jeff presentation
TRANSCRIPT
PROJECT TITLE
Wireless Transmission Line Fault Detection Using RF
Project Supervisor
Engr. Musawwar Hussain
Group Members
Abdul Rehman Samad 211-19345
Nawaf Muhammad Tahir 211-19337
Muhammad Osman Nazir 311-20372
Introduction
Wireless Transmission Line Fault Detection
Using Radio Frequency For Communication
Multiple sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions
One of the Emerging Technology
Idea Of Our Project
Functionality Of Nodes
Hardware Design
Block Diagram(Node Unit)
Block Diagram(Base Unit)
Node UnitNode Unit consists of:
Voltage Sensor
Current Sensor
Temperature Sensor
Humidity Sensor
PIC Microcontroller (PIC 16F877)
Transceivers
Operation of Node Unit
Taking analog data of Temperature, Humidity, voltage and
current through sensors.
Converting analog data into digital through ADC.
Programming using micro-controller.
Encode data
Transmission of digital data through RF to Base Node.
Perform actions as told by the user
Base Unit
Base Unit consists of:
PIC Microcontroller (PIC 16F877)
Transceivers
RS 232 Port (Serial Port)
Encoder/Decoder
Operation of Base Unit
Receive data transmitted by Sensor Node.
Decode Data
Programming using micro-controller.
Send data to PC through RS 232 ( Serial Port)
Take actions told by user
SensorSensor is a device that measure physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
There are four types of sensors, we are using in our project to get analogue data.
Voltage Sensor
Current Sensor
Temperature Sensor
Temperature SensorSensor UsedLM35
FeaturesCalibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
SpecificationRated for full −55° to +150°C rangeOperating Voltage 5 voltsLess than 60 A current drainμ
Design
WorkingLM35 gives the output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/oC .
Conversion Factor The general equation used to convert output voltage to temperature is:
Temperature ( oC) = Vout * (100 oC/V) So if Vout is 1V , then, Temperature = 100 oC . The output voltage varies linearly with temperature.
Voltage sensor
Voltage sensor is the one which detects the input voltage in the line and generates the corresponding stepped down DC output voltage which can easily be measured.
SpecificationRated for 0 to 250 voltsCurrent draining 4-5 mAFrequency 50 hertz
Design
Input Output
220 AC 2.20 DC215 AC 2.15 DC210 AC 2.10 DC
Working
The main function of voltage sensor is to convert 220V AC to desired DC volts.
The A.C voltage is step down
The step down voltage is converted to D.C voltage
Filtration
Variable Resister for adjusting output
Current sensorA current sensor is a device that detects electrical current in a wire, and generates a signal proportional to it.
Specification:
Rated at 0-250 volts
Current rating 1 A
Frequency 50-60 Hz
Design
Working
Current is Step downed
Amplification
Rectification
MicrocontrollerMost of the engineering projects are done with the help of Micro controller. In this project, we are going to use MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877
PIC 16F877: High-performance RISC CPU. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory. Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory. Selectable oscillator options Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology Only single 5V source needed for programming capability Processor read/write access to program memory Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
Pin Description
Display on LCD
Store values in array and
then
Process Each Parameter
Call LCD and Process function
Define Functions
Initializes Variables and
function
Define Libraries
Flow Chart
Serial Communication
Serial communication?
Cheaper way of communication.
Time sequence
Usually all the Digital ICs work on TTL or CMOS voltage levels which cannot be used to communicate over RS-232 protocol.
So a voltage or level converter is needed which can convert TTL to RS232 and RS232 to TTL voltage levels.
The most commonly used RS-232 level converter is MAX232.
RS232
MAX 232
This IC includes charge pump which can generate RS232 voltage levels from 5V power supply.
Converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levelsMAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and
receiving dataLine drivers used for TxD are called T1 and T2Line drivers for RxD are designated as R1 and R2T1 and R1 are used together for TxD and RxD of the PIC
16f877A
MAX 232 Pin Description
MAX232 Interfacing with Serial port
Baud Rate
Baud rate is a measure of how fast data are moving between instruments that use serial communication.
Baud can be abbreviated using the shortened form “Bd” when being used for technical purposes.
Must make sure that the baud rate of the PIC system matches the baud rate of the PC's COM port
Working of Microcontroller
PIC 16F877A microcontroller can be set to transfer and receive serial data at different baud rates using software instructions.
In this project baud rate 9600bps is used.
RxD and TxD pins in the 16F877A
16F877A has two pins used for Transferring and
Receiving Data Serially
TxD and RxD are part of the port c group
Pin 25 (Port c) is assigned to TxD
Pin 26 (Port c) is designated as RxD
Pins are TTL compatible
Require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible
Driver is the MAX232 chip
Start and stop bits
A synchronous method, each character is placed between
start and stop bits called framing
Start bit is always one bit
Stop bit can be one or two bits
Start bit is always a 0 (low)
Stop bit(s) is 1 (high)
LSB is sent out first
In modern PCs one stop bit is standard
When transferring a text file of ASCII characters using 1
stop bit there is total of 10 bits for each character
8 bits for the ASCII code ,1 bit each for the start and stop
bits
For each 8-bit character there are an extra 2 bits, which
gives 20% overhead
RF Transceivers We have used car alarm security system modules for our
wireless communication.
RF Transmitter Specification: Nominal Voltage: DC 12V
Operating Current: 15mA
Operating Frequency: 433MHz
Modulation: FSK
Radiated Power: 20mW
Characteristics: Small size, low power, medial distance
RF Transceivers
RF Receiver Specification:Some specification of RF
receiver which we are using is given below:
Nominal Voltage: DC 5V
Operating Current: 15mA
Operating Frequency: 433MHz
Modulation: FSK
Working of Transceiver
Communication unit basically transmits data from control
unit part I to control unit part II .
RF Module which transmits data at 315/433 MHz is used.
there are two basic parts in communication unit called as
transmitter and receiver.
Hardware coding is done while sending data.
PT2262In our project we have use a RF Encoder PT2262 and PT2272 RF Decoder. RF Transmitter is connected to the different components through RF Encoder. This encoder converts the 4-bit data into a single bit and sends it to the transmitter which will be transmitting. The data which is in the air is an analog value. Features
CMOS TechnologyLow Power ConsumptionUp to 6 Data PinsOperating Voltage: Vcc = 12 Volts
Pin Configuration
PT 2272PT 2272 is a remote control decoder utilizing CMOS Technology. At the receiving end, the receiver receives this analog value on a single data line and passes this data to the decoder. The decoder does the opposite functioning of the encoder i.e., it converts the single bit data into four bit data and gives it to the microcontroller which does the further processing.
Features CMOS Technology Low Power Consumption Very High Noise Immunity Wide range of Operating Voltage: Vcc = 4 ~ 15 Volts
Pin Configuration
Modulation
It is an addition of information to an electronic signal.
There are two types of Modulation
Analogue Modulation
Digital Modulation
Use of Modulation Scheme
In our Project we are using Digital Modulation Scheme.
Fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying:
In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used.
In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used.
In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used.
FSK
In our project FSK is used as Modulation scheme.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
Flow Chart
Modifications
Long Range of communication
Multiple Nodes
Networking Topologies
Addition of other Parameters
Thank you
Any Questions ??