JEM/SMILES が拓く地球大気観測

笠井康子(NICT)JEM/SMILES Mission Team (NICT & JAXA)

NICT: National Institute of Information and Communications TechnologyJAXA: Japan Aerospace Explosion Agency

第10回 受信機ワークショップ「ミリ波サブミリ波受信機ワークショップ」5 March , 2010

SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE LIMB-EMISSION SOUNDER (SMILES)

There are two target for SMILES Mission1. Space demonstration of the super-conductive submillimeter-wave technology, 4K mixer and its mechanical cooler. 2. Demonstration of 4K super sensitive atmospheric observation with submillimeter-wave limb-emission sounding.

JEM/SMILES MissionSuperconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) designed to be aboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on International Space Station (ISS)Collaboration project of NICT and JAXA NICT: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Scientific Targets of SMILES

1. Ozone recovery (Stratosphere):Sensitive observation of Ozone, HCl, ClO HOCl, HO2, H2O2, BrO, and HOBr etc will contribute to understand the recent status of ozone layer in mid-latitude region.

2. Climate change (UT/ LS):Sensitive Observation of Humidity, Ice cloud, HCl isotopes, Ozone isotopes, and CH3CN in UT/LS region with solar zenith angle dependence. UT/LS atmospheric exchange, diurnal variation of heterogeneous reaction on ice cloud.

3. First observation (Mesopause):First global day and night continuous sensitive observation of

atmospheric compositions, O3, HCl, HO2, in the mesopause.

SMILES sensor and observation method

Observation Freq. (GHz)

BandＡ： 624.32-625.52BandＢ： 625.12-626.32BandＣ： 649.12-650.32

Antenna FOVReceiverSpectrometer

0.009(HPBW)SIS mixer＋ HEMT ampAOS

Resolution 1.8 MHz Tsys 500K expected -> 300K real

Integ. time 0.5 sec/spectrum Geometry Limb scanning

Orbit Non- sun synchronized orbit (allow to observe diurnal variation within 24 hours)

Scan Altitude -30km to 120km

4K mechanical cooler

SIS mixer： 4K Super-conductive receiver

InputOptics

20K

HEMTAmp

SISMixer

Cryostat

Mechanical CoolerSub-mm

LO

AOS9-15GHz

IF

638.5 GHz

Antenna

Development of Microwave Limb Emission Sounder

UARS/MLS was the first satellite mission for “Microwave Limb Sounder”. Odin/SMR is the first “Sub-millimeter-wave sensor”. JEM/SMILES is the first “super-conductive sensor”.

Aura/MLSTsys: 12000K(DSB@650GHz)

Odin/SMRTsys: 3000K(SSB@500GHz)

UARS/MLS JEM/SMILESTsys: 300K(SSB@650GHz)

1991 20042001 2009

Aura/MLSTsys: 12000K(DSB@650GHz)

Odin/SMRTsys: 3000K(SSB@500GHz)

JEM/SMILESTsys: 300K(SSB@650GHz)

Simulated spectrum with several noise corresponding with MLS, Odin/SMR, and SMILES. For comparison, SMILES instrumental setup are used for all simulations. This is “NOT” the simulation of MLS and Odin/SMR observation .

Comparison of spectrum noise

ClO

HO2

6000K 3000K 300K

s=6K s=0.3K

Averaging kernel

black-dots: a priori errorfull line: single scan precisiondashed line: daily average precisiondash-dot line: monthly average

Averaging kernel of SMILES O3 ： Observe 10-90kmまで観測可能

Averaging kernel Averaging kernel

Theoretical precision and altitude range of SMILES species

Data transfer

L3 data

L0/L1b data

L2 OperationalSteady, Real time, and Complete system for operational processing

JAXA/TKSC

NICT

NICT

JAXA/ISAS

L2 ResearchFlexible, Fast, and Small systemfor research processing

NASA/USA

ISS

L2r processing

Algorithm development

Spectroscopic study

JAXA (Tsukuba)level 0,HK, 1b

L2 L3L1

System/job management

JAXA/ ISAS L2 operational

Database/ File storage

Data dow

nload services

NASA GODDARD Meteorological data

System Over View

Data backup

L3 processing

ValidationACE(tele-con 1/week)MLSOdin/SMR OSIRIS SCIAMACHY

L3 QLData distribution

other data …

System model of SMILES retrieval algorithm

Synthetic radianceObserved radiance

<L1b products>Atmospheric State

<Nature>

Retrieval State<L2 products>

Forward calculationRadiative Transfer

Sensor model

Retrieval Analysis

Error Analysis

Forward calculationRadiative Transfer

Sensor model

Observed Spectrum

Forward calculationRadiative Transfer

Sensor model

R

Atmospheric radiation

Key components are:1. Antenna: Antenna Pattern2. SSB filter: Side band ratio3. AOS spectrometer: Response function

These components “were” measured and parameterized by the instrument team before launch!

Observed Spectrum

Almost no standing wave on the spectrum!Stable spectrum over day!

Temperature control system on JEM/ISS was quite good

Great things:- Less noise than expected. 500K -> 300K- NO standing wave on the spectrum.- Stable less than 1K over scan.

Problems (as S. Ochiai said):- Pointing problem: Bad pointing information with no oxygen observation. Both ISS and Star Tracker has different problem.

- No linearity problem of the spectrum:

System model of SMILES retrieval algorithm

Forward calculation

Synthetic radianceObserved radiance

<L1b products>Atmospheric State

<Nature>

Retrieval State<L2 products>

Radiative Transfer

Sensor model

Retrieval Analysis

Error Analysis

Retrieval procedure

O3 ClO HO2 HCl

An example of retrieval procedure

SMILES species

Processing modes

Band A Band B Band C

Stratospheric(major)

O3, H37Cl, H2O,

Temp, Pointing offset

O3, H35Cl, H2O,

Temp, Pointing offset

H2O, ClO

Stratospheric(minor)

wind, HOCl, CH3CN, HNO3, BrO, H2O2, SO2

wind, HO2, HNO3, SO2

O3, HO2, HNO3, BrO

Mesospheric O3, H37Cl, wind,

H2O2

O3, H37Cl, wind,

HO2

HO2, , ClO

UT/LS H2O, Ice water content, O3, CH3CN

A vs C B vs C

A(H37Cl) vs B(H35Cl)A vs B A vs B

O3 @ 30 hPaO3 @ 30 hPa

HCl @ 30 hPa O3 @ 30 hPa Temperature @ 30 hPa

SMILES self-comparisondaily comparison of same products from different bands

30 hPa region: region has relatively smaller non-linear problems in the spectrum S. Ochiai

Early Validation

O3

HCl

ClO

BrO

MLS switch on HCl channel 24-27 Nov.

MLS Odin/SMROSIRIS

ACEGround-based UV/VIS

SCHYAMACHY

Francois Hendrick

Alexei Rozanov

Ozonesonde

SCHYAMACHY

SCHYAMACHY

N. LiveseyB. ReadL. Froidevaux

K. WalkerP. Bernath D. Murtagh

D. Degenstein

Ground-based UV/VIS

MLS/ACE/TELIS/MIPAS-B did measurement of HCl

Ozonesonde

2009/11/13-2009/11/24-bandB-1h400km

25km problem

T.Tanaka, K.Kita, E. Dupuy, Y.Kasai

25km problem

SMILES-Ozonesonde

2009/11/13-2009/11/24-bandB-12h600kmSMILES-MLS

Ozone

M

Jan. 25: SMILES H35Cl/ MLS HClBlack line is averaged values of SMILES, MLS. 466 coincidence (+/- 1hour, +/- 400km)

25km problem

Problem of calibration non-linearity

Difference about 5K

Feedback to S. Ochiai et al., Instrumental team

Difference less than 1K

Early BrO comparison with ground-based DOAS observation

SMILES ('L2product_G_RA' operational product) and ground-based UV-vis BrO profiles over Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) in Southern France (44ｰN, 5.5ｰE).

The coincidence criteria: latitude +/- 5deg, longitude: +/- 10deg.

The ground-based UV-vis BrO profiles have been photochemically corrected in order to correspond to SMILES SZA.

SMILES profiles have been smoothed using ground-based UV-vis averaging kernels.

Ground-based UV/VIS

Francois HendrickBelgian Institute for Space Aeronomy

Decrease of intensity due to scattering from ice particules

dashed line: clear sky

Ice cloud signal on SMILES brightness temperature

An example of early resultszonal mean profiles

CH3CN

O3

HNO3

HO2

HCl

ClO

Mesospheric HO2

Local time (hour)

An example of early result

SMILES successfully detected diurnal variation of ClO in lower-mid latitude

In one-day data.

ClO daytime ClO night time

ClO: SMILESの高感度1 月28日

MLS:490K(18km) SMILES: 20km

ClO: January 21

MLS:490K(18km) Odin/SMR: 475K(19km) SMILES: 20km

pv 475K T 475K

An example of early resultszonal mean profiles

http://smiles.nict.go.jp

Managers: Ryota Sato (JAXA)M. Takayanagi (JAXA)Yasuhiro Murayama (NICT)

PI: Masato Shiotani

SMILES Instrumental Team members:Kikuchi Kenichi (JAXA)Satoshi Ochiai (NICT)Toshiyuki Nishibori (JAXA) Takeshi Manabe (Osaka Pr. U., NICT)Hiroyuki Ozeki (Toho University)

NICT SMILES project members Takahiro Tanaka (Ibaraki University, NICT)Tomohiro Sato (Tokyo Institute of Technology)Eric Dupuy (NICT)

Thanks to colleaguesSMILES Science team members ScienceMakoto Koike (University of Tokyo)Kazuyuki Kita (Ibaraki University)Algorithm developmentPhilippe Baron (NICT)Jana Mendrok (NICT)Donal Murtagh (Chalmers University)Joachim Urban (Chalmers University)Patrick Errikson (Chalmers University)Dong Wu (JPL)Bill Read ( JPL)L2 processing systemMakoto Suzuki (JAXA)Takuki Sano (JAXA)Koji Imai (JAXA)L3 processing systemValidation Tomoo Nagahama (Nagoya Unievrsity)