japan ccs forum 2017 - global ccs...

The role of coal in Japanese society

June 27, 2017 Masana EZAWA

Director, Coal Division, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Japan CCS Forum 2017

1 Japan’s energy policy and the coal

1

Though coal is not the only the most abundant fossil fuel, it exists worldwide.

In many parts of the world, coal is the low-cost and stable energy resource.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

2001年 2003年 2005年 2007年 2009年 2011年 2013年 2015年

原油一般炭ＬＮＧ

（yen/1,000kcal） Fuel Cost （CIF in Japan) Fuel reserve locations

40 61

227

40.6 65.1

155

46 59

118

54 64

112

53 56

109

53.3 55.1

113

Oil Natural Gas Coal

2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Recoverable reserves (year)

OIL COAL

13.7% 6.5%

27.5%

19.4%

4.1%

1.6%

9.1%

31.0%

34.8%

47.7% 42.7% 0.1%

7.6%

7.6%

3.6%

2.5% 8.2%

32.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Oil Natural Gas

Coal

North America Latin America EuropeMiddle East Africa Asia Pacific

1-1. Advantages of Coal

2

Crude oil (2015) Natural gas (2015)

Ref.: Trade statistics

Strait of Hormuz Coal (2015)

1-2. Stable Supply of Coal (Fossil Fuel Export Countries to Japan)

3

Australia, 65.0%

Indonesia, 17.1%

Russia, 8.8%

Canada, 4.2%

USA, 3.2% China, 0.9% Others,

1.6%

Middle-East dependence 0%

Total import: 190.73 million

t/year

Saudi Arabia, 33.5%

UAE, 25.2%

Russia, 8.8%

Qatar, 8.1%

Kuwait, 7.8%

Iran, 5.0% Indonesia, 2.2%

Iraq, 1.6% Mexico, 1.2% Vietnam, 0.9%

Others, 5.6%

Middle-East dependence

81.7% Total import: 3.35 million

BD/year

Australia, 21.9%

Malaysia, 18.3%

Qatar, 17.2%

Russia, 8.9%

Indonesia, 6.9%

UAE, 6.4%

Nigeria, 5.4%

Brunei, 5.0%

Papua New Guinea, 4.8%

Oman, 2.7% Others, 2.6%

Middle-East dependence

26.5% Total import: 85.04 million

t/year

3

4

1-3. Target for “3E + S”

6% (Now)

Energy Security (Self-sufficiency)

Environment (GHG emission)

safety

【target 】 25%

Electricity tariff increase after Great East Japan Earthquake (The renewable energy surcharge of FY2015 is ¥1.3trillion)

【target】 Lower the Current tariff level

CO2 emission increase - Increase in thermal power generation - Nuclear power plant suspended

【target】 Set out ambitious reduction target

Economic Efficiency (Power cost)

• Japanese government set out Japan’s energy mix toward 2030 in July, 2015 • The basic principles of “3E+S” is to achieve 3E+S (Safety, Energy security,

Economic efficiency, Environment) simultaneously, and to materialize balanced electricity configuration.

5

1-4. Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook and GHG reduction target In Japan’s energy mix in 2030, Nuclear, RE, LNG, Coal account for

approx. 1/4 each. As for coal power plant and LNG power plant, Japan will utilize these

power generation by improving thermal efficiency and reducing the environmental impact.

Japan sets out 26% GHG reduction target by 2030 compared to 2013. Japan is promoting the development of CO2 capture, storage and

utilization technology for 2030 and after.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target

Energy-oriented CO2 21.9%

Other greenhouse gases 1.5%

Measures against sinks 2.6%

Reduction of GHG by 26%by

2030

*Compared to 2013

Among this, the energy conversion field achieves a reduction by approximately 30% （101 -> 73 million t-CO2）

Power source composition of 2030

Petroleum 3%

2013

2030

LNG 27%

Coal 26% Renewal energy

22 - 24%

Nuclear power 22 - 20%

LNG 43％

Coal 30％

Oil 15％

Renewables 11％

Nuclear 1％

Image of the capacity of thermal plant, in order to realizing the energy mixture

Source: WG on Criteria for judgment for thermal power plant 6

1-5. Realization of “Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook” by operating thermal power plants

In order to realize the Energy mixture in “Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook” by improving its thermal efficiency into the level of USC (Ultra Super Critical)

– LNG thermal plant: improve its efficiency at the level of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) – Coal fired plant: use and operate IGCC or IGFC which has the latest technology – Low efficient thermal plant: replace the worse one by better one

Generated energy (kWh) 284.5 billion

Operation rate (10 thousand kW) 80 %

281.0 billion

68 %*

* Decline of operation rate based calculation using the energy mixture

USC

SC

Sub-C Newly

establish (under

assess and supply plan)

USC

Renewable energy

2013 2030

47 million kW 40 million kW

50%

50%

Technology Installed capacity

The period when was

introduced in earnest

Sub-C (Sub Critical)

approx. 9 GW 1960s -

SC (super Critical)


USC (Ultra Super Critical)

approx. 16 GW About 1995 -

Technology Installed capacity

The period when was

introduced in earnest

Conventional type


Combined cycle (GTCC)


Coal power plant LNG power plant

7

1-6. Replacement of old thermal power plant Replacements of existing thermal power plants (e.g. single cycle LNG

power plant, Sub-C and SC Coal power plant) are necessary to improve their thermal efficiency.

Needed to be replaced

1-7. Electric Power Supplier’s Voluntary Framework Ensuring the effectiveness of the power industry’s voluntary framework and

transparency through collective implementation of political measures based on the Energy Saving Acts and the Act on Sophisticated Methods.

○Development of regulations based on the Energy Saving Act. ・Requiring power generators to increase the efficiency of thermal power generation -Establishing the efficiency standards for every newly built plant (Coal: Equivalent to USC, LNG: Equivalent to GTCC) -Establishing the efficiency standards on a power generator basis including existing plants (Power generation efficiency in accordance with the energy mix)

Setting a target of 0.37kg-CO2/kWh(2030) in accordance with the energy mix (covering over 99% of electric power sales)

①Electric power supplier’s voluntary framework

○Development of regulations based on the Sophisticated Methods of Energy Supply Structures. ・Requiring retailers to procure low carbon -All retailers -Non-fossil power of 44% by 2030 (Equivalent to 0.37kg-CO2/kWh together with the Energy Saving Act） -CO2 is included in the subject to reporting in addition to the ratio of non-fossil power -Achieving targets in collaboration

Energy market design in accordance with deregulation: Retailing guideline, etc. 【Support system】（Market design）

Achieving a target of 0.37kg-CO2/kWh

③【Support system】（Retail phase） ②【Support system】（Power generation phase）

Establishment of “The Electric Power Council for a Low Carbon Society” -> The implementation status of an individual company is checked every year to review its plan if needed.

The METI Minister instructs, advises, recommends and orders based on actual achievement (Ensuring effectiveness and transparency)

Creation of a new follow-up system

8

New （Gross, HHV）

All Existing Units Average

（Gross, HHV）

Achievement Indices for All Existing Units Index A Index B

Coal 42.0 % 41 % Index A Index B

Nat. Gas 50.5 % 48 %

Oil 39.0% 39 %

1. Scope of Application ① Electricity Selling Ratio ≥50% ②Company Capacity≥10MW ③Unit Capacity ≥1000kW

2. Efficiency Calculation Corrections

①Useful use of by-products： Equivalent Input＝（All Input）－（Input by by-products） ②Cogeneration： Equivalent output＝（Electricity output）＋（Utilized waste heat） ③Biomass： Equivalent Input＝（All Input）－（Input by biomass）

3. Exemption for New Units

Not applicable if , ①Bid for power market already underway ② Environmental assessment already underway ③ Main equipment purchase order already issued

4. Effective Date 5. Annual Report

・From April 1st, 2016 (Target Year: 2030FY) ・Annual Reporting Deadline: End of July, every year

Actual Coal Efficiency

Coal Target（41%）

+ ＝ Actual Coal Efficiency ×National Optimum Coal Share

＋ Actual NG Efficiency ×National Optimum NG Ratio

＋Actual Oil Efficiency ×National Optimum Oil Ratio

＝ Index B 【≥ 44.3%】

×Coal Share

NG Target（48%） + ×NG Share

Actual Oil Efficiency Oil Target（39%）

+ ×Oil Share

＝ Index A 【≥ 1.00】

Fuel

[References for Application]

Actual NG Efficiency

1-8. Efficiency Standards [Effective from April 1st, 2016]

All Rights Reserved. Ⓒ Dr. Shozo Kaneko, IIS, University of Tokyo 9

2. Technology road map and Clean Coal Technology

10

Photos by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and Osaki CoolGen Corporation

65％ 60％ 55％

50％ 45％ 40％

Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) Power generation efficiency: Approximately 52% CO2 emissions: 340 g/kWh

Power generation efficiency

GTFC

IGCC（Verification by blowing air)

A-USC

Ultra Super Critical (USC) Power generation efficiency : Approximately 40% CO2 emissions: Approximately 820 g/kWh

1700 deg. C-class IGCC

1700 deg. C-class GTCC

IGFC

LNG thermal power

Coal-fired power

2030 Present

Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

Power generation efficiency: Approximately 46 to 50% CO2 emissions: 650 g/kWh (1700 deg. C- class) Power generation efficiency: Approximately

46% CO2 emissions: Approximately 710 g/kWh

Advanced Ultra Super Critical (A-USC)

Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC)

Power generation efficiency: Approximately 55% CO2 emissions: Approximately 590 g/kWh

Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (GTFC)

Power generation efficiency: Approximately 63% CO2 emissions: Approximately 280 g/kW

Power generation efficiency : Approximately 57% CO2 emissions: Approximately 310 g/kWh

Ultrahigh Temperature Gas Turbine Combined Cycle

Power generation efficiency: Approximately 51% CO2 emissions: 350 g/kWh

Advanced Humid Air Gas Turbine (AHAT)

Around 2020

Reduction of CO2 by approximately 20%



* The prospect of power generation efficiencies and discharge rates in the above Figure were estimated based on various assumptions at this moment. 11

2-1. The prospect of highly efficient and low-carbon next-generation thermal power generation technology


2012FY 2020FY 2025FY after 2030FY

Development of additional technologies toward large-

scale/ Commercialized IGFC

Establishment of technologies

R&D and demonstration for CO2 capture closed IGCC

Apply/share result

③ R&D for closed IGCC

有望な回収技術の開発

Efforts toward 2030 and after

① IGFC

R&D and demonstration for effective use of CO2

③ R&D for effective use of CO2

Development of additional technologies toward large-scale/

commercialized GTFC

① R&D for fuel cells related to IGFC

② R&D for 1700℃-class gas turbine

③ R&D and demonstration for effective use of coal by chemical looping combustion for CO2 capture

③ R&D for effective use of coal by chemical looping

combustion for CO2 capture


CCUS technologies



Efforts toward 2030

Highly efficiency of thermal

power generation

12

2-2. Future schedule for R&D R&D related to highly efficiency of thermal power generation

technology is targeted for 2030 as well as the technology for low-carbon targeted for after 2030. Commercialize right after establishment of technologies.

3. Carbon dioxide Capture, Use and Storage & Clean Coal Technology

13

The technology for storing separated and captured CO2 in the ground.

Although it is expected that large amounts of CO2 can be treated, the acquisition of real operating capability and the selection of place available for storage are the issues.

The research and development as well as verification test are in the process toward the realization of CCS technology around 2020.

Thermal power plant Placing CO2 separation and capture systems in thermal

power up to more than 90% of CO2 can be captured withplants captures out being released.

CO2 capture（ Carbon dioxide Capture ）

Separated and captured CO2

CO2 Utilization (CCU: Carbon dioxide Capture and Utilization)

CO2 storage(CCS: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)

The technology for producing valuables such as alternative fuels to oil and chemical raw materials using captured CO2.

The expansion of the application for utilizing a large amount of CO2, the establishment of the mechanism for generating profit, and the efficiency of treatment technology are the issues.

An example of separation and capture system

工場等

CO2は岩石中の隙間に貯留される

CO2

CO2Shielding layer

Storage layer

Storage layer

Conceptual diagram of

CCS

Shielding layer

CO2

3-1. CCU and CCS • The technologies for capturing, storing or effectively utilizing CO2 emitted from

power plants (CCUS) can be a key to reduce CO2 emissions from power plants to almost zero.

• In order to realize these technologies, several barriers should be overcome, such as ensuring low costs and storage areas.

• Japan promotes various research, development and demonstration projects related to CCUS towards realizing drastic CO2 emission reduction after 2030.

14

A A

Projects / FY 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020～

A Con-struction

CO2 Injection 100,000-

200,000t/year

Post Injection

Monitoring

R&Ds (2) CO2 Capture Technologies

Tomakomai Demo Pj.

Practical use of

CCS tech.

Drilling Exploration wells

CCS Site Survey

Geological Survey

A (1) Safety Evaluation Technologies

Verifying Safety Evaluation Technologies

Cost Reduction

Identifying CO2 Storage Site

Achieving Operation Abilities

Confirming CCS safety

3-2. Japan’s CCS Policy To aim the practical use of CCS technology around 2020, METI

conducts Tomakomai Demonstration Project, R&D projects of elemental technologies for CCS, and survey for potential CO2 storage site.

15

産業技術環境局環境調和産業・技術室 03-3501-9271 3-2. Capture Facility (Outlook)

16

3-3. Clean Coal Technology for Global Environment

For some countries, adopting high efficiency coal power generation technology is a realistic and effective choice for environmental protection. Japan has a long history of the development of the CCT.

R:177 G:151 B:211

R:255 G:190 B:60

17

CO2 Emissions/kWh by Fuels for Power Generation

800 gCO2/kWh

709 gCO2/kWh

593 gCO2/kWh

International comparison of the amount of SOx, NOx per thermal power generation

(g/kWh) Synthesis of Coal, Oil, Gas Power Coal Power

Source: overseas: emission／OECD Stat Extract Complete database available via OECD’s

iLibrary electricity generation／IEA ENERGY BALANCES OF COUNTRIES 2012 EDITION Japan: Federation of Electric Power Companies investigation J-POWER・Isogo: actual

data at 2012

India World Oil LNG LNG (JPN Ave.) Combined*

Coal (JPN Ave.) U.S.

CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation in foreign countries

CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation in Japan

*The average of the conventional, 1300

degrees C, and 1500 degrees C classes

Source: Figures in Japan were estimated based on the report by the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (2016) and development goals of each research project. Figures in foreign countries were taken from “CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016“.

(R&D)

China Germany

(g-CO2/kWh)

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2015

18

3-4. CO2 Reduction Potential by Efficiency Improvement

316 288

1596 1308

4204

3539

886 658

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

実績 BP ｹｰｽ実績 BP ｹｰｽ実績 BP ｹｰｽ実績 BP ｹｰｽ

日本米国中国インド

CO

2 e

mis

sion （

Mt-

CO

2）

(▲28)

(▲665)

(▲288)

(▲228)

＋▲288 (Mt) ＋▲665 (Mt) ＋▲228 (Mt) 1.2Gt

• The CO2 reduction potential through applying the Japanese USC power plant to existing coal-fired power plants in the USA, China and India is 1.2Gt in total, based on the 2013 data.

Japan USA China India Actual Actual Actual Actual BAT BAT BAT BAT

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

Thank you for your attention!

19

japan ccs forum 2017 - global ccs...

Documents