RVICES

I N THIS ISSUE

Research Digest Rethinking

Fertility in Asia 2

Profile Richard W. BakerIndonesian Observer 4

Research Projects Revitaliz-

ing the Philippine Mineral

Industry s

Publications Tradition andChange in the Asian Family B

Education Bringing Asia Intothe Nations Classrooms 7

A S I A P A C IF 1 C

server

EAST-WEST CENTER Japan Moves Toward Changing Oil Policies

A Quarterly Newsletter Japanese investment in two South China Sea ventures may signal a shift in national petro-from the East-West Center leum supply policy that could have widespread implications for the global oil market,Honolulu, Hawaii according to East-West Center researchers Fereidun Fesharaki and Mark J. Valencia.Vol. 2, No. IJanuary-March 1995

The U.S. Congress established the Easr-

Wesr Center in 1960 to foster mutual

understanding and cooperation among

the governments and peoples of the Asia-

Pacific region, including the United

States, Through research, education, dia-

logue and outreach, the Center promotes

responsible development, long-term sta-

bility, and human dignity for all people

in the region and helps prepare the

United Stares for constructive involve-

ment in Asia and the Pacific.

Fesharaki, director of the EWC Program on Resources, and Valencia, a senior fellow

and analyst of maritime issues in Asia, said Japanese banks recently gave China's oil indus-try a US$100 million loan to explore reserves in the South China Sea. The money will be

used to develop fields discovered by the China National Offshore Oil Corporation andU.S. oil companies including AMOCO s Chevron and Texaco.

Meanwhile, Japanese companies have put themselves in the middle of a possible clashbetween China and Vietnam over conflicting claims to potentially oil rich areas in the

South China Sea, the researchers said. Mobil Oil Corporation and several Japanese oilcompanies, including the government's Japan National Oil Company, have financial stakesin Blue Dragon, a highly prospective area claimed by both Vietnam and China.

"The timing and size of the investment required could indicate changing Japanese oilsupply policy, coupled with a desire to appease the U.S. government at a time when rela-

tions are strained," the researchers said. "In the case of its support for Mobil, there mayalso have been a desire to involve a major U.S. company in the venture as political'protec-tion'—while retaining financial andultimate management control."

Fesharaki and Valencia said diversification has been the cornerstone of Japanese oil

supply policy for two decades. But despite massive expenditures, diversification seems to

have hit a physical limit and it is not clear that this policy has enhanced Japan's energysecurity. Although Japan obtains oil from a wide variety of sources, dependence on the

Middle East has increased and currently accounts for around 75 percent of imports.

"Creation of the Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) was a major step towarddiversity and overseas exploration," they said. `Although many companies have been

assisted by JNOC, these companies produce less than 12 percent of Japan's total crudeimports. To achieve this modest return, JNOC spent more than US$20 billion, Clearly,the return on investment has been disappointing."

For this reason, Japan may decide to take advantage of its market power and targetcertain Asian countries for special relationships, the researchers said. Target countries

would be current or future oil exporters with crude quality acceptable to Japanese refiners.They would also be countries that need Japanese investment and would encourage it in awide variety of areas.

"Vietnam meets these criteria and has great potential as a country where Japan couldhave integrated activities," the researchers said. "Already, Japan's Sumitomo is involved in

a production-sharing contract for the promising Dai Hung field. More recently, Mitsubishi

Continued an page 2

RESEARCH DIGEST

Continued from page 1

Oil discovered the Rang Dong field with

potential production of more than 100,000+barrels per day. If Japan were to dedicated

further resources to production, refining .and other developments, it could increase4its bargaining position with Vietnam and

exert influence over Vietnamese policies thatwould enhance the security of Japan's pe-troleum supply as well as the profitability.

of Japan's businesses in the country.

Fesharaki and Valencia said Japanese

policies have favored oil exploration anddiversification of supply rather than acqui-sition of existing and producing oil re-

sources, and that money spent on unsuc-cessful oil exploration could be better spent

buying oil. Consequently, new Japanesepolicies are needed to encourage Japanesecompanies to acquire producing acreage in

certain key countries, they said."Japan appears to be reassessing its oil sup-

ply policy," the researchers said. "As it does

so, it should consider focusing its investmentactivity in selected countries; acquisition, as

well as exploration assistance; and reevalua-tion of further supply diversification poli-

cies to ensure that they are effective."

For more information, contact FereidunFesharaki at (808) 944-7527 or Mark f.'

Valencia at (808) 944-7247.

EAST-WEST CENTER

Asia-Pacific Observer (1076-5549), VOL. 11, NO. 14January-March, 1995. The Observer is published

quarterly by the East-West Center Office of Public

Programs, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI

96848. It is sent without charge to readers inter-

ested in the Center. Second-lass postage is paid at

Honolulu, Hawaii.

Director of Public Programs: Webster K. Nolan

Editor. Grady Timmons

POSTMASTER: Address changes should be sent to

Asia-Pacific Observer, East-West Center, 1777 East-West Road. Honolulu, HI 96848. Please include

mailing code label.

Rethinking Fertility In Asia

After working for decades to reduce population growth, a number of governments in East

and Southeast Asia now want to reverse the process because they are concerned about theaging of their populations and the shrinking of their entry-level labor forces, according toa new EWC research report.

"Governments in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailandthat have reduced fertility to below the population replacement level of 2.1 children per

woman are anxious to raise fertility at least to replacement levels," says Ronald Freedman,the report's author.

"Bur even if social policy lifts fertility back to 2.1 or even somewhat higher, the basicproblems of an older population and a shortage of young labor-force entrants will re-main," he says. "With fertility near replacement levels, a trend to a much older populationis unavoidable."

Freedman is a professor emeritus of sociology at the Popu-lation Studies Center at the University of Michigan. His

report, which examines fertility trends in Asia between 1965and 1990, as well as their implications, is drawn from a

lecture he delivered at the Center last summer and is thefirst in a new EWC publication series, Asia-Pacific Popula-tion Research Reports.

Beginning in the 1960s, population policy in most of Asiafocused on efforts to reduce fertility and controlmushroomming growth. Over a 25-year period the results werehighly successful. Asian fertility fell by 39 percent and contra-ceptive use rose sharply throughout much of the region, saysFreedman, who surveyed 24 Asian countries that together ac-

count for 3.1 billion, or 56 percent, of the world's population.

It is especially noteworthy that major fertility declines in Asia occurred in popula-tions that are poor and largely rural and illiterate," he says. "The six countries of theworld with annual per capita incomes of less than $US 450 and total fertility rates ofunder 4.6 are all in Asia."

Those countries arc Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Allhave strong national family planning programs. From 1965 to 1970, Fertility in these

countries ranged from 6.91 to 4.68 children per woman. It now ranges from 4.5 to 2.1,and nearly two-thirds of married couples practice contraception, Freedman says.

He says three factors are usually believed to account for such rapid changes in repro-

ductive behavior: mortality decline, broad social and economic development, and effec-tive national planning programs. For the countries of East and Southeast Asia that haveachieved below-replacement level fertility, the explanation is social and economic devel-

opment combined with private family planning services (Hong Kong and Japan) andbroadly based development combined with strong government family planning programs(South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand).

China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam, the four poor countries with the largestfertility declines, have, in addition to strong government family planning programs, twoimportant development indicators — low infant mortality and high adult female literacy.

"China and Indonesia have reached and mobilized their peasant populations," saysFreedman, who notes that China still seeks below-replacement level fertility because of

II ASIA-PACIFIC OBSERVER 2

dLL

its huge population. "Indias moderately

strong program is not always well imple-mented in the field, and national mortality

and illiteracy rates remain high. The great

anomaly is Bangladesh, which, despite high

mortality and low female literacy, has had asubstantial fertility decline, with 45 percent.

of couples now using contraceptives." Twoother poor countries, Pakistan and Nepal,

still have high mortality and low female lit-eracy. Their family planning programs are

ineffective, and fertility remains high.

Freedman says the transition from highto low fertility is virtually complete in EastAsia, well underway in most of Southeastand South Asia, and beginning in Muslim

West Asia. But demographic regimes of lowfertility and mortality inevitably produce

older populations and completing the tran-sition to low, controlled fertility does not

solve all population problems, he says.

For a copy ofAsia-Pacific Population Re-

search Reports, Number 1, contact the EWC

Publication Sales Office at (808) 944-7145

or fax (808) 944-7376.

Environmental Incentivesfor Vietnam

Vietnam is a place where 80 percent of thepeople rely directly on forests and agricul-

tural resources for their survival. But defor-estation, overly intensive agricultural prac-

tices, rapid population growth, and eco-

nomic development pose serious threats tothose resources and to the environment ingeneral, says Center researcher A. TerryRambo.

Rambo, who has been engaged in ongo-

ing surveys of critical ecological zonesthroughout Vietnam, argues that "the onlyfeasible strategy for preserving the environ-

ment is to provide poor farmers with ad-equate means and incentives to protect en-dangered ecosystems."

As director of the EWC Program on

Environment, Rambo recently led a teamof scientists from the Center, Hanoi Uni-versity and the University of California atBerkeley in conducting a restudy of

Vietnam's Vinh Phu Province. Their mis-sion was to trace conditions of the area from

1989 to the present and to identify changesthat had occurred since responsibility forland management was transferred from co-

operatives to private ownership.Of special interest was the fate of inno-

vative experimental efforts, introduced

prior to privatization by Vietnamese sci-entists, to restore vegetation in the

province's severely degraded midlands.

Rambo says the change in land tenure pro-duced major improvements: agriculturalproductivity increased, agricultural diver-

sity was enhanced, land-use patterns be-came more sustainable, and farmers werebetter off economically.

"But continued rapid populationgrowth, overproduction of agriculturalcrops for commercial markets and widen-ing economic disparities among farmers

threaten the long-term stability of the en-

vironment and rural society," he says. "Moreequitable allocation of barren hill land,

improving the system of providing creditto poor farmers as well as technical assis-tance to support sustainable resource man-agement practices could produce better en-

vironmental and social outcomes."

For more information, contact A. Terry

Rambo at (808) 944-7265

Preserving PacificMarine Ecosystems

Rapid population growth and economic de-

velopment are degrading coastal marine en-

vironments in the tropical islands of the Pa-

cific, including beaches, lagoons, coral reefs,seagrass beds and mangrove forests, accord-ing to Center researcher James Maragos.

"The damage is most severe near popula-tion centers, where soil erosion, urban pol-lution, coastal construction and overfishing

are the primary causes," he says. "Elsewhere,poaching and overfishing are depleting keyspecies such as sea turtles, coconut crabs,

marine mammals, giant clams and reef fish."Throughout the Pacific, only a few ma-

rine protected areas have been established,

and fewer still are adequately managed,

Maragos says. In addition, scientists havevisited and assessed only a small fraction of

the region's many islands and reefs, andscores of species and ecosystems remainundescribed.

Last November, Maragos conducted twoworkshops at the Center that addressedthese concerns, At the first, marine experts

from Asia, Australia, Europe, the UnitedStates and the Pacific Islands summarized

the state of knowledge about biodiversityin the nearshore waters of the tropical Pa-cific and developed the framework for a data

base on the region's nearshore and coastalmarine species.

At the second, marine experts discussedthe impacts of population growth and de-velopment on marine ecosystems and

drafted an action plan to preserve these en-

vironments through collaboration betweenconservation and development interests.

Two volumes of proceedings from the work-

shops will be used to promote public aware-ness, research, education, training, planning

and improved management of Pacificnearshore marine environments.

For more information, contact James

Maragos at (808) 944-7271.

ASIA - PACIFIC OBSERVER 3

PROFILE

Richard Baker:Indonesian Observer

EWC Senior Fellow Richard W Baker wasa 16-year-old high school exchange student

when he first visited Indonesia. Later, dur-ing a 20-year career as a U.S. diplomat, hewas posted in Jakarta, and currently he is

conducting a research project on economicgrowth and institutional change in Indo-nesia, a country of 190 million people thatis rapidly raising its international profile.

"Indonesia is attracting a lot more atten-

tion in the United States today, especially

from the Congress," he says. "But it still

remains the least well known and under-stood of the world's major countries. Indo-nesia is huge and complex, and dealings

with it for the United States involve diffi-cult trade-offs. For example, at the sametime that the United States has designatedIndonesia as one of 10 key markets for U.S.export promotion efforts around the world,

it has also targeted Indonesia for humanrights abuses.

"The Suharto government does respondto international pressures, particularywhenapplied by a major power such as the United

States. But it can also be very prickly whenits national pride is offended.Thus, the U.S.-Indonesian dialogae on sensitive issues such

as human rights will require careful, con-

tinuous management, which can be diffi-cult when the dialogue is carried out in avery public way, with domestic politicalinterests involved on both sides."

Indonesia is a resource-rich country con-sisting of some 13,600 islands, with morethan 300 ethnic groups and 350 languages.

It has the world's fourth largest populationas well as the largest Moslem population of

any country in the world. For the past 30years, Indonesia has prospered under Presi-

dent Suharto. National income grew by six

times in real terms, while real per capita in-come grew by four times and the number of

people living in absolute poverty declinedfrom 70 million to 29 million. In 1993, theWorld Bank included Indonesia among "the

eight high-performing Asian economies."Such dramatic economic growth has pro-

foundly changed Indonesian society, says

Baker, whose latest research project is ex-amining the impact this growth is havingon the country. The project, a collaborative

effort of the East-West Center and the Cen-tre for Strategic and International Studiesin Jakarta, is "the first across-the-board as-

sessment of the major institutions by whichIndonesian society organizes and governsitself," he says. "It will profit from a genu-inely Indonesian perspective and carry that

perspective to the wider U.S. and interna-tional audiences."

Born in Florida and raised in New Jer-sey, Baker got his first taste of Indonesia asan American Field Service exchange stu-dent. The year was 1960, and Indonesiawas on the verge of convulsive political

change that in 1965 would result in a failedcommunist coup, followed by widespreadviolence and a transfer of power fromSukarno to Suharto.

Baker spent the summer of 1960 im-mersed in Indonesian life and culture. Atthe end of his stay, his group was invited to

the national palace to observe the country'sindependence day celebrations. "I remem-ber watching the pageantry and parades,

and then listening as President Sukarnodelivered a speech in which he banned two

political parties and broke off diplomatic

relations with Indonesia's former coloniz-

ers, the Dutch," he says. "For a student likeme, who had an interest in history and gov-

ernment, this was an addictive experience.I knew right then what my career path was

going to be."In 1967, after receiving a Master's de-

gree from the Woodrow Wilson School ofPublic and International Affairs at PrincetonUniversity; Baker joined the U.S. ForeignService. For the next 20 years he was a ca-

reer officer, with postings in Singapore, In-

donesia and Australia. From 1972 to 1976,

he served in Indonesia as Deputy PrincipalOfficer of the American Consulate inSurabaya and then as a political officer atthe U.S. Embassy in Jakarta.

Baker joined the East-West Center in1987. Since then, he has conducted research

on Southeast Asia, APEC, the Pacific Islands

and served as coordinator of a comprehen-sive study on Australia-New Zealand-U.S.relations, editing a three-volume book se-

ries that resulted from the project.The com-mon themes that run through his work in-clude interests in politics and public policy,

Asia-Pacific regionalism, and U.S. foreign

policy in Asia. His latest project on Indo-nesia combines all of these interests, he says.

'An understanding of the internal dynam-ics of Indonesian society is essential for schol-ars, businesspeople and governments as theydeal with this increasingly important Asian

state," he says. "Indonesia plays a role in theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), in APEC and in the Non-AlignedMovement. If American dialogue and policytowards Indonesia on issues such as human

rights is going to be effective, rather than justemotionally satisfying, it needs to be in-formed by a very sophisticated understand-

ing of the broader context in which that dia-logue is taking place."

For more information, contact Richard W.Baker at (808)) 944-7371.

ASIA - PACIFIC OBSERVER 4

RESEARCH PROJECTS

Revitalizing the Philippine

Mining Industry

Fifteen years ago, the Philippine mining

industry accounted for 25 percent of thenation's exports and was the leading foreign

exchange earner, bringing in $1 billion

annually. Since then, the mining industry hasdeclined by more than 70 percent and is

urgently in need of revitalization from out-side investment, says EWC resource spe-

cialist Allen Clark."The Philippines is faced with the

dichotomy of having a rich endowment of

resources but a dwindling mining industry,"reports Clark, who attributes the situationto government policies that have discour-

aged foreign investment.A worldwide survey of mineral invest-

rnent climate ranked the Philippines 98th,

below China and Vietnam, two majorregional competitors. Similarly, when thePhilippines was compared with the five

other member countries of the Associationof Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) inoverall investment climate, it did notreceive a superior rating in any of the 18

evaluation categories."The future of the Philippine mining

industry is intrinsically linked to foreign in-

vestment and the development of newprojects rather than the rehabilitation ofexisting projects by domestic producers,"

Clark says. "The reason for this is that mostexisting domestic producers lack the capi-tal, exploration technology and large-scale

development expertise to bring major newprojects into production."

A senior fellow in the Center's Program

on Resources, Clark specializes in analysisof national and international mineral re-source potential and development policy,as well as implementation and managementof mineral and energy development

projects. Last year after an international

competition, Clark headed an EWC teamselected to conduct research and make

policy recommendations for revitalizing the

Philippine mineral industry. The projectwas part of a $526,000 effort funded by

the Asian Development Bank.According to Clark, the Philippines is

especially noted for its gold and copper de-

posits, but is also richly endowed withnickel, iron, silver, manganese and zinc.

Mining in the Philippines dates back to the3rd Century A.D., he says, when Chinese

traders referred to Luzon as the "Isle ofGold." It was not until the "gold rush" ofthe 1930s and 1940s, however, that major

mining activity got underway. In 1965 theAtlas Mining Company opened the first

porphyry copper deposit in Cebu, and by1974 there were 18 major copper mines in

"The Philippines is faced with the

dichotomy of having a rich endow-

ment of resources but a dwindling

mining industry."

operation in the Philippines. As late as1991, the Philippines ranked 11th in theworld in gold production and 13th in cop-

per production.But since 1985, the nation's mining in-

dustry has seen 10 major mine closings and

significant downsizing of existing opera-tions. What's more, mineral exploration andforeign investment in mining have all but

ceased as a result of the investment climate,which the worldwide mining industry per-ceives as "extremely negative," Clark says.

"The biggest deterrents to investment

were the lack of comprehensive mining law

and an existing requirement for a 60:40 ra-tio of Philippine to foreign ownership of

mineral development projects," he says."Our biggest single impact was that we were

able to help formulate a new Mining Actthat provides acceptable alternatives to the60:40 rule. In addition, we were successfulin having the excise tax on the industry's

mineral production reduced from 5 percent

to 2 percent.This reduction now brings thePhilippines in line with excise tax royalty

rate levels imposed internationally."

Clark says that 44 of the 47 EWC rec-

ommendations for revising the Mining Actwere accepted by the government. More-over, as a result of the EWC study, the Phil-

ippines Department of Environment andNatural Resources will create an under-

secretary post to oversee mineral develop-ment issues, while the President's Office has

proposed formation of a Standing Commit-

tee on the Mineral Industry that will have

overall coordinating responsibilities at thelocal and national levels for activities thatrelate to mining. In addition, there will bea revised and restructured Mining Arbitra-.

Lion Board that will have the authority toresolve mineral sector-related disputes con-cerning taxation, compliance, land issues

and compensation. "This will resolve amajor bottleneck to mineral developmentin the Philippines," he says.

Lastly, implementation of recommenda-tions from the EWC mineral sector studywill also ensure that mineral developmentwill be environmentally responsive, deal with

social and cultural issues, and be coordinatedin such a way that economic benefits will beshared at the national and local levels.

"The Philippines mineral industry will

never dominate foreign exports, as it did inthe early '80s," Clark says. "Nevertheless,

the industry has the potential to again be-

come a major component of national de-

velopment and to account for between 5and 8 percent of foreign exports. Directlyand indirectly, a substantial mine in thePhilippines employs about 15,000 people.Within the next 15 to 20 years, a revital-

ized mining industry could produce be-

tween 25 and 40 new mines, making it amajor employer for the country."

For more information on the report, "ThePhilippine Mineral Sector to 2010: Policy and

Recommendation.," contact Allen Clark at

(808) 944-7509.

ASIA-PACIFIC OBSERVER 5

PUBLICATIONS

Publications Spotlight

Tradition and Change in the Asian Family,edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. East-

West Center: Honolulu. 469 pages. $48.00.

Order from the University of Hawaii Press,2840 Kolowalu Street, Honolulu, HI

96822.Despite the pressures of rapid modern-

ization, traditional family values have

proven remarkably resilient in East Asia andwill not evolve toward the American or

Western family type, say the editors of thisnew East-West Center book.

"East Asian societies place emphasis on

the family as a collective unit, whereas inthe West, especially in ?;the United States, the

emphasis is on the in-dividual," says co-

editor Lee-Jay Cho,EWC vice president

for program develop-ment and a formerdirector of the Cen-

ter's Population Insti-

tute. "Consequently, there is great relianceon the East Asia family to provide social

services such as support for children andthe elderly. The emphasis in Japan, for ex-ample, is on a well-defined internal family

hierarchy and a strong desire to avoid con-flict. Consequently, families tend to haveclear long-term goals, plan for the future,and deploy resources rationally for the long-

term security of family members," k

The volume, by prominent U.S. and

Asian social scientists, examines how fami-lies in Japan, South Korea, Thailand andChina (including Taiwan) are coping with

modern pressures and compares the situa-tion in those countries with that in theUnited States. It explores such themes as

structural changes within the Family,intergenerational roles in societies influ-enced by Confucianism, attitudes toward

marriage, family formation and living ar-rangements of the elderly -

Books in Brief

From Reform to Growth: China and OtherCountries in Transition in Asia and Cen-tral and Eastern Europe, edited by ChungH. Lee and Helmut Reisen. Organisationfor Economic Development and Coopera-

tion: Paris. 286 pages. $27.00. Order fromOEDC Publication Service, Chateau de laMuette, 2, rue Andre-Pascal, F-75775 Paris

Cedex 16, France.The volume undertakes a comparative

analysis of the different strategies adoptedby various countries as they made the tran-sition from centrally planned economies tomarket economics .

Development or Deterioration? Work in Ru-

ral Asia, edited by Bruce Koppel, JohnHawkins and William James. Lynne Rienner

Publishers, Inc.: Boulder. 325 pages. $35.00.Order from Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1800

30th Street, Boulder, CO 80301.Previous analyses of employment diver-

sification in rural Asia have been strongly

influenced by two assumptions—that most

diversification is within agriculture, andthat the emergence of nonfarm employ-

ment is `positive" economic development.

This volume questions these assumptions,based on a three-year comparative and

cross-disciplinary examination of the dy-namics and significance of nonfarm workin seven countries

Intercultural Communication Training.:An

Introduction, by Richard W. Brislin andTomokoYoshida. Sage Publications: Thou-sand Oaks. 222 pages. $15.95. Order from

Sage Publications, 2455 Teller Road, Thou-sand Oaks, CA 91320.

An introduction to the design and evalu-ation ofcross-cultural training programs forpeople who work and live in cultures other

than their own or who deal with culturaldiversity within a country .

Colonialism and Nationalism in Asian Cin-ema, edited by Wimal Dissanayake. Indi-

ana University Press: Bloomington. 224pages. $13.95 (paperback), $29.95 (hard-

Cover). Order from Indiana University Press,601 North Morton Street, Bloomington,I N 47404 or phone 1-800-842-6796.

Film traditions in nine Asian countries arethe basis for this examination of the com-

plex ways in which Asian cinema has ex-plored questions of colonialism and nation-

alism. The essayists pay particular attentionto issues of nationhood and history .

The Executive Guide to Asia-Pacific Com-munications, by David L. James. KodanshaInternational: New York, Tokyo, London.

326 pages. $16.00. Order from KodanshaAmerica, Inc., 114th Avenue, New York,

New York 10011, U.S.A.This book, written for international ex-

ecutives, managers, administrators, profes-

sionals and their assistants, examines thecultural makeup of the principal countriesof the region and provides information

needed to understand how people commu-nicate in each country.

The author is the former director of theEWC Business Program.

The ANZUS States and Their Region: Re-

gional Policies ofAustralia, New Zealand,and the United States, edited by Richard

W. Baker. Greenwood Publishing:Westport. 228 pages_ $57.95. Order fromGreenwood Publishing, 88 Post Road West,P.O. Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881.

The final book of a three-volume series,

The ANZUS States looks at the regionalpolicies of three governments concerning

security, economic cooperation and the Pa-

cific Islands during the period of theANZUS alliance .

ASIA - PACIFIC OBSERVER 6

EDUCATION

Bringing Asia Into theNation's Classrooms

In 1991 when EWC Fellow Elizabeth Buckstarted up a national program to expand

teaching about Asian studies in U.S. collegesand universities, she had great expectationsbut a budget of only $65,000 and a support

staff of one. Today, just four years later, herfaculty training program is working with

more than 100 colleges and universities in35 states and last year received two grants

totaling $520,000 from the National En-dowment for the Humanities.

The Asian Studies Development Pro-

gram (ASDP), a joint project of the Cen-ter and the University of Hawaii, hasclearly met a national need for learning

more about Asia. The ASDP staff consistsof only three people, yet with a relativelymodest investment the program is reach-

ing thousands of students in the UnitedStates. From the U.S. East Coast, whereASDP alumnus Peter Dow Adams teaches

at Essex Community College in Baltimore,to the West Coast, where alumna MaureenMurphy Nutting is an instructor at Seattle

Central Community College, educators aredeveloping strategies to strengthen Asianstudies in undergraduate curricula.

"The Asian Studies Development Pro-gram is trying to solve the need of Americanhigher education to reach more about Asia,"

says Buck, who has a PhD in political sci-ence from the University of Hawaii. "We'reworking collaboratively with colleges and

universities all over the U.S. mainland, all ofwhich share an interest in Asia."

Buck suggests that Asia has become an

educational focal point for two major reasons.First, greater emphasis on international com-petence is a must for the next generation of

students. Those who are unable to interactwith other cultures, to deal with differencesin language, customs and currencies, and tounderstand the global implications of social,

political and economic issues, will be disad-vantaged in the next century, she says.

Elizabeth Buck

A second reason is that America itself is

becoming increasingly multicultural. "U.S.colleges and universities want to know moreabout Asia because significant numbers ofAsian immigrants and Asian-Americans are

moving into their communities and cominginto their classrooms," she says.

Buck coordinates ASDP with RogerAmes, director of the Center for ChineseStudies at the University of Hawaii, an in-stitution with the largest concentration of

Asian specialists in the United States. To-gether they have structured the program toinclude three components: summer insti-

tutes held at the Center, Field study trips to

Asia, and regional workshops on the U.S.

mainland.The program works with four na-tional higher education associations: theAmerican Association of State Colleges andUniversities, the American Association of

Community Colleges, the National Asso-ciation for Equal Opportunity in HigherEducation, and the Hispanic Association of

Colleges and Universities.Each summer there are two institutes.The

first is a general three-week program devotedto infusing Asian studies into the under-graduate curriculum; the second is a five-week

program funded by NEH that focuses on aspecific Asian country or region. Altogether,

about 70 educators participate in the twoinstitutes, including faculty from American

colleges and universities with large minorityenrollments.

Participants can then take part in field

study trips to Asia. In 1994, 10 educatorstraveled to Japan while another 2l visited

Hong Kong and China, funded in part bygrants from the Japan Foundation and the

Fulbright Group Travel Abroad program.Phase three ofASDP, regional workshops

on the U.S. mainland, begins this year. AnNEH grant of $330,000 will fund four-day

workshops this spring at Chapel Hill, NorthCarolina and Lowell, Massachusetts. Twomore are scheduled for San Francisco and

Colorado in 1996. The workshops are gen-eral faculty development programs designedto incorporate Asian content into core cur-

riculum courses. The Chapel Hill workshopwill involve educators from all 16 campusesof the North Carolina University System,

while the Massachusetts workshop, hostedby Middlesex Community College, will in-clude 40 faculty members from other New

England colleges and universities.Working with colleges that are commit-

ted to Asian studies is part of a team approach

that has enabled ASDP to'set up 10 regionalresource centers around the country, Bucksays. Educators who first participated in the

Center summer institutes Formed these re-gional centers, which work closely withneighboring colleges and universities to ex-

pand teaching about Asia.This spring, for example, after participat-

ing in workshops in North Carolina and

Massachusetts, Buck will help conduct a pro-gram at a. regional center at the College ofDuPage outside of Chicago. Then she will

participate in the second ASDP nationalconference in Baltimore, where more than100 alumni and ocher interested faculty will

share their experiences in teaching about Asiaand develop plans to reach more students.

`ASDP has elicited a huge response," Buck

says. "We would like to expand the programto include all 50 states. We invite other col-leges to join in the effort."

For more information, contact Elizabeth

Buck at (808) 944-7315 -

ASIA-PACIFIC OBSERVER 7

Kenji Sumidet

NEWS OF THE CENTER

Michel Oksenberg, president of the East-WestCenter, resigned March I, 1995 to return to full- 4time research, teaching and writing. The EWCBoard of Governors appointed Executive Vice:

President Kenji Sumida

to serve as the Center'sinterim president. The

Board also asked chair-man Oswald Stender '

to forma presidential;search committee.,Oksenberg, an interna-

tionally known Chinascholar who formerlyheaded the Universityof Michigan Center For

Chinese Studies, said, "China, the country ofmy scholarly focus, has entered a period of ma-jor change. I have come to the conclusion that aFurther stay away from the world of study, re-

search and teaching would jeopardize my abil-ity to resume my academic career.

"My overwhelming commitments are to attaina scholarly understanding of China and the Asia-

American engagement in the region. I simply can-not both effectively lead this institution throughits current challenges and remain immersed indevelopments in China during a decisive period

in its modern history. I believe deeply in the EWCmission and I pledge to assist the Center and mysuccessors as they continue to maintain theCenter's eminence."

The Board said Oksenberg had served with"wisdom and distinction" and praised his accom-plishments, including his "emphasis on rigorous

academic research and establishing new ties withpolicy relevant institutions in the United States."

Sumida, 63, a former vice chancellor at theUniversity ofHawaii, joined the East-West Cen-

ter in 1989 as vice president for administrationand treasurer, He served as interim president in1990-91. He is a former director of administra-tion, Pacific Inter rational Center for High Tech-nology Research. During 21 years of service atthe University of Hawaii, he was an analyst andsenior administrator. He holds an MBA in man-

agement from the University of Hawaii. In 1991,he retired from the Air National Guard with therank of brigadier general.

Washington Briefings

April 3-5. Washington, D.C.A small group of Center experts and otherAria spe-cialists will discuss "China in Transition: the Po-litical Succession" in meetings at the Library ofCongress with Congressional staff, at the State De-partment with senior officials of the Executive

Branch, and at the Pacific Basin Economic Coun-cil with business executives.

EWC contact: Webster Nolan, Office of PublicPrograms (808) 944-7192.

National Conference of EducatorsApril 5-6. Baltimore, Maryland.

Development and infusion ofAsian studies mate-rial into college-level curriculum are needed in

today's glohalsociety. At this conference, alumni of

the EWCAsian Studies Development Program (seepage 7) will compare the progress they have madeover the past year in incorporating Asian content

and perspectives into the undergraduate curriculain their home institutions and discuss proposedcurricula changes.

Sponsors: East-West Center, University of Ha-

munity College, Baltimore, Maryland. EWC

contact: Elizabeth Buck, Education and Train-ing Program, (808) 944-7315.

Jefferson Fellowships Program

April 30-June 24. At the East-West Center.News editors, editorial writers, reporters and broad-casters from the United States, Asia and the Pa-

cific participate in a travel/study program that pro-

mates examination and discussion ofAsia-Pacificnews issues and how they are handled in different

cultures. The program consists offour weeks of in-tensive seminars at the EWC, and another four

weeks of travel in the Asia-Pacific region for theAmericans and on the U.S. mainland for theAsia-

Pacifec journalists. Participants in this year's pro-gram are from China, Japan, India, South Korea,Taiwan, Vietnam, the Pacific Islands and theUnited States.

Sponsor: EWC. EWC contact: Grant Otoshi(808) 944-7619.

Asia-Pacific Hazardous Waste

May 7-12. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.Researchers, policy makers, industrialists, and other

professionals from Pacific Basin countries will meetto discuss application of research results to regionalhazardous waste problems.

Sponsors: U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, U.S. Department of Energy, China

Technical Consultants, Inc., Louis Berger Inter-national, Inc. and other institutions and agen-cies. EWC contacts: Richard Cirillo, Program

on Environment, (808) 944-7224 and Shen-Yann Chiu (808) 944-7239.

Regional Transportation

May 24-26. At the East-West CenterThis conference on the future of intermodal trans-

portation in the Asia-Pacific region and its impli-

cations for the United States will include govern-ment business and transportation officials fromAsia, Hawaii, the western United .States andWash-ington, D.C.

Sponsors: Aviation Educational Partnership, FAAInternational Office of Aviation and the East-

West Center. EWC contact: Office of PublicPrograms (808) 944-7200_

Resource Management in Vietnam

May 29-July 29. Hanoi and Hoa Binh, Vietnam.The mountainous areas of Vietnam cover more

than 70 percent of the national territory and are

home to at least one-third of the population andmore than 50 ethnic groups. EWC researchers andspecialists from the United States, Canada, Thai-

land and the Philippines will conduct a training

workshop to introduce social science concepts andresearch methods to Vietnamese officials and

researchers involved with the management and

development of the country's mountainous areas.Sponsors: Ford Foundation, Hanoi UniversityCenter for Natural Resources Management andEnvironmental Studies, East-West Center. EWCcontact: A. Terry Rambo, Program on Environ-ment, (808) 944-7265.

Pacific region and to promote an enlightened waii, Towson State University and Essex Com-