jib 490-project slide

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INTRODUCTION Fejervarya limnocharis ( Gravenhorst,1829) or frog of rice paddies,

inhabits in open country, clearings, agricultural land, road ditches, inner

city parks and other habitats created or disturbed by humans.

In the field it can be identified by the long toes on its hind legs, theintermittent raised skin ridges on its ventral surface, its white belly and

its relatively small size.

A vertebral stripe may or may not be present.

It ranges from India and Sri Lanka, through Thailand and southern

China to Japan and Taiwan, and down through Peninsular Malaysia,

Singapore and the major Indonesian islands



Scientific name : Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst ,1829)

Common name : Common Grass Frog

Duration of metamorphosis : 8 -10 weeks (Etkin et al.1968)

The total length : 50-60 mm (Berry, 1975)

Feeding habit : Food from plants and microorganisms found withinthe natural environment of their habitats.

(Berry, 1965)



THE IMPORTANCE OF

AMPHIBIAN STUDY

To use as source of food and protein for human (Ibrahim,1954)

To create a balance ecosystem (Ibrahim,1954)

To identify the reason of frog extinction around the world. This is due to thenumber of frog is declining nearly 168 species are believed to have goneextinct and at least 2,469 (43%) more have populations that are declining.(Stuart et al. 2004).

To learn about ecological and evolutionary pattern of amphibians

To understand the survival range of amphibians.

To identify use of amphibians in conservation and human health.(Ibrahim,1954)



OBJECTIVE

To study the growth and development rate of Fejervarya

limnocharis (Gravenhorst,1829) larvae.

To determine the survival rate of Fejevarya limnocharis

(Gravenhorst,1829) larvae in lab conditions.

To find out the duration of Fejervarya limnocharis

(Gravenhorst,1829) larvae growth to metamorphosis in lab

conditions.

To identify the Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst.1829) larvae’s

metamorphosis stages by comparing with Gosner stages,1960.



ABOUT GOSNER’S STAGES

The description of anuran embryos and larvae is facilitated by the

use of staging tables.

The tables are indispensible to many studies involving live history

of frog.

Gosner’s proposed table is an extension and simplified of those

already in exist.

Gosner’s stages had simplified anuran embryo and larvae

metamorphosis into 46xxv stages. At the end of Gosner stage46xxv the metamorphosis of tadpole larvae will complete.

• (Gosner,1960)



GOSNER STAGES

(a) Embryonic stage 1- stage 25 : Contain the embryonic series

(b) Stage 1 : Rotation of the embryo until the animal pole is uppermost

(c) Stage 2 :Second polar body is expelled

(d) Stage 3:stages 5- Cell division

(e) Stage 6: Cell division less regular

(f) Stages 7,8,and 9: Differentiated by the size of the blastomers

(g) Stage 8 ,9 :Light ‘hemisphere’ reduction

(h) Stage 10 :Beginning of gastrulation

(i) Stage 11-12 :Blastophore formation

(j) Stage 13 : Develops as tabular area on the dorsal surface



Stage 14: Elongation of the embryo and the elevation of two

lateral ridges separated by neural groove.

Stage 15: Ciliary rotation of the embryo will active

Stage 16: Forming of neural tube

Stage 17:Development of tail bud

Stage 18,19 and 20: Differentiation basis on the relativedevelopment of the external gills and tail.

Stage 21 and 23: Full development of external gills and free swimming.

Stage 23,24 and 24 : Development of operculum and

disappearance of external gills, differentiation

of oral disc and labial tooth.

Stage 25: Presence of spiracle and starting of indi

Stage 26&30: Development of hind limbs.



Stage 31: Differentiation of foot into paddle shape

Stage 32-37 : The development and appearance of individual toes Stage 38-40 : Appearance of metatarsal and subarticular tubercles.

Stage 40 : Drastic changes of metamorphosis

Stage 41: Forelimbs skin become transparent

Stage 42-46 : Appearance of forelimbs

Stage 46: Metamorphosis complete.

Stage 29-40 : Mouth parts unchanged

Stage 32: Pigmentary pattern become stabilized



MATERIAL (a) 10 plastic aquaria (2.5 liter)

(b) 1500 ml dechlorinated water 1:150ml (each aquaria)

(c) 100 tadpoles (10 tadpoles in each sample)

(d) Small net

(e) Petri dish

(f) Lactuva sativa (lettuce)

(g) Fish flakes-media aqua fish, made in Japan

(h) Temperature recorder

(i) Graph paper (for measurement)

(j)Camera (for recording purpose)



METHODS (a) A field trip to Byram estate, Nibong tebal for eggs collection on

30.11.2011, 5.30am.

(b) The eggs were found in water puddles.

(c) By using scoop, the eggs were transferred into aquarium and brought

to lab.

(d) The eggs were kept for 7 days in lab condition.

(e) After seven days the eggs which are kept in lab conditions developed

into tadpoles.

(f) The tadpoles were in Gosner stage 20.



(g) Each aquarium filled with 1500ml of dechlorinated water. Ratio 1:150ml to

prevent space competition among larvae. (must use dechlorinated water to

avoid mortality in tadpoles)

(h) 100 tadpoles in Gosner stage 20 were transferred into 10 aquaria . Now we

have 10 tadpoles in each aquarium.

(i) All the aquaria were labeled from sample 1 to sample 10. The amount of

water and surrounding temperature were labeled in each sample.

(j) The sample 1 to 10 were placed in laboratory under temperature range

between 25°C-27°C

(k) The development and survival rate of tadpoles were observed and recorded

in chart.

(l) The development stage were compared with Gosner’s stages.

(m) Each identified stages were recorded as Gosner stage 1-30



(n) As tadpoles reached Gosner stage 21 the total length were recorded

( head to tail).

(o) Two big sizes tadpoles and two small sizes tadpoles were choose.

(p) Four tadpoles from each sample were taken out and placed in Petri

dish.

(q) The Petri dish with four tadpoles were placed on a graph paper.

(r) Observer need to wait till the tadpoles settle on bottom of Petri dish.

(s) After tadpoles settled the total length were measured and recorded

in a chart.

(t) This step will repeat until tadpoles reach Gosner stage 46xxv.

(u) Each measurement will use for further research.



The survival rate of tadpoles Observation record

•Stages identification using Gosner table (1960)•Day 1 starts from the day, tadpoles(GS 20) transferred into ten samples.

Days Survival Rate (%) Gosner stage Days Survival rate (%) Gosner stage

1 100 GS 20 32 52 GS 26

3 100 GS 20 34 52 GS 26

5 100 GS 20 36 51 GS 27

7 100 GS 21 38 47 GS 27

9 100 GS 21 40 46 GS 27

11 79 GS 21 42 46 GS 28

13 79 GS 22 44 46 GS 28

15 79 GS 22 46 45 GS 28

17 79 GS 23 48 45 GS 28

19 69 GS 23 50 45 GS 29

21 69 GS 24 52 45 GS 29 23 61 GS 24 54

(31.1.2012)

45 GS 29

25 61 GS 25

27 61 GS 25

28 60 GS 25

30 59 GS 26

*Gosner stage identified by observe the biggest tadpoles in each sample



The growth rate of tadpoles Observation record

.

Days

Number of tadpoles Length (mean)

Head to tail

Standard deviation

25 (01.01.2012) Big 19.9mm 2.19

Small 9.3mm 1.97

28 (04.01.2012) Big 20.1mm 2.33

Small 9.6mm 2.11

31 (06.01.2012) Big 21.9mm 3.10

Small 11.95mm 2.45

34 (09.01.2012) Big 23.9mm 3.21

Small 13.5mm 2.74

37 ( 12.01.2012) Big 25.0mm 3.67

Small 14.5mm 2.88

40 (16.01.2012) Big 25.7mm 3.87

Small 15.5mm 3.01

.



GOSNER STAGES



FEEDING HABIT



EXPECTED RESULT

The growth and development of tadpoles still need another 3-4

weeks.

After 3-4 weeks the tadpoles will complete its metamorphosis

cycle.

The research and observation will continue until tadpoles reach

complete metamorphosis (GS 46 xxv).

Obtained data and result will use for final conclusion.

Thank you



REFFERENCE Berry, P. Y. (1965). The diet of some Singapore anura (Amphibia). Proc.2001.

soc. London,144: 163-174.

Berry, P. Y. (1975). The Amphibian Fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical

Press, Kuala Lumpur.

Callery, E. M. & Elinson, R. P. (2000). Opercular development and ontogenic

re-organization in a diet developing frog. Dev Genes Evol, 210: 377-381.

Etkin,W. & Gilbert,I.L. (1968). Metamorphosis: A Problem in Development

Biology. New York.

Fabrezi, M. (2011). Heterochrony in Growth and Developmemt in Anurans

from the Chaco of South America. Evol Biol, 38: 390-411.

Gosner, K. L. (1960). A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and

larvae with notes in identification. Herpetologica 16: 183-190.



Ibrahim, J. (2004). Aspects of Biology and Ecology of Two SympatricFrogs Species in Malaysia. Kedah:Yusran Publishing House.

Ibrahim, J. (2010). Biodiversiti Amfibia di Semenanjung MalaysiaWarisan Alamiah yang Amat Berharga. Pulau Pinang: Universiti SainsMalaysia.

Rollins-Smith, L.A. & Cohen, N.(1996). Metamorphosis: animmunologically unique period in the life cycle of the frog. AcademiaPress, San diego,Califf , 626-646.

Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S. & Cox, N. A.(2004). Status and trend of amphibians declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306: 1783-86.

Saidapur, S. K. (2001). Behavioral ecology of anurans tadpoles : TheIndian Scenario. Proc.Inidan Natri Sci Acad.(PINSA) 6: 311-322.

Williamson, I. & Bull, C. M. (1989). Life history variation in apopulation of the frog Ranidella signifera: Egg size and earlydevelopment. Copeia, 349-356.

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