il fo
r a fr
ee p
eopl
e. Th
e pe
ople
wan
ted
him
to
stay
, but
he
knew
he
coul
d no
t. H
e w
as a
war
e th
at a
s th
e fir
st p
resid
ent,
ever
ythi
ng h
e di
d w
ould
be
setti
ng a
n ex
ampl
e fo
r all
the f
utur
e pre
siden
ts o
f the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. B
y res
igni
ng,
he w
as a
mod
el o
f mod
erat
ion.
To
Geo
rge W
ashi
ngto
n,
the
pres
erva
tion
of th
e A
mer
ican
repu
blic
was
mor
e im
port
ant t
han
pers
onal
gai
n.
Ha
rrie
t Tu
bm
an
18
20
- 1
91
3
Har
riet T
ubm
an, a
n en
slave
d fie
ld h
and
who
coul
d no
t rea
d, e
scap
ed to
free
dom
in 1
849.
Thirt
y ye
ars o
f po
vert
y and
abus
e had
left
her s
mal
l bod
y bat
tere
d an
d sc
arre
d. B
ut h
er s
pirit
was
uns
topp
able
. “Th
ere
was
on
e of
two
thin
gs I
had
a rig
ht to
—lib
erty
or
deat
h.
If I c
ould
not
hav
e on
e, I w
ould
hav
e th
e ot
her,”
she
la
ter s
aid.
Not
con
tent
with
sec
urin
g he
r ow
n fr
eedo
m,
Tubm
an t
hen
turn
ed t
o he
lpin
g ot
hers
esc
ape.
A
lthou
gh sh
e fac
ed d
eath
or r
e-en
slave
men
t if c
augh
t, Tu
bman
bec
ame
a “c
ondu
ctor
” on
the
Und
ergr
ound
Ra
ilroa
d in
the
1850
s. At
firs
t, sh
e re
turn
ed s
outh
to
resc
ue h
er fa
mily
. Ove
r tim
e, sh
e sa
ved
hund
reds
of
slave
s. Sh
e was
clev
er an
d gi
fted
at av
oidi
ng ca
ptur
e, so
su
cces
sful
that
she w
as n
ickn
amed
“Mos
es.”
Nin
etee
n tim
es, s
he m
ade t
he d
ange
rous
650-
mile
jour
ney f
rom
M
aryl
and
to C
anad
a. Sh
e was
nev
er ca
ught
, and
“nev
er
lost
a p
asse
nger
.” D
urin
g the
Civ
il W
ar, s
he b
ecam
e a sc
out,
spy,
nurs
e, an
d co
ok. S
he re
crui
ted
free
dmen
to th
e Uni
on ca
use,
and
help
ed le
ad ra
ids t
hat f
reed
hun
dred
s mor
e sla
ves.
With
une
qual
led
cour
age,
Tubm
an p
ursu
ed li
bert
y for
ev
ery
Am
eric
an, a
nd in
doi
ng so
bec
ame
a le
gend
.
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT
THE
WR
IGH
T B
RO
THER
SID
A B
. W
ELLS
HANDOUT B
CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)
BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE
W
rig
ht
Bro
ther
s
Wilb
ur a
nd O
rvill
e W
right
’s re
sour
cefu
lnes
s and
pe
rsev
eran
ce ch
ange
d a n
atio
n—an
d th
e wor
ld. W
hen
the b
oys w
ere y
oung
, the
ir fa
ther
bro
ught
hom
e a to
y th
at c
augh
t the
ir in
tere
st: a
rub
ber-
band
con
trol
led
helic
opte
r. Th
eir f
asci
natio
n w
ith m
achi
nes t
hat h
elped
pe
ople
trav
el co
ntin
ued
thro
ugho
ut th
eir l
ife.
Peo
ple
had
drea
med
of
“flyi
ng m
achi
nes,”
but
no
one
had
eve
r be
en a
ble
to b
uild
one
tha
t co
uld
be c
ontr
olle
d in
flig
ht. Th
e W
right
Bro
ther
s too
k th
e re
sour
ces
they
’d e
arne
d fr
om m
anuf
actu
ring
and
se
lling
bic
ycle
s and
put
it in
to th
eir d
ream
of i
nven
ting
an a
irpla
ne. Th
ey e
xper
imen
ted
with
win
d tu
nnel
s. Th
ey h
ypot
hesiz
ed. Th
ey fa
iled,
and
faile
d ag
ain.
One
fa
iled
atte
mpt
, a g
lider
, was
so
disa
ppoi
ntin
g th
at
Wilb
ur a
lmos
t gav
e up
. Th
en, o
n D
ecem
ber 1
7, 19
03, t
hey s
ucce
eded
. Thei
r en
gine
-pow
ered
air
plan
e fle
w 1
20 fe
et, l
andi
ng 1
2 se
cond
s aft
er ta
keoff
. They
pat
ente
d th
eir
inve
ntio
n as
a “fl
ying
mac
hine
,” an
d fo
reve
r cha
nged
the w
orld
. G
reat
dist
ance
s co
uld
be s
pann
ed in
day
s in
stea
d of
w
eeks
or m
onth
s, id
eas s
prea
d ac
ross
the g
lobe
mor
e qu
ickl
y, an
d th
e mod
ern
age w
as u
sher
ed in
due
in p
art
to th
e pe
rsev
eran
ce o
f Orv
ille
and
Wilb
ur W
right
.
Ida
B.
Wel
ls
18
62
- 1
93
1
Ida
B. W
ells
wor
ked
to b
ring
nat
iona
l atte
ntio
n to
end
ing
the
inju
stic
e of
lync
hing
. Wel
ls w
as b
orn
in M
ississ
ippi
in 1
862,
the
old
est o
f eig
ht c
hild
ren.
H
er p
aren
ts d
ied
whe
n sh
e was
14,
and
she r
aise
d he
r yo
unge
r sib
lings
her
self.
She p
ut h
erse
lf th
roug
h co
llege
an
d be
cam
e a
teac
her i
n M
emph
is, T
enne
ssee
.In
189
2, W
ells
lost
thre
e cl
ose
frie
nds
to a
lync
h m
ob. Th
ese
grue
som
e ki
lling
s m
ade
head
lines
, but
no
one
was
arr
este
d or
cha
rged
. As
a jo
urna
list a
nd
a ne
wsp
aper
ow
ner
and
edito
r, W
ells
cour
ageo
usly
w
rote
abou
t the
raci
sm th
at m
otiv
ated
such
mur
ders
. Th
e pr
ess a
ttack
ed h
er a
s a “b
lack
scou
ndre
l.” A
mob
ra
nsac
ked
her
office
and
thre
aten
ed h
er li
fe, b
ut s
he
cont
inue
d to
spea
k th
e tr
uth
abou
t lyn
chin
g.W
ells
late
r mov
ed to
Chi
cago
whe
re sh
e pub
lishe
d Th
e Re
d Re
cord
, the
fir
st d
ocum
ente
d st
atis
tical
re
port
on
lync
hing
. She
bec
ame
a re
spec
ted
publ
ic
spea
ker,
and
trav
eled
wid
ely.
She
co-
foun
ded
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
for t
he A
dvan
cem
ent f
or C
olor
ed
Peop
le (N
AA
CP)
in 1
909.
Ida
B. W
ell’s
cou
rage
and
pe
rsev
eran
ce h
elpe
d en
d an
on-
goin
g in
just
ice,
an
d br
ough
t abo
ut im
port
ant c
hang
e in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Orv
ille
Wri
gh
t 1
87
1 -
19
48
Wilb
ur
Wri
gh
t 1
86
7 -
19
12