© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 1

MEGACITY

ECOCITY

People

Waste (organic, inorganic)(landfill, dumped in rivers/sea)

Air pollution, noise(Carbon, nitrogen andsulfur dioxides, ozone)

Goods, ServicesWealth, Sprawl

FoodGoods

Conservation+ use of

renewableenergy

People

Redu

ced

outp

uts

Recycling of organic waste (water, compost)

Recycling of inorganic waste(paper, plastic, etc)

UNSUSTAINABLE/LINEAR SYSTEM

SUSTAINABLE/CIRCULAR SYSTEM

THE CITY AS A SYSTEM - Rogers Models (R.Rogers, Cities for a Small Planet, 1997)

FoodGoods

Nonrenewable

energy INPU

TS

OU

TPU

TS

INPU

TS

OU

TPU

TSExamples of “green cities”:Loja (Ecuador)Curitiba (Brazil)Freiburg (Germany)Melbourne (Australia)

© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 2

SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENTholistic management strategies that seeks to improve the quality of life for current

without compromising quality of life of future residentsÞconcept of “ecocities” (Richard Register)

Management areas Strategies

Socialmanagement

provide adequate housing, social services, security,social equity, access to leisure/culture, reduce traffic/commute time

Kibera (Nairobi,Kenya): www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZWe33fToPo&feature=fvsrSingapore: www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HofttbuWhA&feature=related

Economic management

balance development, optimize energy performance,create jobs, control urban growth/sprawl

Denmark: www.youtube.com/watch?v=E22eKYCZ2dQ

Environmental management

reduce waste and pollution, heal biosphere (air, water, soil), restore/re-use degraded land

Mexico City: www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiJSibk1ok0

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Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)(Singapore)

Offshore windmills(Denmark)

Free bicycle sharing (Paris)

Slum upgrading projectIn Kibera, Nairobi (Kenya)

City Hall rooftop garden(Chicago)

Urban organic farm(San Francisco)

Alternate circulation Program(Mexico City)

Stone/cactus garden(Palm Springs)

EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

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SUSTAINABLESTRATEGIES CITY EXAMPLE

ADEQUATE HOUSING

SAO PAULOBRAZIL

Upgrading of slums: government gives legal land tenure and provide subsidies to support quality self-built housing

CLEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY

COPENHAGENDENMARK Windmills built offshore

ENERGY CONSERVATION

PARISFRANCE

•Timer on lights in hallways/stairs in apartment buildings•Eiffel tower only lit for a few hours at night•Free bike sharing system (Vélib)

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SINGAPORE

•Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) to charge car usage rather than can ownership•Fast and rational public transportation system•Learn more: www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HofttbuWhA&feature=related

SMOG REDUCTION MEXICO CITYMEXICO

•Alternate circulation for cars (“Hoy no circula” program)•Strict regulations on car emissions•Single-fare extensive metro system with long/frequent trains•Learn more: www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiJSibk1ok0

URBAN HEAT ISLAND REDUCTION

CHICAGOILLINOIS

•Development of parks•Rooftop gardens on some buildings•Carpool + bike lanes

SOIL PROTECTION +FUEL EMISSION

REDUCTIONSAN FRANCISCO •Urban farms (Hayes Valley)

WATER CONSERVATION

PALM SPRINGSCALIFORNIA Tax reduction for people who replace grass by gravel/cactus

EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

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SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT: CURITIBA (BRAZIL)Pop x 6 in 60 years 2M in 2010 but has avoided problems typically associated with rapid growth due to innovative planning by Mayor Jaime Lerner starting in 1971: public transportation preferred to private cars, environment used rather than changed, cheap low-tech solutions preferred to hi-tech ones, bottom-up development involving local communities rather than top-down centralized planning. Look for the video “Curitiba, City of Dreams” on Youtube www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRD3l3rlMpo

Describe the sustainable strategies used to achieve in Curitiba the following goals:

Reduce air and noise pollution:(Learn more about Curitiba’s public transportation system at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeAZsmpt7a8)

Increase land value and control natural hazards (flooding):

Recycling :(Learn more about the “Green Exchange” Program at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1bRUZ--9Ws)

Clean and rehabilitate slums:

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SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT: CURITIBA (BRAZIL)Look for the video “Curitiba, City of Dreams” on Youtube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRD3l3rlMpo)

Describe the sustainable strategies used to achieve in Curitiba the following goals:

Reduce air and noise pollution :(Learn more about Curitiba’s public transportation system at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeAZsmpt7a8)•Pedestrian center•Dedicated express bus lanes•Rapid deboarding/boarding of buses (platforms, wide doors, stretch buses)•Single fare•Trinary road system to improve traffic flow•Projected subway•Bus companies paid by km and not by # of passengers, to ensure all areas are served

Increase land value and control natural hazards (flooding):•Network of parks and artificial lakes•Herds of sheep to maintain parks

Recycle:(Learn more about the “Green Exchange” Program at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1bRUZ--9Ws)•Pick up of recyclables at designated stations in slums•Exchange of recyclables for food, school supplies and bus token

Clean and rehabilitate slums:•Low-income housing program launched in 1960s (rent counts towards eventual purchase of unit) but projects built on outskirts of city far from jobs/services•1980: new housing program launched to provide more diverse design in housing, complete services set up (clinics, day care), shops on first floor to limit commuting, large warehouses where people can rent space to establish small business (50,000 jobs created)•Make slum dwellers responsible of their neighborhood (involve grass-root organizations)

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Fast car traffic

Local car/bus traffic

Express buses (stops every 500m)

Local car/bus traffic

Fast car traffic

Trinary road system

Pedestrian center

SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT: CURITIBA (BRAZIL)Take a closer look at Curitiba on Google Earth

Recycling sorting bins Parks + artificial lakes to control flooding

Dedicated express bus lanes

Recyclable exchange program in slums

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Ecological Footprint

World Ecological Footprints in 2007

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Ecological footprint by countries (2007)

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Ecological footprint and Biocapacity

Ecological Footprint < Biocapacity Sustainability

Ecological Footprint > Biocapacity Unsustainability

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URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN CALGARY (CANADA)Go to www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/case_stories/#calgary

•What was the ecological footprint of Calgary in 2005 (in global hectares per person, gha pp)?•What is Calgary’s footprint target?•Click on the link to read Calgary's Report "Reducing the Ecological Footprint: A Calgary Approach“ and give a few examples of strategies designed to reach that goal (see p.16-21 of report):

URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN HONG KONG

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URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN CALGARY (CANADA)Go to www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/case_stories/#calgary

•What was the ecological footprint of Calgary in 2005 (in global hectares per person, gha pp)?•9.86 gha pp (>30% to Canadian average)•What is Calgary’s footprint target?•7.25 gha pp by 2036•Click on the link to read Calgary's Report "Reducing the Ecological Footprint: A Calgary Approach“ and give a few examples of strategies designed to reach that goal (see p.16-21 of report):•Recycling•Water convervation•Purchase green power•Wind-powered electric transit system•LEED buildings (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN HONG KONG

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Estimate your ecological footprint with this calculator: www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/personal_footprint/

© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 14

10 tips to reduce yourecological footprint

EffectSee some tips at www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JhhkU_A3r8

Use zero-emission public transport,walking or bicycle Reduce carbon emissions

Buy locally-produced organic food Reduce use of fertilizers and energy needed for processing, transport and storage

Local holidays by train instead oflong-distance trips in airplanes

Reduce carbon emissions(a Eurostar passenger creates ten times less CO2 than on when taking a flight Paris-London)

Use hybrid cars, for short distances only Reduce carbon emissions

Buy second-hand or borrow 10% of footprint comes from things we buy (which we only wear them a few times a year)

Improve home insulation, built rooftop garden, turn thermostat down Reduce gas and electricity consumption and carbon emissions

Use clean (wind, solar) energy,Install solar panels Reduce gas and electricity consumption and carbon emissions

Eat less meat (particularly beef) 1 kg of beef = farming to feed animal + fertilizers + processing (=15 liters of water)1 kg of rice = 3 liters of water

Avoid overpackaged itemsrecycle, donate unwanted items Reduce processing and packaging (plastic, paper)

Read newspapers/magazines online Reduce consumption of paper

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St Quentin

Cergy

Noisy

MelunEvry

Marne-la-Vallée

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: HOUSING, WASTE CONTROL, URBAN GROWTH CONTROL

Urban growth control:6 “villes nouvelles” (new cities) createdaround the greater Paris area (France)

Waste/pollution control in Graz (Austria)

Check out Newington, Sydney (Australia)On Google Earth

Check out St Quentin-en-Yvelines on Google Earth New cathedral of Evry

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SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES CASE-STUDY SOLUTIONS

Sustainable housing

Newington (Sydney,

Australia)

Problem: high urban ecological footprint and lack of environmental sensitivitySolutions:•2,000 houses for 5,000 people built on 90 ha of Brownfield sites in Newington (Sydney)•Solar panels on all buildings (equivalent to removing 261 cars)•Planting of native drought-resistant species (fewer allergens, less water consumption)•Artificial ponds to collect rain water and attract wildlife•Dual water system (drinkable vs flushable)•No house more than 5 minute walking distance from a park•Pedestrian and bike pathways•Window glazing to keep heat inside in winter and provide shade in summer•Improvement of house insulation (houses consume 50% less energy/water than rest of Sydney)

Waste andPollution reduction

Graz(Austria)

Problem: waste, pollutionSolutions:•Ökoprofit Program (Ecoprofit) launched in 1991•Educate local businesses to reduce resource consumption, maximize recycling, reduce waste•Ecoprofit logo awarded to companies that have reduced solid waste by 30% and air emissions by 50% and make annual improvements•Voluntary basis but marketing tool of Ecoprofit logo

Control of urban growth

“Villes Nouvelles”

(Paris, France)

Problem: congestion and hyperconcentration in central Paris area in 1960sSolutions:•6 “villes nouvelles” established in 1970s around Paris•Modern train stations + extension of rapid transit to Paris and surrounding suburbs•Construction of artistic infrastructures (theaters, cinemas, museums)•Parks, lakes, leisure areas, sports installation, soft “attractive” architecture•Establishment of universities and public research centers (Cergy, St Quentin) attracts jobs•Tax credit for private corporations (ex: Disneyland in Marne-la-Vallée)•Emphasis on hi-tech industries (St Quentin)

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: HOUSING, WASTE CONTROL, URBAN GROWTH CONTROL

© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 17Tianjin Ecocity (China): 50% likelihood Greensburg (Kansas): 90% likelihood

Masdar City (United Arab Emirates) : 80% likelihood Babcock Ranch (Florida): 70% likelihood

ECOCITY PROJECTSww.good.is/post/the-death-and-life-of-model-%E2%80%9Ceco-cities%E2%80%9D