J. Ogée – N. Viovy – P. Friedlingstein – P. CiaisG. Krinner – N. deNoblet

J. Polcher (IPSL)

Evaluation of the globalbiospheric model ORCHIDEEagainst FLUXNET flux data

ORCHIDEESECHIBA

energy & water cyclephotosynthesis

t = 1 hour

LPJspatial

distributionof vegetation(competition, fire,…)t = 1 year

STOMATEvegetation & soil carbon

cycle(phénologie, allocation,

…)

t = 1 day

NPP, biomass,litterfall

vegetation types

LAI,roughness,

albedo

soil water,surface temperature,

GPP

Global biospheric model ORCHIDEE

rain, température, humidity,incoming radiation, wind, CO2

meteorological forcing

sensible & latent heat fluxes, CO2 flux, net

radiation

output variables

prescribed vegetation

vegetation types

ORCHIDEE

General framework for model evaluation

FluxNet

rain, température, humidity,incoming radiation, wind, CO2

meteorological forcing

vegetation types, latitude/longitude

prescribed parameters

sensible & latent heat fluxes, CO2 flux, net

radiation“modelled” fluxes “measured” fluxes

VALIDATION

FluxNet Network

More than 140 sites across the world (mainly N. Hemisphere)

Sites used hereCode Site name Location Description and comments Altitude selected years Age

Boreal deciduous broad- leaf forest (DBF)

GU Gunnarsholt 63°50N 20°13W with 30% C3 grass 78 1996-1998 5Boreal deciduous needle- leaf forest (DNF)

YK Yakutsk 62°15N 129°37E 225 2001 100-160Boreal evergreen needle- leaf forest (ENF)

FL Flakaliden 64°07N 19°27E 225 1996-1998 31HY Hyytiala 61°51N 24°17E with 30% C3 grass 170 1996-2000 35NB BOREAS NSA-OBS 55°52N 98°28W boreal mixed f orest (70% ENF, 30% DBF) 259 1994-1998 oldNO Norunda 60°05N 16°13E 45 1996-1998 100C3 agriculture

PO Ponca city 36°46N 97°08W 310 1997 _C3 agriculture

BV Bondville 40°00N 88°18W 300 1997-1999 _C3 grass

LW Little Washita 34°57N 97°59W 30-60 1997-1998 _UP Upad 70°16N 148°53W tundra (50% bare soil, 50% C3 grass) 5 1994 _C4 grass

FI FI FE 39°07N 95°29W 320-450 1987 _SH Shidler 36°56N 96°41W 350 1997 _Temperate deciduous broad- leaf forest (DBF)

HE Hesse 48°40N 7°04E 300 1996-2000 30HV Harvard Forest 42°32N 72°11W temperate mixed f orest (70% DBF, 30% ENF) 180-490 1992-1999 90SO Soroe 55°29N 11°38E 40 1997-1999 78VI Vielsam 50°18N 6°00E temperate mixed f orest (70% DBF, 30% ENF) 450 1996-1998 60-90WB Walker Branch 35°57N 84°17W temperate mixed f orest (80% DBF, 20% ENF) 365-380 1995-1998 58Temperate evergreen broad- leaf forest (EBF)

CP Castelpoziano 41°45N 12°22E with 30% bare soil 3 1997-1998 50SKo Sky Oaks (old) 33°22N 116°37W with 20% C4 grass 1420 1997-2000 78SKy Sky Oaks (young) 33°22N 116°37W with 20% C4 grass 1420 1997-2000 4Temperate evergreen needle- leaf forest (ENF)

AB Aberf eldy 56°36N 3°48E with 10% C3 grass 340 1997, 1998 14BR Brasschaat 51°19N 4°31E temperate mixed f orest (60% ENF, 40% DBF) 16 1996-1998 67BX Bordeaux 44°43N 0°46W with 30% C3 grass 60 1997-1998 30LO Loobos 52°10N 5°44E with 20% C3 grass 25-52 1996-2000 80ME Metolius 44°27N 121°33W 1310 1996-1997 90TH Tharandt 50°58N 13°34E with 20% C3 grass 380 1996-2000 140WE Weiden Brunnen 50°10N 11°53E with 20% C3 grass 765-780 1996-1999 40Tropical evergreen broad- leaf forest (EBF)

MA Manaus 2°36S 60°07W 120 1996 _

i.e. 31 sites, nearly 100 years of data

Meteorological forcing

« Gap-filling » method = use of daily data from:- global radiation: ECMWF ERA-15 analysis- other: closest weather station

Tmax

Tmin

time

tem

pera

ture

Site history

Hypothesis = ecosystems « in equilibrium »

mineral soil

seeded (according to

prescribed vegetation

distribution)

[C] = 0 [C] 0 [C] 0250 yrs N yrs

organic soil

ecosystem equilibrium

reached

NEEmod = 0

correction to account for measured

sink

N yrs of meteorological forcing

10-day bin-averaged fluxes (Tver forest)

H(W m-2)

LE(W m-2)

NEE(µmol m-2 s-1)

Rn

(W m-2)

ORCHIDEE EC measurements

Daily and accumulated fluxes (Tver forest)

ORCHIDEE EC measurements

H(MJ m-2)

LE(MJ m-2)

NEE(gC m-2)

Rn

(MJ m-2)

Seasonally (JJA) bin-averaged diurnal cycles

H(W/m2)

LE(W/m2)

Rn

(W/m2)

ORCHIDEE

EC measurements

NEE(µmol/m2/

mth)

Bin-averaged seasonal cycles

H(MJ/m2/mth)

LE(MJ/m2/mth)

NEE(gC/m2/mth)

Rn

(MJ/m2/mth)

ORCHIDEE

EC measurements

Forêts tempérées vs. autres PFTs

ORCHIDEE pas trop mal sur les forêts tempéréessauf les écosystèmes méditétannéens

Quelques résultats de PILPS Carbone

Slope/intercept and RMSE unsys/sysFor the different models (3 hourly fluxes)

Index of agreement for all models

Modeled and simulated carbon net sink In 1997 and 1998

CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2SWAP IBIS

Annual NEE (Kg C m-2 y-1)

MC AVIM

CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2IBIS

Annual GPP (Kg C m-2 y-1)

CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2SWAPIBIS

VISA

Total Soil carbon (Kg C/m-2)

MCAVIM

CLASS-MCM CLASS-UAORCHIDEE-1 ORCHIDEE-2SWAPIBIS

VISA

Total living biomass (Kg C/m-2)

MCAVIM