jacques abelman-master of landscape architecture-urban lace

urban lace|renda da mata local agroforestry collective engagement

networking people, food, and forests in porto alegre

jacques abelman amsterdam academy of architecture

cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.

jane jacobs

key concepts

appendix 165-177

101-163

73-99

49-71

25-47

7-13

regional and urban analysis of porto alegre

urban l.a.c.e. (local agroforestry collective engagement)

3 site designs

table of contents

brazil factscritical issues

problems and potentials

praa bernardo dreher: community food forestpraa dos aorianos: flagship botanical plaza

vila so jos: intensive orchards

creating new multifunctional green infrastructure

first built prototype: casa da mata house additional coursework certificates

project presentationsreferences

thanks | colophon

agroforestrykey native brazilian fruiting species

the urban agroforestry cycleurban lace concept

urbanization historydemographics

mapping potential for urban agricultureregional ecosystems

19-23stories of the city

four interviews with urban green practitioners

introduction

urban agriculture, if it is to become integrated into the city, needs landscape architectural thinking in order to be woven into the larger urban fabric. thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development. these overlapping frameworks are informed and perhaps even defined by the emergent field of landscape democracy. landscape democracy understands landscape as an embodiment of differing forms of energy, labor, and organization. landscape is also understood as a basic infrastructure of society.

urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces in the southern brazilian capital of porto alegre in the state of rio grande do sul. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazils atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific short-food production chain.

these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.

can you find a unifying language that cuts across age and income and culture that will help people themselves find a new way of living, see spaces around them differently, think about the resources they use differently, interact differently?

can we find that language? the answer would appear to be yes, and the language would appear to be food.

- pamela warhurst how we can eat our landscapes incredible edible in todmorden, uk

intr

oduc

tion

7

brazil

5th largest country on earth

megadiversity of plantand animal species

203.4 millionconcentrated on coasts

federal system of 26 statesfederal district (braslia)5570 municipalities

population density

rio grande do sul

mato grosso do sul

mato grosso

rondnia

amazonas

roraima

par maranho

piau

cear

rio grande do norte

paraba

pernambucoalagoassergipetocantins

amap

acre

minas gerais

bahia

brasilia

gois

espirito santo

santa catarina

rio de janeiroparan

so paulo

braz

il f

acts

9

rio grande do sul

santa catarina

parana

sao paulo

minas geraismato grosso

do sul

mato grosso goias

rio

brazilbolivia

peru

equador

columbia

venezuelafrench guiana

surinameguyana

chile

argentina

uruguay

paraguaylago dos patos

atlantic ocean

porto alegre

lago guaba

waterfront urban core periurban zone rural zone city of viamo 5km

porto alegre

dest

inat

ion porto alegre

11

bric economic growth: 6th in 2013, 5th in 2050 (goldman sachs)

in 2050 brazil will be the worlds 5th economy

2007

2050

growing middle class - earning between 6 and 30 k $ / year (goldman sachs)

millions of people entering the middle class by 2020

rapid decrease in poverty but 21% still below poverty line

percentage of population living under poverty line (world bank)

2004

31% of poulation at poverty line

27%

24%

22%

21%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

rapidly growing rates of obesity in adults and children

growing obesity (bmi > 30) (usa = 30%) (veja and who)

1974

1989

2009

braz

il i

n context: critical issues

13

urgent need for better infrastructure

extreme wealth and poverty

widespread urban poverty sterile public spaces

increasing social unrest

social inequality = spatial segregation

problems

increasing social movements

remarkable native ecosystems

urban parks of native vegetation

undesigned urban voids street food vendor tradition

popular organic food markets

potentials

prob

lmen

s and potentials

15

The economic boom in recent years in Brazil has brought with it a complex array of social and environmental challenges. Continued growth has added to the pressure on informal housing areas or favela neighbourhoods in urban areas. Although the general rate of favela formation has decreased in the last several years, cities are increasingly stratified according to wealth. Currently over 50 million people still live in urban slums. Together these urban inhabitants would form the fifth largest state in Brazil. Public space is a contested zone where the urban poor compete for resources and economic opportunity.

On the level of health and prosperity, growing obesity in the general population has greatly increased while malnutrition continues among the poorest. In 1974, the obesity level was 2.8% in men and 8% in women over twenty, compared with 12.4% and 16.9% respectively in 2009. Obesity rates have grown far more quickly amongst people of lower incomes although since 2003 this trend has stabilized, with the difference in obesity rates between the wealthy and lower income currently quite narrow. The Brazilian Department of Health Analysis has projected that Brazil will match the United States obesity levels by 2022.

As urban populations continue to expand, cities in Brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. New spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. Urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. UA can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. The Food and Agriculture Organization cites UA as an important factor in helping cities reach the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city.

public space: emptied / cleaned / sterile the contrast to poverty: new consumerism of the middle classes

the growing stratification of space in the city: inequality is spatialized

extreme wealth and poverty coexist side by side

braz

il i

n context: critical issues are spatial and economi

c

17

in order to propose a project built on people and place it is essential to study the city first-hand. in march and april of 2013 i lived in and conducted site research in porto alegre. my research methodology in this context was to explore the city on foot, by public transport, by bike and by car, and to observe and engage in dialogue wherever and whenever possible. i immersed myself in the processes of the city and discovered relationships and tensions present in a variety of different sites. over the course of my city explorations and while attending classes at the universidade federal do rio grande do sul (urfgs) in the rural sociology, agronomy, and urbanism departments, i met many engaging people who introduced me to their city. through them, as well as people i encountered on the street, i discovered sites and observed practices that became the foundation of urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata.

stories of the city: people and practices

stor

ies

of the city

19

oscar endres

neighborhood guardian

guerilla gardener

food expert

endresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresendresoscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar oscar

oscar is an avid gardener.he lives in the ipanema barrio south of downtown. he is of german descent, from immigrants who came to porto alegre in a wave from europe in the 19th century. he owned and ran a large stall in the central market for over 57 years. the store, called banca 43, still exists and is well known to all porto alegres citizens. he imported cheeses and smoked meats, nuts and preserved fruit, preserves, cheese...now retired, oscar is busy with cultivating his food garden, which now extends into the public park in front of his house, the praa bernardo dreher. he sneaks saplings of tropical fruit trees into the park, and protects them with various contraptions until they become part of the park itself.togehter with the neighbours, food is shared while the park has become safer.

20

pedro ernesto sanhudo da cunha has been tending the medicinal plant collection for over a decade at the jardim botanico de porto alegre. the beds of native plants are strikingly beautiful, organized by plant genus. he propagates and maintains a range of south american species that have pharmacological and traditional importance.this knowledge is now held by a handful of individuals and dedicated growers, who sell herbal remedies and supplements at the farmers market in the parque de redeno on saturdays. this is also called the feira ecologica. it is a farmers market and also a knowledge network. these native medicinal species are adapted to growing with the native fruiting species.

pedro da cunha

native medicinals

endangered species

botanical garden

traditional knowledge

stor

ies

of the city

21

fabiokessler

agronomist at urfgs

agroforestry experts

mata atlntica

preservationist

Fbio da Kessler Soglio is an agronomist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre. His research includes agroforestry systems. Most of these systems rely on economic species like coffee or bananas. Here at URFGS he is helping research agroforestry systems with native species from the Mata Atlntica, or Atlantic forest, which is now threatened in Brazil. At the Agronomia campus he and a group of students are tending an experimental orchard, which contains many fruiting and medicinal species. This work relates to agroecology, which has scientific and social aspects. In addition to the scientific intersection of ecology and agriculture, it includes indigenous knowledge systems.

paulo runs the posto de saude in the vila jardim neighborhood. its one of many free clinics across the city. paulo took me to meet the people he serves in one of porto alegres favelas, situated in the narrow void between rich frontage developments. it was in the process of getting minimum infrastructure from the city, like sewage and paving. the urban poor often work as collectors of recyclables and cleaners of public space. many favela dwellers are intimately involved in the life of the city, and work extremely hard. the favela is also a repository of knowledge, as many people have left agricultural work and farms to live in the city.

pauloferreira

favela health clinic

small scale gardens

folk knowledge

stor

ies

of the city

23

key concepts:

agroforestrykey brazilian native species urban agriculture cycle

urban lace concept

key

conc

pets

25

food production globally is taking on an increasingly urban flavor, according to a new study that finds 456 million hectaresan area about the size of the European Unionis under cultivation in and around the worlds cities, challenging the rural orientation of most agriculture research and development work.

We see this dichotomy where urban farming in wealthy countries is praised for reducing emissions and enhancing a green economy while in developing countries, it can be regarded as an inconvenient vestige of rural life that stands in the way of modernization, Drechsel said. Thats an attitude that needs to change.

Drechsel and his colleagues note that urban agriculture, in addition to contributing to food security, puts marginal lands into productive use, assists in flood control, increases income opportunities for the poor, and strengthens urban biodiversity.

Overall, the researchers found that 456 million hectares of landabout 1.1 billion acresis being farmed in urban proximity. Most of that land lies just outside the city properwithin 20 kilometersbut 67 million hectares (about 166 million acres) is being farmed in open spaces in the urban core. These findings buttress previous studies documenting that up to 70 percent of households in developing countries are engaged in some type of farming and food production.

the growing importance of urban farming

CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystemshttp://wle.cgiar.org/blog/2014/11/13/shining-spotlight-urban-farming

the

impo

rtance of urban agriculture

27

orchard

forest

two essential typologies of agroforestry

1. canopy / tall tree layer2. sub-canopy / large shrub layer3. shrub layer4. herbaceous layer5. groundcover / creeper layer

6. underground layer7. vertical / climber layer

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

agro

fore

stry: 7 layer native species food forest structure

29

aguai

Chrysophyllum viride, Sapotaceae

20 - 30

NAME HEIGHT USES TYPE FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD

TYPE OF HABITAT

TYPE OF SOIL URBAN AGRO-FORESTRY

10 - 20

30 - 45

3 - 6

5 - 10

5 - 10

max 5

4 - 10

dec - febmay - jul

sept - novaug - oct

sept - janjan - jul

sept - jandez - mar

oct - jan

nov - janjun - aug

jun - decsept - mar

oct - novjan - mai

Valley bottomsSlopes

Valley bottomsSlopes

restingaslopes

altitudescrub

alluvial plainsriparian forest

slopesclearing

clearingriparian forest

plainsRestingadry areas

fertile plainsslopeswet area

dense forest

Wet

Wet

Wet,poor,compact

clay

drained

sandyrocky

wethigh humus

Wet

evergreen

evergreen

evergreen

semi-deciduous

semi-deciduous

deciduous

deciduous

deciduous/evergreen

aguai amarelo

Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Sapotaceae

Araticum

rollinia rugulosa,Annonaceae

Aroeira Vermelha

Schinus terebinthifolius,Anacard.

Buti-da-Praia

Butia capitata,Arecaceae

Cambuc

Marlierea edulis,Myrtaceae

Ara-Amarelo

psidium cattleyanum,Myrtaceae

Angico-Vermlho

parapiptadenia rigida,Fabaceae

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa bernardo dreher






vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

over

138

species of highly useful native trees in southern

brazi

l

31

Cerejeira-do-Mato

Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae

Goiabeira-da-Serra

Acca sellowiana, Myrtaceae

Guabiju

Myrcianthes pungens, Myrtaceae

Jabotica

Plinia trunciflora, Myrtaceae

Mamaozinho-do-Mato

Jacaratia spinosa, Caracaceae

Palmito, Jussara

Euterpe edulis, Aracaceae

Pitanga

Eugenia unifora, Myrtaceae

Sete-Capotes

Campomanesia guazumifolia, Myrtaceae

12 - 15

3 - 4

15 - 20

8 - 10

10 - 20

8 - 15

6 - 10

max 5


TYPE OF HABITAT

TYPE OF SOIL

sept - novoct - dec

sept - novjan - mar

oct - novjan - feb

sept - octjan - mar

sept - decapr - aug

jul - novoct - jan

oct - novmar - mai

aug - sept

dense forestunderstory

forest edgeclearing

slopesplateau

riparian forest

alluvial plainsunderstoryslopes

clearingForest edge

alluvial plain

wet forest

understoryforest edge

riparian forest

forest edgeriparian forest

draineddeep

fertile

drained

wetfertile

clayfertilehumus

wet

wetdrained

wethumus

wetrocky

deciduous

deciduous

deciduous

semi-deciduous

semi-deciduous

deciduous/evergreen

evergreen

evergreen

URBAN AGRO-FORESTRY

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos








vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

Taruma preto

Vitex megapotamica,Lamiaceae

Araticum-do-mato

Rollinia sylvatica,Annonaceae

Araucaria

Araucaria angustifolia,Araucariaceae

Bacupari

Garcinia gardneriana,Clusiaceae

Inga-banana

Inga uruguensis,Fabaceae

Inga macaco

Inga sessillis,Fabaceae

Inga-feijao

Inga marginata,Fabaceae

Mata-Olho

Pouteria gardneriana,sapotaceae

10 - 12

max 10

20 - 40

12 - 16

5 - 10

12 - 20

5 - 15

8 - 14


TYPE OF HABITAT

TYPE OF SOIL

oct - decjan - mar

oct - decfeb - mar

sept - octapr - mai

apr - novdec - jan

oct - novdec - feb

sept - fevjul - jan

oct - fevmar - mai

oct - novjan - apr

pioneer, secondary,

climax environment

capoeiras

Altitude forest

Valley bottomsalluvial plainsRiparian forest

alluvial plainsriparian forest

slopesaltitude forest

slopesRiparian forest

riparian forest

indifferent

clayhigh humus

clayhigh humus

wet

claywet

clay

clayfertilehumus

wet

fertiledeep

deciduous

semi-deciduous

semi-deciduous

deciduous

evergreen

evergreen

evergreen

evergreen

URBAN AGRO-FORESTRY

praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos


praa aorianos


praa aorianos

praa aorianos

praa aorianos




vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

vila so jos

30 s

peci

es of edible fruiting trees analysed and selected

33

Sete-CapotesCampomanesia guazumifolia

PitangaEugenia unifora

GuabijuMyrcianthes pungens

Goiabeira-da-SerraAcca sellowiana

Cerejeira-do-MatoEugenia involucrata

CambucMarlierea edulis

Ara-Amarelopsidium cattleyanum

Buti-da-PraiaButia capitata

Inga-feijaoInga marginata

UvaiaEugenia pyriformis

JaboticaPlinia trunciflora

AraucariaAraucaria angustifolia

praa dos aorianos tree legend

agro

fore

stry design paelette

35

the practice of landscape architecture in this context moves from fieldwork and analysis to normative illustration of spatial change. the images and scenarios created through the design process are boundary objects, what susan star defines as entities that enhance the capacity of an idea, theory or practice to translate across culturally defined boundaries, for example, between communities of knowledge or practice.

the intention of the project is to frame the landscape architecture project as creative research endeavor that understands an urban context and makes a projection,through design, about best-practice scenarios. large scale urban and landscape analysis create a framework for establishing the structure and linkages of the network. the network relies and reacts to the ecological as well as human capacity found within it. the project works on not only one sites potential but on many sites potential, and how these differing assemblages of site and actors could be linked together in one system.

the principles of the emergent field of landscape democracy allow us to see urban space as a field of negotiation between people, places, and power. within this field, finding the every day practices that link people and place make it possible to augment and connect these practices into a larger strategy. in this way the project has the potential to catalyze processes of urban evolution, with the landscape architect acting as a mediator. based on dialogue, design, and the democratic ideal of inclusion, cultivating the city works toward this vision for change as one piece of a complex process.

6 step cycle of urban agriculture / agroforestry developing potential sites in the urban agroforestry system

seed bank botanical garden native forest patches

CYCLE OF URBAN AGROFORESTRY:

SITES IN THE SYSTEM

backyard gardensbotanical gardencommercial nurserymunicipal nurseryry

orchards typologies: small scale urban orchard large scale peri-urban orchard

food forests: urban park neighborhood park municipal plantings infrastructure

home production neighborhood workshop local food cooperative

street vendorlocal food cooperativelocal outdoor marketfarmers marketsmall shopfood banksupermarket

beachstreet stall parkpublic kitchensnack shoprestauranthome

SOURCE

PRODUCE

TRANSFORM

DISTRIBUTE

CONSUME

PREPARE

small shopfood bank public kitchenrestaurantprocessing facilitydeveloping potential sites in the urban agroforestry system th

e ur

ban

agriculture cycle

39

$neighborhood families andvolunteers

neighborhoodcoalition

municipal work program

street sellers

street beach park festival

individual consumersfamilies

restaurantsfoodbankscatererssmall scale artisanal products

distribution network wholesalers

farmers co-operative

local storefarmers market

who produces? who distributes? who consumes and where?

short food production chain: the network in action

shor

t fo

od production chain: alternatives of food producti

on and

dis

trib

utio

n

short food supply chain (sfscs) is a term that describes a broad range of food production-distribution-consumption configurations, such as farmers markets, farm shops, collective farmers shops, community-supported agriculture, solidarity purchase groups. more in general, a food supply chain can be defined as short when it is characterized by short distance or few intermediaries between producers and consumers.

41

EDUCATIONAL

biodiversity biodiversity

indigenous species preservation

medicinal garden

native food garden

incubator garden (gardener training)

food preservation

food production

nutrition

bike pathbike path

pocket parks

running paths

slow paths for horse carts

food production for marketfood production for market

food products for sale

flower production

maintenance jobs

work program

city identitycity identity

social solidarity

education

neighbourhood identity

civic pride

RECREATIONAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL/POLITICAL

ESCOLA

RR$

kcal

the programmatic potential of the network for the city

pote

ntia

l functions of urban agriculture in the city

43

how to introduce a coherent new spatial network?

how to introduce a coherent new spatial network?

lace

met

aphor: many small and fine handmade connections

45

sket

chin

g the lace concept in plan

47

porto alegreregional and urban analysis

regi

onal

and urban analysis

49

historical urbanization in guaba delta: a city evolving against the water

1736

1837

1888

1914 50

flooding as a permanent threat: 1941

canalizing the arroio diluvio in the 1950s

building new land in the lago guiaba in the 1950s the arroio diluvio before canalization

hist

ory

of urbanization

51

porto alegre metropolitan area

70 neighborhoods are part of the city and two-thirds of the population are concentrated in the zona norte, where most of the economic activity, including the city centers governmental and financial center, takes place.

JUN2011

Lami

Lageado

Restinga

Hpica

Belm Novo

rea sem denominao

Arquiplago

Lomba do Pinheiro

Sarandi

Agronomia

Vila Nova

rea sem denominao

Cascata

Ponta Grossa

Arquiplago

Belm Velho

Partenon

Nonoai

Rubem Berta

Arquiplago

So Joo

Humait

Cristal

rea sem denominao

Mrio Quintana

Serraria

Ipanema

Chapu do Sol

Campo Novo

Santa Tereza

Arquiplago

Tristeza

Petrpolis

Cavalhada

Centro

Terespolis

Jardim It-Sabar

Camaqu

So Jos

Floresta

Arquiplago

Jardim Carvalho

Vila Ipiranga

Santana

Praia de Belas

Glria

Farrapos

Arquiplago

Bom Jesus

Menino Deus

Azenha

Arquiplago

Passo da Areia

Navegantes

Boa Vista

Guaruj

Medianeira

Vila Jardim

Rio Branco

rea sem denominao

Cel. Aparcio Borges

So Geraldo

Jardim Botnico

Esprito Santo

Anchieta

Santo Antnio

Vila Assuno

Bela Vista Trs Figueiras

Cristo Redentor

Higienpolis

Auxiliadora

Mont' Serrat

Cidade Baixa

Farroupilha

Santa Ceclia

Bom Fim

Santa Maria Goretti

rea sem denominao

Marclio Dias

Vila Joo Pessoa

Jardim do Salso

Jardim Lindia

Jardim So Pedro

Chcara das Pedras

So Sebastio

Moinhos de Vento

Jardim Floresta

Pedra RedondaJardim Isabel

Independncia

Vila Conceio

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Bairros Vigentes

Escala 1:35.000

52

waterfront city core urban periurban rural

5km

urb

an z

ones of porto alegre metropolitan area

53

growth 1772- 1820

population: 12,000

colonizers from the azores establish a port for the ex-portation of wheat from their farms.

growth 1890-1945

population: 272,000

continued strong industrial and agricultural growth. inhabitants quadruple.

growth 1820-1890

population: 52,000

waves of german and italian immigrants settle in porto alegre. consolidation of administrative, economic, and military power.

growth 1945-2014

population: 1,509,939

urbanization of metropolitan area.world social forum 01-10world cup 2014

hist

oric

al evolution

55

JUN2011

Lami

Lageado

Restinga

Hpica

Belm Novo

rea sem denominao

Arquiplago

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Bairros Vigentes

Escala 1:35.000

> 20.000

10.001 > 20.000

5.001 > 10.000

1.001 > 5.000

> 1.000

population density / km2bairros / neighborhoods neig

hbor

hoods and population density

57

spontaneous occupation is the term used to qualify urban slums in brazil. cities are their own ecosystem; whatever niche that can support life is soon filled by an individual or family whose concern is food, shelter, and the business of survival. the pressure on empty urban land is great; spaces are quickly claimed by those arriving to the city who cannot afford conventional housing. however, over time favela areas can come to be thriving neighborhoods of ingenious architectures as residents climb the economic ladder out of poverty. temporary shelters solidify into lower middle or middle class housing made of brick and masonry. tiny manicured gardens are attached to many houses, often with similar plantings of medicinal, culinary, and religious plants. for example, espada de so jorge, sanseveria, is thought to protect houses from evil spirits. mature fruit trees planted intentionally or as remnants of natural areas pepper the housing areas, and were carefully maintained as sources of extra food. in other favelas in peri-urban areas on the outskirts of the city the favela housing transitions into farmland or natural areas or aggregates along infrastructures such as highways. the residents rely on free sources of food such as fruit trees. across the city the locations of mature fruit trees are known, for instance many of the trees of the university campus in the downtown area.

wages

the maps reflect 2000 census data, when the minimum wage was 151 reais or 56 euros. because of huge economic growthin 2013 the minimum wage has risen to 674 rs per month, still only about 250 euros.

a sp

atia

l analysis of poverty

mean income

up to 600 reais600- 1200 rs1200-1800 rs1800-2400 rs2400 up

the wealthiest

10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month

90% of households belong to the income group

the poorest

10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month

90% of households belong to the income group

59

vege

tate

d and built surfaces

61

favela stand alone houses and villas

suburban middle class villas (dark purple) and wealthy urban villas (light purple)

high rise and apartment buildings

urban center multi-story buildings (pink) warehouses and industrial zones (grey)

built / constructed surfaces

native forest

managed grassed zones / fields, lawns, pasture

native grassland

agriculture

vegetated surfaces

buil

t vs

vegetated surface

63

high density urban core

urban core:street foodrestaurantsfood storesinstitutions schools

suburban neighborhoods

detached houses

villas

favelas

peri-urban zone

N

2000m1: 25.000

housing

maintained grassland / lawn

agriculture

park

favela

high rises apartments buildings

warehousesindustrial spaces

swamp

water

native forest

native shrubland

degraded forestexposed soil / rock

native grassland

N

2000m1: 25.000

housing


agriculture

park

favela



swamp

water

native forest

native shrubland


native grassland

64

N2000m1: 25.000

housing


agriculture

park

favela



swamp

water

native forest

native shrubland


native grassland

comp

arai

son of built and vegetated surfaces: potential for

urban

agr

icul

ture

N

2000m1: 25.000

housing


agriculture

park

favela



swamp

water

native forest

native shrubland


native grassland

65

large-scalehardscapes

urban typologies

large-scale parking lotsurban voids

squaressmall plazas

parkwaysgreen avenues

linear urban spaces

neighborhood squrespocket parks

urban parks

informal settlementsurban periphery

roadsidesinfrastructure

8 relevant urban typlogies with potential for new green infrastructure 66

urban spatial typology

agroforestry type

plant sources maintenance

harvesting products food system endpoints

top downvs

bottom up

urban plazaslarge-scalehardscapes

intitiated by

municipality

intitiated by

municipality

intitiated by

municipality

intitiated by

municipalitywith local residents

intitiated by localresidents

with municipal support

intitiated by residents in

partnership with entrepreneurs

intitiated by

municipality

intitiated by

municipality

botanical garden

+municipal greenhouse

municipal greenhouse

+seedling center

botanical garden


botanical garden


botanical garden

+families

university+

community nursery

botanical garden


botanical garden


municipal workers/locals/

gardening clubs/

volunteers

local

residents +

support from municipal workers

local

residents

municipal workers

municipal workers

municipal workers

municipal workers

municipal workers

municipal workers

local residents+

gardening clubs

favela inhabitants

+municipal worker support

favela inha-bitants with municipal worker support

fresh food for

immediate consumption or resale

fresh food for

immediate consumption

fruit for processing

fresh fruit/juices

fresh fruit for

processing

fresh fruit for

processing

fresh fruit and artisinal

products

kitchen table/exchange

+neighborhood

markets

kitchen table+

street stall/ public market

kitchen table+

local markets

municipal workers

+ volunteers

municipal work program

fresh fruitand

fruits/products publicmarket

food banksfood coop/ processing plants

sale in park+

food banks

commercial networks

processing plants

commercial networks

processing plants

changing identity of the city

+work program

orchard

forest/orchard

forest/orchard

forest/orchard

forest

forest

intensivefood plots

city image+

improving urban neigh-borhoods

improving urban quality

+ soft transport

portential

improving urban quality

+ soft transport

portential

improving neighborhood greenspaces and social networks

multifunctional park space/education/ recreation

intensivecommercial production`

entrepreneurs and paid workers

paid workers from favelas


squaressmall plazas

streetsgreen avenues

neighborhood squares

pocket parks

large scale urban parks

informal settlements

urban periphery

roadsidesinfrastructure

project type/goal

orchard

orchard

analysis matrix of urban typologies for urban agriculture potential

anal

ysis

matrix of urban typologies for urban agriculture

67

aluvial plains forestmata aluvial

lowland shady forestmata com figueira

lowland forest and swamp mosaicmosaico

mountainside forestmata dos morros

high steppecampo

current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential

native ecosystemsmanaged for agroforestry

urban green

high density urban typology

medium density urban typology

favela typology

agriculture systems

housing

maintained grassland/lawn

agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland

2000m1: 20.000

N

/swamp

ecos

yste

m zones within city

69

mata aluvialalluvial plans forest

mata com figueiraslowland shady forest

mosaicolowland forest and swamp mosaic

ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - low areas

mata dos morrosmountainside forests

campo altohigh steppe

ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - high areas ecos

yste

m zones

71

local agroforestrycollective engagement:

networking people, place, and food

l.a.

c.e.

73

as urban populations continue to expand, cities in brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. new spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. ua can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. the food and agriculture organization cites ua as an important factor in helping cities reach the millennium development goals. at the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city.

thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development.

urban l.a.c.e. explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazils atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific short-food production chain. these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.

l.a.

c.e.

75

current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential native ecosystems





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland

+

map

of p

otential for new green infrastructure

77

urban green

existing urban parks and green spaces they stay green and are augmented with native food species.


plazas

urban typologies


urban squaressmall plazas


linear urban spaces

neighborhood squarespocket parks parks

informal settlementsurban interstices

roadsinfrastructureurban parks

existing native forest and grassland zones are enhanced and managed for production.

native ecosystems

native ecosystem

favela typology

new urban agriculture systems in favelas and peri-urban areas

large-scalehardscapesplazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

favela


new urban agriculture systems in medium density neighborhoods:

suburban parkssmall plazaspocket parkstree lines streets


plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

neighborhood parks and squares

streets

new urban agriculture systems in high density neighborhoods:

apartmentshigh risesdowntown plazas urban voidsdense infrastructure



plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

large scale urban space

dense infrastructure





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland





high steppecampo



urban green



favela typology

agriculture systems

housing


agriculture

park

favela



native forest

native shrubland


native grassland

map

of p

otential with typologies

79

native forestnative grasslandsshrubland and steppe

favela zones existing parkspublic green areasagricultural zones


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

urban voidsexposed soildegraded forest areas

linear infrastructurenew green avenuesmain avenue bisecting the citynew tree lined streets

semiprivate green areasprivate gardens


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

creating a new urban agroforestry landscape layer in the city depends on networking exisitng spaces, and building on the spatial potential of the city. careful analysis of the urban fabric yields maps of all spaces, classified in realtion to urban typology, which could be used to build the network over time.

81

existing parkspublic green areasagricultural zones


plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

buil

ding

l.a.c.e.

83

native forestnative grasslandsshrubland and steppe

buil

ding

l.a.c.e.

85

urban voidsexposed soildegraded forest areas


plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

buil

ding

l.a.c.e.

87

favela zones


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

buil

ding

l.a.c.e.

89

semiprivate green areasprivate gardens


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure

buil

ding

l.a.c.e.

91

linear infrastructurenew green avenuesmain avenue bisecting the citynew tree lined streets


urban typologies




linear urban spaces



roadsinfrastructure


plazas

urban typologies




linear urban spaces


informal settlementsurban int

jacques abelman-master of landscape architecture-urban lace

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