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Jaws

Directed by StevenSpielberg (1)

JeannotSzwarc (2)

Joe Alves (3)

JosephSargent (4)

Produced by Richard D.Zanuck (1–2)

David Brown(1–2)

Rupert Hitzig(3)

JosephSargent (4)

Written by Peter Benchley(1)

Carl Gottlieb(1–3)

HowardSackler (2)

RichardMatheson (3)

GuerdonTrueblood (3)

Michael deGuzman (4)

Based on Jaws by Peter Benchley

Starring Roy Scheider(1–2)

Jaws (franchise)Jaws is an American natural horror film series that started with a 1975 film

that expanded into three sequels, a theme park ride, and other tie-in

merchandise, based on a 1974 novel. The main subject of the saga is a great

white shark, and its attacks on people in specific areas of the United States.

The Brody family is featured in all of the films as the primary antithesis to the

shark. The original film was based on a novel written by Peter Benchley, which

itself was inspired by the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. Benchley adapted

his novel, along with help from Carl Gottlieb and Howard Sackler, into the

1975 film Jaws, which was directed by Steven Spielberg. Although Gottlieb

went on to pen two of the three sequels, neither Benchley nor Spielberg

returned to the film series in any capacity.

The first film was regarded as a watershed film in motion picture history; it

became the father of the summer blockbuster movies and one of the first "high-

concept" films.[1][2] The film is also known for the introduction of John

Williams' famous theme music, which was a simple alternating pattern of the E

and F notes of a piano. Williams' theme won an Academy Award. The film won

other Academy Awards, and was nominated for Best Picture.

The success of Jaws led to three sequels, and the four films together have

earned nearly $800 million worldwide in box office gross. The franchise has

also seen the release of various soundtrack albums, additional novelizations

based on the sequels, trading cards, inspired theme park rides at Universal

Studios Florida and Universal Studios Japan, multiple video games, and a

musical that premiered in 2004. Although the first film was popular with

critics when it was originally released, Jaws 2 received generally mixed

reception, and the third and fourth films were critically panned. This reception

has spread to the merchandise, with video games seen as poor imitations of the

original concept. Nevertheless, the original 1975 film has generally been

regarded as one of the greatest films ever, and frequently appears in the top

100 of various American Film Institute rankings.

However, Benchley later regretted he ever wrote the original book considering

it encouraged a widespread public fear of sharks, which led to massive culls

resulting in the various shark species around the world becoming endangered.

As such, he spent most of his life promoting the cause of ocean conservation.

OverviewJaws (1975)Jaws 2 (1978)

Contents

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Robert Shaw(1)

RichardDreyfuss (1)

Lorraine Gary(1–2, 4)

MurrayHamilton (1–2)

JosephMascolo (2)

Jeffrey Kramer(1–2)

Collin Wilcox(2)

Dennis Quaid(3)

BessArmstrong (3)

SimonMacCorkindale(3)

Louis Gossett,Jr. (3)

Lance Guest(4)

Mario VanPeebles (4)

Karen Young(4)

Michael Caine(4)

Music by John Williams(1–2)

Alan Parker (3)

Michael Small(4)

Cinematography Bill Butler (1)

Michael Butler(2)

James A.Contner (3)

Jaws 3-D (1983)Jaws: The Revenge (1987)Future

Cast and charactersCrew and otherFilms

NovelProductionMusicBox officeCritical receptionUnofficial sequels and rip-offs

DocumentariesMerchandiseJaws 19References

NotesBibliography

External links

The original Jaws, directed by Steven Spielberg, is based on Peter Benchley's

novel of the same name. It tells the story of Police Chief Martin Brody

(portrayed by Roy Scheider) of Amity Island (a fictional summer resort town),

in his quest to protect beachgoers from a great white shark by closing the

beach. This is overruled by the town council, headed by the mayor (Murray

Hamilton) that wants the beach to remain open in order to sustain the local

tourist economy. After several attacks, the police chief enlists the help of

marine biologist Matt Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) and a professional shark

hunter Quint (Robert Shaw). The three voyage out onto the ocean in Quint's

boat – the Orca. The shark kills Quint, but Brody manages to destroy it by

shooting at the highly pressurized air tank that he has wedged in its mouth. In

the end, Brody and Hooper are seen swimming away from the sinking Orca,

having both of them managed to survive uninjured the shark attack on the

boat.

The first sequel, Jaws 2, depicts the same town four years after the events of

the original film when another great white shark arrives on the shores of the

fictional seaside resort of Amity Island. Directed by Jeannot Szwarc and

starring Roy Scheider again as Police Chief Martin Brody, who, after a series of

Overview

Jaws (1975)

Jaws 2 (1978)

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Chris Condon(3)

AustinMcKinney (3)

JohnMcPherson (4)

Edited by Verna Fields(1)

Steve Potter(2)

Arthur Schmidt(2)

Neil Travis (2)

Corky Ehlers(3)

Randy Roberts(3)

Michael Brown(4)

Distributed by UniversalPictures

Release date June 20, 1975

–July 17, 1987

Running time 478 minutes

Country United States

Language English

Box office $798.4 million

deaths and disappearances, suspects that the culprit is another shark.

However, he has trouble convincing the town's selectmen. He has to act alone

to save a group of teenagers, including his two sons, who encounter the shark

whilst out sailing.

The plot of Jaws 3-D (also known as Jaws 3) moves away from Amity Island to

SeaWorld in Florida, a water themed-park with underwater tunnels and

lagoons. As the park prepares to open, it is infiltrated by a baby great white

shark which attacks and kills water-skiers and park employees. Once the baby

shark is captured, it becomes apparent that a much larger shark, the mother, is

present. The characters of Martin's sons from the first two films are developed

further in this film: Michael Brody (Dennis Quaid) is the chief engineer of the

park and his younger brother, Sean (John Putch), arrives at the resort to visit

him. The events of the earlier films are implied through Sean's dislike of the

water because of "something that happened when he was a kid." The events

and character development from Jaws 3-D are independent from the rest of

the series.[3]

The fourth and final film, Jaws: The Revenge, sees the storyline returning to

Amity Island, but ignores all plot elements introduced in Jaws 3-D. No

mention is made to Michael's girlfriend from the previous film, Kathryn

Morgan (Bess Armstrong), or his career change from an engineer at SeaWorld

to a marine biologist. In fact, one of the Universal Studios press releases for

Jaws: The Revenge omits Jaws 3-D entirely by referring to Jaws: TheRevenge as the "third film of the remarkable Jaws trilogy."[3] By the start of

the film, Martin Brody had died of a heart-attack, although his wife, Ellen

Brody (Lorraine Gary), claims that he died through fear of the shark. Her

youngest son, Sean (Mitchell Anderson), now working as a police deputy in

Amity, is dispatched to clear a log from a buoy. As he does so, he is attacked

and killed by a shark. Ellen becomes convinced that a shark is deliberately

victimizing her family for the deaths of the first two sharks. Michael (Lance

Guest) convinces her to spend some time with his family in The Bahamas. However, as his job involves a lot of time on and

in the sea, Ellen fears that he will be the shark's next victim. When her granddaughter, Thea (Judith Barsi), narrowly

avoids being attacked by a shark, Ellen takes a boat in order to kill her family's alleged stalker. Hoagie (Michael Caine),

Michael, and his friend Jake (Mario Van Peebles) find Ellen and then proceed to electrocute the shark, driving it out of the

water and impaling it on the prow of Ellen's boat.

In February 2010, film website Cinema Blend reported that a source from Universal Pictures has indicated that Universal

is "strongly considering" remaking Jaws in 3-D, following the commercial success of Avatar.[4] The source also reported

that 30 Rock star Tracy Morgan was considered to portray Matt Hooper in the remake, which they say could be more

Jaws 3-D (1983)

Jaws: The Revenge (1987)

Future

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comedic and make more use of special effects.[5] The studio has not officially commented upon the rumor.[6][7]

Cast and characters

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Characters

Films

Jaws Jaws 2 Jaws 3-D Jaws: The Revenge

1975 1978 1983 1987

Police Chief MartinBrody Roy Scheider Roy Scheider

(archive footage)

Ellen Brody Lorraine Gary Lorraine Gary

Michael "Mike"Brody Chris Rebello Mark Grunner Dennis Quaid Lance Guest

Sean Brody Jay Mello Marc Gilpin John PutchMitchell Anderson

Jay Mello (flashback)

Mayor LarryVaughn Murray Hamilton

Mr. Posner Cyprian R. Dube Cyprian R. Dube

Deputy LennyHendricks Jeffrey Kramer William E. Marks

Mrs. Taft Fritzi Jane Courtney Fritzi Jane Courtney

Harry Wiseman Alfred Wilde

Matt Hooper Richard Dreyfuss

Quint Robert Shaw

Harry Meadows Carl Gottlieb

Mrs. Kintner Lee Fierro Lee Fierro

Polly Peggy Scott Edna Billito

Alex Kintner Jeffrey Voorhees

Christine"Chrissie" Watkins Susan Backlinie

Leonard "Len"Peterson Joseph Mascolo

Dr. Laureen Elkins Colin Wilcox

Tina Wilcox Ann Dusenberry

Eddie Marchand Gary Dubin

Larry Vaughn Jr. David Elliott

Tom Andrews Barry Coe

Grace Witherspoon Susan French

Andy Williams Gary Springer

Jackie Peters Donna Wilkes

Brooke Peters Gigi Vorgan

Marge Martha Swatek

Timmy Weldon G. Thomas Dunlop

Doug Fetterman Keith Gordon

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Paul "Polo" Loman John Dukakis

Bob Burnside Billy Van Zandt

Patrick Ben Marley

Lucy Cynthia Grover

Kathryn "Kay"Morgan Bess Armstrong

Kelly AnneBukowski Lea Thompson

Calvin Bouchard Louis Gossett Jr.

Philip FitzRoyce SimonMacCorkindale

Carla Brody Karen Young

Thea Brody Judith Barsi

Hoagie Newcombe Michael Caine

Jake Mario Van Peebles

Louisa Lynn Whitfield

Crew/detail

Film

Jaws Jaws 2 Jaws 3-D Jaws: The Revenge

1975 1978 1983 1987

Director(s) Steven Spielberg Jeannot Szwarc Joe AlvesJoseph Sargent

Producer(s) Richard D. Zanuck David Brown Rupert Hitzig

Writer(s) Peter Benchley Carl Gottlieb

Carl Gottlieb Howard Sackler

Screenplay by: Richard Matheson

Carl Gottlieb Story by:

Guerdon Trueblood

Michael de Guzman

Composer(s) John Williams Alan Parker Michael Small

Distributor Universal Pictures

Running time(s) 124 minutes 117 minutes 99 minutes 91 minutes

MPAA rating(s) PG PG-13

Crew and other

Films

Novel

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Peter Benchley had been thinking for years "about a story about a shark that attacks people and what would happen if it

came in and wouldn't go away."[8] Doubleday editor Tom Congdon was interested in Benchley's idea of a novel about a

great white shark terrorizing a beach resort.[9] After various revisions and rewrites, Benchley delivered his final draft in

January 1973.[10] The title was not decided until shortly before the book went to print. Benchley says that he had spent

months thinking of titles, many of which he calls "pretentious" such as The Stillness in the Water and Leviathan Rising.

Benchley regarded other ideas, such as The Jaws of Death and The Jaws of Leviathan, as "melodramatic, weird, or

pretentious."[8] According to Benchley, the novel still did not have a title until twenty minutes before production of the

book.[8]

The Book of the Month Club made the novel an "A book," qualifying it for its main selection, then the Reader's Digest also

selected it. The publication date was moved back to allow a carefully orchestrated release. It was released first in hardcover

in February 1974,[11] then in the book clubs, followed by a national campaign for the paperback release.[10] Bantam bought

the paperback rights for $575,000.[11]

Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown, film producers at Universal Pictures, heard about the book at identical times at

different locations. Brown heard about it in the fiction department of Cosmopolitan, a lifestyle magazine then edited by his

wife, Helen Gurley Brown. A small card gave a detailed description of the plot concluding with the comment "might make

a good movie."[12] The producers each read it overnight and agreed that it was "the most exciting thing that they had ever

read" and that, although they were unsure how they would accomplish it, they had to produce the film.[13] Brown says that

had they read the book twice they would have never have made the film because of the difficulties in executing some of the

sequences. However, he says that "we just loved the book. We thought it would make a very good movie."[12]

Zanuck and Brown had originally planned to hire John Sturges to direct the

film, before considering Dick Richards.[14] However, they grew irritated by

Richards' vision of continually calling the shark "the whale"; Richards was

subsequently dropped from the project.[14] Zanuck and Brown then signed

Spielberg in June 1973 to direct before the release of his first theatrical film,

The Sugarland Express.[14] Spielberg wanted to take the novel's basic concept,

removing Benchley's many subplots.[15] Zanuck, Brown and Spielberg removed

the novel's adulterous affair between Ellen Brody and Matt Hooper because it

would compromise the camaraderie between the men when they went out on

the Orca.[12]

Peter Benchley wrote three drafts of the screenplay before deciding to bow out

of the project.[15] Tony and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Howard Sackler

happened to be in Los Angeles when the filmmakers began looking for another

writer and offered to do an uncredited rewrite, and since the producers and

Spielberg were unhappy with Benchley's drafts, they quickly accepted his

offer.[16] Spielberg sent the script to Carl Gottlieb, asking for advice.[16]

Gottlieb rewrote most scenes during principal photography, and John Milius

contributed dialogue polishes. Spielberg has claimed that he prepared his own draft. The authorship of Quint's monologue

about the fate of the cruiser USS Indianapolis has caused substantial controversy as to who deserves the most credit for

the speech. Spielberg described it as a collaboration among John Milius, Howard Sackler, and actor Robert Shaw.[17]

Gottlieb gives primary credit to Shaw, downplaying Milius' contribution.[18]

Production

Jaws shark at Universal StudiosFlorida.

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Three mechanical sharks were made for the production: a full version for underwater shots, one that moved from camera-

left to right (with its hidden side completely exposing the internal machinery), and an opposite model with its right flank

uncovered.[15] Their construction was supervised by production designer Joe Alves and special effects artist Robert A.

Mattey. After the sharks were completed, they were shipped to the shooting location, but had not been tested in water and

when placed in the ocean the full model sank to the ocean floor, forcing a team of divers to retrieve it.[16] Location shooting

occurred on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, chosen because the ocean had a sandy bottom while 12 miles

(19 km) out at sea.[16] This helped the mechanical sharks to operate smoothly and still provide a realistic location. The film

nonetheless had a famously troubled shoot and went considerably over budget. David Brown said that the budget "was $4

million and the picture wound up costing $9 million".[19] Shooting at sea led to many delays: unwanted sailboats drifted

into frame, cameras were soaked, and the Orca once began to sink with the actors on board. The mechanical shark

frequently malfunctioned, due to the hydraulic innards being corroded by salt water.[16] The three mechanical sharks were

collectively nicknamed "Bruce" by the production team after Spielberg's lawyer.[20] To some degree, the delays in the

production proved serendipitous. The script was refined during production, and the unreliable mechanical sharks forced

Spielberg to shoot most of the scenes with the shark only hinted at. For example, for much of the shark hunt, its location is

represented by the floating yellow barrels. Spielberg also included multiple shots of just the dorsal fin due to its ease of

filming. This forced restraint is widely thought to have increased the suspense of these scenes, giving it a Hitchcockian

tone.[21]

The studio ordered a sequel early into the success of Jaws.[22] The success of The Godfather Part II and other sequels

meant that the producers were under pressure to deliver a bigger and better shark. They realized that someone else would

produce the film if they didn't, and they preferred to be in charge of the project themselves.[23] Spielberg declined to be

involved in the sequel.[19][22]

Like the first film, the production of Jaws 2 was troubled. The original director, John D. Hancock, proved to be unsuitable

for an action film and was replaced by Jeannot Szwarc.[22] Scheider, who only reprised his role to end a contractual issue

with Universal,[24] was also unhappy during production and had several heated exchanges with Szwarc.[25][26] Martha's

Vineyard was again used as the location for the town scenes. Although some residents guarded their privacy, many

islanders welcomed the money that the company was bringing.[27] The majority of filming was at Navarre Beach, Florida,

because of the warm weather and the water's depth being appropriate for the shark platform.[22] Like the first film,

shooting on water proved challenging. After spending hours anchoring the sailboats, the wind would change as they were

ready to shoot, blowing the sails in the wrong direction.[28] The corrosive effect of the saltwater damaged some equipment,

including the metal parts in the sharks.[28] As with the first film, footage of real sharks filmed by Australian divers Ron &

Valerie Taylor was used for movement shots that could not be convincingly achieved using the mechanical sharks.[22]

The producers of the first two films considered originally pitched the second Jaws sequel as a spoof named Jaws 3, People0.[22] National Lampoon writers John Hughes and Todd Carroll were commissioned to write a script.[29] The project was

abandoned due to conflicts with Universal Studios.[29]

Alan Landsburg and Rupert Hitzig produced the third film.[30] The second sequel capitalized upon the revived interest of

3-D film in the 1980s, amongst other horror films such as Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3-D that also make dual

use of the number three.[31] As it was Joe Alves' first film as director, having been the production designer for the first two

films, he thought that 3-D would "give him an edge".[31] Cinema audiences could wear disposable cardboard polarized

glasses to create the illusion that elements penetrate the screen.[32] Richard Matheson worked on the story and script,

although many of his contributions were unused: the writer is unhappy with the finished film.[33] Carl Gottlieb, who had

also revised the screenplays for the first two Jaws films, was credited for the script alongside Matheson.[34]

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Joseph Sargent produced and directed the fourth film in the series. Jaws The Revenge was filmed on location in New

England and in the Caribbean, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films of the series, Martha's Vineyard

was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the opening scenes of the film.[35] Principal photography moved to

Nassau in The Bahamas, but the location did not offer the "perfect world" that the 38-day shoot required. The cast and

crew encountered many problems with varying weather conditions.[35]

John Williams composed and conducted the score for the first two films. The main "shark" theme, a simple alternating

pattern of two notes, E and F,[36] became a classic piece of suspense music, synonymous with approaching danger.

Williams described the theme as having the "effect of grinding away at you, just as a shark would do, instinctual,

relentless, unstoppable."[37] When the piece was first played for Spielberg, he was said to have laughed at Williams,

thinking that it was a joke. Spielberg later said that without Williams' score the film would have been only half as

successful, and Williams acknowledges that the score jumpstarted his career.[16] Williams won an Academy Award for

Original Music Score for his work on the first film.[38]

The shark theme is used in all three sequels, a continuity that Williams compares to "the great tradition" for repeating

musical themes in Hollywood serials such as Roy Rogers and The Lone Ranger.[38] Alan Parker composed and conducted

the score for Jaws 3-D, while the final film was scored by Michael Small. The latter was particularly praised for his work,

which many critics considered superior to the film.[39][40]

Jaws was the first film to use "wide release" as a distribution pattern. As such, it is an important film in the history of film

distribution and marketing.[41] Prior to the release of Jaws, films typically opened slowly, usually in a few theaters in

major cities, which allowed for a series of "premieres." As the success of a film increased, and word of mouth grew,

distributors would forward the prints to additional cities across the country.[42] The film became the first to use extensive

television advertising.[43] Universal executive Sidney Sheinberg's rationale was that nationwide marketing costs would be

amortized at a more favorable rate per print than if a slow, scaled release were carried out. Scheinberg's gamble paid off,

with Jaws becoming a box office smash hit and the father of the summer blockbuster.[44][45]

When Jaws was released on June 20, 1975, it opened at 464 theaters.[46] The release was subsequently expanded on July

25 to a total of 675 theaters, the largest simultaneous distribution of a film in motion picture history at the time. During

the first weekend of wide release, Jaws grossed more than $7 million, and was the top grosser for the following five

weeks.[47] During its run in theaters, the film became the first to reach more than $100 million in U.S. box office

receipts.[43][48] Jaws eventually grossed more than $470 million worldwide ($1.9 billion in 2010 dollars[49]) and was the

highest grossing box office film until Star Wars debuted two years later.[50][51]

Jaws 2 was the most expensive film that Universal had produced up until that point, costing the studio almost $30

million.[23] According to David Brown, the film made 40% gross of the original. This was attractive to studios because it

reduced market risk.[22] The film became the highest-grossing sequel in history, succeeded by the release of Rocky II in

1979. It opened in 640 theaters, making $9,866,023 in its opening weekend.[52] The final domestic gross for Jaws 2 was

$81,766,007, making it the sixth highest domestic grossing film of 1978.[53]

Jaws 3-D grossed $13,422,500 on its opening weekend,[54] playing to 1,311 theaters at its widest release. It has achieved

total lifetime worldwide gross of $87,987,055.[55] Despite being #1 at the box office, this illustrates the series' diminishing

returns, since Jaws 3-D has earned nearly $100,000,000 less than the total lifetime gross of its predecessor[56] and

$300,000,000 less than the original film.[57]

Music

Box office

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The third sequel would attract an even lower income, with around two thirds of Jaws 3-D's total lifetime gross.[58] Jaws:The Revenge received a poor critical reception, and earned the lowest amount of money from the series. It is considered

one of the worst movies ever made. Even though it received negative reviews, the film was able to cover costs (estimated

US$23 million) with a worldwide box office take of $51,881,013.[59] The film, though, continued the series diminishing

returns. It only grossed $7,154,890 in its opening weekend, when it opened to 1,606 screens.[60] This was around $5

million less than its predecessor.[55] It has also achieved the lowest total lifetime gross of the series.[57][61]

Film U.S. release dateBox office revenue

ReferenceDomestic Foreign Worldwide

Jaws June 20, 1975 $260,000,000 $210,653,000 $470,653,000 [62]

Jaws 2 June 16, 1978 $102,922,376 $106,118,000 $208,900,376 [63]

Jaws 3-D July 22, 1983 $45,517,055 $42,470,000 $87,987,055 [64]

Jaws: The Revenge July 17, 1987 $20,763,013 $31,118,000 $51,881,013 [65]

Jaws film series $408,056,075 $390,359,000 $798,415,075

Jaws is regarded as a watershed film in motion picture history, the father of the summer blockbuster movie and one of the

first "high concept" films.[2][66] Due to the film's success in advance screenings, studio executives decided to distribute it in

a much wider release than ever before. The Omen followed suit in the summer of 1976 and then Star Wars one year later

in 1977, cementing the notion for movie studios to distribute their big-release action and adventure pictures (commonly

referred to as tentpole pictures) during the summer. Jaws is widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. Jawswas number 48 on American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies, a list of the greatest American films of all time,

dropping down to number 56 on the 10 Year Anniversary list. It was ranked second on a similar list for thrillers, 100Years... 100 Thrills.

The sequels are not held in such high regard. Many reviewers criticized Jaws 2 director Jeannot Szwarc for showing more

of the shark than the first film had, reducing the Hitchcockian notion "that the greatest suspense derives from the unseen

and the unknown, and that the imagination is capable of conceiving far worse than the materialization of a mere

mechanical monster."[67] The performances of Scheider, Gary, and Hamilton in Jaws 2 were praised.[68] However, the

teenagers, who are "irritating and incessantly screaming... don't make for very sympathetic victims."[69]

Reception for Jaws 3-D was generally poor. Variety calls it "tepid" and suggests that Alves "fails to linger long enough on

the Great White."[70] It has an 11% "rotten" rating at Rotten Tomatoes.[71] The 3-D was criticized as being a gimmick to

attract audiences to the aging series[72] and for being ineffective.[73][74] Derek Winnert says that "with Richard Matheson's

name on the script you'd expect a better yarn" although he continues to say that the film "is entirely watchable with a big

pack of popcorn."[75]

Jaws: The Revenge attracted the poorest critical reception of the series and was nominated for Worst Picture in the 1987

Golden Raspberry Awards. It was rated by Entertainment Weekly as one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made."[76] Roger

Ebert said that it "is not simply a bad movie, but also a stupid and incompetent one." He lists several elements that he

finds unbelievable including that Ellen is "haunted by flashbacks to events where she was not present." Ebert also laments

that Michael Caine could not attend the ceremony to collect his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor earned for

Hannah and Her Sisters because of his shooting commitments on this film.[77]

Critical reception

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In an era in which documentaries were attempting responsible, accurate reporting about the natural world, ecocriticism

says that Hollywood continued to produce films that exploited the fear of animals.[78] Scholar Greg Garrard cites David

Ingram's suggestion that the Jaws series "represents a backlash against conservationist ideas in which an 'evil, threatening

nature is eventually mastered through male heroism, technology and the blood sacrifice of the wild animal.'"[79][80] Greg

Garrard observes in Jaws: The Revenge that "the marine biologist Mike Brody's environmentalist concerns are effectively

ridiculed as his colleague is eaten by the enraged fish; he joins the hunt for it and the shark in turn hunts him down."[78]

Many films based on man-eating animals (usually aquatic) were released throughout the 1970s and the 1980s such as:

Grizzly, Orca, Nightwing, Alligator, Creature, Cruel Jaws, Day of the Animals, Eaten Alive, Up from the Depths, the

Mexican Tintorera, the French-Italian Killer Fish, and the Japanese Jaws in Japan. The betters of these are often

considered to be Piranha,[81] as a rip-off, and Great White (also known as The Last Shark), as an unofficial sequel.[82]

The Shark is Still Working is a feature-length documentary film on the impact and legacy of the 1975 Steven Spielberg

blockbuster film Jaws. It features interviews with a range of cast and crew from the film. It was narrated by the late Roy

Scheider and dedicated to the late Peter Benchley.

The documentary was produced by Jaws fans over a seven-year period, building on Laurent Bouzereau's 1995

documentary, The Making of Jaws, that has been included on some laserdisc and DVD releases. Throughout other

documentaries over the years, such as Bouzereau's and the BBC's 1997 documentary In the Teeth of Jaws, actor Richard

Dreyfuss has recounted tales about the troubled production of Jaws and the quote “The shark is NOT working” which

Dreyfuss would hear constantly from members of the crew. Eventually, upon successful attempts to fix the malfunctioning

sea monster, Dreyfuss would regularly hear the quote “The shark is working."

The Shark Is Still Working won Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 DocMiami Film Festival. The documentary was

released on home video as a special feature on the 2012 Blu-ray edition of Jaws.

Some of the interviews were filmed in 4:3 Academy ratio, typical of TV documentaries of the time. As the production went

on, 16:9 became the TV shape standard and so the documentary crops the top and bottom of the image to reshape it to

16:9. There is no anamorphic enhancement of the documentary on the Jaws Blu-Ray.

Universal "devised and co-ordinated a highly innovative plan" for the first

film's distribution and exhibition.[41] The studio and publisher Bantam

designed a logo which would appear on both the paperback and on all film

advertising. "Both publisher and distributor recognized the mutual benefits

that a joint promotion strategy would bring."[41] Producers Zanuck and Brown

toured six cities to promote the paperback and the film.[41] Once the film was

released, more merchandising was created, including shark-illustrated

swimming towels and T-shirts, plastic shark fins for swimmers to wear, and

shark-shaped inflatables for them to float on. The Ideal Toy Company

produced a game where the player had to use a hook to fish out items from the

shark's mouth before the jaws closed.[83]

Unofficial sequels and rip-offs

Documentaries

Merchandise

A small selection of merchandisefrom Jaws 2.

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Jaws 2 inspired much more merchandising and sponsors than the first film. Products included sets of trading cards from

Topps and Baker's bread, paper cups from Coca-Cola, beach towels, a souvenir program, shark tooth necklaces, coloring

and activity books, and a model kit of Brody's truck.[68] A novelization by Hank Searls, based on an earlier draft of the

screenplay by Howard Sackler and Dorothy Tristan, was released, as well as Ray Loynd's The Jaws 2 Log, an account of

the film's production.[68]

There have been a number of video game releases based upon the franchise. The first, titled Jaws, was released for the

Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1987.[84] There was a separate computer adaptation of the original Jaws movie

called Jaws: The Computer Game, released in 1989 by Screen 7 for the Commodore Amiga and other computers;[85]

another unrelated Jaws for the Commodore 64 and other computers was released by Box Office Software the same

year.[86] A Jaws level was featured in the 2001 game Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure by Kemco for the

Nintendo Gamecube. Jaws Unleashed, developed by Appaloosa Interactive, was released in 2006 for the PlayStation 2,

Xbox and PC platforms.[87] An officially licensed iPhone game based on the original film was released by Bytemark Games

and Universal Partnerships & Licensing in 2010,[88] while in 2011 Universal licensed a follow -up game (in the form of an

App) called Jaws Revenge. This game was made by Fuse Powered Inc.[89] A game titled Jaws: Ultimate Predator was

released on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS in 2011. A virtual pinball game from Zen Studios for Pinball FX 3 was released as

well.[90]

Jaws 19 was an infamous joke movie that appears being advertised in the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II, set in

2015, as a huge holographic poster of Jaws 19, by "Max Spielberg", swallows Marty McFly. In 2015, Universal made a

poster and trailer for the fictional movie that came with the Back to the Future 30th Anniversary Box-Set.

1. "Rise of the blockbuster" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1653733.stm). BBC News Online. 2001-11-16.Retrieved 2006-08-20.

2. Wyatt 1994, p. 763. "Karen Young "Jaws The Revenge" Universal News" (Press release). Universal Studios. 1987.4. "Universal planning 3D 'Jaws' remake?" (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a202152/universal-planning-3d-jaw

s-remake.html). Digital Spy. 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2010-02-18.5. "Steven Spielberg's 'Jaws' Returning to Theaters in 3-D?" (http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/19824). Bloody

Disgusting. 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2010-04-14.6. Zani, Dave (2010-02-08). "Universal Planning A 3D Remake Of Jaws With Tracy Morgan?" (http://www.cinemablend.c

om/new/Universal-Planning-A-3D-Remake-Of-Jaws-16954.html). Cinema Blend. Retrieved 2010-02-18.7. "Jaws To Be Remade in 3D?" (http://movies.sky.com/jaws-to-be-remade-in-3d). Sky Movies. Retrieved 2010-02-18.8. Benchley, Peter, "A Look Inside Jaws", produced by Laurent Bouzereau, available as a bonus feature on some

laserdisc and DVD releases of Jaws9. Hawtree, Christopher (2006-02-14). "Peter Benchley: He was fascinated by the sea, but his bestselling novel tapped

into a primeval fear of the deep" (https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/feb/14/guardianobituaries.obituaries). TheGuardian. London. Retrieved 2008-08-18.

10. Gottlieb 1975, pp. 11–1311. Baxter 1997, p. 120

Jaws 19

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12. Brown, David, "A Look Inside Jaws", produced by Laurent Bouzereau, available as a bonus feature on some laserdiscand DVD releases of Jaws

13. Zanuck, Richard D., "A Look Inside Jaws", produced by Laurent Bouzereau, available as a bonus feature on somelaserdisc and DVD releases of Jaws

14. McBride 1999, p. 23215. Brode 1995, p. 5016. Spotlight on Location: The Making of Jaws, Jaws 30th Anniversary DVD documentary, [2005]17. Friedman 2006, p. 16718. Gottlieb 2005, p. 20819. Priggé 2004, p. 820. McBride 1999, p. 24121. Sinyard 1989, p. 3622. The Making of Jaws 2, Jaws 2 DVD, Written, directed and produced by Laurent Bouzereau23. Kachmar 2002, p. 7424. Kachmar 2002, p. 7325. Kachmar 2002, p. 7626. Loynd 1978, p. 10327. Loynd, p 60-228. Kachmar 2002, p. 7729. Patrizio, Andy (October 31, 2003). "An Interview with Matty Simmons"

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