jessica pack's ecological refuge

El RefugioEcologico

Jessica Pack - Senior Project-Vieques Case Study - Professor Buitrago - UGA-CED - LAND 4900 - Spring 2013

AcknowledgmentsProfessor Jose Buitrago: Thank you for your guidance, knowledge, and critiques throughout the process of the completion of this project. Without them, this project would not have seen its full fruition.

CE+D: To the College of Environment + Design, thank you for the prospects you presented to me as a student and for the access to many opportune resources.

Family + Friends: Thank you all so much for the unlimited and constant support and love throughout the duration of not only this semester but also my time as a student at the University of Georgia.

table of contentsIntroduction History.............................................................................................................................................................8-9 Sea grass Mapping........................................................................................................................................10 Endangered Species Mapping.....................................................................................................................11 Interesting Facts........................................................................................................................................12-13 Why are sea grass habitats so important?.............................................................................................14-15Goals + Objectives Barriers, Prospects, Objectives......................................................................................................................18Inventory + Analysis Aerial View.....................................................................................................................................................22 Roads..............................................................................................................................................................23 Streams...........................................................................................................................................................24 Soils..................................................................................................................................................................25 Vegetation Cover..........................................................................................................................................26 Wildlife Refuge...............................................................................................................................................27 Sea grass Cover.............................................................................................................................................28 Coral Cover....................................................................................................................................................29 Constraints......................................................................................................................................................30 Potentials........................................................................................................................................................31Conceptual Design...............................................................................................................................................34-36Final Product Master Plan...............................................................................................................................................40-41 Eco-Camp.................................................................................................................................................42-43 Sustainable Farm......................................................................................................................................44-45 Sea grass Farm..........................................................................................................................................46-47Construction Documentation Grading Plan + Supporting Construction Documents..........................................................................50-53 Lighting Plan + Supporting Construction Documents...........................................................................54-55 Planting Plan + Supporting Construction Documents and Charts......................................................56-59Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................60Image Sources............................................................................................................................................................61

Introduction

1898:Puerto Rico and

Vieques become a territory of the United

States after the Hispanic American

War

Early 1800’s:Coffee plantations

later became an es-tablished sugar cane

industry

1930’s:Sugar can industry declines

possibly due to climate change and the fact that Vieques was becoming a

drier island

Second World War:US Military acquires 72% of land of Vieques for military use. A third of the popula-tion was relocated to St.

Croix and rest of population centers on the Island. Sugar

can industry completely declines.

Research: History8

1978-79:Environmental

destructions becomes apparent to fishing

areas

1980:US Congress

recommends Navy leave Vieques

2003:Navy gives up eastern end which becomes a Fish and

Wildife Reserve. Rrestricted areas remain closed to public due to

clean up needs of possible unexploded ordinances

*See sources in Bibliography

Research: History9

Research: sea grass mapping

high sea grass density

medium sea grass density

low sea grass density

ma

natee grass

turtle

grass

shoal grass

10

ma

na

tee

dwarf seahorse

Research: endangered species mapping

Cuba

DominicanRepublic

Flori-

HaitiPuertoRico

Bahamas

lea

the

rback sea turtle

dwarf seahorse habitat

manatee habitat

leatherback sea turtle habitat


11

Research: Interesting Facts

log

ge

rhea

d sea turtle

Vieques General Information:- Island is a municipality of Puerto Rico- About 7 miles SE of the Puerto Rico mainland- 21 mile long, 4 miles wide- 33,000 sq. acres- Population: about 10,000- 50% unemployment- Nearest hospital is 18 miles away by sea- Toxic chemicals pollute the richness of the valuable ecosystems

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Research: Interesting Facts

ma

na

tee

lea

the

rback sea turtle

gre

en

sea tu

rtle

haw

ksb

ill

sea turtle b

row

n p

elican

Nearly 18,000 acres of the most ecologically diverse

land in the Caribbean protecting 15+ endangered

species

170 species of migratory and resident birds

Cancer rate is 26.9% higher than the

average of Puerto Rico

Historic significance and legacies of

Taino culture and sugar can era


13

Roots Bind Sediments

Inc

rea

se W

ate

r Cla

rity

Shore Birds

Dissolved OrganicMatter

Food Source& Habitat

Habitat

Food Source

Sea grass Habitats

Why are sea grass habitats so important?14

Roots Bind Sediments

De

cre

ase

CO

2 R

ele

ase

Mulch

Food Source& Habitat

Increase Biodiversity

Why are sea grass habitats so important?

Sea grass Facts:- Underwater flowering plants- Rated 3rd most valuable ecosystem globally- Damaged by boats, anchors, pollution, and dredging


15

Goals + Objectives

Barriers

Prospects

Objectives

18

- Toxicity of soil- Potential hazards from Navy’s influence- Necessity to preserve existing pristine landscape; avoid further degradation

- Potential for the establishment of a new Caribbean National Park- Tropical rain forest- Patch and corridor restoration of critical habitat- Clean up toxic soils- Optimal wildlife viewing

- Ecological restoration for key endangered species- Manatee Research Facility- Create an ecological garden of sorts- Small sustainable Eco-Camp- Sustainable Farm- Sea grass Research facility, habitat connection, with farming potential- Renewable on-site energy- Nature activities

inventory + analysis

This is an aerial view of the site. The point at the tip of the island is the place where the Caribbean Ocean and Atlantic Ocean converge. The two larger brown masses are the inter-tidal zones. Here is where the seagrass farm is proposed to be nestled between. The main road that cuts straight through the site will be restored to natural land. This road is not being utilized for The Ecological Refuge. A smaller access road will need to be constructed; however, this will provide a greater sense of arrival to the destination and allow for optimal views. The site selection boundary is close enough to mountainous terrain so hiking will be accessible. There will be boardwalks to the ocean; however, for those who may not be able to walk well, solar powered golf carts will be available for rental so everyone has the ability to access the nearby beaches. Only a few beaches will be accessible by both visitors and locals. This will protect sensitive habitats for many species both endangered and not endangered.

Site Selection Boundary

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Roads

Existing Roads


It was important to designate the existing infrastructure on site. This would minimize development and ensure a less environmentally degrading design by utilizing existing conditions.


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Existing Streams


The streams seen here are not permanent. They merely reappear during wet seasons. However, designating stream locations is always important when designing permanent structures because flood scenarios could prove problematic during flooding occurrences.

streams24

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soils

Mollisols

Inceptisols


The darker soils are unsuitable to build on because they are submerged in water for the most part. It further reinforces where to avoid building.


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Dry Forest

Inland Saltwater

Mangrove and shrub-land

Grassland

Understanding the vegetation cover makes designing more comprehensive. It also allows an understanding on what the landscape may look like without be-ing able to visit the site. The healthy man-groves definitely should be preserved; however, boardwalks though the man-groves that lead to the ocean would be a wonderful design feature.

vegetation cover26

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wildlife refuge

Wildlife Refuge Area

Puerto Rico Conservation Trust

Restricted Area


The Wildlife Refuge is a key feature of TheEcological Refuge. It was important to designate that the majority of the development site was not entirely in the Wildlife Refuge. The development site is about half in the Refuge half in an use able area. The primary development with-ing the Wildlife Refuge is the sea grass farm which would be less of a harmful impact on the environment than more destructive development.


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No Cover

Sea grass Cover: 50% - <90%

Sea grass Cover: 90% - 100%

Mangrove: 50% - <90%

Mangrove: 10% - <50%

Sea grass Cover: 10% - <50%

sea grass cover

Analyzing sea grass cover was really important because it helps delineate proper placement for the sea grass farm.

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coral cover


Coral Cover 0 - <10%

Coral Cover 10% - <50%

It was also important to note coral cover because it reinforces where sea grass is most dominate. Plus it would have allowed for coral restoration possibilities if pertinent information emerged.


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constraints


Moist/ Wet Conditions/Poor Development Area

Restricted Area

Poor Soils

After overlaying all the analysis, the three main constraints were the mollisols, inter-tidal areas, and restricted area. The majority of the restricted area is in the inter-tidal zone so development would not be ideal there regardless. A small portion of the site selection boundary is among the constraints; however, this is the location of the sea grass farm. This location is ideal for this entity because it is already submerged in water which is ideal for sea grass growth.

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potentials


Existing Roads to Utilize

Existing Streams to Utilize as Habitat/ Sea grass Farm

Best Development Location

Because the site boundary is not limited by too many constraints, the potentials are numerous. There is ample existing infrastructure to support development in the site selection boundary. The majority of the site is also located in the best development area. This location is neither disrupting the Wildlife Refuge and avoids the restricted area which is ideal for the safety of visitors and local people.


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Conceptual Design

A: ParkingB: PlazaC: Education CenterD: Eco-CampE: Sustainable FarmF: Sea grass FarmG: Research Center

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A: ParkingB: Wind FarmC: Education CenterD: Eco-CampE: Sustainable FarmF: Sea grass FarmG: Research Center

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A: ParkingB: Wind FarmC: Education CenterD: Eco-CampE: Sustainable FarmF: Sea grass FarmG: Research CenterH: Additional Buildings

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Final Product

master plan

1/4 mile

1/2 mile

1 mile40 Original Scale at 1”= 300’

The Ecological Refuge of Vieques is a rare gem indeed. Nestled among the Wildlife Refuge and Caribbean Ocean, The Ecological Refuge of Vieques becomes a travel destination like no other. This small Eco-resort transforms the Wild-life Refuge into one of the United States first true tropical National Parks. There is a sustainable farm that provides sustenance to both visitors and locals. There is ample lodging so plenty of visitors can enjoy their time on Vieques comfortably. Cars are left behind because the site is meant to be enjoyed by foot or bike so people can enjoy nature fully. However, if a half a mile walk to the beach is too much, there are solar powered golf carts available for rent. One of the most unique features is the sea grass farm located at the top of the site. This design was strategically placed first, then all other program developing stemmed off of this entity. The sea grass farm was the most important feature to design for. Seagrass needs shallow water so they can receive enough sunlight. The current location is placed among Lake Kiani and an inter-tidal zone. Sea grasses can flourish in both salt and fresh water so it is an ideal location to place a farm of this sort. Sea grass ecosystems are imperative habitats to have no only for many species but for the health of oceans as well. They provide significantly high biodiversity and capture carbon dioxide which can help alleviate the effects of climate change. They are also the food source for manatees which areendangered. This farm will provide research opportunities to study this important ecosystem and provide a safe main land habitat for manatees.

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Illustrative View of Mangrove

eco-camp42

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Original Scale at 1”= 60’

Although this site is located among the Wildlife Refuge, part of the program development is to be able to enjoy nature without the necessity of a car. All vehicles are left behind at the parking lot and the view is buffered by native vegetation. One of the first buildings one comes across is the lodge check-in. Most of the lodging facilities are “glamps” which are permanent tent structures with beds or cots inside. There is a shared bathroom facility. There are also as few deluxe lodges that may be rented out. These include 3 rooms, private bath, and kitchen. There is also an on-site dining facility for the travelers. The upper part of this site includes a research camp for students who wish to study abroad particularly in marine science fields. There is a small school and large research building for educational purposes. These can also be utilized to educate the public, both local and travelers. A visitor center is located next to the lodge check-in. Here people can learn all about the site, historical significance, and natural history. Locals are encouraged to visit this site. They may enjoy the restaurants that feature farm fresh foods as well as explore nature for the day.

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A: Manatee FountainB: ParkingC: Outdoor PlazaD: CafeteriaE: Shared Bathroom FacilitiesF: Resort Check-InG: Visitor CenterH: Overlook and Viewing TowerI: Deluxe LodgesJ: Small CampK: Education CenterL: Education CampM: Restaurant with OverlookN: Manatee Research Facility

Illustrative View of Wind farm and Boardwalk

Manatee Fountain

Sea Turtle Flower Berm

sustainable farm44

C

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The sustainable farm is designed to benefit both travelers and locals alike. The intentions behind placing a farm on site is to create a fairly sustainable landscape. Because a majority of the food would not need to travel far, transportation costs and effects will not impact the already sensitive environment on Vieques. Some of the crops will include: Mango, Grapefruit, Soursop, Avocado, Papaya, Banana, Pineapple, Jicama, Chayote Squash, and Yucca Root. All the restaurants on site will utilize the crops fir local cuisine. Visitors and locals may pick the fruits and vegetables as they please and then purchase them at the farmers market/ small grocery

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A: Camp Style Eco-LodgesB: Shared Bathroom FacilitiesC: Wind FarmD: Deluxe LodgesE: Sustainable FarmF: Farmers MarketG: RestaurantH: RentalsI: Adventure Tours, SouvenirJ: Golf Cart, Bike Pick UpK: Restaurant

Sketch of Lodges

B

A

F


sea grass farm46

Sea grass Research

Sea grasses

Sea grasses

Sea grasses

Habitat Corridor

Habitat Corridor

Boardwalk to Beach


The sea grass farm is located between two habitat patches, Lake Kiani and an inter-tidal zone. The purpose of this was to create a corridor between these two patches for many different species. The main animal this development is suited for is manatee. Both manatees and sea grass habitats are endangered or threatened. This development is intended to provide critical habitat for manatees and provide research opportunities for this delicate ecosystem. Visitors will have ample wildlife viewing options as well as boardwalk access to the beach while enjoying this unique environment. Researches for both manatee and sea grass will be able to kayak this area; however, visitors will not be allowed to kayak or swim here because it is a sensitive and protected environment.

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Sea grasses

Sea grasses

Habitat Corridor

Habitat Corridor

Illustrative View of Mangrove

construction

Grading Plan

HP: 20.5’

HP: 20.5’

HP: 22’

HP: 21’

HP: 21’

HP: 21’

FFE:21.5’

FFE:21.5’

FFE:15’

FFE:11.45’

FFE: 8.15’

LP: 18’

LP: 20’

FFE: 18.5’(All Structures)



LP: 14’

LP: 14’

LP: 14’LP: 8.1’

LP: 6’

LP: 6’

6.5’

6.5’

9.8’

9.8’13.1’

13.1’

16.4’

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Grading Plan Details

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Grading Plan Details

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lighting Plan

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55lighting Plan Details

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Planting Plan

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38 Mangifera indica(Mango Tree) @ 30’ O.C.

16 Citrus paradisi(Grapefruit) @ 15’ O.C.

(Starfruit) @ 20’ O.C. 31 Averrhoa carambola L.

48 Persea americana(Avocado Tree) @ 30’ O.C.

(Soursop Tree) @ 30’ O.C.18 Annona muricata

(Papaya) @ 15’ O.C.60 Carica papaya

(Yucca Root) @ 3’ O.C.20 Manihot esculen-

75 Musa acuminata(Banana) @ 20’ O.C.

(Watermelon) @ 6’ O.C.Citrullus lanatus

1411B

11A14

56planting Plan

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Planting Plan

1411A Fruit Tree Planting Detail

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57planting Plan Details

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Fruit Tree Planting Detail + Chart58

Botanical Name Common Name Size Light Requirement Soil Plant Type

Ananas comosus Pineapple About 24” Full Sun Well-drained Terrestrail Herb

Annona muricata Soursop 25-30’ Full Sun Rich, Semi-dry, Well-drained Tree

Averrhoa carambola Starfruit 20-30’ Full Sun Tolerant, Well-drained Tree

Carica papaya Papaya 20-30’ Full Sun Well-drained Large Herb

Citrullus lanatus Watermelon N/A Full Sun Loamy, Fertile, Well-drained Vine-like Stems

Citrus paradisi Grapefruit 15-20’ Full Sun Tolerant Tree

Ipomoea batatas Sweet Potato N/A Full Sun, Partial Shade Sandy, Loamy, Well-drained Perennial

Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato 1’-4” - 6’ Full Sun Sandy, Loamy, Well-drained Annual

Mangifera indica Mango Tree 30-100’ Full Sun Well-drained Tree

Manihot esculenta Yucca Root About 3’ Full Sun Fairly Tolerant Perennial Shrub

Musa acuminata Banana 20-25’ Full Sun Deep, Well-drained Large Herb

Persea americana Avocado 30-60’ Full Sun Tolerant Tree

Psidium guajava Guava 33’ Full Sun Tolerant, Well-drained Tree

Sechium edule Chayote Squash Varies Full Sun, Part Shade Tolerant Perennial

PALM TREE PLANTING1

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Fruit Tree Planting Detail + Chart59

Sustainable Farm Planting Plan (all plants)

Botanical Name Common Name Size Light Requirement Soil Plant Type

Ananas comosus Pineapple About 24” Full Sun Well-drained Terrestrail Herb

Annona muricata Soursop 25-30’ Full Sun Rich, Semi-dry, Well-drained Tree

Averrhoa carambola Starfruit 20-30’ Full Sun Tolerant, Well-drained Tree

Carica papaya Papaya 20-30’ Full Sun Well-drained Large Herb

Citrullus lanatus Watermelon N/A Full Sun Loamy, Fertile, Well-drained Vine-like Stems

Citrus paradisi Grapefruit 15-20’ Full Sun Tolerant Tree

Ipomoea batatas Sweet Potato N/A Full Sun, Partial Shade Sandy, Loamy, Well-drained Perennial

Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato 1’-4” - 6’ Full Sun Sandy, Loamy, Well-drained Annual

Mangifera indica Mango Tree 30-100’ Full Sun Well-drained Tree

Manihot esculenta Yucca Root About 3’ Full Sun Fairly Tolerant Perennial Shrub

Musa acuminata Banana 20-25’ Full Sun Deep, Well-drained Large Herb

Persea americana Avocado 30-60’ Full Sun Tolerant Tree

Psidium guajava Guava 33’ Full Sun Tolerant, Well-drained Tree

Sechium edule Chayote Squash Varies Full Sun, Part Shade Tolerant Perennial

Facts, Figures, General Information Works Cited

“A Brief History of Vieques.” Time for a vacation?. 20 January 2013. <http://casavioleta.zxq.net/text/historyVieques.htm>.

Ansari, Azadeh. “Undersea Bombs Threaten Marine Life.” CNN Tech. 26 February 2009. Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 19 January 2013. < http://articles.cnn.com/2009-02-26/tech/undersea.munitions.cleanup_1_vieques-island-vieques-for-six-decades-bombs?_s=PM:TECH>.

Bermudes, Wanda. “History of Vieques Island, Puerto Rico.” Vieques Island. 1998. 20 January 2013. < http://www.vieques-island.com/history.shtml>.

“Fact Sheet on Vieques, Puerto Rico.” International Action Center. 15 November 1999. 20 January 2013. < http://www.iacenter.org/puertorico/vieques-fact//>.

Kelman, Allison. “Vieques National Wildlife Refuge.” Puerto Rico Parks. 26 May 2011. Orbitz Away LLC. 16 January 2013. <http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/vieques-national-wild-life-refuge-outdoor-pp2-guide-cid358141.html>.

Ruiz-Marrero, Carmelo. “ Vieques Residents Alarmed by Depleted Urnanium Reports.” Common Dreams. 30 January 2001. Copyright 2001 IPS. 10 January 2013. < http://www.commondreams.org/headlines.shtml?/headlines01/0130-03.htm>.

“Sea grass Habitats”. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. 6 February 2013. <http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/seagrass_habitat.htm>. “Seaweed farms and grass”. Sea grass Watch. 6 February 2013. <http://www.seagrasswatch.org/Info_centre/Magazine/pdf/SW_Magazine_Issue39_low_pp12_24.pdf>.

“Vieques National Wildlife Refuge.” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 January 2013. <http://southeast.fws.gov/vieques>.

http://www.naturefoundationsxm.org/education/seagrass/importance_of_seagrass.htm

http://www.seagrasswatch.org/seagrass.html

Inventory and Analysis Works Cited

Aerial View Image: http://maps.google.comRoad Image Source: Google MapsStreams Source: GISSoil Image Source: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htmVegetation Cover Source Image: GISImage Source for Wildlife Refuge: http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/Refuges/maps/Display/Vieques.jpgImage Source for Restricted Zone and PRCT: http://public.lantops-ir.org/sites/public/vieques/West/WestViequesMap_Small.jpgSource for Sea grass Cover: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/explorer/biomapper/biomapper.html?id=ViequesSource for Coral Cover: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/explorer/biomapper/biomapper.html?id=Vieques

Bibliography60

61image sources

Manatee image: https://si0.twimg.com/profile_images/1154237641/BabyManatee.jpgLeatherback turtle image: http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/27/273BB325-6036-47B1-8AE7-310E8434D3A8/Presentation.Large/Male-leatherback-turtle-in-open-ocean.jpgDwarf seahorse image: http://www.tnaqua.org/Libraries/Fish/Dwarf_Seahorse.sflb.ashxGreen sea turtle image: http://www.seaturtles911.org/image/green-seaturtle-1.jpgLoggerhead sea turtle image: http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/blog/EUO_c_OCEANA_Carlos_Suarez_31606_loggerhead.JPGBrown pelican image: http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/IMAGES/Louisiana/brown-pelican-nps.jpgHawksbill sea turtle image: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UhEA0Nz_oZM/TmNvXLUHeZI/AAAAAAAAAas/5FgtlfOnGeg/s1600/Hawksbill-Sea-Tur-tles-Wallpapers-2.jpg

Turtle grass image: http://lh3.ggpht.com/orLdYYevhrbZOS54DacMtgkMY0D52owsv6ckwrdq6Lo9SQDGNWzNRjbGTV_wkJUpmM5fgdQXOUn-6blfa7Plt=s580Manatee grass image: http://lh3.ggpht.com/orLdYYevhrbZOS54DacMtgkMY0D52owsv6ckwrdq6Lo9SQDGNWzNRjbGTV_wkJUpmM5fgdQXOUn-6blfa7Plt=s580Shoal grass image: http://lh5.ggpht.com/Y9Kx3XA5I7O8FC1rnoIumeD6xKkfA-xfNlfJvTvKpF7S8XdFskt5y-KfvQkuc9xwa8R1FqeUKmBPpzRN-Kif3=s1200

Dwarf seahorse map info from image: http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2011/04/bp-vs-dwarf-seahorseLeatherback turtle map info from image: http://www.widecast.org/What/Regional/Nesting.htmlManatee map info from image: http://f9creations.com/creature_crib/endangered/habitat.htmlSeagrass map info from image: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/marine_turtles/lac_marine_turtle_programme/proj-ects/hawksbill_caribbean_english/maps/hawksbill_other_maps/

Fruit Tree Planting Image: http://www.treesofantiquity.com/images/large/tree_plant_LRG.gif

Construction documents: Caddetails.com