iv. education policy and results...28 iv. education policy and results 1. education policy after...

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IV. Education Policy and Results 1. Education Policy

After starting the Green Asia Program, we applied for the establishment of “Global Strategy for Green Asia” course (Green Asia course) in the Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science and the Graduate School of Engineering, and it was approved on November 1, 2012. While the Green Asia Program is a combined master’s and doctoral course with a duration of five years, a student who passes the qualifying examination (QE) can earn a master’s degree. The requirements for completing the course and passing the QE are as follows. 1.1. Requirements for Doctoral Degree

The course students can obtain a doctoral degree after (1) being affiliated with the doctoral course (including the master’s course) for five years, (2) earning at least 77 credits including those listed below, (3) being engaged in sufficient research work under proper supervision by his or her mentor, and (4) passing both the review of his or her doctoral thesis and the final qualifying examination. 1. Practical English: 4 credits 2. Industrial Systems: 4 credits 3. Internship: 5 credits 4. International Exercise: 16 credits 5. Research: 18 credits 6. Social, Environmental, and Economic Systems: 12 credits 7. Special Subjects: 18 credits

1.2. Qualifying Examination

In addition to the conditions set forth above, course students must (1) be affiliated with the master’s course at least two years, (2) earn at least 40 credits including those listed below, and (3) pass the qualifying examination that checks the student’s ability to conduct the research work included in the doctoral course. 1. Practical English: 3 credits 2. Industrial Systems: 3 credits 3. Internship: 2 credits 4. Research: 6 credits 5. Social Systems, Environmental Systems, and Economic Systems: 10 credits 6. Special Subjects: 16 credits

The subjects arranged in the Green Asia course are listed in Table 4-1. They are classified in the following seven groups:

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1. Practical English: 4 subjects and 1 credit per subject 2. Industrial System: 4 subjects and 1 credit per subject 3. Internship: 3 subjects and 1 or 2 credits per subject 4. International Exercise: 9 subjects and 1 or 2 credits per subject 5. Research: 6 subjects and 2, 4, or 6 credits per subject 6. Social, Environmental, and Economic Systems: 10 subjects and 2 credits per subject 7. Special Subject: 122 subjects and 1 or 2 credits per subject

The contents and objectives of the subjects in the above classes 1–6 (so-called Green Asia original subjects) are summarized in Table 4-2. On the other hand, the subjects in the class of Special Subject are based on ones conducted in the four project implementing departments: Departments of Molecular and Materials Sciences, Applied Science for Electronics and Materials, Energy and Environmental Engineering in Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences, or Department of Earth Resources Engineering in Graduate School of Engineering. In addition to them, most of subjects arranged in courses, other than the Green Asia course, in the graduate schools could also be counted as the Special Subject.

Table 4-1. Classes, Years, and Credits of Subjects

Class Subject Year Credit

Compulsory Selective

Practical English

Practical English （I） 1–3 1

Practical English （II） 1–3 1

Practical English （III） 1–3 1

Practical English （IV） 1–3 1

Industrial System

Industrial Systems （I） 1–3 1

Industrial Systems （II） 1–3 1

Industrial Systems （III） 1–3 1

Industrial Systems （IV） 1–3 1

Internship Practical School 1–2 2

International Internship 3–4 2

Domestic Internship 3–4 1

International Exercise

International Exercise A1 3 2




International Exercise B1 3–4 1

International Exercise B2 4–5 2

International Exercise B3 5 1

Research Guidance Exercises （I） 4 2

Research Guidance Exercises （II） 5 2

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Table 4-1. Classes, Years, and Credits of Subjects (continued)

Class Subject YearCredit


Research

Fundamental Research （I) 1 2 Fundamental Research （II) 2 2 Fundamental Research （III) 2 2 Doctoral Research （I） 3 2 Doctoral Research （II） 3+4 4 Doctoral Research （III） 4+5 6

Social, Environmental, and Economic

Systems

Social Systems （I） 1–3 2 Social Systems （II） 1–3 2 Social Systems （III） 1–3 2 Environmental Systems （I） 1–3 2 Environmental Systems （II） 1–3 2 Environmental Systems （III） 1–3 2 Environmental Systems （IV） 1–3 2 Economic Systems （I） 1–3 2 Economic Systems （II） 1–3 2 Economic Systems （III） 1–3 2

Special Subject

Fundamentals of Ionized Gas Dynamics 1–3 2 Tutorial on Ionized Gas Dynamics 1–3 2 Fundamentals of Opto-Electronics 1–3 2 Tutorial on Opto-Electronics 1–3 2 Fundamentals of Crystal Physics and Engineering

1–3 2

Advanced Topics of Crystal Physics and Engineering

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Nonlinear Physics 1–3 2 Advanced Topics of Nonlinear Physics 1–3 2 Fundamentals of Nanomaterials Chemistry 1–3 2 Advanced Topics of Nanomaterials Chemistry 1–3 2 Fundamentals of Functional Molecular Engineering

1–3 2

Advanced Topics of Functional Molecular Engineering

1–3 2

Advanced Topics of Electrochemistry for Materials

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering

1–3 2

Advanced Topics of Chemical Reaction Engineering

1–3 2

Advanced Topics of Organic Materials Chemistry

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Device Materials 1–3 2

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Special Subject

Fundamentals of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials I

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials II

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials III

1–3 2

Basic Physical Chemistry I 1–3 1 Basic Physical Chemistry II 1–3 1 Basic Physical Chemistry III 1–3 1 Basic Physical Chemistry IV 1–3 1 Basic Physical Chemistry V 1–3 1 Basic Physical Chemistry VI 1–3 1 Basic Materials Science I 1–3 1 Basic Materials Science II 1–3 1 Basic Materials Science III 1–3 1 Basic Materials Science IV 1–3 1 Basic Materials Science V 1–3 1 Basic Materials Science VI 1–3 1 Basic Organic Chemistry I 1–3 1 Basic Organic Chemistry II 1–3 1 Basic Organic Chemistry III 1–3 1 Basic Organic Chemistry IV 1–3 1 Basic Organic Chemistry V 1–3 1 Basic Organic Chemistry VI 1–3 1 Industrial Analysis for Materials 1–3 2 Advanced Physical Chemistry I 1–3 2 Advanced Physical Chemistry II 1–3 2 Advanced Physical Chemistry III 1–3 2 Advanced Physical Chemistry IV 1–3 2 Advanced Materials Science I 1–3 2 Advanced Materials Science II 1–3 2 Advanced Materials Science III 1–3 2 Advanced Materials Science IV 1–3 2 Advanced Organic Chemistry I 1–3 2 Advanced Organic Chemistry II 1–3 2 Advanced Organic Chemistry III 1–3 2 Advanced Organic Chemistry IV 1–3 2 Advanced Lecture on Molecular and Material Science I

1–3 2

Advanced Lecture on Molecular and Material Science II

1–3 2

Advanced Molecular and Material Science I 1–3 1 Advanced Molecular and Material Science II 1–3 1

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Special Subject

International Lecture on Molecular and Material Sciences I

1–3 1

International Lecture on Molecular and Material Sciences II

1–3 1

Fundamentals of Molecular and Material Science I

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Molecular and Material Science II

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Molecular and Material Science III

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Energy and Environmental Engineering I

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Energy and Environmental Engineering II

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Energy and Environmental Engineering III

1–3 2

Advanced Topics of Energy and Environmental Engineering

1–3 2

Thermal-Relating Engine Technology 1–3 2 Compressible Fluid Dynamics 1–3 2 Introduction to Turbulent Boundary Layer 1–3 2 Mathematical Analysis of Environmental System

1–3 2

Micro-Climatology 1–3 2 Ecoenergy Engineering 1–3 2 Turbulent Flows in Engineering 1–3 2 Thermal Energy Utilization Systems 1–3 2 Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics 1–3 2 Resource Geology I 1–3 2 Resource Geology II 1–3 2 Mineral Engineering 1–3 2 Engineering Geophysics I 1–3 2 Engineering Geophysics II 1–3 2 Engineering Geophysics III 1–3 2 Geothermics (Advanced) 1–3 2 Geothermal Engineering (Advanced) 1–3 2 Geothermal System Modeling 1–3 2 Resource Development and Environment Study

1–3 2

Mineral Resources Production Engineering 1–3 2 Safety Engineering (Advanced) 1–3 2 Rock Engineering (Advanced) I 1–3 2 Rock Engineering (Advanced) II 1–3 2 Mining Machinery System (Advanced) 1–3 2

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Special Subject

Resources Processing, Recycling and Environmental Remediation Engineering (Advanced) I

1–3 2

Resources Processing, Recycling and Environmental Remediation Engineering (Advanced) II

1–3 2

Resources Processing, Recycling and Environmental Remediation Engineering (Advanced) III

1–3 2

Advanced Energy Resources Engineering 1–3 2 Petroleum Reservoir Engineering 1–3 2 Subsurface Mass Transport Engineering (Advanced)

1–3 2

Special Lecture on Earth Resources Engineering I

1–3 1

Special Lecture on Earth Resources Engineering II

1–3 1

Special Lecture on Earth Resources Engineering III

1–3 1

International Cooperative Study on Earth System Engineering (Advanced)

1–3 2

International Cooperative Study on Mining Engineering (Advanced)

1–3 2

International Cooperative Study on Energy Resources Engineering (Advanced)

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Earth Resource Engineering I

1–3 2

Fundamentals of Earth Resource Engineering II

1–3 2

Mineral Engineering, Experiments I 1–3 1 Mineral Engineering, Experiments II 1–3 1 Engineering Geophysics, Experiments I 1–3 1 Engineering Geophysics, Experiments II 1–3 1 Geothermal Engineering (Advanced), Experiments I

1–3 1

Geothermal Engineering (Advanced), Experiments II

1–3 1

Safety Engineering (Advanced), Experiments 1–3 1 Mineral Resources Production System, Experiments

1–3 1

Rock Engineering (Advanced), Experiments I 1–3 1 Rock Engineering (Advanced), Experiments II 1–3 1

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Table 4-2. Contents and Objectives of the Subjects Other Than Special Class Subject Contents and Objectives

Practical English (I)

(1) Rhythm and beat training to understand the rules of pronunciation and word order in English; (2) Fundamental trainings in writing to improve descriptions in scientific papers and reports; (3) Fundamental practices for reading to improve comprehension of scientific papers

Practical English (II)

(1) Practical training to develop and improve command of English and ability to speak the language; (2) A higher level of practice than Practical English (I) to move up to the intermediate level of writing and reading skills

Practical English (III)

(1) Practical training to improve the conversational abilities; (2) A higher level of practice than Practical English (II) to improve writing and reading skills

Practical English (IV)

(1) Practical training to acquire interpersonal representation methods in English and to improve presentation skills; (2) A higher level of practices than Practical English (III) and learning speed reading to improve writing and reading skills further

Industrial Systems (I)

A tour of points of production and technological development, including academic research and development, in Japan or Asian countries accompanied by questions, answers, and discussions with the technicians and researchers to obtain basic knowledge about Asian industries

Industrial Systems (II)

Classes with individuals who are active in the areas of production, development, and service in companies to learn the systems approach

Industrial Systems (III)

Lectures by persons who are active in the fields of production, development, and service in companies to learn development of ideas for new technologies, how to maximize additional value of a product, and how to reduce environmental load



Special Subject

Mineral Processing, Recycling and Environmental Remediation Engineering (Advanced), Experiments I

1–3 1

Mineral Processing, Recycling and Environmental Remediation Engineering (Advanced), Experiments II

1–3 1

Energy Resource Engineering (Advanced), Experiments I

1–3 1

Energy Resource Engineering (Advanced), Experiments II

1–3 1

Earth Resource Engineering (Advanced) I 1–3 2 Earth Resource Engineering (Advanced) II 1–3 2 Earth Resource Engineering (Advanced) III 1–3 2 International Project Management 1–3 2 Research Planning on Earth Resources, Marine and Civil Engineering

1–3 2

Academic and Industrial Liaison Research 1–3 2

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Table 4-2. Contents and Objectives of the Subjects Other Than Special Class (continued) Subject Contents and Objectives

Industrial Systems (IV)

Acquisition of fundamental knowledge to engage in international standardization as a convener or expert by learning an outline of standardization: activities of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), institution and development of Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) and the Vienna Agreement, the need for JIS to be matched to the international standard, and experience in preparing and proposing NP and conducting a virtual international meeting, taking standardization in the field of ISO/TC146 (Air Quality) as an example

Practice School Practical works in research and development, production, or service in a company or a research institute in Japan (normally 1-2 months)

International Internship

Practical works in research and development, production, or service in a company or a research institute overseas (normally 1-2 months)

Domestic Internship

Practical works in research and development, production, or service in a company or a research institute in Japan (normally about 2 weeks)

International Exercise A1

(1) Learning the Green Asia Industry Argument and related issues about technology, society, economy, and environment by attending a Green Asia Forum; (2) Reporting on the knowledge and ideas acquired through participating in a session of the forum


(1) Learning the Green Asia Industry Argument and the related issues about technology, society, economy, environment, and politics by attending Green Asia Forum; (2) Reporting on the knowledge and ideas acquired through the participating in a session of the forum; (3) Researching an issue related to the Green Asia Industry Argument


(1) Learning the Green Asia Industry Argument and related issues about technology, society, economy, environment, and politics by attending Green Asia Forum; (2) Reporting on the research on an issue related to the Green Asia Industry Argument


(1) Learning the Green Asia Industry Argument and related issues about technology, society, economy, environment, and politics by attending Green Asia Forum; (2) Writing an article or reporting on the research on an issue related to the Green Asia Industry Argument

International Exercise B1

(1) Research presentation on doctoral research at the International Strategy Conference for Green Asia; (2) Discussion in the conference


(1) Research presentation on doctoral research at the International Strategy Conference for Green Asia; (2) Planning a discussion in the conference, deciding the theme for it, and participating as a moderator; (3) Participating in planning and conducting the conference under the guidance of one’s mentor, and playing a role assigned by the mentor


(1) Research presentation on doctoral research and the article for Green Asia at International Strategy Conference for Green Asia; (2) Discussion on an issue assigned by the mentor at the conference

Research Guidance Exercises (I)

Assisting the research work or the coursework of a master’s course student under same mentor to learn methods of teaching researches

Research Guidance Exercises (II)

Assisting the research work or the coursework of a master’s course student under a professor other than student’s own mentor to learn methods of teaching researches

Fundamental Research (I)

Research work under the supervision of a professor; the contents are planned by the student, his or her mentor and tutor, and the professor, and the results are reported

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Fundamental Research (II)

Research work under the supervision of an professor other than the professor for Fundamental Research (I); the contents are planned by the student, his or her mentor and tutor, and the professor, and the results are reported

Fundamental Research (III)

Research work under the supervision of a professor other than the professors for Fundamental Researches (I) and (II); the contents are planned by the student, his or her mentor and tutor, and the professor, and the results are reported; then, the results of Fundamental Researches (I)-(III) are presented as a whole

Doctoral Research (I)

(1) Determination of a research theme for the doctoral course, and writing a critical review about the researches and the related literatures; (2) Constructing a research proposal including objectives, methods, and expected results of the research work in the doctoral course; (3) Oral presentation on the critical review and the research proposal

Doctoral Research (II)

(1) Research work to obtain the doctoral degree; (2) Interim report about the result; (3) Oral presentation of the results

Doctoral Research (III)

(1) Research work to obtain the doctor degree; (2) Doctoral theses presenting the results including those from Doctoral Researches (I) and (II); (3) Oral presentation about the theses

Social Systems (I)

Developing basic skills (1) to comprehensively analyze the current global society characterized by competition for natural resources and food among countries and companies, world-scale environmental problems, food issues, population problems, economic imbalances, and so on, and simultaneously (2) to create pictures of a Green Asia suggesting compatibility among economic growth, resource conservation, and environmentally friendly societies in Asian countries living together, along with pictures of leadership in such a global community

Social Systems (II)

Learning the foundations of Asian society through comprehensive commentaries on societies, economics, industries, cultures, and economic and industrial relationships in Asia

Social Systems (III)

Understanding features of economic globalization such as the noticeable increase in international capital migration and its influences on industries, societies, and cultures, including the history of the first stage of globalization from the early 20thcentury to World War I, the Bretton Woods System after World War II, and then the second globalization from the late 20th century to the present

Environmental Systems (I)

Global environmental issues of concern such as global warming, explanations of major causes of the issues, international undertaking to solve the problems, politics and technologies related to preserving environments, influences of green technologies and systems on industries and economies

Environmental Systems (II)

Learning international responses to water-resource issues and the closely related food issues, and learning about concrete actions and related technologies through explanations of them

Environmental Systems (III)

(1) Understanding current usage and consumption of carbon and other mineral resources, and the development of and issues related to resource globalization; (2) Learning environmental issues resulting from consumption of natural resources and technologies, industrial and social systems, and political means to deal with the issues

Environmental Systems (IV)

Learning foundations of engineering of urban traffic, urban and environmental systems, risk (social analysis), lifelines, urban infrastructure (urban management), urban system management, and energy system management

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Economic Systems (I)

Understanding the dynamics and features of Asian economics, and learning foundations to understand them by economic statistics; keywords: income, production/distribution/spending, consumption, investment, saving, debt, additional value, gross domestic product (GDP) nominal GDP, real GDP, potential GDP, gross national income (GNI), principle of these equivalence of national income, growth rate, GDP deflator, national wealth (active assets), income transfer, national bond and debt, net export

Economic Systems (II)

Learning foundations of economics to quantitatively understand economic dynamics in Asia based on Economic System (I); keywords: money supply, monetary base, money stock, money flow, money-related index, employment-related index, price index, consumer price index (CPI), core-core CPI, supply and demand, currency, inflation, deflation, stagflation, inflation-deflation gap, domestic demand and foreign demand, economic growth, international economy, trade, exchange, fixed exchange rate and flexible exchange rate, free trade, tariff, non-tariff barrier (NTB)

Economic Systems (III)

Understanding basic theories in macroeconomics, and examples used therein as a policy for dealing with recessions such as inflation and deflation based on the knowledge from Economic System (I) and (II)

2. Social, Economic, and Environmental Systems

The Green Asia Program offers the students subjects for humanities and social sciences so that

they develop a broad view to consider their specialties within the context of society. The program

provides subjects categorized into “Social Systems”, “Economic Systems”, and “Environmental

Systems” which cover society, politics, economics, environmental policy in Asian countries. The

students are expected not only to acquire basic knowledge on environmental issues by participating in

the classes but also to cultivate thinking ability to reach solutions of the issues through logical

arguments. In addition, the classes can contribute to building of the students’ cognitive and

conceptional abilities that are important in writing the “Green Asia Report” (through International

Exercise A, described in IV. 5.1).

The subjects conducted in the academic years from 2016 to 2018 (until December 2018) are listed

in Tables 4-3.

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Table 4-3. Social, Environmental, and Economic Systems Subject Lecturer Contents

AY 2016

Social Systems (I)

Shunsou Tsukada Professor College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University

• Development economics • International cooperation

Social Systems （II）

Tomoaki Watanabe Assistant Professor Green Asia Education Center, Kyushu University

• Process of formation of political systems and environmental policies in Asia countries including Japan

• Approaches of the international community to global environmental issues

Social Systems （III）

Guest lecturers Afternoon Colloquium (IV. 9)

Economic Systems （I）

Shiro Hori Professor Central Research Institute, Fukuoka University

• International Economy • Energy economy policy

Economic Systems （II）

Shinji Miyake Professor Department of Economics, Seinan Gakuin University

• Macro economics

Environmental Systems （I）

Professors at Kyushu University Advanced topics of Environmental (I) as an omnibus subject Novel Carbon Resource Sciences

Environmental Systems （II）

Ali Elkamel Professor Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo

• Process optimization

Environmental Systems （III）

Takashi Watanabe Assistant Professor Green Asia Education Center, Kyushu University

• Scientific philosophy

Special Lecture for Social,

Environmental, and Economic Systems （I）

Temporarily-offered subject Joint fieldwork with two programs for Leading Graduate School in Doshisha University and Hiroshima University (IV. 7.3)

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Table 4-3. Social, Environmental, and Economic Systems (continued) Subject Lecturer Contents

AY 2017

Social Systems (I)

Mitsuru Kawamoto Coaching Fellow School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagasaki University

• International (environmental) low • Global governance

Social Systems （II）

Tomoaki Watanabe Assistant Professor Green Asia Education Center, Kyushu University

• Process of formation of political systems and environmental policies in Asia countries including Japan

• Approaches of the international community to global environmental issues



• International economy • Energy economy policy

Environmental Systems （I）

Professors at Kyushu University Advanced topics of Environmental (I) as an omnibus subject Novel Carbon Resource Sciences




AY 2018



• International economy • Energy economy policy




Environmental Systems （IV）

Mitsuru Kawamoto Assistant Professor Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University

• International (environmental) low • Global governance

3. Practical English

The purpose of Practical English is to provide students with sufficient communication and technical writing skills in English, which are required to receive technical classes, lead discussions, give scientific presentations, and most importantly, critically evaluate and write scientific papers in English. The Green Asia Program arranges four subjects: Practical English (I) to (IV) (1 credit for each subject), and all of the students are required to obtain the 4 credits during the period of their studies in the program, and at least 3 credits before the qualifying examination at the end of the 2nd year. After joining the program, each student is expected to improve his or her TOEIC score up to 900 or higher, for such high English ability for both discussion and technical writing is essential in the

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global standard of academic research communities. Each class is arranged to have a similar and optimum number of students for a teacher. The

students take TOEIC as a placement test, and they are divided into classes depending on the score. Students from Anglosphere countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada,

Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland are exempt from all of the four subjects of Practical English, and automatically receive all 4 credits for them. Alternatively, they are encouraged to take Japanese classes voluntarily. Non-Anglosphere students who get a certain level of a score of a globally accredited English proficiency test (threshold: 94% in 2016, and 90% in 2017 and 2018) (Table 4-4) are also exempt from these subjects.

Table 4-4. Globally Accredited English Proficiency Tests and Thresholds for Exemption of Practical English Classes

Test Full Mark Threshold

94% 90% TOEFL iBT 120 113 108 TOEFL ITP 677 636 609 TOEFL CBT 300 282 270 TOEIC 990 931 891 IELTS 9.0 8.5 8.1

(1) Academic Year 2016

As shown in Table 4-5, in the 1st (spring) semester, the students were divided into four classes A to D depending on the TOEIC score as a replacement test. The students ranked as A or B (the score of higher than 700) took a class of Science Writing and Communication, and the students in the classes C or D (700 or lower) were required to take 30 classes of English Communication, Basic Writing in total (15 regular and 15 supplementary classes; in a form that each regular class has 1 supplementary class) to earn 1 credit. In the 2nd (autumn) semester, the students were not classified, and the classes were arranged based on the number of the students.

(2) Academic Year 2017

In 2017, a placement test was not conducted, and therefore the students were also not classified on the basis of their English level (Table 4-5). (3) Academic Year 2018

In 2018, the Green Asia Program did not arrange any class of Practical English, and alternatively asked the students to take classes provided by Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, “Communication Skills in English” and “Introductory Writing Course in English” (2 credits for each subject). The credits earned were converted to ones of Practical English.

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Table 4-5. Practical English in AY 2016 and 2017 Class Level Campus Number of Students

1st (Spring) Semester in AY 2016

Science writing and communication

A Chikushi1 4 A Chikushi2 2 A Ito1 2 A Ito2 1 B Chikushi1 2 B Chikushi2 2 B Ito1 1 B Ito2 2

English communication and basic writing C and D Chikushi3 4

2nd (Fall) Semester in AY 2016


– Chikushi1 7 – Chikushi1 7 – Chikushi2 5 – Chikushi2 3 – Ito1 4 – Ito2 3

1st (Spring) Semester in AY 2017


– Chikushi1 6 – Chikushi1 5 – Chikushi2 3 – Chikushi2 1 – Ito1 3 – Ito2 1

2nd (Fall) Semester in AY 2017


– Chikushi1 8 – Chikushi1 5 – Chikushi2 6 – Ito2 4

1Given by Mr. Nicholas A. M. Shillingford; 2Given by Ms. Arina Brylko; 3Given by ALC Co.

Photo 4-1. Practical English.

iv. education policy and results...28 iv. education policy and results 1. education policy after...

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