jewish, christian, byzantine art

Jewish, Christian, Byzantine Art

Art History I

*©Prof. Gina Miceli-Hoffman

Dura Europas – Roman Town in Syria (ca. 200 a.d.)

Greek “Europas” & Roman “Duras”

Dura Europas – Town Model

Model of Town of Dura-Europas,Syria

Dura Europas – Jewish Synagogue

West Wall, Tempera Narrative Paintings, Judaic Biblical Stories, Torah Niche (Pentateuch – first five books of Hebrew Scriptures)

Dura Europas: Synagogue Tempera Paintings

West Wall Torah Niche & Frescoes (O.T. & N.T)

West Wall Torah Niche & Tempera Paintings

Narrative Scenes – Judaic Religious Stories


West Wall Torah (Bible) Niche

Ark of the Covenant 2 clay tablet: inscribed with 10 Commandments Menorah Niche for Torah Scrolls (Hebrew Bible)


Destruction of the temple & “idols”


Story of Moses


Samuel Anoints David


Story of Moses or pre-figuration of Madonna & Child Story

Baptismal font

Story of Moses & Pre-figuration of Madonna & Child Story

Continuous Narrative – Moses 2x in same scene


Moses & the Burning Bush Tree of Life w/King David

Dura Europas – Christian Community House

Baptistry – Christian Church/House “Baptistry Frescoes”

Good Shepherd Scene

Baptismal font

Dura Europas: Christian Fresco Paintings

Dura Europas Christian Fresco Paintings

West Wall Torah (Bible) Niche

Peter & Crossing

of the Red Sea

Temple

or

Christian

Home

Church

Dura Europas


Baptismal font

Peter walks on water? Cured Paralytic?


Dura Europas


Good Shepherd Scene

Baptismal font

Catacomb fresco painting: Jesus as

the Good Shepherd, Domatilla

Catacomb, Rome, mid 2nd century


Christian Catacomb Art

Baptismal font

Catacomb fresco painting: Jesus as the Good Shepherd, Domatilla Catacomb, Rome, mid 2nd century

Catacombs

• Subterranean “necropolis”

• Secular & Religious Burials

• Crypts: Family burial “rooms”

• Loculi: niches

• Art reveals religious affiliation

• Christian, Jewish, Pagan

• Sarcophagi, urns, skulls, fresco

paintings… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIpHjHDmLKU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIpHjHDmLKU

Catacombs

http://www.capitolium.org/photo/piantina.jpg

Syncretic Imagery:

Combination of Greco-Roman & Christian

Last Supper Scene? Domitilla Crypt, ca. 4th century a.d.?

http://www.capitolium.org/photo/piantina.jpg

Catacombs

The Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah, and orants, painted ceiling of a cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus,

Rome, Italy, early fourth century

http://www.catacombe.roma.it/

Jesus as Good Shepherd or a Roman God Jonah & the Whale = Resurrection

Orant Figure Orant Figure

Sacrificial Animals Christian or Roman Portraits

Deceased?

Christian or Roman Portraits

Deceased?

http://www.catacombe.roma.it/

Christ as “The Good Shepherd”

Christ as the Good Shepherd, Mosaic,

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Ravenna, Italy

Christ as the Good Shepherd?, marble, ca. 300 ad, 99cm, Vatican Museums, Rome

The Good Shepherd, marble, Asia Minor, c. 280-290 ad, ht 50.2cm, The Cleveland Museum of Art

Syncretic Imagery

Christ as “The Good Shepherd”

• Freestanding Carved Marble Sculpture: Idealized Body

• Naturalism & Representational Art

• Christian Metaphor

– Jesus leads flock of Christians

– Psalm 23:1 “…the lord is my shepherd; there is nothing I lack…”

• Syncretism: Assimilate traditions & give them new meaning

– Greek & Roman Icon (Shepherd Boy or “deity”)

– Boy with Calf, Ram, Sheep =Hermes the Shepherd

– Orpheus = god among animals

– Jesus: Shepherd leading his “flock” of sheep

• Greeks & Romans sacrificed animals to their gods

• Jesus was sacrificed (crucified)

• Analogy between Pagan & Christian traditions

Predecessors of “Christ as the Good Shepherd”

Late Roman marble copy of the Ram Bearer

(Hermes? Orpheus?)

Museo Barracco, Roma

Orpheus summoning animals with lyre,

Roman Mosaic, date unknown,

Archaeological Museum, Palermo, Italy

Kriophoros (Greek for Ram Bearer)

Sacrificial Animal, stone, Acropolis

Museum, Athens, Greece Ram Bearer/Kriophoros, date

unknown, MET, New York

Hermes Kriophoros, bromze,500-

490 bc,, MFA Boston, MA

Syncretic Imagery

Orpheus summoning animals with lyre,

Roman Mosaic, date unknown,

Archaeological Museum, Palermo, Italy

Christ as the Good Shepherd, Mosaic,

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Ravenna, Italy

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (ca. 359 a.d.)

Junius Bassus (317-359 a.d.)

Carved marble with relief narratives (biblical scenes)

Inscription: “Junius Bassus, a

man of Senatorial rank, who lived

42 years and 2 months, went to

God newly baptized, while he was

Prefect of the City, on the 8th day

from the kalends of September,

when Eusebius and Hypatius were

consuls (25 August 359)”1

1. Elsner, J., ‘The role of early Christian art’ in Edwards, C., and Woolf, G.,

(eds.) Rome the Cosmopolis (Cambridge, 2003), p. 83.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

Jesus & Romans Jesus & Pontus Pilate

Expulsion of Adam & Eve

Abraham & Isaac

EGYPTIAN FUNERARY PORTRAITS (“Fayum Mummy Portraits)

ENCAUSTIC (wax & pigment) on Wood Support (Sarcophagus lid)

Representational/Realistic Portraiture


ENCAUSTIC (pigment & wax)

http://www.metmuseum.org/special/ancientfaces/9.l.htm


Egypt. Mummy Case of Paankhenamun, Third

Intermediate Period (945-715 B.C.). Cartonnage,

gold leaf, pigment. AIC

Sarcophagus, a.d. 100-200, mixed

media, British Museum, London

Syncretic

Imagery &

Traditions

http://www.metmuseum.org/special/ancientfaces/9.l.htm

Central Plan vs Basilica Plan

Identify this type of structure & Architectural Components

Christian Basilica Transept

N

A

V

E

Apse

Atrium

Narthex

A

I

S

L

E

S

A

I

S

L

E

S

CLERESTORY

Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy, 333-390 .a.d.

Church & Marytyrium (St Peter)

Congregational Worship

Longitudinal Latin Cross = Crucifixion

Cruciform Shape

Christian Basilica – Santa Sabina

Nave & Apse

Christian Central Plan Mausoleum of Santa Costanza

Rome, Italy ca. 337-351 a.d..

Ravenna – San Vitale Central Plan Building

Aerial view of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526–547. San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547

Ravenna – Byzantine Art

Central Plan Church

San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547

Emperor Justinian & attendants, mosaic, north wall

wall

Empress Theodora & attendants, mosaic, south wall

Altar Mosaics

San Vitale - Interior

Emperor Justinian & Retinue Mosaic

Empress Theodora & Retinue Mosaic

Map of Empire – 1000 A.D.

New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople) Istanbul, Turkey

Hagia Sophia “holy wisdom”

Pendentive

Hagia Sophia “Holy Wisdom” (Virgin Mary Cult Begins)

Architectural Construction

Hagia Sophia “Holy Wisdom” (Virgin Mary Cult Begins)

Squinch System

Pendentive System

Pendentive

Byzantine Mosaic “Icon”

Virgin Mary “Theotokos” [she who bore god]

Byzantine Icons Influence Proto-Renaissance Artists

Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned, Santa Trinita,

Florence, Italy, ca. 1280-1290. tempera & gold

leaf on wood, 12’7”x7’4”, Galleria degli Uffizi,

Florence

Giotto, Madonna Enthroned, church of

Ognissanti, Florence, Italy, ca. 1310.

Tempera and gold leaf on wood,

10’8”x6’8”, Galleria degli Uffizi,

Florence, Italy

Theotokos & Child & SS Theodore &

George, icon, 6th or 7th c. a.d., encaustic on

wood, 2’3”x1’7 3/8”, Monastery of St.

Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt

Byzantine Christ as Pontokrator “Judge””

Icon, Encaustic on Wood, 7th century a.d.

Veneration of Ikon

Byzantine Christ as Pontokrator “Judge”

Christ as Pontokrator, Katholikon, Hosios Loukas, Greece, 11th century a.d.

Byzantine Christ as Pontokrator “Judge””

Christ as Pontokrator, dome mosaic, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, ca. 1090-1100

Coin Portraiture: Emperor Justinian II & Jesus Christ

Gold Coins, Louvre, France

Veneration of Ikon

Identify the “icons”

Byzantine Influence on Proto-Ren. & Ren. Art

Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned w/ Angels &

Prophets, Santa Trinita, florence, Italy, ca.

1280-1290, Tempera & gold leaf on wood,

12’7”x7’4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Virgin (Theotokos) & Child, Icon, ca. 12th

century a.d., tempera on wood, 2’

x1/2”x1’9”. Tretyakov Gallery,Moscow

Raphael, Madonna & Child, 1505, o.w., 3’ 8 ½” x 2’ 10”, Louvre

Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts

Detail of “miniature”: Iconoclasts destroying “icon” of Jesus

Codex Page: Crucifixion & Iconoclasts, Chludov Psalter, Mid 9th century, Tempera on Vellum, 7 ¾”x 6”, State Historical Museum, Moscow.

Iconoclasts: against Icons & Icon Worship

Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts

Codex Page: Rebecca at the Well, Book of Genesis, Vienna Genesis, Syria or Palestine, early 7th century, tempera, gold, silver, purple died vellum, 33.7x25cm, Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna

Codex: Hand written & painted “book” Miniature: Illustration on page Purple Hue: Reserved for Ruling Class Continuous Narrative: One narrative space, separate events of same story -Rebecca 2x in scene 1. Goes to Fetch Water 2. Offers water to Elizier Iconography: Rebecca offers water to Elizier, Abraham’s servant & She becomes wife of Abraham’s son, Isaac

Rebecca Fetches Water

Rebecca offers camel driver water

Byzantine Illuminated Manuscript Influences

Romanesque “Codex”, Monk John,of Worcester Codex, Worchester Chronicle, Worcester, England, c. 1140, ink & tempera on vellum, 32.5 x 23.7cm) Oxford, Corpus Christi College

Book of Kells, Late 8th or early 9th century a.d., inks, pigments, vellum, 32.5 x 24 cm, Trinity College, Dublin

Enthroned Jesus (or Emperor) & Archangel Michael

Carved Ivory diptych, Early 6th century, Byzantine Style, 43.3x 14 cm, British Museum, London

Diptych: 2 hinged panels Carved Ivory (Relief) Political & Religious Propaganda Theory: Possibly for home or church altar Early Mass Cards – names of deceased incised in wax on reverse side & Displayed in church for commemorative services Greek Inscriptions: “Receive these gifts having learned the cause…”

Current Mass Card

Influence from Ancient Greece & Rome

Wax lined “books” or “diptychs”

Christ & Virgin Mary Enthroned Diptych (2 hinged panels)

Carved Ivory Relief Sculptures, Middle of 6 th century, Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin

Harbaville Triptych – Carved Ivory Panels

Front: Christ Enthroned, Mary, St. John Baptist (Deesis) Military, Church Leaders, Saints… Mid 10th century a.d., ivory, originally from Constantinople, now in the Louvre Museum, France

Back: Crucifix, IC/HX/Nika

(“Jesus Christ is Victorious”) vegetation, Saints…

Christian & Byzantine Art Influences Development of Altarpiece Panel Paintings

Proto-Renaissance Siennese Painting: Duccio, Maesta Altarpiece, Sienna Cathedral, 1308-11, tempera & gold on wood, 7’x13’

*Bibliography Beckwith, John. Early Christian and Byzantine Art. London: Penguin Books, 1990. Achtemeier, Paul J. Gen. Ed. Harper’s Bible Dictionary. San Francisco, CA: Harper Collins, 1985. Adams, Laurie S. Art Across Time – Vol. 1: Prehistory to the Fourteenth Century. 4th ed. New York: John Jay

College, 2011. Grabar, Andre. Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins. Washington, D.C.: The National Gallery of Art., 1968. -----. The Golden Age of Justinian: From the Death of Theodosius to the Rise of Islam. New York: Odyssey, 1967. Hall, James. Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art. New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Henig, Martin, ed. A Handbook of Roman Art. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell U.P., 1983. Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Global History. 13 ed. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadworth,

2009. Ling, Roger. Roman Painting. New York: Cambridge U.P., 1991. New Testament Psalms and Proverbs. Nashville, Tennesee: The Gideons International, 2010. Richardson, Lawrence, Jr. A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University

Press, 1992. Stockstad, Marilyn and Michael W. Cothren. Art: A Brief History. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice

Hall. 2010. Vasiliev, A.A. History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Vol. 1. Madison, WI: U. of Wisconsin P., 1984. Von Simson, Otto g. Sacred Fortress: Byzantine Art and Statecraft in Ravenna. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton

U.P., 1987. Weitzmann, Kurt. Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination. New York: George Brazillier, Inc., 1977, 1904. West, Shearer. The Bulfinch Guide to Art History. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1996. Wheeler, Mortimer. Roman Art & Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, 1964.

*Important Notice: 1. Instructor’s presentation is subject to copyright laws. Anyone who either intentionally or unintentionally disseminates, distributes, copies, publishes, barters, sells, trades, or posts presentation, without written permission from the instructor, will be legally prosecuted. 2. Not all content material , related to pertinent visual imagery, is featured within this PowerPoint Presentation. Students are expected to take lecture notes, during class period, as well as refer to course textbook for information pertaining to each visual art form presented in class.

jewish, christian, byzantine art

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