jennifer m. shayhome.cc.umanitoba.ca/~ggoldsb/deltamarsh/occasional/02/op2.pdf · a recent study of...

Annotated vascular plant species list for theDelta Marsh, Manitoba and surrounding areaJennifer M. Shay

University of Manitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh)Occasional Publication No. 2

University of Manitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh)Occasional Publication,

Number 2 (September 1999)

Edited by

L. Gordon GoldsboroughUniversity Field Station (Delta Marsh)

ISSN 1491-5154ISBN 0-9686245-0

© 1999, University of Manitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh)

Suggested bibliographic format for this report:

Shay, J.M. 1999. Annotated vascular plant species list for the Delta Marsh,Manitoba and surrounding area. University of Manitoba Field Station(Delta Marsh) Occasional Publication No. 2, Winnipeg, Canada. 52 pp.

Cover drawing of Delta Marsh byJennifer M. Shay.

University of Manitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh)208 Buller BuildingWinnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2Telephone: (204) 474-9297 Fax: (204) 474-7650E-mail: [email protected]: www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/delta_marsh

Annotated vascular plant species list for theDelta Marsh, Manitoba and surrounding area

by

Dr. Jennifer M. ShayDepartment of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

University of Manitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh)Occasional Publication No. 2

September 1999

UFS (Delta Marsh) Occasional Publication No. 2 3

Shay Vascular plant species list for Delta Marsh

Introduction

The Delta Marsh in south central Manitoba(50°11’11” N, 98°24’50” to 50°16’00”, 98°05’00”) isone of the largest, and most important marshes in theCanadian prairies, occupying approximately 15,000 haat the south end of Lake Manitoba (Fig. 1). In 1982, theDelta Marsh was designated as a wetland of internationalimportance under the International Union for theConservation of Nature (IUCN) Ramsar Convention(Gillespie and Boyd 1991) and as a Manitoba HeritageMarsh by a consortium of the Province of Manitoba anda number of non-governmental groups (Anonymous1982, Manitoba NAWMP Technical Committee 1988).The marsh, formed about 2,400 years ago, lies 247.5 masl (above mean sea level) and is composed of a networkof shallow bays connected by winding channels (Walker1965). It is separated from Lake Manitoba by a forestedsand ridge that rises to a maximum height of four meters,and is classified as a lacustrine lagoon marsh (Warnerand Rubec 1997).

The flora of Delta Marsh and the forested ridge wasfirst described by Löve and Löve (1954). Detailedvegetation surveys of several sites throughout the marshwere undertaken by Walker (1959, 1965) who studiedvegetation changes after a period of high water levels.The submerged aquatic vascular plants in the marsh eastof Public Trunk Highway (PTH) 240 were studied byAnderson and Jones (1976). MacKenzie (1982)described the distribution of the trees at the west end ofthe forested ridge and Kenkel (1986) investigated thestructure and dynamics of trees along the forested ridgeeast of Delta Beach. Towards the west end of the marshis an old distributary channel of the Assiniboine River.Oxbow Wood lies in one of its meanders. A species listfor this remnant of riverbottom forest is given in Barkerand Kenkel (1994).

This publication is a comprehensive list of 360 taxabased on these studies and records in the herbaria housedin the Department of Botany at the University ofManitoba (WIN), the Manitoba Museum of Man andNature (MMMN), both located in Winnipeg, Manitoba,and the University Field Station (Delta Marsh)(WINDM) on the southern shore of Lake Manitoba,approximately 1 km west of the Portage Diversion. TheDelta Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Station(formerly the Delta Waterfowl Research Station) had asmall herbarium (DELTA) in the 1960s. It was lateramalgamated with WINDM. The University of Winnipegherbarium (UWPG) does not contain specimens fromDelta (Richard Staniforth, personal communication).Brandon University herbarium has a few specimens ofcommon species but they are not, at present, readilyretrievable (Al Rogosin, personal communication). All

entries indicate in which herbarium a specimen can befound, although some specimen identifications were notconfirmed. A list of taxa that are named in reports forthe area but for which no specimens could be located isgiven at the end of the main list. The list covers the areanorth of PTH 227, bounded by Cram Creek to the westand extends 5.6 km east of PTH 430 to the east (Fig. 1).Early collections occurred mainly east of PTH 240 andon the Delta Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Stationproperty. More recent collections have come from aroundthe University Field Station which was established in1966.

This is a first attempt to compile a species list for theDelta Marsh and surrounding area. The list is current toSeptember 1998. Doubtless, new localities andadditional species will be found. Information on any suchrecords should be sent to Dr. Bruce Ford, HerbariumCurator, Department of Botany, University of Manitoba,Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Fax: (204) 474-7604, e-mail:[email protected].

Area Description

Geology

The Delta Marsh lies within the Lake Manitoba Plainecoregion of Canada (Ecological Stratification WorkingGroup 1995). It is underlain by a sequence of Devonian,Silurian and Ordovician bedrock (Last 1980). Over thisbedrock are Quaternary sediments up to 100 m thick ofglacial, fluvial, and lacustrine origin.

Last (1980) described the postglacial history of itssouthern basin. At the end of the last glaciation around10,000 years ago, Glacial Lake Agassiz covered thesouthern part of the province. A recent study of thesediments in the south basin of Lake Manitoba providea detailed record of the post-glacial conditions (Risberget al. 1999). The oldest part of the sequence wasdeposited in the waters of Lake Agassiz. A low waterphase from 9,000 to 7,000 years BP may have beeninhospitable to aquatic life because of high salinity andturbidity. An abrupt change after 7,700 years BP isrepresented by abundant diatoms, siliceous microfossils,and ostracods. Between 6,000 and 4,000 years BP theAssiniboine River flowed into the south basin of LakeManitoba carrying a heavy load of silt and sand, andreplacing the brackish conditions in the south basin byfreshwater. Subsequent wave action and long shorecounter clockwise currents reworked the delta forminga barrier beach that eventually isolated the Delta Marsh.The sand deposits from the delta are still being movedin an easterly direction. Some time after 3,000 years ago,the Assiniboine River was diverted eastwards into theRed River (Rannie et al. 1989). Remnants of the old

4 UFS (Delta Marsh) Occasional Publication No. 2

Vascular plant species list for Delta Marsh Shay

Figure 1. Diagram of Delta Marsh showing the locations of plant collections mentioned in the text.

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Assiniboine River survive as the Blind Channel. About2,600 years BP differential isostatic rebound and achanging climate led to fresher water in the south basinof the lake (Risberg et al. 1999) and hence in the marsh.

Sproule (1972) described the post-glacial history ofDelta Marsh based on the pollen and macrofossils intwo sediment cores. A radiocarbon date of 2,400 ± 230years was obtained from the bottom of a core ofsediments taken from Cadham Bay (Sproule 1972).Among the taxa identified, the pollen of Potamogeton,Myriophyllum, Typha, Cyperaceae, and Chenopodiaceaewere well represented throughout the pollen record, butthe percentages of these pollen types fluctuateddramatically over time, suggesting several cycles ofwater levels and marsh development (Sproule 1972).

Climate

The climate of the Delta Marsh region is cool to mildcontinental (Weir 1960). Between 1967 and 1990, themean annual temperature was 1.5 °C at the UniversityField Station (Delta Marsh). The mean temperature inJanuary during this period was -19.8 °C and 19.1 °C inJuly (McGinn 1992). Lake Manitoba affects the localclimate by delaying the arrival of spring and prolongingwarm temperatures in the fall. The frost-free seasonaveraged 128 days from 1967 to 1990. Annualprecipitation over the same period averaged 499 mmwith 73% falling as rain between April and October(McGinn 1992). Evaporation, which represents waterloss from ponds and other water bodies in the marsh,exceeds precipitation by 54.4 cm annually (McGinn1992).

Soils

Soils of Delta Marsh are composed of thin, poorlydrained “organic muck and peat” overlying glacialdeposits (Ehrlich et al. 1957). They are broadly classifiedas gleysols and regosols (Walker 1965). The parentmaterial is lacustrine in origin and ranges in texture fromsandy loam to silty clay (Canadian Soil Inventory 1989).Water and soils in the marsh are nutrient-rich(Zbigniewicz 1981, Goldsborough 1995). Clay to siltyclay saline soils occur on the south side of the marsh inthe vicinity of Flee Island (Fig. 1) and in places wheresoil has been excavated, creating shallow “Borrow Pits”.

Soils of the forested ridge are poorly developed sandto sandy loam overlying coarse sand. They are very lowin organic matter and nutrients (MacKenzie 1982,Kenkel 1986), except for depressions where organicmaterial accumulates. The upper portion of the ridge isexcessively drained and lower portions are imperfectlyto poorly drained.

In the Oxbow Wood are Chernozemic Dark GreySoils of the Portage Association composed of a relativelythick layer of leaf litter over a very dark A horizon. Theparent materials are alluvial deposits ranging in texturefrom fine sandy loam to silty clay (Ehrlich et al. 1957).The soils of the Portage la Prairie and WoodlandsCommunity Pastures, and the Lake Francis WildlifeManagement Area are developed on predominantlylimestone boulder till. They belong to the IsafoldAssociation (Rego-Black and Gleyed Carbonated Rego-Black Soils) according to Michalyna and Smith (1972).The surface texture varies from loam to clay loam(Canadian Soil Inventory 1989). Low ridges and swalesare common, with imperfect to moderate drainage onridges and poor drainage in swales (Ehrlich et al. 1957).

Hydrology and vegetation changes

The catchment basin for the Delta Marsh covers64,749 ha (Jones 1978). The main inflow to the southbasin of the Lake Manitoba is the Whitemud River andthe only outflow is the Fairford River which leads intoLake St. Martin and thence to the Dauphin River.

Throughout its history, the marsh has been connectedwith Lake Manitoba by several channels, but over theyears most of these have been purposely blocked or havesilted up. Today, four channels (from east to west:Clandeboye Channel, Delta Channel, Cram Creek, andDeep Creek) remain open, allowing marsh levels tofluctuate with lake levels. In past years of highprecipitation and thus high lake levels, marsh water levelsrose and inundated the vegetation. This flooding lastedseveral years and killed the vegetation. When waterlevels fell, seeds buried in the mud germinated and themarsh was recolonized. Alternating high and low waterperiods have resulted in a cycle of vegetation diebackand renewal that has allowed the marsh to survive in amanner similar to that described by van der Valk (1981).

The most recent period of high water levels in themarsh occurred between 1953 and 1958. During thisperiod approximately 20% of the emergent vegetationwas killed, leaving thousands of hectares of stubble andbare organic muck (Walker 1965, Bossenmaier 1968).Following 1958, when the water fell to normal levels,the exposed muck was rapidly colonized first by dampground annuals and later by the emergent macrophytes,Typha, Phragmites, and Scirpus, and in drier areas byScolochloa (Walker 1965, Shay 1986).

There are two constructions that have affected themarsh making its future somewhat uncertain. The firstis a dam built on the Fairford River in 1961, to stabilizewater levels at the historic mean of 247.5 m asl(Anonymous 1973). Since then, lake fluctuations havebeen reduced from 2.1 to 0.6 meters. This has virtually



eliminated flooding and drying cycles, resulting in a rapidexpansion of emergent vegetation throughout the marsh(Shay 1986). Without water level fluctuations thatresemble those in the past, the marsh is likely to fill inwith vegetation (Goldsborough 1983, 1987, Shay 1986).

The second is the Portage Diversion, completed in1969 to reduce flooding in the lower Assiniboine Rivervalley by carrying flood water from the river to LakeManitoba. Its construction blocked Cram Creek, one ofthe major channels that carried spring run-off from thewest side of the marsh to the lake. When in use, theDiversion, which flows into the lake with a potential of25,000 cubic feet per second, carries a load of sediment(Last 1980), debris, and agricultural chemicals to thelake.

Recent disturbance history and human influence

Apart from floods and droughts, the major naturaldisturbance in the marsh and its associated habitats isfire. Fires have historically been common in the marsh.Under dry conditions, Phragmites is extremelyflammable and fires spread rapidly, especially whenfanned by a brisk wind. The most recent fires, eachseveral hundred hectares in extent, occurred in October1990 and August 1991. Another fire in April 1991 burnedthe extreme northern section of Oxbow Wood (Barkerand Kenkel 1994).

Humans have influenced the marsh since the late 19th

century. In 1897, a railway was built to what is now theDelta Beach (Table 1). In the early 1900s, this convenientform of transportation brought people from Portage laPrairie and Winnipeg to Delta to enjoy the sandy beacheson Lake Manitoba. Since the turn of the century, manycottages have been built on the forested ridgeoverlooking the lake, and the marsh has been used forrecreation, as well as hunting, trapping, and fishing(Bossenmaier 1968).

The Delta Waterfowl Research Station wasestablished in 1938 east of Delta Beach to carry outwaterfowl research. In 1965, the University of Manitobaleased the Bain Estate at the west end of the marsh fromthe Province of Manitoba and developed the UniversityField Station (Delta Marsh) as a teaching and researchcentre. West of the field station is the Portage CountryClub property. There are roads to access all thesefacilities, and a road that runs almost the entire length ofthe ridge. Invasive weed species are commonly foundalong these roadways and the Portage Diversion. At TinTown and Flee Island, south of Simpson and Lyttle Bays,are two groups of buildings used in the hunting seasonand accessed via road allowances.

Vegetation Habitats

Lakeshore

Since water levels in Lake Manitoba have beenregulated, the lakeshore has been subject to a narrowrange of water levels but there is considerable wavescouring by wind tides. Potamogeton pectinatus, P.vaginatus, and P. richardsonii are found in the shallowwater and at various slightly protected places along thewater’s edge. Scirpus acutus, S. pungens, Eleocharisacicularis, E. palustris, E. erythropoda, Phragmitesaustralis, Juncus balticus, Sagittaria latifolia, andRanunculus cymbalaria are also found.

Among the widespread species on drift lines and atthe upper beach reaches are Lathyrus japonicus, Lycopusasper, Leymus innovatus, Elytrigia repens, Osmorhizalongistylis, Polygonum amphibium, P. lapathifolium,Cirsium arvense, and Urtica dioica (Fig. 2).

Forested Ridge

The forested ridge consists of a series of undulatingsand ridges. Depressions between the ridges haveaccumulated organic material and are poorly drained.On the upper part of the beach and on the south side ofthe forested ridge, there is a zone of Salix exigua. In thiszone, Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Acer negundoseedlings and saplings are common. On the higherportions of the ridge, mature trees of Acer negundo,Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Populus deltoides, and Salixamygdaloides form the overstory (MacKenzie 1982,Kenkel 1986). Celtis occidentalis and Ulmus americanaare found occasionally. The forested ridge is thenorthernmost occurrence of C. occidentalis, which isdisjunct from its main distribution in the eastern UnitedStates (Burns and Honkala 1990). Prunus virginiana,Sambucus racemosa, Ribes americanum, Cornussericea, and Rubus idaeus grow in the understory. Theherb layer in some areas is sparse, althoughParthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans,Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum stellatum , Osmorhizalongistylis, and Carex assiniboinensis are widespread.Patches of Urtica dioica and Arctium lappa dominategaps and disturbed areas on the ridge.

Vegetation in depressions includes Bidens cernua,Carex retrorsa, Typha latifolia, Galium trifidum,Impatiens capensis, Sparganium eurycarpum,Polygonum punctatum, Mentha canadensis, Urticadioica, Thelypteris palusris and many other speciescharacteristic of moist sites (Walker 1965).



Table 1. Approximate UTM coordinates (Zone 14, NAD83; ± 10 m accuracy) for plant collection sites.

Site Easting (m) Northing (m) Comment

22 Landing 556980 5560650 end of pointAikins Bay 555330 5561810 centerBell Lodge 550910 5560070 site of buildingsBlackfox Lake 557900 5560730 centerBlind Channel 543170 5558300 off from cut to Forster’s BayBluebill Bay 561600 5560230 centerBorrow Pits (Saline Pond) 544590 5558510 centerCadham Bay 550900 5558430 centerCenter Marsh 547230 5558110 centerCherry Ridge 551630 5559140 north of Pitblado’s ChannelChimney Marsh 559100 5563830 location of chimneyClair Lake 559770 5562440 centerClandeboye Bay 563930 5565480 centerCooks Creek 554580 5560580 center of channel on north-south axisCram Creek 541770 5559690 mouth of creekCrescent Pond 542460 5559300 centerDelta Beach 548580 5559620 site of old railway station west of Delta channelDWWRS 548950 5559560 site of adminstration buildingsEaglenest Creek 546760 5559410 where mouth to lake would be if it existedFlee Island 559150 5557390 1 mile east of Tin Town (no buildings visible)Forster’s Bay 542690 5558780 centerGadwell Bay 560760 5562620 centerHuddlestone 549000 5555740 on site of public wellInkster Farm Road 546170 5556210 where north-south road enters treesJackfish Pond 561460 5564950 centerJohnson Lake 561320 5558350 centerLake #2 557820 5562120 centerLake #2 (Home Bay) 556850 5558170 centerLake #3 556760 5561660 centerLyttle Bay 557610 5559050 centerOxbow Wood 545790 5556970 by nature trail (north side)Poplar Pools 555520 5555510 center, if pond still existedPortage Country Club 543910 5559280 site of clubhousePortage Creek 553610 5556690 south of mouth, second bendPortage Creek Bay 554770 5556930 centerPortage Diversion 544880 5559360 mouth of diversionSchool Bay 548450 5558060 center between two existing ponds todaySimpson Bay 554830 5558540 centerSlack’s Bluff 549510 5555580 southeast cornerSouix Pass 565400 5567930 east of Ducks Unlimited dikeSt. Mark’s Lake 564160 5561090 centerThe Gap 551930 5559940 mouthThe Pass 551490 5560250 east of Bell buildingsTin Town 557510 5557460 center of villageTwin Lakes (Lake #4) 557820 5562120 centerUniversity Field Station 544150 5559330 Mallard LodgeWaterhen Bay 563510 5563150 center



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Typha spp.

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Sand dunes

At the eastern end of the forested ridge towardsClandeboye Bay the beach ridge is wider than at thewestern end, and there are active dunes. In a number ofplaces east of Chimney Marsh (Fig. 1), the vegetation issparse and sand movement occurs. Here Celtisoccidentalis is more common, together with Prunusvirginiana, Ribes americanum, and Rosa blanda. Theherb stratum includes Lathyrus japonicus, Elymuslanceolatus, E. canadensis, Artemisia biennis,Astragalus bisulcatus, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Erysimumcheiranthoides, and Agrostis stolonifera, species that cantolerate xeric conditions.

Meadows

At various places along the ridge, there are grassyopenings, and in the neighbourhood of Clandeboye Bay,quite extensive meadows. Such habitats are characterizedby Elytrigia repens, Elymus trachycaulus, Sporoboluscryptandrus, Elymus canadensis, Panicum capillare,Astragalus canadensis, Chenopodium berlandieri,Artemisia biennis, Asclepias speciosa, and Arabisdivaricarpa (Walker 1965).

Roadsides and trails

Roadsides, like the one that follows the south sideof the forested ridge, have a flora containing introducedspecies such as Bromus inermis, Arctium minus, Cirsiumarvense, and Sonchus arvensis. Among the native speciesare Rubus idaeus, Rosa blanda, Prunus virginiana,Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium, Echinocystis lobata,Vicia americana, and Polygonum convolvulus.

Marsh

Water depths in the marsh are usually less than ameter, but reach a maximum of about 3 meters (Macaulay1973). The nutrient-rich, shallow water supports aluxuriant growth of submerged aquatic plants dominatedby Potamogeton pectinatus. Myriophyllum sibiricum,Ceratophyllum demersum, and Utricularia macrorhizaare also widespread (Anderson and Jones 1976).Zannichellia palustris and Ruppia cirrhosa are morerestricted, being found mostly in the eastern part of themarsh.

Scirpus acutus borders open water and also formssmall islands. Typha x glauca and Phragmites australisoccur in large monodominant stands in shallow waterand along shorelines throughout the marsh. Scolochloafestucacea with lesser amounts of Carex atherodescharacterizes areas inundated in spring that dry outduring the summer.

Löve and Löve (1954) stated that the Delta Marshshorelines were dominated by the emergent macrophytePhragmites australis, and this was true when vegetationwas re-established after the high water period of the late1950s (Walker 1959, 1965). In 1977, P. australis andTypha latifolia both covered about 350 ha of the shorelinein Centre Marsh (Shay 1977) (Fig. 1). By 1980, however,there was evidence of a shift from Phragmites to Typhathroughout the marsh (Shay 1986, de Geus 1987). Thisshift was concurrent with the increasing dominance ofTypha x glauca, the hybrid of the parental species T.latifolia and T. angustifolia (Shay 1986, Waters and Shay1990). Unlike its parents, T. x glauca seed can germinatein water up to 15 cm deep (Bedish 1967) and tolerates agreater range of water depths than both of the parentalspecies (Waters and Shay 1990). It possesses acombination of competitive advantages derived from theparental species; the vigorous vegetative habit of T.latifolia, and the deep-water tolerance of T. angustifolia(Waters and Shay 1990). It is therefore an aggressiveand successful competitor that has rapidly expanded tobecome the dominant species in the marsh.Goldsborough and Zbigniewicz (1990) found that plantsgrowing west of the Diversion generally had features ofthe hybrid namely wide leaves resembling T. latifoliaand monad pollen resembling T. angustifolia. There was,however, considerable morphological variationsuggesting that there may be mixed stands of the parentalspecies interspersed with the hybrid (Waters 1989,Goldsborough and Zbigniewicz 1990). In a study of theregeneration of vegetation after fire in the marsh,Greenall (1995) reported that Typha x glauca was theonly species of Typha found in his study area at the westend of the marsh.

Other species found on marsh shores includeRanunculus sceleratus, Eupatorium maculatum, Bidensfrondosa, Epilobium ciliatum, Stachys palustris, Menthacanadensis, and Teucrium canadense. Soils on the southside of the marsh are more saline than those on the north,particularly saline are the areas east of Portage Creekand around Tin Town and Flee Island in periodicallyflooded wet meadows (Walker 1965). In these sitesTypha spp. and Phragmites australis border the openwater in the bays and in places are joined by Scirpusacutus. Widespread species include Ranunculussceleratus, R. cymbalaria, Brachyactis ciliata, Hordeumjubatum, Puccinellia nuttalliana, Suaeda calceoliformis,Glaux maritima, Rumex maritimus, Scirpus maritimus,Salicornia rubra, Scolochloa festucacea, Atriplexlittoralis, Chenopodium rubrum, and Eleocharispalustris. In the most saline places there is no vegetationbut Puccinellia nuttalliana, Triglochin maritimum,Salicornia rubra, and Suaeda calceoliformis are foundnearby.



Borrow Pits

The Portage Diversion originates at Portage la Prairieand transverses the marsh northward into Lake Manitoba.During its construction in 1968, soil was ‘borrowed’ fromthe marsh to build up the dyke on the west side. This lefta series of shallow ponds which are extremely salinebecause of the upwelling of saline groundwater. Thesebrackish ponds are surrounded by saline clay mudflats.The halophytes found here include Scirpus maritimusin and around water filled depressions, with Salicorniarubra, Suaeda calceoliformis, Puccinellia nuttalliana,Elytrigia repens, and Hordeum jubatum in slightly drierplaces.

Oxbow Wood

On the east side of the Diversion and approximately2 km south of Lake Manitoba is the Oxbow Wood, anarea at a slightly higher elevation (approximately 250 masl) than the marsh. It is a remnant of river bottom forestin an oxbow of a channel that once drained theAssiniboine River into Lake Manitoba. Fraxinuspennsylvanica and Acer negundo dominate the overstorybut numerous large specimens of Quercus macrocarpaare found on slightly higher ground that is less prone tospring flooding. Ulmus americana and Populus deltoidesare occasionally encountered but Celtis occidentalis andTilia americana are rare. Tall shrubs are generally sparseexcept in openings where Corylus americana, with lesseramounts of C. cornuta, are dominant. Amelanchieralnifolia, Prunus virginiana, Viburnum lentago, Rubusidaeus, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, and Rosa spp. arecommon. The herb layer in the understory is rich. Itsflora includes Aralia nudicaulis, Carex assiniboinensis,Actaea rubra, Amphicarpa bracteata, Galium spp.,Osmorhiza longistylis, with the locally abundantRudbeckia laciniata and Matteuccia struthiopteris.Trillium cernuum, Aquilegia canadensis, Phrymaleptostachya, and Cypripedium calceolus are also found(Barker and Kenkel 1994).

Tall grass prairie

On the east side of Delta Marsh, the landscape istypical of the aspen parkland region – remnant areas oftall grass prairie interspersed with aspen bluffs. Manyprairie remnants have been heavily impacted by cattlegrazing and haying. A few well-preserved remnants arein the Portage la Prairie and Woodlands CommunityPastures, under the jurisdiction of their respectivemunicipalities, and in the Lake Francis WildlifeManagement Area (WMA) just east of St. Ambroise,Manitoba, managed by the Manitoba Department of

Natural Resources. Approximately 15% of the herbariumrecords represent plants found in the community pasturesand similar sites.

The Portage and Woodlands Community Pastureshave a number of grasses, herbs, and shrubs typical ofthe tall grass prairie, such as Schizachytrium scoparium,Andropogon gerardi, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Elymustrachycaulus, Lilium philadelphicum, Zigadenuselegans, Geum triflorum, Anemone cylindrica, Monardafistulosa, Galium boreale, Pediomelum argophyllum,Liatris ligulistylis, Astragalus canadensis, Daleapurpurea, D. candida, Solidago rigida, Aster ericoides,A. laevis, Amorpha nana, Elaegnus commutata, andRosa spp.

Methods

There are herbarium specimens for all the specieson this list. They are drawn from the collections madeby (1) D. and A. Löve (1954) who worked in the marshand surrounding area, mainly east of PTH 240, (2) J. M.Walker (1959, 1965) who collected throughout the marshbut mainly east of the Diversion, (3) students who workedmainly around the University Field Station, and (4)miscellaneous collections from elsewhere in the area. Icontacted the curators of the herbaria at the Departmentof Botany (WIN) and the University Field Station (DeltaMarsh) (WINDM) at the University of Manitoba; theDepartments of Biology at the University of Winnipegand Brandon University, and the Manitoba Museum ofMan and Nature (MMMN). I verified the presence ofall the WIN and WINDM specimens. Specimens in thislist are housed in WIN, WINDM, and MMMN. Therewas no concerted effort to survey the area specificallyfor this project. In the future many species willundoubtedly be added to the list.

The species are listed in alphabetical order by family.Nomenclature follows Kartesz (1994) with Scoggan(1978-79) given as synonyms. Varieties and forms ofspecies are recognized, where appropriate. Scientific andcommon names are given for each species and whetherit is native or introduced. The common names come fromScoggan (1978-79), Looman and Best (1979), and Alex(1980). Distributions are noted as either widespread orlocal, local implying that a species occurs in only one ortwo restricted locations. Frequency of occurrence is asubjective assessment and, where known, is indicatedby abundant, frequent, occasional or rare.

Approximate Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)coordinates (Zone 14, NAD83, ±10 m accuracy) for plantcollection sites were determined from a base map(August 1997) of Delta Marsh in a GeographicInformation System (Goldsborough, unpublished data).A list of these is given in Table 1.



Species List - with voucher specimens

ACERACEAE MAPLE FAMILY

Acer negundo L. Manitoba mapleNative. Perennial. Widespread in the forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. West Beach sand dune. Beach ridge,roadside, University Field Station. Moist woods. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

ACORACEAE (=Araceae) SWEETFLAG FAMILY

Acorus calamus L. Sweet flagAn early introduction from Eurasia. Perennial. No location given. (WINDM). This taxon is unlikely to occurin the marsh or surrounding area. The native species is A. americanus (Raf.) Raf. (= A. calamus auct. non L.)

ALISMATACEAE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY

Alisma gramineum Lej. Water-plantainNative. Perennial. Locally frequent. Borrow pit, Diversion. (WIN)

Alisma triviale Pursh. (A. triviale Pursh. and A. plantago-aquatica L. var. americanum Schultes & Schultes)Common water plantain

Native. Perennial. Locally abundant. Dried slough, roadside ditch. Borrow Pit. Portage Diversion. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon ArrowheadNative. Perennial. Widespread. Shallow water, along marsh shores. Lakeshore, 6 km east of Delta. North endof Portage Diversion. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. ArrowheadNative. Perennial. Shallow water, sloughs and ditches throughout the marsh. St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTH FAMILY

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson (A. graecizans auct. non L.) (Tumbleweed)Native. Annual. Occasional. Lakeshore driftline. Roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot pigweedTropical America. Annual. Occasional. Lakeshore driftline, disturbed roadsides, St. Ambroise. (WIN,WINDM)

ANACARDIACEAE CASHEW FAMILY

Toxicodendron radicans P. Mill. (Rhus radicans L.) Poison ivyNative. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant in disturbed parts of the forested ridge, in clearings and along theforest edge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

APOCYNACEAE DOGBANE FAMILY

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbaneNative. Perennial. Widespread. Edges of the forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

Apocynum cannabinum L. (same in Scoggan but A. sibiricum Jacq. in WINDM) Indian hempNative. Perennial. Occasional. Edges of the forested ridge at east end. (WIN, WINDM)

ARALIACEAE GINSENG FAMILY

Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparillaNative. Perennial. Widespread on moist, sandy soil throughout the forested ridge, and in Oxbow Wood. (WIN,WINDM)

ASCLEPIADACEAE MILKWEED FAMILY

Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp-milkweedNative. Perennial. Local. Occasional. Lakeshore driftlines, exposed sandy places, and wet ground in forestedridge. (WIN, WINDM)



Asclepias ovalifolia Dcne. MilkweedNative. Perennial. Local. St. Ambroise prairie. (WIN)

Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy milkweedNative. Perennial. Widespread. Occasional. Forested ridge roadside, sand dunes, lakeshore. Portage Creek.(WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweedNative. Perennial. Occasional. Roadsides and meadows, Tin Town. (WIN)

ASTERACEAE (=Compositae) SUNFLOWER FAMILY

Achillea millefolium L. (A. millefolium var. occidentalis DC. and A. millefolium L. var. lanulosa (Nutt.)Piper) Common yarrowNaturalized from Europe. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Occasional. Meadows and roadsides. OxbowWood. South of Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Achillea sibirica Ledeb. YarrowNative. Perennial. Local. Occasional. University Field Station. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. False dandelionNative. Perennial. Occasional. Road to Poplar Pools. (WIN, WINDM)

Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. (Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville) SandburNative. Annual. Rare. Forested ridge, 10 km east of Delta village. (WIN)

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Desc. Common ragweedNative. Annual. Occasional. Edge of the forested ridge. (WIN)

Ambrosia coronopifolia T.&G. (A. psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia (T.&G.) Farw.) Perennial ragweedNative. Perennial. Occasional. Well drained area of Borrow Pit, stabilized sand dune. Prairie roadside, southof Cadham Bay. (WIN, WINDM)

Antennaria microphylla Rydb. (A. rosea Greene var. nitidla (Greene) Breitung.) Rosy everlastingNative. Perennial. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Arctium lappa L. Great burdockEurasian. Biennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, roadsides. Eaglenest Creek. (WIN, WINDM)

Arctium minus Bernh. Common burdockEurasian. Facultative biennial or short-lived perennial. Abundant. Edge of the forested ridge, roadsides anddisturbed places. (WIN, WINDM)

Arctium tomentosum Mill. BurdockEurasian. Biennial. Rare. Forested ridge roadsides. (WIN)

Artemisia absinthium L. AbsintheEurasian. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, roadsides. Borrow Pits. (WIN, WINDM)

Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial wormwoodNative. Biennial. Widespread. Frequent. Disturbed roadside, sandy openings in the forested ridge. (WIN)

Artemisia dracunculus L. TarragonNative. Perennial. Occasional. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Artemisia frigida Willd. Prairie-sagewortNative. Perennial. Widespread. Prairie, sandy roadsides. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana (A. ludoviciana Nutt. var. latifolia (Bess.) T.&G., and var.gnaphalodes (Nutt.) T.&G.) White sageNative. Perennial. Widespread. Prairie on forested ridge at The Pass. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN,WINDM)



Aster ciliolatus Lindl. AsterNative. Perennial. Locally abundant in Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

Aster ericoides L. var. pansus (Blake) Boivin Heath asterNative. Perennial. Widespread. Prairie, openings in forested ridge, meadows near Oxbow Wood, St. Ambroise.(WIN)

Aster falcatus Lindl. var. commutatus (T.&G.) Boivin (A. ericoides L. var. commutatus (T.&G.) Boivin)Heath aster

Native. Perennial. Rare. 3 km south of Delta Beach. Huddlestone railroad prairie. Oxbow Wood. (WIN,WINDM)

Aster laevis L. AsterNative. Perennial. Widespread. Occasional. Prairie roadsides and ditches. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN,WINDM)

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Calico asterNative. Perennial. Occasional. Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

Aster novae-angliae L. New England asterNative. Perennial. Local. Roadside ditch at Slack’s Bluff. (WIN)

Aster lanceolatus Willd. ssp. lanceolatus var. lanceolatus (A. simplex Willd.) AsterNative. Perennial. Widespread. University Field Station. Delta Waterfowl Station, disturbed areas, BorrowPits, lakeshore driftlines, south of Huddlestone railroad. Whitetop meadows. (WIN, WINDM)

Bidens cernua L. Stick-tightNative. Annual. Widespread. Marsh shores, depressions in the forested ridge. Abundant when water levels arefalling. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Bidens frondosa L. Beggar-ticksNative. Annual. Widespread. Drying marsh shores. Forested ridge in moist depressions. (WIN, WINDM)

Bidens vulgata Greene Beggar-ticksNative. Annual. Occasional. Depressions in the forested ridge, marsh shores. (WIN, WINDM)

Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. angusta (Lindl.) A.G.Jones (Aster laurentianus Fern. in Scoggan, A.laurentianus and A. brachyactis Blake in herbaria) Rayless AsterNative. Annual. Widespread. Abundant. Saline wet meadows, drawdown marsh shores, Borrow Pits, PortageCreek. (WIN, WINDM)

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistleEurasian. Perennial. Widespread and abundant. Forested ridge roadsides, wet meadows, waste places andfields. Huddlestone. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur Flodman’s thistleNative. Biennial. Occasional. Prairie, Flee Island. Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis (Erigeron canadensis L.) Horse-weedNative. Annual. Locally frequent. Disturbed sites in the forested ridge, lakeshore. (WIN, WINDM)

Crepis tectorum L. Hawk’s-beardEurasian. Annual. Occasional. Forested ridge roadside, Oakland. (WIN, WINDM)

Erigeron asper Nutt. FleabaneNative. Annual. Meadows, moist places, Oakland. South of Cadham Bay. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN,WINDM)

Erigeron glabellus Nutt. FleabaneNative. Perennial. Rare. Moist open ground, Tin Town. (WIN)

Erigeron philadelphicus L. FleabaneNative. Biennial or short-lived perennial. Widespread. Wet meadow, forested ridge. Lakeshore. (WIN,WINDM)



Eupatorium maculatum L. var. maculatum (E. purpureum L. var. maculatum (L.)Darl.) Joe-Pye-weedNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Wet meadows, margins of the forested ridge, lakeshore driftlines.(WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Euthamia graminifolia var. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.) GoldenrodNative. Perennial. Frequent. Lakeshore driftline and the forested ridge. St. Ambroise, Woodlands CommunityPasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Gaillardia aristata Pursh GaillardiaNative. Perennial. Occasional. Prairie, Lake Francis. (WIN)

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal GumweedNative. Biennial. Widespread. Abundant along Portage Diversion bank. Roadsides. Huddlestone railroadprairie. (WIN)

Helianthus giganteus L. SunflowerNative. Perennial. Local. Forested ridge roadside. (WIN)

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. subrhomboides (Rydb.) O.Spring & E.Schilling (Helianthus x laetiflorusPers. var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern.) (Sunflower)Native. Annual. Dry, sandy meadows, roadsides. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM).

Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. SunflowerNative. Perennial. Locally abundant. Dry meadows, Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Helianthus nuttallii T.&G. SunflowerNative. Perennial. Dry meadow, edge of Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. Ox-eyeNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Edge of the forested ridge, Portage Creek, Woodlands CommunityPasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Heterotheca villosa (Pursch) Shinners var. villosa (Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt.) Golden asterNative. Perennial. Widespread. Roadsides, prairie. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN)

Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Marsh-elderNative. Annual. Widespread, frequent. Roadsides, disturbed places along Huddlestone railroad. St. Ambroise.(WIN, WINDM)

Lactuca serriola L. (L. scariola L.) Prickly lettuceEurasian. Occasional. Edge of Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

Lactuca tatarica (L.) Mey. (same in Scoggan, but also as L. pulchella (Pursh) D.C. in herbaria.) LettuceNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Lakeshore drift lines, wet meadows, roadsides. Portage Creek, PTH227. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) Ox-eye-daisyEurasian. Perennial. Occasional. Forested ridge, roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Liatris ligulistylis (Nels.) Schum. Blazing-starNative. Perennial. Occasional. Prairies, Woodland Community Pasture, St. Ambroise. Huddlestone railroadprairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Matricaria discoidea DC. (M. matricarioides auct. non (Less.) Porter) Pineapple-weedEurasian. Annual. Widespread. Roadsides. Blind Channel. (WIN, WINDM)

Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray Sweet coltsfootNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Meadows. (WIN, WINDM)

Prenanthes alba L. Rattlesnake-rootNative. Perennial. Rare. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)



Prenanthes racemosa Michx. ssp. multiflora Cronq. (P. racemosa Michx.) Rattlesnake-rootNative. Perennial. Rare. St. Ambroise Community Pasture. (WIN)

Rudbeckia hirta L. (same in Scoggan, but R. serotina Nutt. in herbaria) Black-eyed SusanNative. Biennial or short-lived perennial. Widespread in prairies. St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Rudbeckia laciniata L. ConeflowerNative. Perennial. Abundant in Oxbow Wood. Occasional in the forested ridge. Poplar Pools. St. Ambroise.(WIN, WINDM)

Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. Marsh-fleabaneNative. Annual or biennial. Widespread and abundant in drawdowns and drying marsh shorelines, PortageDiversion. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Senecio integerrimus Nutt. GroundselNative. Perennial. Occasional. Wet meadows. (WIN)

Solidago canadensis L. var. gilvocanescens Rydb. (also as S. lepida Ait. var. molina Fern. in herbarium)Canada goldenrod

Native. Perennial. Lakeshore driftline, Slack’s Bluff, immediately south of Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Solidago gigantea Ait. GoldenrodNative. Perennial. Occasional. Edges of the forested ridge, roadsides. Marsh near Delta Waterfowl Station,Hydro right of way. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. GoldenrodNative. Perennial. Occasional. Dry meadow near Oxbow Wood. Sandy bank near Portage Creek. (WIN)

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. GoldenrodNative. Perennial. Occasional. Dry meadows, Portage Creek. (WIN, WINDM)

Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin (Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T.&G.) White upland asterNative. Perennial. Woodlands Community Pasture, St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Solidago rigida L. GoldenrodNative. Perennial. Locally abundant. Prairie, St. Ambroise, Woodlands Community Pasture. Huddlestonerailroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Sonchus arvensis L. ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman (S. arvensis L. var. glabrescens Geunth.,Grab.&Wimm.)Field-sow-thistle

European. Annual. Widespread. Sandy roadsides, heavy wet soil, dry upland meadows, the forested ridgeroadsides. Disturbed gravel near Borrow Pits. (WIN, WINDM)

Sonchus oleraceus L. Common-sow-thistleEurasian. Annual. Local. Frequent. Roadsides east of Delta Beach, marsh shores. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Tanacetum vulgare L. Common tansyEurasian. Perennial. Local, frequent. Oxbow Wood margins. (WIN)

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Common dandelionEurasian. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Roadsides, disturbed areas, the forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Tragopogon dubius Scop. (same in Scoggan, but also T. major Jacq. in herbaria) Goat’s-beardEuropean. Perennial. Occasional. Abandoned railroad at Huddlestone, roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Trimorpha acris (L.) Nesom var. asteroides (Andrz. ex Bess.) Nesom (Erigeron acris L.) FleabaneNative. Biennial. Widespread. Roadsides, shores. (WIN)

Xanthium strumarium L. CockleburNative. Annual. Lakeshore driftlines, roadsides, moist ground. (WIN)



BALSAMINACEAE TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY

Impatiens capensis Meerb. Spotted-touch-me-notNative. Annual. Local. Occasional. Depressions at the edges of the forested ridge and Oxbow Wood. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

BETULACEAE BIRCH FAMILY

Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill (A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh) Green alderNative. Perennial. Occasional. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Corylus americana Walt. American hazelNative. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, and Oakland. (WIN, WINDM)

Corylus cornuta Marsh. Beaked hazelnutNative. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY

Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz var. americana (Gray) Fern.&Johnston (H. americana (Gray) Fern.)Nodding stickseed

Native. Perennial. Forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. (L. myosotis Moench in Scoggan, L. echinata Gilib. in WINDM)Bluebur

Native. Annual. Widespread. Forested ridge. (WINDM)

Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary PuccoonNative. Perennial. Local. Dry meadows on south side of marsh, Lake Francis WMA. Huddlestone railroadprairie. (WIN, WINDM)

CAMPANULACEAE BLUEBELL FAMILY

Campanula rotundifolia L. HarebellNative. Perennial. Widespread. Oakland, Lake Francis roadsides. South of Cadham Bay. (WIN, WINDM)

Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale-spike-lobeliaNative. Annual. Local. Occasional. Woodlands Community Pasture. St. Ambroise. (WIN)

CANNABACEAE HEMP FAMILY

Humulus lupulus L. Common hopNative. Perennial. Local. Forested ridge, thickets in wet meadows. Roadsides. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michx.) House Red-berried elderNative. Perennial. Widespread in the forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake SnowberryNative. Perennial. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. WolfberryNative. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant along edges of the forested ridge, slightly elevated meadow south ofthe University Field Station. Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. MooseberryNative. Perennial. Local. Occasional. Oxbow Wood, Inkster farm road. (WINDM)

Viburnum lentago L. NannyberryNative. Perennial. Widespread. Oxbow Wood, Portage Creek, south of PTH 227. (WINDM)

Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Ait. Guelder-roseNative. Perennial. Oxbow Wood. PTH 227, west of Portage Creek. PTH 227, near Oakland. (WIN)



CARYOPHYLLACEAE PINK FAMILY

Cerastium arvense L. Field chickweedNative. Perennial. Occasional. Oakland. (WIN)

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl (Arenaria lateriflora L.) Grove-sandwortNative. Perennial. Widespread on the forested ridge. Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Silene cserei Baumg. CampionEuropean. Biennial. Local. Occasional. PTH 240, 4.5 km south of Delta Beach. (WIN)

Spergularia salina J. & K. var. salina (S. marina (L.) Griseb.) Sand-spurreyNative. Annual. Widespread on south side of the marsh. In Portage Diversion, Borrow Pits, Portage Creek, TinTown. Alkaline meadows. (WIN, WINDM)

Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. ChickweedNative. Perennial. Widespread. Damp meadows in the forested ridge and Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Stellaria longipes Goldie ChickweedNative. Perennial.Occasional. Edges of the forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Vaccaria hispanica (P. Mill) Rauschert (Saponaria vaccaria L.) Cow-cockleEuropean. Annual. Local along roadsides. (WIN)

CELASTRACEAE STAFF-TREE FAMILY

Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweetNative. Perennial. Local on the forested ridge east of the Delta Waterfowl Station. Roadside thicket. Opencanopy in Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

CERATOPHYLLACEAE HORNWORT FAMILY

Ceratophyllum demersum L. HornwortNative. A rootless perennial. Widespread. Shallow water throughout the marsh in open bays and sloughs.(WIN, WINDM)

CHENOPODIACEAE GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

Atriplex littoralis L. (A. patula L. var. littoralis (L.) Gray) SpearscaleNative. Annual. Local. Wet meadows, Delta Waterfowl Station. (WIN, WINDM)

Atriplex nuttallii S.Wats. MoundscaleNative. Annual. Occasional. Wet meadows and in Borrow Pit. (WINDM)

Atriplex patula L. SpearscaleNative. Annual. Widespread in drawdown conditions. Wet meadows and marsh shores. North end of PortageDiversion, 22 Landing, Borrow Pit. (WIN, WINDM)

Axyris amaranthoides L. Russian pigweedAsiatic. Annual. Occasional. Lakeshore, meadows, roadsides. Forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. Huddlestonerailroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Chenopodium album L. Lamb’s-quartersNative. Annual. Lakeshores driftlines, disturbed areas. Roadsides, University Field Station. (WIN, WINDM)

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Lamb’s-quartersNative. Annual. Occasional. Marsh shores. (WIN)

Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S.Wats. GoosefootNative. Annual. Occasional. Prairie, sandy soil. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Chenopodium rubrum L. Coast-bliteNative. Annual. Abundant when water levels are falling. Marsh shores. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Chenopodium salinum Standl. (C. salinum L. var. salinum (Standl.) Boivin) Oak-leaved goosefootEurasian. Annual. Widespread. Alkaline meadows, Borrow Pits. (WIN, WINDM)



Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. (C. hybridum L. in Scoggan, includes C. hybridum L. ssp.gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau in herbaria) Maple-leaved goosefootNative. Annual. Occasional. Meadows on the forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Corispermum orientale Lam. (C. hyssopifolium L. var. emarginatum (Rydb.) Boivin) BugseedNative. Annual. Occasional. Dry sandy roadside, Cook’s Creek. Chimney Marsh. (WIN,WINDM)

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Summer-cypressEurasian. Annual. Occasional. PTH 240 roadside. (WIN, WINDM)

Salicornia rubra A.Nels. (S. europaea L. in Scoggan) SamphireNative. Annual. Locally abundant. Alkaline meadows, Diversion, Borrow Pits. South of Huddlestone railroadprairie. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Salsola kali L. ssp. tragus (L.) Aellen (S. kali L. ssp. tenuifolia Tausch) Russian thistleEurasian. Annual. Occasional. Lakeshore, sandy roadside. (WIN, WINDM)

Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. (S. maritima (L.) Dumort. var. americana (Pers.) Boivin in Scoggan, S.depressa (Pursh) S.Wats. in herbarium) Sea-bliteNative. Annual. Widespread. Abundant. Borrow Pits, alkaline meadows on south side of the marsh. (WIN)

COMPOSITAE (see Asteraceae)

CONVOLVULACEAE MORNING-GLORY FAMILY

Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. ssp. sepium (Convolvulus sepium L.) Hedge-bindweedNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge, roadsides. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A.Schultes DodderNative. Annual. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge margins and drying marsh shores on a variety of plantsincluding Rubus idaeus and Mentha canadensis. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Cuscuta umbrosa Beyrich DodderNative. Annual. Local. Forested ridge, willow thickets. (WIN, WINDM)

CORNACEAE DOGWOOD FAMILY

Cornus sericea L. (C. stolonifera Michx.) Red osierNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge and Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY

Arabis divaricarpa Nels. Rock-cressNative. Biennial. Widespread, occasional. Forested ridge roadsides and sandy places. (WIN, WINDM)

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepard’s-purseEuropean. Annual. Widespread. University Field Station, forested ridge roadsides, waste places. (WIN,WINDM)

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Bitter cressNative. Biennial. Local, occasional. In water-logged depressions at roadside of forested ridge. (WIN)

Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex Fisch.&A.Mey.) Dorn (D. richardsonii (Sweet) Shultz) Tansy-mustardNative. Biennial. Widespread. Sandy roadsides, the forested ridge, shoreline, waste places. Huddlestone.(WIN, WINDM)

Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. ssp. brachycarpa (Richards) Detling (D. pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var.brachycarpa (Richards) Fern.) Tansy-mustardNative. Annual. Local. Abandoned railroad near Delta Beach. (WIN, WINDM)

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Tansy-mustardEuropean. Annual-biennial. Occasional. Prairie. Forested ridge roadside. (WIN, WINDM)

Draba nemorosa L. DrabaNative. Annual. Widespread. Forested ridge roadside. (WIN, WINDM)



Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Wormseed-mustardEurasian. Annual to perennial. Widespread, occasional. Roadsides, forested ridge, meadows. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

Erysimum inconspicuum (Wats.) MacM. WallflowerNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, prairie and sandy openings. (WIN, WINDM)

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. PeppergrassNative. Annual-biennial. Widespread. Forested ridge roadsides. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas Yellow cressNative. Annual. Locally frequent. Lakeshore driftlines, marsh south of Cadham Bay. (WIN)

Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. ssp. fernaldiana (Butt.&Abbe) Jonsell (R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas var.fernaldiana Butt.&Abbe) Yellow cressNative. Annual. Roadside ditch, forested ridge. (WINDM)

Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell (R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas var. hispida (Desv.)Butt.&Abbe) Yellow cressNative. Annual. Widespread. Lakeshore forest. (WINDM)

Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler) CharlockEurasian. Annual. Widespread, occasional. University Field Station roadsides, sandy conditions, waste places.Cadham Bay, Cherry Ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumble-mustardEuropean. Annual. Widespread, occasional. Lakeshore forest, in wet exposed habitats, along Oxbow Woodroadside. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Thlaspi arvense L. Field penny-cressEuropean. Annual. Widespread. Frequent. Roadsides. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

CUCURBITACEAE CUCUMBER FAMILY

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T.&G. Wild cucumberNative. Annual. Locally frequent. Ditches along margins of the forested ridge. North end of Portage Diversion.(WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

CYPERACEAE SEDGE FAMILY

Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. SedgeNative. Perennial. Wet meadows. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex assiniboinensis Boott SedgeNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Carex atherodes Spreng. SedgeNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Marsh shores in shallow water, forested ridge depressions. OxbowWood. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Carex aurea Nutt. SedgeNative. Perennial. Prairie, Lake Francis. (WIN)

Carex backii Boott SedgeNative. Perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

Carex bebbii Olney ex Fern. SedgeNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Wet soil on the sandy lakeshore, forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex buxbaumii Wahl. SedgeNative. Perennial. Prairie, Portage Community Pasture. (WIN)

Carex deweyana Schw. SedgeNative. Perennial. Occasional. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)



Carex lanuginosa Michx. SedgeNative. Perennial. Occasional. Wet ditches, meadows, Oxbow Wood. St. Ambroise, Oakland. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex parryana Dewey SedgeNative. Perennial. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Carex pensylvanica Lam. SedgeNative. Perennial. Open areas in forested ridge. Oxbow Wood, Oakland. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex praegracilis Boott SedgeNative. Perennial. Prairie, road to Flee Island. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex pseudo-cyperus L. SedgeNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Emergent marsh zone, roadside marsh. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex retrorsa Schw. SedgeNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Sandy shore, marsh, wet depressions in the forested ridge. (WIN,WINDM)

Carex sartwellii Dewey SedgeNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Meadows, near Flee Island. (WIN, WINDM)

Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Spreng. SedgeNative. Perennial. Meadows in the forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. Poplar Pools in drying meadow. (WIN,WINDM)

Carex sychnocephala Carey SedgeNative. Perennial. (WIN)

Carex tenera Dewey SedgeNative. Perennial. Local. Frequent. Oxbow Wood. (MMMN)

Carex viridula Michx. Green sedgeNative. Perennial. Cram Creek. (WINDM)

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R.&S. Spike-rushNative. Perennial. Widespread, locally abundant. Lakeshore, marsh shores. East of Huddlestone railroad.Borrow Pit. Portage Diversion. (WIN, WINDM)

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. (and as E. calva Torr. in herbaria) Spike-rushNative. Perennial. Local. Lakeshore, Delta Beach and St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Eleocharis palustris (L.) R.&S. (E. macrostachya Britt. in herbaria) Spike-rushNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Wet ground, shallow water, lakeshore driftlines, marsh edge.Eaglenest creek. Borrow Pit. Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Scirpus acutus Muhl. (S. lacustris L. ssp. glaucus auct.) Hard-stem BulrushNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Lakeshore, wet ground, marsh shores, forms islands. PortageDiversion. Blind Channel, Borrow Pits, Cadham Bay, Tin Town. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Scirpus atrovirens Willd. BulrushNative. Perennial. Huddlestone (junction of Twp. 14 and 13 with PTH 240), east of old railroad, roadsideditches. (WIN, WINDM)

Scirpus cespitosus L. BulrushNative. Perennial. Rare. (WIN, WINDM)

Scirpus maritimus L. (S. maritimus L. var. paludosus (A.Nels.) Kuk.) BulrushNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Lakeshore, marsh, wet ground, roadsides. Portage Diversion. BorrowPits. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Scirpus microcarpus Presl BulrushNative. Perennial. Local. Marsh shores. (WIN, WINDM)



Scirpus pungens Vahl. (S. americanus Pers. ssp. americanus var. longispicatus Britt.) BulrushNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Lakeshore, roadside ditches, Portage Creek, St. Ambroise. (WIN,WINDM)

Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. var. neogaea Fern. BulrushNative. Perennial. Rare. Delta. (WIN, WINDM)

Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel. (S. validus Vahl., S. lacustris L. ssp. validus (Vahl) Koyama, S. lacustris L.ssp. glauca (Sm.) Hartm.) Soft-stem BulrushNative. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent on sandy lakeshore and marsh shorelines. Abundant in north end ofPortage Diversion. (WIN, WINDM)

ELAEAGNACEAE OLEASTER FAMILY

Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. SilverberryNative. Perennial. Local. South of Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

EQUISETACEAE HORSETAIL FAMILY

Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetailNative. Perennial. Marsh, roadsides, meadows near Oxbow Wood and Portage Creek. (WIN, WINDM)

Equisetum fluviatile L. Water-horsetailNative. Perennial. West side, Portage Creek. (WIN)

Equisetum laevigatum A.Br. Smooth scouring-rushNative. Perennial. Huddlestone, abandoned railroad. (WIN, WINDM)

EUPHORBIACEAE SPURGE FAMILY

Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small (Euphobia glyptosperma Engelm.) SpurgeNative. Annual. Widespread, frequent. Dry, open areas, Huddlestone abandoned railroad prairie. (WIN,WINDM)

Euphorbia esula L. Leafy spurgeEuropean. Perennial. Local. Around the University Field Station. (WIN, WINDM)

FABACEAE (=Leguminosae) PEA FAMILY

Amorpha nana Nutt. Fragrant false indigoNative. Perennial. Local. Lake Francis. (WIN)

Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog-peanutNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. South of Cadham Bay. (WIN, WINDM)

Astragalus adsurgens Pallas var. robustior Hook. (same in Scoggan, but A. striatus Nutt. in herbaria)Milk-vetch

Native. Perennial. Local. Edge of woods. Roadside, University Field Station. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Astragalus agrestis Dougl. ex G.Don (same in Scoggan, but A. goniatus Nutt. in herbaria) Milk-vetchNative. Perennial. Local. Prairie and marshy areas, exposed sandy areas. (WIN, WINDM)

Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) Gray Milk-vetchNative. Perennial. Local. Prairie, Portage Creek and St. Ambroise, lakeshore. (WIN)

Astragalus canadensis L. Milk-vetchNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Wet meadow, forested ridge, roadside, prairie meadows, edge ofmarsh, St. Ambroise (WIN, WINDM)

Dalea candida Willd. (Petalostemum candidum (Willd.) Michx.) White prairie-cloverNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Dry prairie, St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Dalea purpurea Vent. (Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb.) Purple prairie-cloverNative. Perennial. Local, widespread. Prairie on forested ridge. East of Oxbow Wood. Huddlestone railroadprairie. St. Ambroise. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)



Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh Wild licoriceNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Prairie, St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi Beach-peaNative. Perennial. Local, abundant along lakeshore, driftlines, dunes. Exposed sandy soil. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. VetchlingNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Lathyrus palustris L. VetchlingNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Lathyrus venosus Muhl. ex Willd. VetchlingNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Forested ridge. Sandy beach, south shore of Lake Manitoba.(WIN, MMMN)

Lotus corniculatus L. Bird’s foot-trefoilEurasian. Perennial. Disturbed areas, University Field Station. (WIN, WINDM)

Medicago lupulina L. Black medickEuropean. Annual. Widespread. Forested ridge, roadsides. Portage Diversion dike. Disturbed sites. (WIN,WINDM)

Medicago sativa L. AlfalfaEurasian. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge. Portage Diversion dike. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Melilotus alba Medicus White melilotEuropean. Annual-biennial. Widespread occasional. Clearings in forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas Yellow sweet cloverEuropean. Annual-biennial. Widespread, frequent. Prairie, waste places, roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. Stemless locoweedNative. Annual. Forested ridge. Bell Lodge roadside. (WIN, WINDM)

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. dispar (Nels.) Barneby Stemless locoweedNative. Annual. Forested ridge. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN)

Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J.Grimes (Psoralea argophylla Pursh) Scurf-peaNative. Perennial. Local. Prairie on forested ridge. Huddlestone railroad prairie. (WIN, WINDM)

Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. (Psoralea esculenta Nutt.) BreadrootNative. Perennial. Local. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Trifolium pratense L. Red cloverEuropean. Annual-biennial. Widespread. Road clearings. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Trifolium repens L. White cloverEuropean. Perennial. Moist sandy soil,forested ridge, roadsides, lakeshore driftlines. (WIN, WINDM)

Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. VetchNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, roadside, sand, dry prairie, forested ridge. South of CadhamBay. (WIN, WINDM)

Vicia cracca L. Tufted vetchEuropean. Annual or perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood roadside. (WINDM)

FAGACEAE BEECH FAMILY

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oakNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)



FUMARIACEAE FUMITORY FAMILY

Corydalis aurea Willd. Golden corydalisNative. Annual-biennial. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale corydalisNative. Annual-biennial. (WINDM)

GENTIANACEAE GENTIAN FAMILY

Gentiana affinis Griseb. GentianNative. Perennial. Prairie, Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN)

Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed gentianNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. PTH 240 roadside. St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Gentianella amarella (L.) Boerner ssp. acuta (Michx.) Raf. (G. amarella (L.) Borner) FelwortAnnual of perennial. Roadside ditch. Delta Beach. (MMMN)

Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma (Gentianella crinita (Froel.) Don) Fringed gentianNative, Annual or biennial. Delta Beach. (MMMN)

GERANIACEAE GERANIUM FAMILY

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. ex Ait. Pin-cloverEuropean. Annual-biennial. Local, rare. Shaded roadside. (WIN)

GRAMINEAE (see Poaceae)

HALORAGACEAE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov (M. spicatum L. var. exalbescens (Fern.) Jeps.) Water-milfoilNative. Perennial. Widespread. Aquatic, open water, marsh shores, Blind Channel, Portage Diversion. CadhamBay. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

HIPPURIDACEAE MARE’S-TAIL FAMILY

Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare’s-tailNative. Perennial. Sloughs. Lakeshore. In marsh south of Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

IRIDACEAE IRIS FAMILY

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene Blue-eyed grassNative. Perennial. Prairie and meadows, near Oakland. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, MMMN)

JUNCACEAE RUSH FAMILY

Juncus alpinus Vill. RushNative. Perennial. Lakeshore driftline. (WIN, WINDM)

Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. RushNative. Perennial. Widespread. Lakeshore. (WIN, WINDM)

Juncus bufonius L. Toad-rushNative. Annual. Widespread, frequent. Low, wet ground. (WIN, WINDM)

Juncus dudleyi Wieg. RushNative. Perennial. St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Juncus nodosus L. RushNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Sandy lakeshore. (WIN, WINDM)

Juncus torreyi Coville RushNative. Perennial. Widespread. Lakeshore in moist sand. (WIN, WINDM)



JUNCAGINACEAE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY

Triglochin maritima L. Arrow-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread. Saline marshy meadows, lakeshore marsh, Borrow Pits. North end of PortageDiversion. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

LABIATAE MINT FAMILY

Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue giant hyssopNative. Perennial. Local. Dry thickets near Oxbow Wood, St. Ambroise. Huddlestone railroad prairie. PoplarPools. (WIN, WINDM)

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britt.) DragonheadNative. Annual-biennial. Roadside ditch. (WIN)

Galeopsis bifida Boenn. (G. tetrahit L. var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. f. bifida) Hemp-nettleEuropean. Annual. Local. Delta Beach. (WIN, WINDM)

Glechoma hederacea L. Run-away-robinEuropean. Perennial. Forested ridge, open woodlands. (WIN, WINDM)

Leonurus cardiaca L. Common motherwortEuropean. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Roadsides, waste grounds, south of Cadham Bay in oak bluff.(WIN, WINDM)

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex Bart. Water-horehoundNative. Perennial. Local. Lakeshore, wet meadows. (WIN)

Lycopus asper Greene Water-horehoundNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, marsh shores, lakeshore, Portage Diversion, stabilized sanddunes. (WIN, WINDM)

Mentha canadensis L. (M. arvensis L. var. villosa (Benth.) Stewart) Common mintNative. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant. Forested ridge roadside, wet meadows, marsh and lakeshore,Portage Diversion, Borrow Pits, Blind Channel, west of Cooks Creek. (WIN)

Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamotNative. Perennial. Open prairie. Along Huddlestone railroad. Tin Town. Portage Community Pasture. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Nepeta cataria L. CatnipEuropean. Perennial. Local. Along roadside, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth ssp. virginiana (Dracocephalum formosius (Lunell) Rydb.)False dragonhead

Native. Perennial. Local. Marsh and wet thickets. (WIN, WINDM)

Scutellaria galericulata L. (S. epilobiifolia Hamilton) Common skullcapNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Lakeshore, wet meadows, depressions in the forested ridge. BlindChannel. (WIN, WINDM)

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog skullcapNative. Perennial. Sandy lakeshore, forested ridge. (WIN)

Stachys palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling (S. palustris L. var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fern.) WoundwortNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge. Chimney Marsh. Meadow at edge of Oxbow Wood,lakeshore marsh shores, roadsides. Portage Creek. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale (Gray) McClintock & Epling (T. occidentale Gray) GermanderNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Lakeshore, marsh shores, often under Phragmites, roadsides.Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)



LEMNACEAE DUCKWEED FAMILY

Lemna minor L. DuckweedNative. Annual. Widespread, abundant. Marsh. Blind Channel, ponds, drainage ditches. (WIN, WINDM)

Lemna trisulca L. Star-duckweedNative. Annual. Widespread, abundant. Marsh. Blind Channel, ponds, creeks. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

LENTIBULARIACEAE BLADDERWORT FAMILY

Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte (U. vulgaris L.) Common bladderwortNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Submerged in shallow marshes, Blind Channel. Cadham Bay. (WIN,WINDM)

LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY

Allium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker-Gawl. Prairie onionNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. PTH 240 roadside, prairie meadow, St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Yellow stargrassNative. Perennial. Local among grasses in prairie, Woodlands Community Pasture, Lake Francis WMA. 4.5km east of Portage Creek. (MMMN)

Lilium philadelphicum L. var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. Wood-lilyNative. Perennial. Widepread, frequent. Pasture, upland meadows, dry roadsides, Lake Francis WMA. (WIN,WINDM)

Maianthemum canadense Desf. Wild lily-of-the-valleyNative. Perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood. Oakland. (WIN, WINDM)

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link (Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.) False Solomon’s-sealNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Along upper reaches of beach, forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. (P. canaliculatum auct. non (Muhl.) Pursh in herbaria) Solomon’s-sealNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, marsh edge. Bluff south of Cadham Bay. Oxbow Wood.(WIN, WINDM)

Smilax lasioneura Hook. (S. herbacea L. var. lasioneura (Hook. A.DC.) Carrion-flowerNative. Perennial. Widepread. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Zigadenus elegans Pursh White camassNative. Perennial, widespread. Frequent. Prairie and roadsides, St. Ambroise and Oakland. (WIN)

LINACEAE FLAX FAMILY

Linum lewisii Pursh var. lewisii (L. perenne L. var. lewisii (Pursh) Eat.&Write) Perennial flaxNative. Perennial. Local. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Linum sulcatum Riddell Yellow flaxNative. Annual. Local. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN)

Linum usitatissimum L. Common flaxEuropean. Annual. Local. University Field Station, near Portage Diversion road. (WIN, WINDM)

LYTHRACEAE LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY

Lythrum salicaria L. Purple loosestrifeEuropean. Perennial. Becoming widespread along marsh shores and in ditches. (WIN, WINDM)

MALVACEAE MALLOW FAMILY

Malva rotundifolia L. MallowEuropean. Annual or biennial. In dry roadside gravel on side of Portage Diversion. (WINDM)



NYCTAGINACEAE FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Four-o’clockNative. Perennial. Local. Forested ridge, sandy sites, lakeshore driftlines. West side of Diversion. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

OLEACEAE OLIVE FAMILY

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ashNative. Perennial. Moist woods, forested ridge. Bell Lodge. (WIN, WINDM)

ONAGRACEAE EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY

Circaea alpina L. Small enchanter’s nightshadeNative. Perennial. Frequent. Oxbow Wood and near Inkster Farm. (WINDM)

Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Aschers. & Magnus (C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.)Franch. & Sav.) Enchanter’s nightshadeNative. Perennial. Locally frequent. Shady parts of Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Epilobium angustifolium L. FireweedNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge. Roadsides in fire cleared areas and exposed areas and shore-line driftlines. (WIN, WINDM)

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. (E. glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Hausk.) Fern.) Willow-herbNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Edge of forested ridge. Wet ground. Portage Creek, south ofHuddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Oenothera biennis L. Common evening-primroseNative. Perennial. Widespread. Sandy soil, forested ridge, Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Oenothera nuttallii Sweet White evening-primroseNative. Perennial. Local. Delta Beach. Forested ridge roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake-fernNative. Perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

ORCHIDACEAE ORCHID FAMILY

Corallorhiza trifida Chat. Pale coral-rootNative. Perennial. Local. Rare. Oakland woods. (WIN)

Cypripedium calceolus Salisb. (C. calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. and C. calceolus L. var.pubescens (Willd.) Correll) Yellow lady’s-slipperNative. Perennial. Local. South-east of Delta Beach. St. Ambroise. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) Luer (Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. exAit.f.) Frog-orchidNative. Perennial. Local. Portage Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

OXALIDACEAE WOOD-SORREL FAMILY

Oxalis stricta L. Wood-sorrelNative. Annual. Roadsides. Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

PHRYMACEAE LOPSEED FAMILY

Phryma leptostachya L. LopseedNative. Perennial. Occasional. Forest understorey, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

PLANTAGINACEAE PLANTAIN FAMILY

Plantago eriopoda Torr. PlantainNative. Perennial. Local. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)



Plantago major L. Common plantainEurasian. Annual-perennial. Widespread, frequent. Roadsides, sandy soil, meadows. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

POACEAE (=Gramineae) GRASS FAMILY

Agrostis gigantea Roth (A. stolonifera L. var. major (Gaud.) Farw.) RedtopEurasian. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Forested ridge near Chimney Marsh. (WIN, WINDM)

Agrostis stolonifera L. (A. stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.) RedtopNative. Perennial. Local. Lakeshore. (WIN)

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. FoxtailNative. Perennial. Prairie, creek bed. Marsh, east of Portage Diversion. South of Huddlestone railway. 2 miles(3.2 km) east of S18-T14-R6 marsh, in 0.5 feet (15 cm) of water. (WIN, WINDM)

Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big bluestemNative. Perennial. Widespread. Along roadsides in prairie. South of Huddlestone railroad. WoodlandsCommunity Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Avena sativa L. OatEurasian. Annual. Woods. (WINDM)

Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Slough-grassNative. Annual. Wet depression in forested ridge. North end of Portage Diversion. University Field Station,east of Diversion. (WIN, WINDM)

Bromus inermis Leyss. ssp. inermis Awnless bromeEurasian. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant. Meadows. Sandy roadside, forested ridge. Eaglenest Creek.(WIN, WINDM)

Bromus kalmii Gray (B. purgans L.) Canada bromeNative. Perennial. Forest edge. (WINDM)

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Marsh reed grassNative. Perennial. Sandy lakeshore. (WINDM)

Calamagrostis montanensis Scribn. ex Vasey Plains reed grassNative. Perennial. Meadow at edge of woods. (WINDM)

Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koel. ssp. inexpansa (Gray) Greene (C. inexpansa Gray) Reed bent-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread. Meadows, frequent on wet margins of the forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb. Slender wood grassNative. Perennial. Edge of Oxbow Wood near cultivated field. (WINDM)

Dichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) Freckmann (Panicum leibergii (Vasey) Scribn.Native. Perennial. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (D. stricta (Torr.) Rydb.) Alkali-grassNative. Perennial. Sides of cart track, Portage Creek. (WIN)

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard-grassEurasian. Annual. Widespread. Marsh shores, lakeshore driftlines. (WIN, WINDM)

Elyhordeum x macounii (Vasey) Bark. & Dewey [= Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners xHordeum jubatum L.] (Elymus macounii Vasey in Scoggan) Wild ryeNative. Perennial. Local. Sandy lakeshore, Oxbow Wood, meadow. (WIN, WINDM)

Elymus canadensis L. var. canadensis Wild ryeNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Lakeshore, roadsides, sandy beach, meadows near the edge ofwoods, forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Elymus hystrix L. Bottle-brush grassNative. Annual or perennial. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)



Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn.&J.G.Sm.) Gould ssp. lanceolatus (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Schribn.)Couch-grass

Native. Perennial. Local. Sandy forested ridge margin. (WIN, WINDM)

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) A.&D.Love (Agropyrontrachycaulum (Link) Malte var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) Malte and Agropyron trachycaulum var. laterale(Cassidy) Malte) Couch-grassNative. Perennial. Forested ridge. (WINDM)

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte exH.F.Lewis) Couch-grassNative. Perennial. Locally common. Bell Estate, Delta Waterfowl Station, forested ridge. (WIN)

Elymus virginicus L. (same in Scoggan, but E. australis Scribn.& Ball in the herbarium) Virginia wild ryeNative. Perennial Sandy lakeshore. (WINDM)

Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D.Jackson var. repens (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) Couch-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread. Disturbed areas, dykes, Delta Waterfowl Station, Centre Marsh. Forestedridge. Oxbow Wood. University Field Station, near Borrow Pit. (WIN, WINDM)

Glyceria grandis Wats. var. grandis Reed-meadow grassNative. Perennial. Wet meadows, Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Helictotrichon hookeri (Scribn.) Henr. Hooker’s oat grassNative. Perennial. Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. Sweet grassNative. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant in Portage Diversion. Also in meadows, woody area, marsh,roadsides. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail grassNative. Annual-biennial. Widespread, abundant. Sandy roadside, upland meadow, disturbed saline environ-ment. Borrow Pit. (WIN, WINDM)

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes (K. cristata auct. p.p. non Pers.) June-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Meadows south of Cadham Bay, prairie, St. Ambroise. (WIN,WINDM)

Leymus innovatus (Beal) Pilger (Elymus innovatus Beal var. innovatus f. innovatus) Wild ryeNative. Perennial. Moist woods, sandy lakeshore. Roadside to Flee Island. (WIN, WINDM)

Lolium perenne L. Perennial rye-grassEurasian. Perennial. Local. Roadsides, Delta Waterfowl Station. (WIN, WINDM)

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Wood muhlyNative. Perennial. Forested ridge. (WINDM)

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. ScratchgrassNative. Perennial. Local. Meadows, prairies. Forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Mountain-riceNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Panicum capillare L. Old-witch grassNative. Annual. Sand dunes at Clandeboye. (WIN)

Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A.Löve (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) Couch-grassNative. Perennial. Sandy roadsides, Delta Waterfowl Station, Borrow Pits, University Field Station. (WIN,WINDM)

Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed-canary-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread. Sandy roadside, Oxbow meadows. Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)



Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grassNorth Africa and the Canary Islands. Annual. Open, moist fields, University Field Station. (WIN, WINDM)

Phleum pratense L. Common timothyEurasian. Perennial. Widespread. Meadow, prairies, Borrow Pit. Poplar Pools. (WIN, WINDM)

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud Giant reedNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Throughout the marsh. Borrow Pits, lakeshore. (WIN, WINDM)

Poa annua L. Annual bluegrassEurasian. Perennial. Widespread. Dry ground adjacent to marsh, along road edges. (WIN, WINDM)

Poa compressa L. WiregrassEurasian. Perennial. Local. Forested ridge near Bell Lodge. (WIN, WINDM)

Poa palustris L. Fowl meadow-grassNative. Perennial. Local. Wet meadows. (WIN, WINDM)

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrassNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Roadsides, dry fields. (WIN, WINDM)

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. BeardgrassEuropean. Annual. Edge of lawns, roadsides, ditches. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. Alkali-grassEurasian. Perennial. Meadow near Oxbow Wood. (WINDM)

Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitchc. Alkali-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Wet meadows, Borrow Pits, saline flats, Tin Town, Flee Island.(WIN, WINDM)

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (Andropogon scoparius Michx.) Broom-beardgrassNative. Perennial. Widespread in prairie. Pylon Road, south of Slack’s Bluff. East of Huddlestone railroad.(WIN, WINDM)

Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link Sprangle-topNative. Perennial. Widespread. In standing water to 15 cm in wet meadows throughout marsh, Borrow Pits.(WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green foxtailEurasian. Annual. Widespread. Prairies south of Huddlestone. Roadside, University Field Station. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Spartina pectinata Link Fresh-water cord-grassNative. Perennial. Widespread. Wet meadows, sandy bank, roadsides. Borrow Pit. Edge of Portage Diversion.(WIN, WINDM)

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. Wedge-grassNative. Perennial. University Field Station, meadows. Delta Beach. (WIN)

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray Sand-drop-seedNative. Perennial. Local. Prairie, sandy beaches and dunes near Clandeboye Bay. Huddlestone. (WIN,WINDM)

Sporobolus heterolepis (Gray) Gray Prairie drop-seedNative. Perennial. Prairie, Poplar Pools. (MMMN)

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian grassNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Prairie, Woodlands Community Pasture, Lake Francis. (WIN)

Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Needle and thread, SpeargrassNative. Perennial. Grassy ditch, Portage Creek. (MMMN)



POLEMONIACEAE POLEMONIUM FAMILY

Collomia linearis Nutt. CollomiaNative. Annual. Local. Sandy soils, St. Ambroise. (WIN)

POLYGALACEAE MILKWORT FAMILY

Polygala senega L. Seneca-snakerootNative. Perennial. Community Pasture. (WINDM)

Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fern. Common pasture milkwortNative. Annual. Local. Roadside ditch, Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, MMMN)

POLYGONACEAE BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

Polygonum achoreum Blake KnotweedNative. Annual. Lakeshore driftlines, disturbed sites. (WIN, WINDM)

Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. (P. coccineum Muhl.) Water-smartweedNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Roadsides, forested ridge, lakeshore, Portage Diversion. DeltaWaterfowl Station. (WIN, WINDM)

Polygonum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman Water-smartweedNative. Perennial. Widespread. Wet ground and marsh shores. Ditches near University Field Station, east ofDelta Waterfowl Station. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Polygonum aviculare L. Prostrate knotweedEuropean. Annual. Widespread. Lakeshore driftlines, forested ridge roadside. (WIN, WINDM)

Polygonum convolvulus L. Black bindweedEuropean. Annual. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Polygonum lapathifolium L. (P. scabrum Moench. in herbarium) Willow-weedNative. Annual. Widespread. Frequent. Wooded depressions in forested ridge, Borrow pit, Diversion (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Polygonum persicaria L. Lady’s-thumbEuropean. Annual. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, Chimney Marsh, lakeshore driftlines. (WIN)

Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett Water-smartweedNative. Annual-perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Marsh, wet or shallow water. Forested ridge. (WIN,WINDM)

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Bushy knotweedNative. Widespread. Frequent. Lakeshores, moist ground in forested ridge margins. Borrow Pit. (WIN,WINDM)

Polygonum scandens L. Climbing false buckwheatNative. Perennial. Local. Occasional. Lakeshore, damp thickets, Chimney Marsh. (WIN)

Rumex aquaticus L. var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn (R. occidentalis Wats.) Western dockNative. Perennial. Local. St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Rumex crispus L. Curly-leafEuropean. Perennial. Forested ridge, roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Rumex maritimus L. (R. maritimus L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen.) Golden dockNative. Annual-biennial. Widespread. Marsh shores, abundant when water levels are falling. Borrow pit,Portage Diversion. (WIN, WINDM)

Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L.Hitchc. (R. salicifolius Weinm. ssp. triangulivalvisDanser) DockNative. Perennial. Wet meadows, forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)



POLYPODIACEAE FERN FAMILY

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.Fuchs (D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. spinulosa (Muell.) Fiori)Spinulose shield-fern

Native. Perennial. Local. Rare. Forested ridge. (WIN)

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Ostrich-fernNative. Perennial. Local. Occasional. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern. Marsh-fernNative. Perennial. Local, occasional in forested ridge depressions near Chimney Marsh. (WIN, WINDM)

PORTULACACEAE PURSLANE FAMILY

Portulaca oleracea L. Common portulacaEuropean. Annual. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge and disturbed, sandy sites. (WIN, WINDM)

PRIMULACEAE PRIMROSE FAMILY

Androsace occidentalis Pursh Western pygmy-flowerNative. Annual. Borrow Pit, wet meadow, roadsides, sandy soil. (WIN, WINDM)

Glaux maritima L. Sea-milkwortNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Moist saline locations, Borrow Pit. Portage Creek. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

Lysimachia ciliata L. (Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf.) Fringed loosestrifeNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Edge of Salix scrub, forested ridge. (WIN)

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Tufted loosestrifeNative. Perennial. Moist places, Lake Francis. (WIN)

PYROLACEAE WINTERGREE FAMILY

Pyrola asarifolia Michx. WintergreenNative. Perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood. Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red baneberryNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Oxbow Wood, west of Portage Creek, bluff south of Cadham Bay. (WIN,WINDM)

Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemoneNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, meadow, prairie, Oxbow Wood, Huddlestone. (WIN, WINDM)

Anemone cylindrica Gray Long-headed anemoneNative. Perennial. Prairies, Huddlestone, St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbineNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Oxbow Wood, Oakland, PTH 240 3 km south of Delta Beach.(WIN, WINDM)

Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney-leaf buttercupNative. Biennial. Forested ridge roadsides. (WIN, WINDM)

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh Seaside crowfootNative. Perennial. Widespread, locally abundant, marsh shores, Borrow Pits, Portage Diversion. Saline marsh,University Field Station. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Ranunculus gmelinii DC. var. purshii (Richards.) Hara (R. gmelinii DC. var. hookeri (Don) Benson)Small yellow water-crowfoot

Native. Perennial. Local. Rare. Slough on south side of marsh, St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)



Ranunculus longirostris Godr. (R. circinatus auct. non Sibth., R. subrigidus Drew) White water-crowfootNative. Aquatic perennial. Shallow water, ditches, Borrow pit. (WIN, WINDM)

Ranunculus macounii Britt. ButtercupNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Wet meadows, slough margins. Delta Beach, St. Ambroise. (WIN,WINDM)

Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Bristly crowfootNative. Annual. Local. Wet, marshy areas. (WIN, WINDM)

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed crowfootNative. Annual-perennial. Widespread, frequent. Lakeshores and throughout the marsh. Borrow Pit, PortageDiversion. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Purple meadow-rueNative. Perennial. Widespread. Clearings in forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Thalictrum venulosum Trel. Meadow-rueNative. Perennial. Local. St. Ambroise. (WIN)

ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY

Agrimonia striata Michx. AgrimonyNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Understorey in Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M.Roemer Saskatoon-berryNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, Inkster Farm road. (WIN, WINDM)

Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. (Potentilla anserina L.) SilverweedNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge roadside, shore driftlines, open waste ground. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe. (C. rotundifolia Moench) HawthornNative. Perennial. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, bluff south of Cadham Bay. (WIN, MMMN)

Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link (includes both var. macrantha and var. occidentalis in Scoggan)Hawthorn

Native. Perennial. Moist woods, Cherry Ridge, south of Cadham Bay. Forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Fragaria virginiana Dcne. StrawberryNative. Perennial. Widespread, forested ridge margins, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Geum aleppicum Jacq. (=G. aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern.) AvensNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, Portage Creek, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Geum triflorum Pursh Purple avensNative. Perennial. Prairie, Lake Francis WMA. (WIN, WINDM)

Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A.Löve (Potentilla fruticosa L.) Shrubby cinquefoilNative. Perennial. Local. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Potentilla concinna Richardson Early cinquefoilNative. Perennial. Gravel road, University Field Station. (MMMN)

Potentilla norvegica L. CinquefoilNative. Perennial. Frequent. Forested ridge roadside, disturbed sites, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy cinquefoilNative. Perennial. Local. Forested ridge. (WIN)

Prunus americana Marsh. American plumNative. Perennial. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, Inkster Farm road. (WIN, WINDM)



Prunus virginiana L. Choke-cherryNative. Perennial. Widespread. Roadsides, forested ridge, lake shore, Oxbow Wood, Inkster Farm road. (WIN,WINDM)

Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly roseNative. Perennial. Roadsides, Oxbow Wood meadows, St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Rosa arkansana Porter Low prairie roseNative. Perennial. Meadow at forest edge, University Field Station. Along Huddlestone railroad. (WIN,WINDM)

Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth roseNative. Perennial. Forested ridge margin, roadsides and prairie, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Rosa x dulcissima Lunell (=R. blanda x R. woodsii) RoseNative. Perennial. Local. Rare. Forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Rosa woodsii Lindl. Wood’s roseNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, meadows. (WIN, WINDM)

Rubus idaeus L. Red raspberryNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke (R. idaeus L. var. canadensis Fern.)Native. Perennial. Forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM)

Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pubescens Dwarf raspberryNative. Perennial. Oxbow Wood. (WINDM)

Spiraea alba Du Roi Meadow-sweetNative. Perennial. Prairie meadow. Edge of forested ridge, Woodlands Community Pasture, St. Ambroise.(WIN, WINDM)

RUBIACEAE MADDER FAMILY

Galium aparine L. CleaversNative. Annual. Sand dune in forested ridge 14 km east of Delta Beach. (WIN, WINDM)

Galium boreale L. Northern bedstrawNative. Perennial. Forested ridge. Sandy, sunny roadside, aspen woods, prairie at Huddestone, Lake FrancisWMA. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Galium trifidum L. BedstrawNative. Perennial. Widespread. Drying marsh shores. Shade in forested ridge, Chimney Marsh. Under aspencanopy in Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN, WINDM)

Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented bedstrawNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Moist areas in forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

RUPPIACEAE DITCHGRASS FAMILY

Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande (R. maritima L. var. occidentalis (Wats.) Graebn.)Native. Perennial. Local. Clandeboye Bay and eastern parts of the marsh. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

SALICACEAE WILLOW FAMILY

Populus balsamifera L. Balsam-poplarNative. Perennial. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, Poplar Pools. (WIN, WINDM)

Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. CottonwoodNative. Perennial. Sandy, forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Populus x jackii Sarg. (=P. balsamifera x P. deltoides)Native. Perennial. Along sandy lakeshore, Delta Waterfowl Station. (WINDM, MMMN)



Populus tremuloides Michx. Trembling aspenNative. Perennial. Widespread. Forested ridge. Lakeshore 3 km east of Delta Beach. Oxbow Wood, bluffsadjacent to PTH 227. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Salix alba L. White willowEuropean. Perennial. Lake shore driftlines. (WIN)

Salix amygdaloides Anderss. Peach-leaved willowNative. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Sandy, forested ridge, lakeshore. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy-willowNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Damp depressions in forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN,WINDM, MMMN)

Salix exigua Nutt. (Salix interior Rowlee) Sandbar-willowNative. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant. Lakeshore driftlines, forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willowNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Lakeshore driftlines, moist ground. (WIN)

Salix petiolaris Sm. WillowNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Edge of forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. AlumrootNative. Perennial. Sandy soil in Community Pasture. (WINDM)

Ribes americanum Mill. Wild black currantNative. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Forested ridge. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

SANTALACEAE SANDALWOOD FAMILY

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard-toadflaxNative. Perennial. Prairie, Lake Francis WMA. (WIN)

SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY

Agalinis aspera (Dougl. ex Benth.) Britt. (Gerardia aspera Dougl.)Native. Annual. Local, rare. PTH 227, between PTH 240 and 430. (WIN)

Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Indian paint-brushNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Dry roadside, Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN)

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange Dwarf snapdragonEuropean. Annual. Local, rare. Borrow pit. (WIN)

Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Owl-cloverNative. Annual, local, occasional. Prairie, roadside ditches, along Huddlestone railroad. Woodlands Commu-nity Pasture. St. Ambroise. (WIN, WINDM)

Pedicularis canadensis L. Common lousewortNative. Perennial. Portage Community Pasture, Woodlands Community Pasture PTH 227 between 240 and430, St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. LousewortNative. Perennial. Local. Rare. St. Ambroise. (WIN)

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (V. catenata Pennell) SpeedwellNative. Perennial. Muddy shores, Back marsh at Delta Beach. (WIN, WINDM)

Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) PennelNative. Annual. Forested ridge sandy roadside. (WIN)



SOLANACEAE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

Physalis virginiana Mill. Prairie ground cherryNative. Annual. Roadside ditch along PTH 240 in sandy soil. (WINDM)

Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshadeEuropean. Annual. Roadsides, disturbed sites. (WIN)

Solanum rostratum Dunal Buffalo-burNative. Annual. Prairies. (WIN, WINDM)

SPARGANIACEAE BUR-REED FAMILY

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex Gray Bur-reedNative. Perennial. Widespread. Lake edge, marsh shores, sloughs. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

TILIACEAE LINDEN FAMILY

Tilia americana L. BasswoodNative. Perennial. Local, rare. Oxbow Wood, near Blind Channel. (WIN)

TRILLIACEAE TRILLIUM FAMILY

Trillium cernuum L. Nodding trilliumNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood, Inkster Farm road, woods west ofPortage Creek. (WIN)

TYPHACEAE CAT-TAIL FAMILY

Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved cat-tailNative. Perennial. Widespread. Locally frequent. Marsh, roadside ditches. Saline marsh, Delta WaterfowlStation. (WIN, WINDM, MMMN)

Typha x glauca Godr. (pro sp.) Hybrid Cat-tailNative. Perennial. Widespread, abundant. Marsh, Blind Channel, Portage Diversion. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tailNative. Perennial. Widespread. Locally abundant. Marsh, roadside ditches. (WIN, WINDM)

ULMACEAE ELM FAMILY

Celtis occidentalis L. HackberryNative. Perennial. Local, occasional. Forested ridge, frequent at east end. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

Ulmus americana L. American elmNative. Perennial. Rich lowland areas, forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

UMBELLIFERAE PARSLEY FAMILY

Cicuta bulbifera L. Water-hemlockNative. Perennial. Drying out ponds and depressions in forested ridge. (WIN)

Cicuta maculata L. Spotted cowbaneNative. Biennial. Widespread. Lakeshore, moist to submerged conditions, marsh sloughs. (WIN, WINDM,MMMN)

Heracleum maximum Bartr. (H. lanatum Michx.) Cow-parsnipNative. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Forested ridge, roadsides, waste places. Oakland. (WIN, WINDM)

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Anise-rootNative. Annual-biennial. Widespread. Abundant. Forested ridge. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

Pastinaca sativa L. ParsnipEuropean. Biennial. Local. Forested ridge. (WIN)



Sanicula marilandica L. Black snakerootNative. Perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood, Manitoba maple-oak bluff south of Cadham Bay. (WIN, WINDM)

Sium suave Walt. Water-parsnipNatve. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Lakeshore, shallow water, marsh shores. (WIN, WINDM)

Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern.Native. Perennial. Woodlands Community Pasture. (WIN)

Zizia aurea (L.) Koch Golden alexandersNative. Perennial. Local. South of Cadham Bay. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

URTICACEAE NETTLE FAMILY

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. PellitoryNative.Annual. Forested ridge. (WINDM)

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander Stinging nettleNtive. Perennial. Widespread. Abundant in forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. Moist areas, marsh shores, sloughs.(WIN, WINDM)

VERBENACEAE VERVAIN FAMILY

Verbena hastata L. Blue vervainNatie. Perennial. Local. Cherry Ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN)

VIOLACEAE VIOLET FAMILY

Viola canadensis L. Canada-violetNative. Forested ridge road. (WIN, WINDM)

Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) Hitchc. Canada-violetNative. Perennial. Widespread, occasional. Forested ridge, Portage Creek bluffs. Moist areas. (WIN,WINDM)

Viola pubescens Ait. Downy yellow violetNative. Perennial. Local. Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

VITACEAE VINE FAMILY

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. quinquefolia (includes var. inserta) Virginia creeperNative. Perennial. Widespread, frequent. Forested ridge, Oxbow Wood. (WIN, WINDM)

ZOSTERACEAE PONDWEED FAMILY

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. (Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D.Les & R. Haynes ssp. alpinus (Blytt.) D.Les &R.Haynes, and Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D.Les & R.Haynes ssp. occidentalis (Robbins) D.Les & R.Haynesin herbarium)Native. Perennial. Local, frequent. Lake Manitoba at University Field Station in shallow water. Throughoutmarsh: Blind Channel, in water 1 m deep, Cadham Bay, Chimney Marsh, PTH 227 near 430, in gravel pit.(WIN)

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy pondweedNative. Perennial. Blind Channel, ditch beside forested ridge near Portage Diversion, Moffat Lake. (WIN,WINDM)

Potamogeton friesii Rupr. PondweedNative. Perennial. Local. Shallow water in marsh. (WIN)

Potamogeton gramineus L. Various-leaved pondweedNative. Perennial. Shallow water, junction of PTH 227 and 430, calcareous ditches in community pasture.(WIN, WINDM)



Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sago pondweedNative. Perennial. Widespread in shallow water, particularly along north shores of bays Simpson, Blackfox,Clandeboye, Cadham Bay, Borrow pits near winter road, Lake Manitoba at University Field Station in water 1m deep. Aikins Bay. (WIN, WINDM)

Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. (P. perfoliatus L. ssp. richardsonii (Benn.) Hult.)Richardson’s pondweed

Native. Perennial. Widespread. Frequent. Cadham Bay, Waterhen Bay and throughout marsh, marsh channels,Lake Manitoba south shore. (WIN, WINDM)

Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz. Sheathed pondweedNative. Perennial. Widespread in shallow water. Cadham Bay, Chimney Marsh and throughout marsh. (WIN,WINDM)

Zannichellia palustris L. Horned pondweedNative. Perennial. Local. Occasional. Cadham Bay, Twin Lakes, Aikins Bay and eastern parts of the marsh.(WIN, WINDM)

Species List - reported in literature but no specimens in herbaria

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr.Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) MalteCarex stipata Muhl. ex Willd.Carum carvi L.Comarum palustre L. (Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.)Cornus canadensis L.Geum macrophyllum Willd.Juncus tenuis Willd.Lonicera tatarica L.Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) ClarkeOsmunda claytoniana L.Potamogeton pusillus L.Potentilla pensylvanica L.Prunus pensylvanica L.Ribes oxyacanthoides L.Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) GraySilene cucubalis WibelSilene noctiflora L.Solanum dulcamara L.Viburnum rafinesquianum SchultesVitis riparia L.



NOTES



References

Alex, J. F. 1980. Common and botanical names of weedsin Canada. Canadian Government PublishingCentre, Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, ON.

Anderson, M. G. and Jones, R. E. 1976. Submergedaquatic vascular plants of east Delta Marsh.Manitoba Department of Renewable Resources andTransportation Services, Winnipeg, MB.

Anonymous 1973. Lake Manitoba regulation, Volume1. The Manitoba Water Commission. ManitobaDepartment of Natural Resources, Winnipeg, MB.

Anonymous 1982. Manitoba Heritage Marsh program.Manitoba Department of Natural Resources,Winnipeg, MB.

Barker, J. and Kenkel, N. C. 1994. Biotic inventory anddevelopment of a low impact, self-guided trail inOxbow Wood, Delta Manitoba. University ofManitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh) AnnualReport 29:35-55.

Bedish, J. W. 1967. Cattail moisture requirements andtheir significance to marsh management. AmericanMidland Naturalist. 78:288-300.

Bossenmaier, E. J. 1968. The Delta Marsh: it’s values,problems and potentialities. Manitoba Departmentof Mines and Natural Resources, Winnipeg, MB.

Burns, R. M. and Honkala, B. H., tech. cords. 1990.Silvics of North America Vol. 2: Hardwoods. Agric.Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture.Forest Service, Washington, DC.

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de Geus, P. M. J. 1987. Vegetation changes in the DeltaMarsh, Manitoba between 1948-80, MSc Thesis.Department of Botany, University of Manitoba,Winnipeg, MB.

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Kenkel, N. C. 1986. Vegetation structure and dynamicsof the barrier-beach ridge at Delta, Lake Manitoba.University of Manitoba Field Station (Delta Marsh)Annual Report 21:61-83.

Last, W. M. 1980. Sedimentary and post glacial historyof Lake Manitoba, PhD Thesis. Department of EarthSciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

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Macaulay, A. J. 1973. Taxonomic and ecologicalrelationships of Scirpus acutus Muhl. and S. validusVahl. (Cyperaceae) in southern Manitoba. PhDThesis. Department of Botany, University ofManitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

Mackenzie, D. I. 1982. The dune-ridge forest, DeltaMarsh Manitoba: overstory vegetation and soilpatterns. Can. Field Nat. 96:61-68.

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Shay, J. M. 1977. A survey of vegetation in the centreunit of Delta Marsh, July 1976. University FieldStation (Delta Marsh) / Department of Botany,University of Manitoba. Unpublished manuscript.

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Walker, J. M. 1959. Vegetation studies in the DeltaMarsh, Manitoba, MSc Thesis. Department ofBotany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

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Waters, I. 1989. The ecology of Typha glauca Godr.:field studies along a water depth gradient, PhDThesis. Department of Botany, University ofManitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

Waters, I. and Shay, J. M. 1990. A field study of themorphometric response of Typha glauca shoots toa water depth gradient. Can. J. Bot. 68:2339-2343.

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Index to common names

Absinthe .................................................................12Agrimony ...............................................................32Alder

Green .................................................................16Alfalfa ....................................................................22Alumroot ................................................................34Anemone

Canada ...............................................................31Long-headed ......................................................31

Anise-root ..............................................................35Arrowhead .............................................................11Ash

Red .....................................................................26Aspen

Trembling ..........................................................34Aster ......................................................................13

Calico .................................................................13Golden ...............................................................14Heath ..................................................................13New England .....................................................13Rayless ...............................................................13White upland......................................................15

Avens .....................................................................32Purple .................................................................32

BaneberryRed .....................................................................31

Basswood ...............................................................35Bastard-toadflax ....................................................34Bedstraw ................................................................33

Northern .............................................................33Sweet-scented ....................................................33

Beggar-ticks ...........................................................13Bergamot

Wild ...................................................................24Bindweed

Black ..................................................................30Hedge .................................................................18

Bird’s foot-trefoil ...................................................22Bittersweet

Climbing ............................................................17Black-eyed Susan...................................................15Bladderwort

Common ............................................................25Blazing-star ............................................................14Bluebur ..................................................................16Bluestem

Big .....................................................................27Breadroot ...............................................................22Buckwheat

Climbing false ....................................................30Buffalo-bur ............................................................35

Bugseed .................................................................18Bulrush ............................................................20, 21

Hard-stem ..........................................................20Soft-stem ............................................................21

Burdock .................................................................12Common ............................................................12Great ..................................................................12

Buttercup ...............................................................32Kidney-leaf ........................................................31

CamassWhite .................................................................25

Campion.................................................................17Carrion-flower .......................................................25Cat-tail

Common ............................................................35Hybrid ................................................................35Narrow-leaved ...................................................35

Catnip ....................................................................24Charlock.................................................................19Cherry

Choke .................................................................33Prairie ground ....................................................35

Chickweed .............................................................17Field ...................................................................17

Cinquefoil ..............................................................32Bushy .................................................................32Early ...................................................................32Shrubby ..............................................................32

Cleavers .................................................................33Clover

Owl ....................................................................34Pin ......................................................................23Purple prairie .....................................................21Red .....................................................................22White .................................................................22White prairie ......................................................21Yellow sweet ......................................................22

Coast-blite ..............................................................17Cocklebur ..............................................................15Collomia ................................................................30Coltsfoot

Sweet .................................................................14Columbine

Wild ...................................................................31Coneflower ............................................................15Coral-root

Pale ....................................................................26Corydalis

Golden ...............................................................23Pale ....................................................................23

Cottonwood ...........................................................33



Cow-cockle ............................................................17Cow-parsnip ...........................................................35Cowbane

Spotted ...............................................................35Cress

Bitter ..................................................................18Field penny ........................................................19Rock ...................................................................18Yellow ................................................................19

CrowfootBristly ................................................................32Cursed ................................................................32Seaside ...............................................................31

CucumberWild ...................................................................19

Curly-leaf ...............................................................30Currant

Wild black ..........................................................34

DandelionCommon ............................................................15False ...................................................................12

Dock ......................................................................30Golden ...............................................................30Western ..............................................................30

Dodder ...................................................................18Dogbane

Spreading ...........................................................11Draba .....................................................................18Dragonhead............................................................24

False ...................................................................24Drop-seed

Prairie ................................................................29Sand ...................................................................29

Duckweed ..............................................................25Star .....................................................................25

ElderRed-berried ........................................................16

ElmAmerican ...........................................................35

Enchanter’s nightshade ..........................................26Small ..................................................................26

Evening-primroseCommon ............................................................26White .................................................................26

Felwort ...................................................................23Fern

Marsh .................................................................31Ostrich ...............................................................31Rattlesnake.........................................................26Spinulose shield .................................................31

Fireweed ................................................................26

FlaxCommon ............................................................25Perennial ............................................................25Yellow ................................................................25

Fleabane ..........................................................13, 15Marsh .................................................................15

Four-o’clock ..........................................................26Foxtail ....................................................................27

Green .................................................................29

Gaillardia ...............................................................14Gentian...................................................................23

Closed ................................................................23Fringed ...............................................................23

Germander .............................................................24Goat’s-beard ..........................................................15Golden alexanders .................................................36Goldenrod .......................................................14, 15

Canada ...............................................................15Goosefoot ..............................................................17

Maple-leaved .....................................................18Oak-leaved .........................................................17

GrassAlkali ..........................................................27, 29Annual blue ........................................................29Arrow .................................................................24Barnyard ............................................................27Beard .................................................................29Bent reed ............................................................27Blue-eyed ...........................................................23Bottle-brush .......................................................27Brome awnless ...................................................27Broom-beard ......................................................29Canada brome ....................................................27Canary ................................................................29Couch .................................................................28Fowl meadow.....................................................29Freshwater cord .................................................29Hooker's oat .......................................................28Indian .................................................................29June ....................................................................28Kentucky blue ....................................................29Marsh reed .........................................................27Old-witch ...........................................................28Pepper ................................................................19Perennial rye ......................................................28Plains reed .........................................................27Reed canary .......................................................28Reed-meadow ....................................................28Scratch ...............................................................28Slender wood .....................................................27Slough ................................................................27Spear ..................................................................29Squirrel-tail ........................................................28



Sweet .................................................................28Wedge ................................................................29Wire ...................................................................29Yellow star .........................................................25

Groundsel ..............................................................15Grove-sandwort .....................................................17Gumweed ...............................................................14

Hackberry ..............................................................35Harebell .................................................................16Hawk’s-beard .........................................................13Hawthorn ...............................................................32Hazelnut

American ...........................................................16Beaked ...............................................................16

HempIndian .................................................................11

Hog-peanut ............................................................21Hop

Common ............................................................16Hornwort ................................................................17Horse-weed ............................................................13Horsetail

Common ............................................................21Water ..................................................................21

HyssopBlue giant ...........................................................24

IndigoFragrant false .....................................................21

IvyPoison ................................................................11

Joe-Pye-weed .........................................................14

Knotweed ...............................................................30Bushy .................................................................30Prostrate .............................................................30

Lady’s-slipperYellow ................................................................26

Lady’s-thumb .........................................................30Lamb’s-quarters .....................................................17Lettuce ...................................................................14

Prickly ................................................................14Licorice

Wild ...................................................................22Lily

Wood..................................................................25Lily-of-the-valley

Wild ...................................................................25Lobelia

Pale spike ...........................................................16

LocoweedStemless .............................................................22

LoosestrifeFringed ...............................................................31Purple .................................................................25Tufted .................................................................31

Lopseed..................................................................26Lousewort ..............................................................34

Common ............................................................34

MapleManitoba ............................................................11

Mare’s-tail ..............................................................23Marsh-elder ............................................................14Meadow-rue ...........................................................32

Purple .................................................................32Meadow-sweet .......................................................33Medick

Black ..................................................................22Melilot

White .................................................................22Milfoil

Water ..................................................................23Milkweed ...............................................................12

Common ............................................................12Showy................................................................12Swamp...............................................................11

MilkwortCommon pasture ................................................30Sea .....................................................................31

MintCommon ............................................................24

Mooseberry ............................................................16Motherwort

Common ............................................................24Moundscale ............................................................17Mountain-rice ........................................................28Muhly

Wood..................................................................28Mustard

Tansy ..................................................................18Tumble ...............................................................19Wormseed ..........................................................19

Nannyberry ............................................................16Nettle

Hemp .................................................................24Stinging..............................................................36

NightshadeBlack ..................................................................35

OakBur .....................................................................22



Oat .........................................................................27Onion

Prairie ................................................................25Orchid

Frog....................................................................26Osier

Red .....................................................................18Ox-eye ...................................................................14Ox-eye-daisy ..........................................................14

Paint-brushIndian .................................................................34

Parsnip ...................................................................35Water ..................................................................36

PeaBeach .................................................................22Scurf...................................................................22

Pellitory .................................................................36Pigweed

Redroot ..............................................................11Russian ...............................................................17

Pineapple-weed ......................................................14Plantain ..................................................................26

Common ............................................................27Common water ...................................................11Water ..................................................................11

PlumAmerican ...........................................................32

Pondweed ..............................................................36Horned ...............................................................37Leafy ..................................................................36Richardson's .......................................................37Sago ...................................................................37Sheathed.............................................................37Various-leaved ...................................................36

PoplarBalsam ...............................................................33

PortulacaCommon ............................................................31

Puccoon .................................................................16Pygmy-flower

Western ..............................................................31

RagweedCommon ............................................................12Perennial ............................................................12

RaspberryDwarf .................................................................33Red .....................................................................33

Rattlesnake-root ..............................................14, 15Redtop....................................................................27Reed

Bur .....................................................................35Giant ..................................................................29

Rose .......................................................................33Guelder ..............................................................16Low prairie ........................................................33Prickly ................................................................33Smooth ...............................................................33Wood's ...............................................................33

Rosy everlasting .....................................................12Run-away-robin .....................................................24Rush .......................................................................23

Smooth scouring ................................................21Spike ..................................................................20Toad ...................................................................23

RyeVirginia wild ......................................................28Wild ............................................................27, 28

SageWhite .................................................................12

SagewortPrairie ................................................................12

Samphire ................................................................18Sand-spurrey ..........................................................17Sandbur ..................................................................12Sarsaparilla

Wild ...................................................................11Saskatoon-berry .....................................................32Sea-blite .................................................................18Sedge ..............................................................19, 20

Green .................................................................20Shepard’s-purse .....................................................18Silverberry .............................................................21Silverweed .............................................................32Skullcap

Common ............................................................24Mad-dog ............................................................24

SnakerootBlack ..................................................................36Seneca ................................................................30

SnapdragonDwarf .................................................................34

Snowberry ..............................................................16Solomon’s-seal .......................................................25

False ...................................................................25Sow-thistle

Common ............................................................15Field ...................................................................15

Spearscale ..............................................................17Speedwell ...............................................................34Sprangle-top...........................................................29Spurge ....................................................................21

Leafy ..................................................................21Stick-tight ...............................................................13Stickseed

Nodding .............................................................16



Strawberry ..............................................................32Summer-cypress .....................................................18Sunflower ...............................................................14Sweet flag ..............................................................11

TansyCommon ............................................................15

Tarragon .................................................................12Thistle

Canada ...............................................................13Flodman's ...........................................................13Russian ...............................................................18

TimothyCommon ............................................................29

Touch-me-notSpotted ...............................................................16

TrilliumNodding .............................................................35

Tumbleweed ..........................................................11

VervainBlue ....................................................................36

Vetch ......................................................................22Milk ...................................................................21Tufted .................................................................22

Vetchling ................................................................22Violet

Canada ...............................................................36Downy yellow ....................................................36

Virginia creeper .....................................................36

Wallflower .............................................................19Water-crowfoot

Small yellow ......................................................31White .................................................................32

Water-hemlock .......................................................35Water-horehound ...................................................24Water-smartweed ...................................................30Willow ...................................................................34

Peach-leaved ......................................................34Pussy ..................................................................34Sandbar ..............................................................34Shining ...............................................................34White .................................................................34

Willow-herb ...........................................................26Willow-weed ..........................................................30Wintergreen ...........................................................31Wolfberry ...............................................................16Wood-sorrel ...........................................................26Wormwood

Biennial ..............................................................12Woundwort ............................................................24

Yarrow ...................................................................12Common ............................................................12



Index to Latin names

Acernegundo .............................................................11

Achilleamillefolium .........................................................12sibirica ...............................................................12

Acoruscalamus ..............................................................11

Actaearubra ..................................................................31

Agalinisaspera ................................................................34

Agastachefoeniculum .........................................................24

Agoserisglauca ................................................................12

Agrimoniagryposepala .......................................................37striata .................................................................32

Agropyrontrachycaulum .....................................................37

Agrostisgigantea .............................................................27stolonifera ..........................................................27

Alismagramineum .........................................................11triviale ................................................................11

Alliumstellatum ............................................................25

Alnusviridis .................................................................16

Alopecurusaequalis .............................................................27

Amaranthusblitoides .............................................................11retroflexus ..........................................................11

Ambrosiaacanthicarpa ......................................................12artemisiifolia ......................................................12coronopifolia .....................................................12

Amelanchieralnifolia ..............................................................32

Amorphanana ...................................................................21

Amphicarpabracteata ............................................................21

Andropogongerardii ..............................................................27

Androsaceoccidentalis ........................................................31

Anemonecanadensis .........................................................31cylindrica ...........................................................31

Antennariamicrophylla ........................................................12

Apocynumandrosaemifolium ..............................................11cannabinum .......................................................11

Aquilegiacanadensis .........................................................31

Arabisdivaricarpa ........................................................18

Aralianudicaulis ..........................................................11

Arctiumlappa ..................................................................12minus..................................................................12tomentosum ........................................................12

Argentinaanserina .............................................................32

Artemisiaabsinthium .........................................................12biennis ................................................................12dracunculus .......................................................12frigida ................................................................12ludoviciana ........................................................12

Asclepiasincarnata ...........................................................11ovalifolia ............................................................12speciosa .............................................................12syriaca ...............................................................12

Asterciliolatus ............................................................13ericoides ............................................................13falcatus ..............................................................13laevis ..................................................................13lanceolatus .........................................................13lateriflorus .........................................................13novae-angliae ....................................................13

Astragalusadsurgens ...........................................................21agrestis ...............................................................21bisulcatus ...........................................................21canadensis .........................................................21

Atriplexlittoralis .............................................................17nuttallii ..............................................................17patula .................................................................17

Avenasativa..................................................................27

Axyrisamaranthoides ...................................................17

Beckmanniasyzigachne .........................................................27



Bidenscernua ................................................................13frondosa .............................................................13vulgata ...............................................................13

Botrychiumvirginianum........................................................26

Brachyactisciliata .................................................................13

Bromusinermis ...............................................................27kalmii .................................................................27

Calamagrostiscanadensis .........................................................27montanensis .......................................................27stricta .................................................................27

Calystegiasepium ................................................................18

Campanularotundifolia ........................................................16

Capsellabursa-pastoris ....................................................18

Cardaminepensylvanica ......................................................18

Carexalopecoidea .......................................................19assiniboinensis ...................................................19atherodes ...........................................................19aurea ..................................................................19backii .................................................................19bebbii .................................................................19buxbaumii ..........................................................19deweyana ...........................................................19lanuginosa .........................................................20parryana ............................................................20pensylvanica ......................................................20praegracilis ........................................................20pseudo-cyperus ..................................................20retrorsa ..............................................................20sartwellii ............................................................20sprengelii ...........................................................20stipata ................................................................37sychnocephala ...................................................20tenera .................................................................20viridula ..............................................................20

Carumcarvi ...................................................................37

Castillejaminiata ...............................................................34

Celastrusscandens ............................................................17

Celtisoccidentalis ........................................................35

Cerastiumarvense ...............................................................17

Ceratophyllumdemersum ...........................................................17

Chaenorrhinumminus ..................................................................34

Chamaesyceglyptosperma .....................................................21

Chenopodiumalbum .................................................................17berlandieri .........................................................17leptophyllum ......................................................17rubrum ...............................................................17salinum ..............................................................17simplex ...............................................................18

Cicutabulbifera ............................................................35maculata ............................................................35

Cinnalatifolia ..............................................................27

Circaeaalpina .................................................................26lutetiana .............................................................26

Cirsiumarvense ...............................................................13flodmanii ............................................................13

Coeloglossumviride ..................................................................26

Collomialinearis ...............................................................30

Comandraumbellata ...........................................................34

Comarumpalustre ..............................................................37

Conyzacanadensis .........................................................13

Corallorhizatrifida .................................................................26

Corispermumorientale .............................................................18

Cornuscanadensis .........................................................37sericea ................................................................18

Corydalisaurea ..................................................................23sempervirens ......................................................23

Corylusamericana ..........................................................16cornuta ...............................................................16

Crataeguschrysocarpa .......................................................32succulenta ..........................................................32

Crepistectorum .............................................................13

Cuscutagronovii ..............................................................18umbrosa .............................................................18



Cypripediumcalceolus ............................................................26

Daleacandida ..............................................................21purpurea ............................................................21

Descurainiaincana ................................................................18pinnata ...............................................................18sophia ................................................................18

Dichantheliumleibergii ..............................................................27

Distichlisspicata................................................................27

Drabanemorosa ...........................................................18

Dracocephalumparviflorum ........................................................24

Dryopteriscarthusiana ........................................................31

Echinochloacrus-galli ............................................................27

Echinocystislobata .................................................................19

Elaeagnuscommutata .........................................................21

Eleocharisacicularis ...........................................................20erythropoda .......................................................20palustris .............................................................20

Elyhordeumx macounii .........................................................27

Elymuscanadensis .........................................................27hystrix ................................................................27lanceolatus .........................................................28trachycaulus ......................................................28virginicus ...........................................................28

Elytrigiarepens.................................................................28

Epilobiumangustifolium .....................................................26ciliatum ..............................................................26

Equisetumarvense ...............................................................21fluviatile .............................................................21laevigatum .........................................................21

Erigeronasper ..................................................................13glabellus ............................................................13philadelphicus ...................................................13

Erodiumcicutarium ..........................................................23

Erysimumcheiranthoides ...................................................19inconspicuum .....................................................19

Eupatoriummaculatum .........................................................14

Euphorbiaesula ...................................................................21

Euthamiagraminifolia .......................................................14

Fragariavirginiana...........................................................32

Fraxinuspennsylvanica ....................................................26

Gaillardiaaristata ...............................................................14

Galeopsisbifida ..................................................................24

Galiumaparine ...............................................................33boreale ...............................................................33trifidum ..............................................................33triflorum .............................................................33

Gentianaaffinis .................................................................23andrewsii ...........................................................23

Gentianellaamarella .............................................................23

Gentianopsiscrinita ................................................................23

Geumaleppicum ..........................................................32macrophyllum ....................................................37triflorum .............................................................32

Glauxmaritima ............................................................31

Glechomahederacea ..........................................................24

Glyceriagrandis ...............................................................28

Glycyrrhizalepidota ..............................................................22

Grindeliasquarrosa ...........................................................14

Hackeliadeflexa................................................................16

Helianthusgiganteus ...........................................................14maximiliani ........................................................14nuttallii ..............................................................14pauciflorus .........................................................14



Helictotrichonhookeri ...............................................................28

Heliopsishelianthoides .....................................................14

Heracleummaximum............................................................35

Heterothecavillosa ................................................................14

Heucherarichardsonii .......................................................34

Hierochloeodorata ..............................................................28

Hippurisvulgaris ..............................................................23

Hordeumjubatum ..............................................................28

Humuluslupulus ...............................................................16

Hypoxishirsuta ................................................................25

Impatienscapensis .............................................................16

Ivaxanthifolia ..........................................................14

Juncusalpinus ...............................................................23balticus ..............................................................23bufonius .............................................................23dudleyi ...............................................................23nodosus ..............................................................23tenuis ..................................................................37torreyi ................................................................23

Kochiascoparia .............................................................18

Koeleriamacrantha ..........................................................28

Lactucaserriola ..............................................................14tatarica ..............................................................14

Lappulasquarrosa ...........................................................16

Lathyrusjaponicus ...........................................................22ochroleucus ........................................................22palustris .............................................................22venosus ..............................................................22

Lemnaminor ..................................................................25trisulca ...............................................................25

Leonuruscardiaca .............................................................24

Lepidiumdensiflorum ........................................................19

Leucanthemumvulgare ...............................................................14

Leymusinnovatus ...........................................................28

Liatrisligulistylis ..........................................................14

Liliumphiladelphicum ..................................................25

Linumlewisii .................................................................25sulcatum .............................................................25usitatissimum .....................................................25

Lithospermumcanescens ...........................................................16

Lobeliaspicata................................................................16

Loliumperenne ..............................................................28

Loniceratatarica ..............................................................37

Lotuscorniculatus .......................................................22

Lycopusamericanus ........................................................24asper ..................................................................24

Lysimachiaciliata .................................................................31thyrsiflora ..........................................................31

Lythrumsalicaria .............................................................25

Maianthemumcanadense ..........................................................25stellatum ............................................................25

Malvarotundifolia ........................................................25

Matricariadiscoidea ............................................................14

Matteucciastruthiopteris ......................................................31

Medicagolupulina ..............................................................22sativa ..................................................................22

Melilotusalba ....................................................................22officinalis ...........................................................22

Menthacanadensis .........................................................24

Mirabilisnyctaginea .........................................................26

Moehringialateriflora ...........................................................17



Monardafistulosa ..............................................................24

Muhlenbergiamexicana ............................................................28racemosa............................................................28

Myriophyllumsibiricum ............................................................23

Nepetacataria ................................................................24

Oenotherabiennis ................................................................26nuttallii ..............................................................26

Orthocarpusluteus..................................................................34

Oryzopsisasperifolia ..........................................................28

Osmorhizaclaytonii .............................................................37longistylis ...........................................................35

Osmundaclaytoniana ........................................................37

Oxalisstricta .................................................................26

Oxytropiscampestris ..........................................................22

Panicumcapillare .............................................................28

Parietariapensylvanica ......................................................36

Parthenocissusquinquefolia .......................................................36

Pascopyrumsmithii ................................................................28

Pastinacasativa..................................................................35

Pediculariscanadensis .........................................................34lanceolata ..........................................................34

Pediomelumargophyllum .......................................................22esculentum .........................................................22

Pentaphylloidesfloribunda ..........................................................32

Petasitessagittatus............................................................14

Phalarisarundinacea .......................................................28canariensis .........................................................29

Phleumpratense .............................................................29

Phragmitesaustralis .............................................................29

Phrymaleptostachya .......................................................26

Physalisvirginiana...........................................................35

Physostegiavirginiana...........................................................24

Plantagoeriopoda .............................................................26major ..................................................................27

Poaannua .................................................................29compressa ..........................................................29palustris .............................................................29pratensis ............................................................29

Polygalasenega ................................................................30verticillata ..........................................................30

Polygonatumbiflorum .............................................................25

Polygonumachoreum ...........................................................30amphibium .........................................................30aviculare ............................................................30convolvulus ........................................................30lapathifolium .....................................................30persicaria ...........................................................30punctatum ..........................................................30ramosissimum ....................................................30scandens ............................................................30

Polypogonmonspeliensis .....................................................29

Populusbalsamifera ........................................................33deltoides .............................................................33tremuloides ........................................................34x jackii ...............................................................33

Portulacaoleracea .............................................................31

Potamogetonfiliformis.............................................................36foliosus ...............................................................36friesii ..................................................................36gramineus ..........................................................36pectinatus ...........................................................37pusillus ...............................................................37richardsonii .......................................................37vaginatus ...........................................................37

Potentillaconcinna ............................................................32norvegica ...........................................................32paradoxa ............................................................32pensylvanica ......................................................37

Prenanthesalba ....................................................................14racemosa............................................................15



Prunusamericana ..........................................................32pensylvanica ......................................................37virginiana...........................................................33

Puccinelliadistans ................................................................29nuttalliana .........................................................29

Pyrolaasarifolia ............................................................31

Quercusmacrocarpa ........................................................22

Ranunculusabortivus ............................................................31cymbalaria .........................................................31gmelinii ..............................................................31longirostris .........................................................32macounii ............................................................32pensylvanicus .....................................................32sceleratus ...........................................................32

Ribesamericanum .......................................................34oxyacanthoides ..................................................37

Rorippaislandica ............................................................19palustris .............................................................19

Rosaacicularis ...........................................................33arkansana ..........................................................33blanda ................................................................33woodsii ...............................................................33x dulcissima .......................................................33

Rubusidaeus .................................................................33pubescens...........................................................33

Rudbeckiahirta ...................................................................15laciniata .............................................................15

Rumexaquaticus ...........................................................30crispus ................................................................30maritimus ...........................................................30salicifolius ..........................................................30

Ruppiacirrhosa ..............................................................33

Sagittariacuneata ..............................................................11latifolia ..............................................................11

Salicorniarubra ..................................................................18

Salixalba ....................................................................34

amygdaloides .....................................................34discolor ..............................................................34exigua ................................................................34lucida .................................................................34petiolaris ............................................................34

Salsolakali .....................................................................18

Sambucusracemosa............................................................16

Saniculamarilandica .......................................................36

Schizachyriumscoparium ..........................................................29

Scirpusacutus .................................................................20atrovirens ...........................................................20cespitosus ...........................................................20fluviatilis ............................................................37maritimus ...........................................................20microcarpus .......................................................20pungens ..............................................................21rufus ...................................................................21tabernaemontani ................................................21

Scolochloafestucacea ..........................................................29

Scutellariagalericulata .......................................................24lateriflora ...........................................................24

Seneciocongestus ...........................................................15integerrimus .......................................................15

Setariaviridis .................................................................29

Silenecserei ..................................................................17noctiflora ...........................................................37

Sinapisarvensis ..............................................................19

Sisymbriumaltissimum ..........................................................19

Sisyrinchiummontanum ..........................................................23

Siumsuave ..................................................................36

Smilaxlasioneura ..........................................................25

Solanumdulcamara ..........................................................37nigrum................................................................35rostratum ...........................................................35

Solidagocanadensis .........................................................15gigantea .............................................................15hispida ...............................................................15



missouriensis .....................................................15ptarmicoides ......................................................15rigida .................................................................15

Sonchusarvensis ..............................................................15oleraceus............................................................15

Sorghastrumnutans ................................................................29

Sparganiumeurycarpum ........................................................35

Spartinapectinata ............................................................29

Spergulariasalina .................................................................17

Sphenopholisintermedia ..........................................................29

Spiraeaalba ....................................................................33

Sporoboluscryptandrus ........................................................29heterolepis .........................................................29

Stachyspalustris .............................................................24

Stellarialongifolia ...........................................................17longipes .............................................................17

Stipacomata ...............................................................29

Suaedacalceoliformis ....................................................18

Symphoricarposalbus ..................................................................16occidentalis ........................................................16

Tanacetumvulgare ...............................................................15

Taraxacumofficinale ............................................................15

Teucriumcanadense ..........................................................24

Thalictrumdasycarpum .......................................................32venulosum ..........................................................32

Thelypterispalustris .............................................................31

Thlaspiarvense ...............................................................19

Tiliaamericana ..........................................................35

Toxicodendronradicans .............................................................11

Tragopogondubius ................................................................15

Trifoliumpratense .............................................................22repens.................................................................22

Triglochinmaritimum..........................................................24

Trilliumcernuum .............................................................35

Trimorphaacris ...................................................................15

Typhaangustifolia ........................................................35latifolia ..............................................................35x glauca .............................................................35

Ulmusamericana ..........................................................35

Urticadioica .................................................................36

Utriculariamacrorhiza .........................................................25

Vaccariahispanica ...........................................................17

Verbenahastata ...............................................................36

Veronicaanagallis-aquatica .............................................34peregrina ...........................................................34

Viburnumedule ..................................................................16lentago ...............................................................16opulus ................................................................16rafinesquianum ..................................................37

Viciaamericana ..........................................................22cracca ................................................................22

Violacanadensis .........................................................36pubescens...........................................................36

Vitisriparia ................................................................37

Xanthiumstrumarium ........................................................15

Zannichelliapalustris .............................................................37

Zigadenuselegans ...............................................................25

Ziziaaptera .................................................................36aurea ..................................................................36

jennifer m. shayhome.cc.umanitoba.ca/~ggoldsb/deltamarsh/occasional/02/op2.pdf · a recent study of...

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