james (jim) sweeney stanford university director … · 1 behind the meter james (jim) sweeney...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Behind the Meter
James (Jim) Sweeney
Stanford University
Director
Precourt Energy Efficiency Center
Professor, Management Science and Engineering
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Some Background on Energy Efficiency
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0
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25
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35
40
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Qu
adri
llio
n B
tu
Industrial
Transportation
Residential
Commercial
Consumption Trends Changed In All Sectors of the US Economy After the 1973 Oil Embargo
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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160
180
20019
50
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Qua
drill
ion
Btu
Net Imports: Limited Energy Efficiency
Actual Net Imports
Total Renewable Energy
Nuclear Production
Fossil Production
Total Consumption
Actual Energy Consumption
Additional Net EnergyImports if Limited Energy Efficiency
Actual Net Energy Imports
Limited Energy EfficiencyEnergy Consumption
Energy Efficiency, Domestic Supply, Imports
Data Source: EIA, Monthly Energy Review
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0
0.1
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0.3
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0.5
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0.8
0.9
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1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ind
ex o
f Car
bo
n D
ioxi
de
Per
Do
llar
of R
eal G
DP
(197
3=1
)
Pre 1973 Energy Intensity Trend
Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Carbon Intensity of the Economy
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ind
ex o
f Car
bo
n D
ioxi
de
Per
Do
llar
of R
eal G
DP
(197
3=1
)
Pre 1973 Energy Intensity Trend
Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Carbon Intensity of the Economy
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ind
ex o
f Car
bo
n D
ioxi
de
Per
Do
llar
of R
eal G
DP
(197
3=1
)
Pre 1973 Energy Intensity Trend
Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Carbon Intensity of the Economy
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ind
ex o
f Car
bo
n D
ioxi
de
Per
Do
llar
of R
eal G
DP
(197
3=1
)
Pre 1973 Energy Intensity Trend
Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Decarbonization of Energy Consumption
Carbon Intensity of the Economy
Factors Reducing US Carbon Dioxide Intensity
Instruments: For More Efficient Buildings
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• Energy Star or LEED rating -- buildings.
Nudges/Disclosure
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Information
• Performance rating and rating disclosure -- Commercial
building
– Provides incentives for building owners to invest in
energy efficiency. Provides incentives for potential
tenant to demand performance improvement.
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Instruments: More Efficient Appliances and Equipment
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Nudges• Energy Star Appliance Labels -- appliances, refrigeration,
equipment, pool pumps …
Information: Energy Labeling
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Information: Calculators
Federal Equipment Efficiency Standards:
Residentialwww.appliance-standards.org/
Battery Chargers EPACT 2005 None None N/A 2015 2017 CA, OR
Boilers NAECA 1987 2007 2012 Congress 2016 2021
Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps NAECA 1987 2011 2015 DOE 2017 2022
Clothes Dryers NAECA 1987 2011 2015 DOE 2017 2021
Compact Audio Equipment None CA, OR, CT
Dehumidifiers EPACT 2005 2007 2012 Congress 2016 2019
Direct Heating Equipment NAECA 1987 2010 2013 DOE 2016 2021
Dishwashers NAECA 1987 2012 2013 DOE 2015 2019
DVD Players and Recorders None CA, OR, CT
External Power Supplies EPACT 2005 2014 2016 DOE 2015 2017 CA
Furnace Fans EPACT 2005 2014 2019 DOE 2020 2025
Furnaces NAECA 1987 2007 2015 DOE 2016 2021
Microwave Ovens NAECA 1987 2013 2016 DOE 2019 2022
Miscellaneous Refrigeration Products None DOE 2016 2019 CAPool Heaters NAECA 1987 2010 2013 DOE 2016 2021
Pool Pumps None AZ, WA, CA, CT
Portable Electric Spas None AZ, OR, WA, CA, CT
Ranges and Ovens NAECA 1987 2009 2012 DOE 2015 2018
Refrigerators and Freezers NAECA 1987 2011 2014 DOE 2018 2021
Room Air Conditioners NAECA 1987 2011 2014 DOE 2017 2020
Set-top Boxes None N/A
Televisions NAECA 1987 None None N/A None None CA, CT, OR
Water Heaters NAECA 1987 2010 2015 DOE 2016 2021
Instruments: Operations
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Information
• Building Information Management systems
– Allow managers of commercial building to understand
and control their energy use
Building Intelligent Solutions
Big Data for Energy Efficient Management
Courtesy of Microsoft
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Nudges
• Electricity Use Comparison with Other Homes; approval or
disapproval symbols (e.g. smiles, frowns), motivate people
to use less electricity (e.g. Opower or Tendril)
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Home Energy Reports and Dashboards(Tendril)
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Smart Meters (Not just to not hire meter readers)
• Energy use disaggregation
• Segmentation of customers for Demand Side
Management (DSM)
• Linked to games
• Feedback potential
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Energy Disaggregation
Disaggregation allows us to take a whole building
(aggregate) energy signal, and separate it into appliance
specific data (i.e., plug or end use data). A set of statistical
approaches are applied to accomplish this.
Demand Side Management
(event-based DSM)(intervention DSM)
baseline
From Ram Rajagopal and team
Smart Meters and Analytics to Guide
Program Targeting
22Work by Ram Rajagopal and team
customers
Sense
DATA:Smart meter
WeatherSubsample survey
Learn
Feature extraction
Segmentation
Profiling
Predict
Response modelling
Match
M & V results
Targeting
Program matching
M & V
Analytics & Optimisation
Feedback to customers
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Feedback: Controlled Experiment with Google Powermeter
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Learning Thermostats: Nest
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Pricing Strategies
• Tiered Pricing
– Theory: consumers respond to the marginal price
– Empirical evidence: consumers respond to the size of
their bill, but not to the marginal price (Ito)
• Time varying pricing
– Time of use: consumers can adjust their habitual
activities to adjust to different pricing. Example –
charging of electric vehicles
– Critical peak pricing: Alerts to consumers so they can
adjust next day’s activities
– Real time pricing: Too data intense for non-automated
responses. But with information, automatic control,
possibly can create responses.
In this election season, you may enjoy:
“The Great Energy Debate”
UTube Video: at http://peec.stanford.edu