A Mixed Method Approach to Quality of Life in Nicaragua

Prepared by:

Jessica Murray, Erin Zipperer, Sarai Kidd, Holly Morse, Cassandra Johnson, Mckenzie Liegel, Jessica Wilson, Amanda Smith, and Leah

Williams

East Tennessee State University College of Public HealthJuly 2017

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Table of Contents

Introduction/background ………………………...….. 2

Methods:Qualitative methods ……………………………. 3

Quantitative methods ……………………...….... 3

Results:Qualitative results …………………………...…. 4

Quantitative results …………………………..… 6

Limitations/Barriers ……………………………….... 11

Conclusions …………………………………………. 13

Appendix:Appendix A ……………………………………. 16Appendix B ………………………………......... 25

Introduction/Background

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Nueva Vida formed as a displacement community following Hurricane Mitch in 1998.

Over the years, Nueva Vida has continued to accept displaced persons and has become a

permanent neighborhood located on the outskirts of the larger, more urban municipality of

Ciudad Sandino, Nicaragua. Nueva Vida is divided into 5 “etapas” or stages, with each etapa

having been established in numerical order. Within certain etapas, there are informal housing

settlements known as “area verdes” or green areas. Like much of Nicaragua, Nueva Vida is

improvised area with an estimated monthly household income of $100-$130.

In 1994, the Center for Development in Central America (CDCA), part of the Jubilee

House Community, was established in Ciudad Sandino. The organization has worked to serve

the needs of the community. The CDCA started a healthcare clinic in Nueva Vida. The clinic

provides a variety of medical services, from primary care to dentistry, as well as support groups.

Although the clinic provides needed healthcare and support to the community, Nueva

Vida continues to be affected by many concerns, including health. Behind the fourth etapa, there

is a garbage dump where trash is burned, causing respiratory issues. Most of the streets are

unpaved and are lined with standing water. Many homes do not have a sewage system and water

used for cooking and cleaning is dumped in the streets; standing water is breeding ground for

mosquitoes. Safety is another concern for the residents of Nueva Vida.

The CDCA, along with the clinic, wanted to determine what the community felt was a

priority concern. Working with graduate students from East Tennessee State University (ETSU)

and health promoters, local community members who work with the clinic to provide health

education and support to their community, the clinic set up focus groups in each etapa. Based on

the results of focus groups, a survey was created. ETSU students, health promoters, and

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translators conducted the survey in Nueva Vida with the objective of finding out what would

improve the quality of life in Nueva Vida.

Qualitative Methods

A convenience sample of men and women living in Nueva Vida who were available and

willing to participate at the time of the meeting was drawn. Recruitment was done through word-

of-mouth, with local health promoters inviting those in the neighborhood.

On the 7th and 10th of July 2017, 14 block meetings with 6-30 participants each were held

throughout Nueva Vida. Questions (see Appendix A) were asked by health promoters to guide

and encourage active discussion among participants. The aim of these meetings was to identify

the needs, barriers, and aspirations with regard to improving quality of life in Nueva Vida. With

the help of translators, detailed notes were taken at each meeting (See Appendix A).

Quantitative Methods

After reviewing the qualitative data and establishing themes an eleven question survey

was drafted. The survey was to be sent to the health promotion coordinator at the clinic for

review to ensure that the true meaning of the native language was not lost in translation. The

health promotion coordinator would also ensure that discrepancies between black and grey water

were made clear. However, due to time constraints the survey was printed before the health

promotion coordinator could look it over. At the clinic a short run through of the questions was

performed for the volunteer health promoters. July 10th through July 14th groups of 3 to 4

people usually consisting of a translator, a health promoter, and ETSU students went door to

door for 4 days collecting 1016 surveys. Each day had new health promoters but not every day

had training for the promoters. It became apparent that there was a problem of interpretation of

grey/black water between the health promoters and the people of Nueva Vida.

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Once survey collection began an Excel spreadsheet was created for data analysis. Each

question had a corresponding column, and a codebook (Appendix B) was created so that multiple

people could enter the surveys. Issues arose with different people interpreting missing data or

invalid data in different ways. Numbering of the surveys was also an issue. Some of this was

fixed at the end by deleting survey numbers that had no information present. Once the data was

entered in Excel, it was imported into SPSS for preliminary statistical analysis. The Jubilee

House Committee requested specific questions such as average family size and average number

of people using the bathroom answered. A preliminary report of the data was left with them, and

further data cleaning was performed upon arrival back into the United States. Cleaned data was

then used for the statistical analysis for the final report.

Qualitative Results

● From the notes taken by the students (see Appendix A), themes were determined from the

14 block meetings. These responses were used to develop a quantitative survey

instrument.

Themes: PrioritiesRemoval of Gray Water and Sewage Removal System (Black Water)

When the initial focus group question (Q1) regarding quality of life was asked, almost

every time, the first response was “aguas negras”, or black/sewer water, and signs of agreement

corroborated that community concern. Residents are very aware that black and gray water cause

disease through mosquitoes, rats and other vectors. Etapa 5, living next to a causeway of trash,

was particularly concerned about a plague spreading. Residents mentioned latrines filling up and

having no space for another one. A sewage removal system would help solve this.

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Housing issues

Another concern of Nueva Vida etapas is the small housing. In some cases, multiple

families are in one home. Mothers indicated they would like a place for their grown children to

move to. Other housing issues included lack of building supplies, to grow or repair the current

situation. In the area verdes, the basic concern is not having the title to the house and having to

leave at a moment’s notice. Lack of a title was a concern in other areas as well, but was

particularly concerning in the areas verdes.

Lighting/Safety

Etapa’s are dark when the sun goes down, as there are no streetlights. In many cases,

there are streetlight poles, but the lights have been stolen or broken. Because there are no

streetlights, residents feel unsafe. They do not feel protected from violence, and they also feel

physically vulnerable to falling in potholes, tripping, etc.

Paving the streets

The “main” street is paved through Nueva Vida, but most of the neighborhoods/blocks in

each etapa have dirt roads. Residents are aware that the paved street/s allow for a path for the

black and gray water to run. This circles back to vector-borne illness, and residents think that

paving the street would solve many problems. It would also help the community to look nicer

and allow for taxis to come through to Nueva Vida.

Themes: BarriersCorruption

Another theme running through each block meeting was that of government corruption

and lack of representation. In at least one block meeting of each etapa, the mayor/mayor’s

office/government was mentioned as a barrier. Residents feel slighted by what help, or lack

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thereof, the government is giving them. Residents mention that they government picks who they

want to help, instead of giving help to those that actually need the help. In some meetings, it was

mentioned that an etapa, block, or family had gotten money together for a project, the

government promised to pay for the other half, and the project never got done. This increased

distrust in the government, because the residents lost valuable money and nothing was done to

improve the current situation. Residents also mentioned that the police are corrupt and not

trusted.

Poor Economic Status/No Jobs

Another running theme was the lack of job opportunities within the community, leading

to poor economic status. This, in turn, creates a disadvantage for the children of the community,

because there is no money to send them to a better school. Many older adults mentioned that they

would like an opportunity to work, but that there are none. Residents were looking for

opportunities, including mentioning starting a recycling business that would create jobs and

allow for them to control the smoke coming from the dump.

Quantitative Results

Surveys were entered into an Excel spreadsheet, and cleaned data were analyzed using

SPSS. Results are given for each of the questions asked in the survey. Other descriptive results

and observations are also depicted. Some surveys were excluded in the analyses of the number of

families in each home and the number of people in each home who use the hygienic service, as

those surveys were missing data. Additionally, some individuals answered that there were many

more individuals who used the hygienic service than there were individuals who lived in the

home (n = 5). These surveys were included in analyses; however, their presence should be noted.

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The mean number of people who lived in each house was determined to be 5.97 (n =

1016), with a median of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.9 people. Household size ranged from 1

to 26 people. The large number of household members is attributed to the facts that some

churches served as a home and that a church was surveyed inadvertently. The number of families

in each house was also determined, with a mean of 1.64 families, median of 1, and standard

deviation of 0.97 families living in each house (n=1013). The number of families living in each

house ranged from 1 to 9. This wide range may be due to some homes having multiple purposes.

Overall, 1016 houses were surveyed in the communities. Out of those, 11.9% were listed

as being in the area video, See Figures 1 and 2 below.

Figure. 1. Number Surveyed in Each Etapa

Etapa Frequency Percent

1 169 16.6

2 249 24.5

3 309 30.4

4 223 21.9

5 66 6.5

Total 1016 100

Figure 2. Area Verdes by Etapa

Etapa Frequency Percent

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1 20 11.83

2 12 4.82

3 29 9.39

4 53 23.77

5 7 10.61

Total 121 11.91

The most important priority overall was determined to be black water (chi square =

214.2; df = 20; p value = 0.000). Priorities were also ranked by etapa. Black water again was

overwhelmingly the most frequently answered priority in most of the etapas; however, residents

of Etapa 1 were most concerned with lighting and safety. This may be due to the fact that Etapa 1

has a sewage system connection, while other etapas do not have access. Also, residents of

Etapas 2 and 5 were almost equally divided among black water and lighting/safety as their most

important priority. See Figures 3 and 4 below.

Figure 3. Frequencies of Priorities

Priority Frequency Percent

Gray water 137 13.5

9

Black water 429 42.2

Sewer 65 6.4

Housing 112 11

Lighting/Safety 260 25.6

Missing Data 13 1.3

Total 1016 100

Figure 4. Priorities by Etapa

Etapa Grey water

Black Water

Sewer Housing Lighting/ Safety

Missing Data

Total

1 26 12 10 47 73 1 169

2 42 96 8 14 80 9 249

3 36 184 29 15 43 2 309

4 22 113 17 26 44 1 223

5 11 24 1 10 20 0 66

Total 137 429 65 112 260 13 1016

The most common type of hygienic service used was a latrine, with toilets being the

second most common type (Figure 5). The mean number of people determined to use the

hygienic service in each home was determined to be 5.7 (n = 1012). Median number of people to

use the hygienic service was 5, with a standard deviation of 2.93 people. Answers ranged from 1

to 30 people.

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Figure 5. Types of Hygienic Service Used

Type Frequency Percent

Latrine 601 59.2

Toilet 403 39.7

Open air 6 0.6

Neighbor's latrine 6 0.6

Total 1016 100

Answers to additional questions on the survey are listed below (Figure 6).

Overwhelmingly, people responded that black water was a problem for their families. Also lights

would make their communities safer, and that paving the streets would be beneficial for their

families.

Figure 6. Responses to Additional Questions

Question Yes NoN/A or No Data

Is black water a problem for your family? 74.30% 25.70% 0%

Do you have a connection to the sewer? 20.20% 79.20% 0.60%

Do you have space to move your latrine? 45.90% 24.60% 29.60%

Do you own the title to your land? 74.70% 24.20% 1.10%

Do the lights on your street work? 17.60% 82.00% 0.40%

Would lights make your community safer? 97.80% 1.30% 0.90%

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Would paving the streets benefit your family? 97.10% 1.40% 1.50%

Limitations · There were limitations to focus groups, survey administration, data entry, and social

implications.

The questions on the survey were developed from expressed community concerns that

were discussed during multiple focus group meetings. Some of these focus group discussions

were influenced by the health promoters who had recruited participants from the community. On

occasion, focus group participants would arrive under the impression that a specific topic was to

be discussed and the predetermined topic sometimes made it difficult for participants to shift

their way of thinking to include a broader aspect of quality of life. When health promoters who

worked at the CDCA clinic facilitated the focus groups, it was possible that answers from

participants may have been swayed due to clinic staff presence.

The residents surveyed spoke Spanish and not all of the research personnel were capable

of communication without the aid of a translator. Health promoters who worked with the CDCA

clinic were given the task of administering the survey, but some of the health promoters were

illiterate, requiring additional verbal translation between the researcher, health promoter, and

translator. This additional translation made confusing questions more difficult to answer. Not all

of the health promoters were prompted prior to surveying and the opening language varied from

translator to translator. One of the health promoters that regularly works in the community

answered items on the survey prior to the participant answering because they knew the

household questioned.

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When administering the survey, some questions were unclear or lacked verbiage that the

community could understand. For instance, question four asked “Do you have a connection to

the sewer/could you connect to the sewer?” Many residents were confused because they do have

a pipe that carries away waste water, but that pipe is not connected to the city’s sanitation

system. Residents were also confused by the distinction between grey and black water. While

there is a difference between grey and black water, the residents who were surveyed may not

have known the technical difference between the two terms and what those terms indicated. The

number of questions and the depth of the questions could have been further developed to account

for these issues. Due to time constraints, a pilot study was not able to be completed. Researchers

did not have a pre-established age requirement for survey participants. Whether or not an

individual was old enough to participate was ultimately determined by appearance by the

researcher. Researchers attempted to contact everyone within the established geographical

borders, but not everyone was home or willing to participate in the survey.

When entering data, several researchers were involved in the process. Question one on

the survey listed problems in the community and asked participants what their top concern was.

Some participants chose two answers, however on some of the surveys, there was not a clear

distinction between the two concerns. When faced with this, some researchers chose not to

assign a number one and number two concern while other researchers listed the concerns in the

order in which they appeared. When dealing with missing or not applicable data, the codes were

used at the researcher’s discretion. This resulted in missing data being classified as not

applicable and vice versa. The combination of the above resulted in data entry misclassifications.

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Upon completing data entry and conducting data analysis, it was apparent that some

issues were answered in a certain fashion because the selected answer was socially desirable.

This was seen particularly in the question that asked “Do you own your plot of land?”

Conclusion

Nueva Vida is a low income resettlement community located within Ciudad Sandino that

relies heavily on community relationships and partners. The community is knowledgeable about

issues that affect their quality of life and most knew what steps were needed in order to achieve a

better quality of life. The majority of the citizens living in Nueva Vida were not looking for

handouts but instead were willing to work together to help fix the problems identified by the

focus group meeting and survey.

The people who attended the focus group meetings were representatives of their specific

etapa and only identified barriers associated with their etapa. The identified barriers vocalized in

these focus group meetings varied slightly based on the etapa and how developed the area was.

Etapa 1 was visibly the most developed and this was confirmed when the top priority reported on

the survey was lighting and safety instead of black water. The main concern of etapas 2, 3, 4 and

5 was the presence of black water in the streets. Since these etapas do not have access to sewer

connections they do not have any viable options to dispose of black or gray water. People in

these etapas have to be more cautious of water in the streets because it affects where their

children play, day to day transportation, and their overall health. The standing water attracts

disease carrying insects and the black water itself contains a number of undesirable pathogens

which lead to illnesses.

The focus group meetings helped identify the top priorities of each etapa and the overall

concern of citizens living in Nueva Vida so we were able to develop a survey based on this

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information. Since black water was the main concern throughout most etapas the questions on

the survey were centered on sewer connections, hygienic service used, household count, and

ability to move a latrine. Once surveyed the predominant hygienic service used was a latrine

followed by a toilet which often had no sewer connection or a hand-dug septic tank. The

majority of the citizens using a latrine reported not being able to move them to a new location

due to lack of space. Most neighborhoods had to dig trenches outside of their homes to prevent

black water from encroaching upon their property. The citizens knew that a connection to a

sewer system would remedy the black water in the streets and that paving the streets would help

as well.

The research performed in Nueva Vida provides a great deal of information about the real

barriers associated with the quality of life as reported by the citizens. The main concern voiced

by the members of the community is for their health because they are struggling to keep black

water out of their streets, yards and homes. With the proper sewer connections installed locals

will see a decline in the various infectious diseases that are caused by not having a proper

disposal system for waste.

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APPENDIX A

Questions Asked in the Block Meeting1. From a community perspective, what would provide a better overall quality of life (QoL)?2. What would make your life better or happier?3. What do you want your community to look like in the future?4. What are the barriers to a good quality of life?5. What would be your top priority or how would you prioritize these things? (Ranking of priorities) “Transcripts” from Day 1: Etapa 1, Etapa 5, and Etapa 2 Etapa 1.A.Attendance: all women, approximately 6 community members and 2 health promotersTop Priority (Q5)1. Clinic presenceOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Paved streets· Medication

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· Park for the children· Black water· Police presence· Sanitation· Free consultations

Barriers (Q4)· Gangs· Distance· Money· Mayor· Doctor referral· Police corruption· Standing water

Observations: awkward situation, very opinionated, wanted handouts=dependency on the clinic Etapa 1.B.Attendance: 6 women, 3 children, 2 malesTop Priorities (Q5)1. Care for children and Elderly2. Family planning3. Capabilities for seeing more patients4. I.D.5. LightsOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Healthcare; food concerns Children with GI illness Elderly with chronic disease Wanted a timely response

· Clinic identification The fees that come with the care at clinic

Future (Q3)· “Eradicate Illness” specific to rodent and insect born disease

Follow up of children and adults Lack of pavement/safety/sanitation No street lights No employment

Barriers (Q4)· Social issues make crossing etapa difficult

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Etapa 1.C.Attendance: 5 women, 4 men, 2 teens, 9 childrenTop priorities (Q5)1. Water removal (puddles and gray water)2. Lighting for the streets3. Having clean drinking water4. Paving the street5. More vouchers for the clinic6. ParksOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Rid of the puddles/gray water· Sanitation· Lack of pavement and lighting on the street· Increase the number of people seen at the clinic, especially the children· Concerned about people from other places going to the clinic

Future (Q3)· Cleaner· Parks for children of all ages· Education: university scholarships because they can’t afford them

Barriers (Q4)· Employment opportunities for those less than 20 and older than 30 years old· Robberies are an issue, so someone has to stay home and watch the house

Etapa 5Attendance: 17 women, 13 childrenTop Priorities (Q5):1. Pave main street2. Drainage/water removal3. Dealings with the causewaya. Bridge across it (or even just boards)b. Trash removalc. Rocks/some sort of containment walld. Pest controlOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & 2):

· Safety: lights and police patrol· Having a housing project and/or providing the community with building materials· Health/health care concerns:

Lice eradication day—similar to a vaccination day Childhood illnesses/having an evening pediatrician at the clinic Insulin/diabetes care

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Inclusion/representationFuture (Q3)

· “Look how far we’ve come”: Etapa 5 has come a long ways since it started, and they felt positive about future growth

· “If a few organizations did small projects, then we could get more done.”

Barriers (Q4)· Living on the outskirts of Nueva Vida and near the Dump

Trash washes their way· Lack of representation and feelings of abandonment· Their etapa is not as accessible during the rainy season

Observations:Etapa 5 meeting had a positive, helpful tone. There were many ducks, roosters, dogs, cats, parrots roaming around, which made the observers question about zoonotic disease potential in the Etapa. The block meeting started late, and some women had left before the arrival of the health promoter, translator, and students. Etapa 2.A.Attendance: 10 women, 6 children, 2 Queer/TransTop Priorities (Q5)1. Rid of Black Water2. Fix the Streets3. Lights4. General health/expanded clinic services5. Monetary helpOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & 2):

· Representation: this specific block felt left out· Housing materials· Plots of land· Companionship for the elderly

Future (Q3)· Want their streets as nice as the entrance street· Health for everyone

Barriers to QoL (Q4)· Corruption· Clinic access and transportation· Age discrimination and health or poor health relating to receiving clinic bonuses

Observations:Etapa 2 tone was frustrated and more negative. This group was already gathered in the street, getting their hair done. There was no health promoter leading this group, and Yesenia gathered participants and facilitated.

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Etapa 2.B.Attendance: 1 health promoter and 9 womenTop priority (Q5)1. Street safetya. Speed bumpsb. Stop signsc. Street cleaningOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & 2):

· Move landfill Garbage truck spills trash Slaughterhouse drops guts Burning trash: smoke in the houses and causes asthma

· Sewage system: Want to be hooked in because sewer runs down the main street Mud puddles Mosquitoes (red zone)

· Community development Women’s co-op and business ownership English language support Family planning

Barriers (Q4)· Gangs and violence· Children and older parents· Drugs in youth· Documentation for clinic· Street lights· Crazy drivers· Mayor· Crazy people

Observations:Etapa 2 was self-empowered, more developed, and had pride in their houses. The children were interested about learning and were social (talkative). Moms were super moms! “Transcripts” from Day 2: Etapa 3 & Etapa 4Etapa 3.A.Attendance: 3 men, 14 women, 5 childrenTop Priority (Q5)1. Sewage systema. Use latrinesb. There is a system nearby but they do not have the money to hook in

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Other things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & 2):· Paved streets

Water runs into homes after the rain· Lights· Safety

Streets Police Robberies Rehab/community group for children Want more security in Etapa 1

· Park restoration: basketball court and more trees· Wifi: to do school work

Barriers (Q4)· Money· Lighting/lack of lighting· No jobs· Gangs and drugs· Lack of action

Observations:Concerns for the community from the note takers include kids being beat and worthless parents. The community is waiting on a leader. There are no taxi’s because of bad streets. “We need action. The Sandinistas haven’t brought anything good here.” Etapa 3.B.Attendance: 18 women, 2 males, 10 childrenTop priority (Q5):1. SanitationOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1):

· Lighting· Sanitation and black water· Small yard, which means no room for toilets/latrines· Not enough medication for adults/children from the clinic and not enough numbers

passed out at the clinic· Infrequent trash pick-up/burning

What would make you happier (Q2):· Sanitation· Lighting· Fewer gangs and robberies—solution is lights in the streets

Future (Q3)· Having sanitation and removing the black water (black water=illness)· There are not enough things for people to do

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Barriers (Q4)· Lack of money and lack of support from the government (mayor’s office)· Lack of institutional support· The etapa is willing to do their part

Etapa 3.C.Attendance: 13 women, 10 childrenTop priorities (Q5)1. Housing project2. Black water3. LightsOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Sanitation· Paved streets· Nice looking neighborhood· Jobs· Programs/companionship for the elderly

Barriers (Q4)· Small plots and no space for anything· The government· Age discrimination

Etapa 3.D.Attendance: 10 women and 5 childrenTop priorities (Q5)1. A. Black Water B. Housing/Space for more plots [TIE for 1]2. More latrine space3. LightsOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Representation· Sanitation· To have a nice street entrance· Assistance for the elderly

Barriers (Q4)· Lack of space· Nobody actually owns their house· Government is corrupt/only helps who they want to help, not who needs help

Etapa 3.E. *Areas VerdesAttendance: 2 men, 13 women, 7 kidsTop priorities (Q5)

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1. Legitimize their housing (Titles)2. Trash removal3. PuddlesOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Adult English classes so that they can help their children that are learning English· Mosquitoes and bugs removal· Small plots

Future (Q3)· Paved streets: doesn’t even have to be paved, just want some sort of trenches for the

water· Have it look nice

Barriers (Q4)· Government· Fear of being removed

Living like a bird, have to fly away at any moment Etapa 4.A.Attendance: 15 women, 8 childrenTop priority (Q5):1. HousingOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Black water· Representation· Bigger plots/more space to spread· Puddles· Recycling: mentioned starting their own recycling company, which would also create

jobs and allow them to control the smokeBarriers (Q4)

· No plots for people to purchase, even though they want to· Titles/lack of home ownership· No space

Etapa 4.B.Attendance: 30 people, 10 children, 5 menTop Priority (Q5)1. Sewage systema. Fights over gray waterb. Latrines are full because of the rainc. Too close to water tanks= contaminationd. Puddles are dangerous for kids and cause bugsOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

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· Lights for safety· Better houses

Roofs, paint Squatters Do not own the land anyways

· Work 35 = too old for work People are willing but there are no jobs Nothing for older people Locals hired inside instead of outside

Future wishes (Q3)· Residential area· Park with wifi· Phones and computers· Make it look nice· Free trade/loan

Barriers (Q4)· Money· Mayor· Lack of ownership· Redirection of funds to nicer establishment· “If you don’t defend your rights, you’ll lose them.”

Observations:Etapa 4 seemed ready to rise. They wanted better organization and seemed empowered to do so. Etapa 4.C.Attendance: 9 women, 5 childrenTop Priorities (Q5)1. Black Water2. Lighting3. Investment in youth4. Pave the roads5. HealthcareOther things mentioned to improve QoL (Q1 & Q2):

· Sewer system Running out of space for latrines

· Lights: assault/robberyFuture (Q3)

· Cleaner water· Better environment· Investment in the youth

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Barriers (Q4)· No money to send kids to school· Lack of economy: they want to help by starting businesses· No job opportunities

APPENDIX B Improving Overall Quality of Life in Nueva Vida

Data Dictionary

1. Out of all of these things what would you want fixed first, second, third, and fourth: (Rank) (3) Getting rid of grey water (4) Getting rid of black water (5) Connecting to sewer system (6) Housing (7) Lights/safety

2. (Aqua) Is the black water a problem for your family? Yes/no3. (Pipe) Do you have a connection to the sewer/ Could you connect to the sewer? Yes/no4. (Type) What type of toilet facility does your household use?5. (USE) How many use people use that facility?6. (Move) Do you have space to move your latrine? Yes/no7. (Title) Do you own your plot of land? Yes/no8. (Fam) How many families live in your household?9. (FamT) How many people total live in the household?10. (Lit) Do the lights on your street work? Yes/no11. (LitC) Would lights help your community become safer? Yes/no12. (Pave) Would paving the street benefit your family? Yes/no Variables:(HOME) = Etapa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Green= Squatters Yes = 0 No = 1 NA = 2 Rank 3(grey) 4(black) 5(housing) 6(lights/safety) 7(pave streets)Aqua Yes = 0 No = 1 NA = 2

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Pipe Yes = 0 No =1 NA = 2Type Latrine =8 toilet = 9 open air = 10 neighbors latrine = 11Use (enter number)Move Yes = 0 No = 1 NA = 2 Title Yes = 0 No= 1 NA = 2Rent= Renters Yes = 0 No =1 NA = 2FAM (enter number)FamT (enter number)Lit Yes = 0 No=1 NA=2LitC Yes = 0 No=1 NA=2Pave Yes = 0 No =1 NA=2