job designing and work measrement
TRANSCRIPT
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Job Design and Work
Measurement
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Job Design Defined
Job Design Decisions
Trends in Job Design
Work Measurement
Basic Compensation Systems
Financial Incentive Plans
OBJECTIVES
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What is Job Design?
Defined Job design is the function of
specifying the work activities of anindividual or group in anorganizational setting
The objective of job design is todevelop jobs that meet the
requirements of the organizationand its technology and that satisfythe jobholders personal andindividual requirements
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Job Design Decisions
HowWhyWhenWhereWhatWho
Mental and
physical
characteristicsof the
work force
Tasks to be
performed
Geographic
locale of the
organization;location of
work areas
Time of day;
time of
occurrence inthe work flow
Organizational
rationale for
the job; object-
ives and mot-ivation of the
worker
Method of
performance
andmotivation
Ultimate
Job
Structure
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Trends in Job Design
y Quality control as part of the worker's job
y Cross-training workers to perform multi
skilled jobs
y Employee involvement and team
approaches
to designing and organizing work
y "Informating" ordinary workers through
e-mail and the Internet
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Trends in Job Design
(Continued)y Extensive use of temporary workers
y Automation of heavy manual work
yCreating alternative workplaces
y Organizational commitment to providing
meaningful and rewarding jobs for all
employees
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Behavioral Considerations in Job Design
Ultimate
Job
Structure
Degree of
Specialization
Job Enrichment
(vs. Enlargement)
Balancing the specialization in a job and itscontent through enrichment can give us.
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Sociotechnical Systems
Task Variety
Skill Variety
Feedback
Task Identity
Task Autonomy
Process
Technology
Needs
Worker/Group
Needs
Focuses on the interaction between technology and the work groupby looking at.
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Physical Considerations in Job Design
Work physiology sets work-rest cyclesaccording to the energy expended invarious parts of the job. The harder thework, the more the need for restperiods.
Ergonomics is a term used to describethe study of the physical arrangementof the work space together with toolsused to perform a task. Fit the work tothe body rather than forcing the body toconform to the work.
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Work Methods
Workers Interacting
with Other Workers
A Production
Process
Worker at a Fixed
Workplace
Worker Interacting
with Equipment
Ultimate
Job
Design
Ultimate
Job
Design
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Work Measurement
DefinedWork measurement is a process of
analyzing jobs for the purpose of
setting time standards
Why use it?
Schedule work and allocate capacity
Motivate and measure work
performance Evaluate performance
Provide benchmarks
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Time Study Normal Time
Formulas Normal time(NT)=Observed performance time per unit
x (Performance rating)*
*The Performance Rating is usually expressed in
decimal form in these formulas. So a personworking 10% faster than normal would have a
Performance Rating of 1.10 or 110% of normal
time. Working 10% slower, 0.90 or 90% of
normal.
NT= Time worked _ x (Performancerating)* Number of units produced
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Time StudyStandard Time
Formulas Standard time = Normal time+ (Allowances x Normal times)
Standard time = NT(1 + Allowances)
Standard time = NT .1 - Allowances
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Time Study Example Problem
You want to determine the standard time for a
job. The employee selected for the time study
has produced 20 units of product in an 8 hour
day. Your observations made the employee
nervous and you estimate that the employee
worked about 10 percent faster than what is a
normal pace for the job. Allowances for the
job represent 25 percent of the normal time.
Question: What are the normal and standard
times for this job?
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Time Study Example Solution
Normal time = Time worked x (Perf. rating)
Number of units produced
= (480 minutes/20) x (1.10)
= 26.4 minutes
Standard time = NT .
1 Allowances
= (26.4)/(1-0.25)
= 35.2 minutes
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Work Sampling
Use inference to make statementsabout work activity based on asample of the activity
Ratio Delay Activity time percentage for workers
or equipment Performance Measurement
Relates work time to output(performance index)
Time Standards Standard task times
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Advantage of Work Sampling over
Time Study Several work sampling studies may be
conducted simultaneously by oneobserver
The observer need not be a trainedanalyst unless the purpose of the studyis to determine a time standard
No timing devices are required Work of a long cycle time may be studied
with fewer observer hours
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Advantage of Work Sampling
overTime Study (Continued)
The duration of the study is longer,which minimizes effects of short-periodvariations
The study may be temporarily delayed atany time with little effect
Because work sampling needs only
instantaneous observations (made overa longer period), the operator has lesschance to influence the findings bychanging work method
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Basic Compensation Systems
Hourly Pay
Straight Salary
Piece Rate
Commissions
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Financial Incentive Plans
Individual and Small-Group Plans
Output measures
Quality measures
Pay for knowledge
Organization-wide Plans
Profit-sharing
Gain-sharing Bonus based on controllable costs or units of
output
Involve participative management
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Scanlon Plan
Basic Elements Ratio = Total labor costales value o production
The ratio Standard for judging business
performance
The bonus Depends on reduction in costs below
the preset ratio
The production committee
The screening committee
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End ofTechnical
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