jenn riley metadata librarian iu digital library program introduction to metadata
TRANSCRIPT
Many definitions of metadata
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“Data about data”“Structured information about an information
resource of any media type or format.” (Caplan)
“Structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource.” (NISO)
…
More definition, in libraries
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StructureControlOrigin
Machine-generated Human-generated
The difference between data, metadata, and meta-metadata is often one of perspective
Some uses of metadata
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By information specialists Describing “non-traditional” materials Cataloging Web sites Navigating within digital objects Managing digital objects over the long term
By novices Preparing Web sites for search engines Depositing materials into an institutional repository Managing citation lists iTunes Tagging – flickr, del.icio.us, etc. LibraryThing
Metadata and cataloging
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Depends on what you mean by: metadata, and cataloging!
But, in general: Metadata is broader in scope than cataloging Much metadata creation takes place outside of libraries Good metadata practitioners use key cataloging
principles in non-MARC environments Metadata created for many different types of materials
Metadata is NOT only for Internet resources!
Creating metadata
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HTML <meta> tagsSpreadsheetsDatabasesXMLLibrary catalogsDigital library/content management systems
ContentDM DigiTool DSpace
Types of metadata
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Descriptive metadataAdministrative metadata
Technical metadata Preservation metadata Rights metadata
Structural metadata
Descriptive metadata
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Purpose Discovery Description to support use and interpretation
Some common general schemas MARC MARCXML MODS Dublin Core
LOTS of domain-specific schemas
MODS
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“Metadata Object Description Schema”Developed and maintained by the Library of
Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office
For encoding bibliographic informationInfluenced by MARC, but not equivalentQuickly gaining adoption
Dublin Core (1)
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“Core” across all knowledge domainsNational and international standard
2001: Released as ANSI/NISO Z39.85 2003: Released as ISO 15836
No element requiredAll elements repeatable1:1 principle
Dublin Core (2)
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Two “flavors” Unqualified – 15 elements Qualified
Additional elements Element refinements Encoding schemes (vocabulary and syntax) All qualifiers must follow “dumb-down” principle
Unqualified DC required for sharing metadata via the Open Archives Initiative
DCMI Abstract Model
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New direction for the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
An “information model which is independent of any particular encoding syntax”
RDF-inspired, but not RDFDCMI resource modelDCMI description set modelDCMI vocabulary modelFull abstract model recommendationStill too early to really know where this is
going
Comparing descriptive metadata formats
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MARC[example]
MARCXML[example]
MODS[example]
Dublin Core [DC example]
[QDC example]
Record format
Binary
(ISO 2709)XML XML
RDF, XML, HTML, et al.
Field labels
Numeric Numeric Text Text
Reliance on AACR
Strong Strong Implied None
Common method
of creation
By specialists
By derivation
By specialists
and by derivation
By novices and by specialists
Levels of control
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Data structure standards (e.g., MARC)Data content standards (e.g., AACR2r)Controlled vocabularies (e.g., LCSH)Very few metadata standards include a
counterpart to the AACR “chief source of information”
Data content standards
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Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition (AACR2)
Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)
Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO)Also many format-specific guidelines
Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Materials (DCRM) series Archival Moving Image Materials: A Cataloging Manual Betz: Graphic Materials …
Vocabulary encoding schemes
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TGM ITGM IITGNGeoNetAAT
LCSHLCNAFDCMI TypeMIME Types…etc.
aka, controlled vocabularies
Technical metadata
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One type of administrative metadataFor recording technical aspects of digital
objectsOf use for long-term maintenance of dataSome examples:
NISO Z39.87: Data Dictionary – Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images & MIX
Schema for Technical Metadata for Text
Structural metadata
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For creating a logical structure between digital objects Locating the same intellectual content on multiple
representations Noting points of interest within a single resource Grouping and sequencing multiple files that make up
a logical wholeMETS is the current primary schema
How do I pick a metadata format?
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Genre/format of materials being described Nature of holding institutionUse and audience for the metadataWhat others in the community are doingDescribing analog vs. digitized itemRelationships between recordsPlan for interoperability, including repeatability
of elementsMore information on handout
Further information
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[email protected] presentation slides:
<http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/~jenlrile/presentations/slis/09spring/s504/s504.ppt>
Handout: <http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/~jenlrile/presentations/slis/09spring/s504/handout.pdf>
Metadata librarians listserv: <http://metadatalibrarians.monarchos.com>
Priscilla Caplan: Metadata Fundamentals for all Librarians, 2003