1

IV: Accounts of Folk Performances in Specific Places

Abrahams, Roger. "Charles Walters—West Indian Autolycus." Western Folklore Society 27 (1968): 77-95.

---. "The West Indian Tea Meeting: An Essay in Civilization." Old Roots in the New World. Westport: Greenwood, 1977. 173-208.

Abrahams, Roger D. "A Performance-Centered Approach to Gossip." Man 5 (1970): 290-301.

---. “A Rhetorical Theory of Folklore.” Journal of American Folklore 81 (1968): 143-156).

---. "British West Indian Drama and the 'Life Cycle' Problem." Folklore 81 (1970): 241-65.

---. "Christmas Mummings on Nevis." North Carolina Folklore Journal 21 (1973): 120-31.

---. "Joking: The Training of the Man of Words in Talking Broad." Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Thomas Kochman, ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1972. 215-40.

---. "Patterns of Performance in the British West Indies." Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. Norman E. Whitten Jr. and John F. Szwed, eds. New York: Free Press, 1970. 163-79.

---. "Public Drama and Common Values in Two Caribbean Islands." Trans-Action (1968): 62-71.

2

---. "'Pull Out Your Purse and Pay': A St. George Mumming from the British West Indies." Folklore 57.20 (1968): 176-201.

---. "Speech Mas' on Tobago." Tire Shrinker to Dragster. Wilson J. Hudson, ed. Austin: Encino Press, 1968. 125-43.

---. "Symbolic Landscapes on St. Vincent." Revue Canadienne d'Anthropologie 2 (1981): 45-53.

---. "The Cowboy in the British West Indies." Publication of Texas Folk-lore Society 32 (1964): 168-75.

---. The Man-of-Words in the West Indies: Performance and the Emergence of Creole Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1983.

---. “The Shaping of Folklore Traditions in the British West Indies.” Journal of Inter-American Studies 9 (1967): 456-480.

---. “The Training of the Man of Words in Talking Sweet.” Language in Society I (1972): 15-29.

Abrahams, Roger D., and Richard Bauman. "Sense and Nonsense in St. Vincent: Speech Behavior and Decorum in a Caribbean Community." American Anthropologist 73 (1971): 762-72.

Abrahams, Roger D., and John F. Szwed, eds. After Africa: Extracts from British Travel Accounts and Journals of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries concerning the Slaves, their Manners, and Customs in the British West Indies. New Haven: YUP, 1983.

Alford, Violet. “The Hobby Horse and Other Animal Masks.” Folklore 79 (1968): 122-134.

3

Ali, Arif, ed. & comp. Grenada, Carriacou, Petit Martinique: Spice Island of the Caribbean. London: Hansib Publishing, 1994.

Anduce, Del. “Good Mor-ning! Good Mor-ning! An’ Ah Wish Yo’ Mer-ry Christmas.” Virgin Islands View 1 (1965): 16-23.

Banham, Martin, Errol Hill, and George Woodyard, eds. The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.

Bascom, William. Shango in the New World. Austin: University of Texas, 1972.

Baskerville, C. R. “Mummers’ Wooing Plays in England.” Modern Philology 21.3 (1924): 225-272).

Baxter, Ivy. The Arts of an Island. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow, 1970.

Bearon, Peter and Alison Whitaker. "Christmas Sports in St. Kitts-Nevis--II: Christmas Sports Observed--Christmas 1991." Musical Traditions 12 (1994): 32-5.

Beckwith, Martha Warren. Black Roadways: A Study of Jamaican Folk Life. Chapel Hill: U. of N.C., 1929.

---. Folk Games in Jamaica. Poughkeepsie, NY: Vassar College, 1922.

---. Jamaica Folk-Lore. New York: Kraus, 1969. 1928. UPR/CC, 398.097292/b397j.

Beckwith, Martha Warren, and Helen H. Roberts, music recorder. Christmas Mummimgs in Jamaica. Poughkeepsie, NY: Vassar College, 1923.

Beier, Ulli, ed. "Yoruba Theatre." Introduction to African Literature: An Anthology of Critical Writing from 'Black Orpheus''. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1967.

4

Belisario, Isaac M. Sketches of Character, in Illustration of the Habits, Occupation, and Costume of the Negro Population in the Island of Jamaica, Drawn after Nature, and in Lithography. Kingston, Jamaica, 1837.

Benjamin, Guy. "Rounding the Seine." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 20.

Bennett, Wycliffe. “The Jamaican Theatre.” [n.p., n.d. 7 pag.].

---. “Theatre and the English We Speak.” Jamaica Journal [n.d.], 21-29.

.Bethel, Clement. "Junkanoo in the Bahamas." Caribbean Quarterly 36.3 & 4 (1990): 1-28.

Bettelheim, Judith, ed. Cuban Festivals: An Illustrated Anthology. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993.

---. "The Jonkonnu Festival: Its Relation to Caribbean and African Masquerades." Jamaica Journal (1976): 21-27.

---. "Jamaican Jonkonnu and Related Caribbean Festivals." Africa and the Caribbean: The Legacies of a Link. Margaret E. Crahan and Franklin Knight, (eds). Baltimore: The John Hopkins UP, 1979. 80-100.

---. "The Afro-Jamaican Jonkonnu Festival: Playing the Forces and Operating the Cloth." Diss. Yale, 1979.

---. "The Jonkonnu Festival." Journal of Ethnic Studies 13.3 (1985).

Bettelheim, Judith, John Nunley, and Barbara Bridges. "Caribbean Festival Arts: An Introduction." Caribbean Festival Arts: Each and Every Bit of Difference. Seattle and London: U. of Washington, 1988. 31-37.

5

Blyth, George. Reminiscences of Missionary Life, with Suggestions to Churches and Missionaries. Edinburgh: William Oliphant, 1851.

Borde, Pierre-Gustave-Louis. History of Trinidad Under the Spanish Government, Second Part (1622-1797). Trinidad (Paris), 1982.

Bowen, Calvin. "Jamaica's John Canoe." Caribbean Commission Monthly Information Bulletin 8.1 (1954): 10-12.

Boyke, Roy. Trinidad Carnival. Port of Spain: Key Caribbean Publications, 1981.

Bragg, Rick. “Another Battle of New Orleans: Mardi Gras.” New York Times 19 Feb. 1995: 1, 17.

Brathwaite, Edward. The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica 1770-1820. Oxford UP, Clarendon, 1971.

Brereton, Bridget. "The Trinidad Carnival 1870-1900." Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870-1900. London: CUP, 1979.

Bronkhurst, Rev, H.V.P. The Colony of British Guyana and Its Labouring Population: Containing a Short Account of the Colony, and Brief Descriptions of the Black Creole, Portuguese, East Indian, and Chinese Colonies, Their Manners, Customs, Religious Notions, and Other Interesting Particulars and Amusing Incidents Concerning Them. London: T. Woolmer, 1883.

• Tea Meeting in British Guyana

Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim’s Progress. Sterling, Virginia: Grace Abounding Ministries, 1986.

• Contains the author’s last additions and corrections.

Burder, George. Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Versified: for the Entertainment and Instruction of Youth. Hartwick, 1818.

6

Burton, Janet. "Preservation through Consumption: Hoop and Wist on St. John." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 33-34.

Bushaway, Bob. By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England 1700-1880. London: Junction Books, 1982.

Cadaval, Olivia. "Persistence and Creativity." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 10-19.

Campbell, Marie. "Survivals of Old Folk Drama in the Kentucky Mountains." Journal of American Folklore 51 (1938): 10-24.

Carmichael, Mrs. "Five Years a Resident in St. Vincent and Trinidad." Domestic Manners and Social Conditions of the White, Coloured, and Negro Population of the West Indies. 2nd ed. London: Whittaker, Teacher, and Co., 1834.

Carnegie, Charles V. Afro-Caribbean Villages in Historical Perspective. Kingston, Jamaica: African-Caribbean Institute of Jamaica, 1987.

Case in Nevis. Whitmore & Fenn, 1817.

Carr, Andrew. T. "Pierrot Grenadier." Caribbean Quarterly 4.3 & 4 (1956): 281-314.

Cohen, Abner. Masquerade Politics: Explorations in the Structure of Urban Cultural Movements. Berkeley: UCP, 1993

Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

7

Craton, Michael. "Decoding Pitchy-Patchy: The Roots, Branches and Essence of Jonnkonnu." Slavery and Abolition. 16.1 (1995): 14-44.

Courtney, Winifred. “Nevis and the English Romantic Writers.” [n. p., n.d.]

Cox, Edward. Free Colored in the Slave Societies of St. Kitts and Grenada 1763-1833. Knoxville: U. of Tennessee, 1984.

Cox, Frank English."Whence and Whither. Raleigh News and Observer 13 Dec. 1936. London: Colburn & Co., 1852.

Crahan, Margaret E., and Franklin W. Knight, eds. Africa and the Caribbean: The Legacies of a Link. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1979.

Cramer-Armony, Jacqueline, and Charmaine Ross-Baines. The St. Christopher Heritage Activities Workbook. St. Kitts: East Caribbean Printers, n.d.

Craton, Michael. Searching for the Invisible Man: Slaves and Plantation Life in Jamaica. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1978.

---. Testing the Chains: Resistence to Slavery in the British West Indies. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982.

Creighton Al, Mark A. McWatt, eds. "Commoner and King: Contrasting Linguistic Performances in the Dialogue of the Dispossesed." West Indian Literature in its Social Context. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on West Indian Literature. Cave Hill, Barbados: n.p., 1988.

Crowley, Daniel J. "Traditional Masques of Carnival." Caribbean Quarterly 4 (1956): 194-223.

---. African Folklore in the New World. Austin: U. of Texas, 1977.

---. African Myth and the Black Reality in the Bahian Carnival. Monograph Series Number Twenty Five. UCLA: Museum of Cultural History, 1984.

David, Christine. Folklore of Carriacou. Barbados: Coles Printery, 1985.

8

Davidson, H.R. Ellis, ed. Symbols of Power: Collected Papers from Folklore Society. U. of Lancaster,1973; Ipswich: D.S. Brewer, 1977.

Day, Charles William. Five Years' Residence in the West Indies. London: Colburn & Co., 1852.

de Albuquerque, Klaus. "'Is We Carnival': Cultural Traditions Under Stress in the U.S. Virgin Islands." Caribbean Popular Culture. John Lent, ed. Ohio: Bowlig Green State UP, n.d., 49-63.

Dean-Smith, Margaret." Disguises in English Folk Drama." Folk Life 1 (1963): 97-101.

DeFries, Amelia. The Fortunate Islands: Being Adventures with the Negro in the Bahamas. London: C. Palmer, 1929.

DeGraft, J. C. "Roots in African Drama and Theater.” African Literature Today: Drama in Africa. Eldred Durosimi Jones, ed. New York: Africana, 1976.

Devas, R. P., and M. C. Devas. The Island of Grenada (1650-1950). London: W. and F. G. Cash, 1854.

Devas, Raymund P. A History of the Island of Grenada, 1498-1796 with Some Notes and Comments on Carriacou and Events of Later Years. St. George's: Carenage, 1974. 178-185.

Digging up Our Cultural Roots. (Anonymous Source).

Dill, Norman Tolliver, Jr. "The Development and Metamorphosis of Pierrot in Nineteenth Century France." Diss.. U. of North Carolina, 1975.

Dirks, Robert. The Black Saturnalia. Gainesville: University of Florida, 1987.

Dirks, Robert and Virginia Kerns. "John Canoe." National Studies 3.6 (1975): 1-15.

Eadie, Hazel Ballance. Lagooned in the Virgin Islands. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1931.

Elder, J. D. African Survivals in Trinidad & Tobago. London: Karia, 1988.

9

---. “Kalinda Song of the Battling Troubadours of Trinidad.” Journal of the Folklore Institute 8:2 (1971): 192-203.

• Development of calypso with its roots in kalinda and kaiso.

Eley, Holly. "Carriacou," Times Literary Supplement. 7 May 1999: 15-16.

Emery, Lynne F. Black Dance of the Caribbean. 1518-1900. London, 1988.

• Not seen

Evans, David, Don Stephen Rice and Joanne Kline Partin. "Parallels in West African, West Indian and North Carolina Folklore." North Carolina Folklore 17.2(1969): 77-84.

--. "Extracts from the Grenada Handbook." Caribbean Quarterly. (1974).

Fayer, Joan M. "The Carriacou Shakespeare Mas': Linguitic Creativity in a Creole Community." Punto y Coma IX (2002): 192-200. San Juan, PR. Universidad del Sagrado Corazon.

---. "Neagar Business: A Christmas Folk Performance in Nevis." La Torre 6.19 (2001): 51-63. San Juan, PR. U of Puerto Rico.

Fayer, Joan, and Joan McMurray. “The Carriacou Mas’ as ‘Syncretic Artifact.’” Journal of American Folklore 112.443 (1999): 58-73.

.

---. "Shakespeare in Carriacou." Caribbean Studies 27 (1994): 224-49.

Ferguson, James. In Focus Eastern Caribbean: A Guide to the People, Politics and Culture. Brooklyn, New York: Interlink, 1997.

Fermor, Patrick Leigh. The Traveller's Tree: A Journey Through the Caribbean Islands. New York: Harper, 1950.

Fine, Elizabbeth C. The Folklore Text: From Performance to Print. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1984.

• Complicated technique

10

Firor, Ruth A. Folkways in Thomas Hardy. New York. U. of Pennsylvania, 1931.

France, Prudence. "Kittian Folklore." National Carnival. Dec. 1992: 15-17.

---. "Let's Play Mas'." The Traveller. 1995/96: 96-98.

---. "Kittian Mas'." Caribbean Week 23 Jan. 1995: 29-30.

Frazer, Thomas W., ed. Windward Road: Contributions to the Anthropology of St. Vincent. Amherst: U. of Massachusets, 1973.

Gailey, Alan. "Straw Costume in Irish Folk Costumes." Folk Life 6 (1968.).

Gaugert, Richard. "Masquerade in St. Kitts and Nevis." Unpublished essay, 1987.

• Valuable information from long-time resident.

Gilbert, Mary. An Extract of Mary Gilbert's Journal. London: Harvie, 1768.

Gilchrist, Rupert. The Seige of Dragonard Hill. London: Souvenir Press, 1979.

---. Guns of Dragonard. London: Souvenir Press 1980.

Gilfillan, Bertram. "David and Goliath Was A Favorite." The Chronicle 25 Dec. 1988.

---. "Clowns on St. Kitts and Nevis Wear Bells." The Chronicle 25 Dec. 1988.

---. "Cowboys and Indians Are Dying Folklore." The Chronical 25 Dec. 1988.

11

Gindin, James. "Hardy and Folklore." The Return of the Native. New York: Norton, 1969. 396-401.

Glassie, Henry. All Silver and No Brass: An Irish Christmas Mumming. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1975.

Gonzalez, Nancy. "West Indian Characteristics of the Black Carib." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 15.3 (1959): 300-07.

Goodison, Lorna. "Guinea Woman" I am Becoming My Mother. London: New Beacon Books, 1995.

Graburn, Nelson. Ethnic and Tourist Arts: Cultural Expressions From the Fourth World. Berkeley: U. of California, 1976.

Graham-White, Anthony. "West African Drama: Folk, Popular and Literary." Diss. University of Michigan, 1970.

"Grenada: Introductory and Statistical Survey." Europa World Book. London: Europa, 1993. 1288-1294.

Greville, John Chester. Transatlantic Sketches. London: n.p., 1989.

Griffin, Clifford "The People behind the Scenes." Tribute: Tenth Anniversary of Culturama. Nevis, 1967, 12-15.

H. P. J. "Jonkonoo Questions." The Daily Gleaner 5 Jan 1982.

Hall, Douglas. Free Jamaica. New Haven, 1959.

---. In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica. 1750-86. London: MacMillan, 1989.

Hall, Neville. " Slaves' Use of Their 'Free' Time in the Danish Virgin Islands in the Later Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century." Journal of Caribbean History 13 (1980): 21-43.

Halpert, Herbert, and G. M. Story, eds. Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland: Essays in Anthropology, Folklore, and History. Toronto: U. of Toronto, 1969.

Handelman, Don. Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

12

Handler, Jerome S., and Frederick W. Lange, eds. The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1974.

---. Plantation Slavery in Barbados. Harvard UP, 1970.

Harlowe, Vincent T.A. A History of Barbados 1625-1685. New York: Negro UP, 1969.

Harmon, Nolan B. The Encyclopedia of World Methodism. Vol. 1. Nashville: United Methodist Publishing House, 1974.

Hayward, Brian. Galoshins: The Scottish Folk Play . Edinborough: U. of Edinburgh, 1992.

Heany, Michael. Bedlam Morris. Eynsham, 1985.

Helm, Alex., and H . R. E. Davidson. The English Mummer's Play. H.R.E. Davidson, ed. Folklore Society Mistletoe Series 14. Suffolk, Great Britain: D. S. Brewer; Rowan and Littlefield, 1980.

Herford, C. H., and Percy and Evelyn Simpson, eds. Ben Johnson 7 & 10 (1941): 433-47; 559-65..

Herskovits, Melville J., and Francis S. Trinidad Village. New York: Knopf, 1947.

Higman, B.W. Slave Populations of the British Caribbean 1807-1834. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1984.

Higman, Barry, ed. Characteristic Traits of the Creolian & African Negroes in Jamaica. Mona, Jamaica: Caldwell Press, 1976.

Hiley, Richard. Hiley's English Grammar Abridged with Questions for the Use of Young Pupils. London: Simpkin and Marshall,1832.

Hill, Donald R. "England I Want to Go." Diss. Indiana University, 1973.

---. "More on Truth, Fact, and Tradition in Carriacou." Caribbean Quarterly 20.1 (1974): 47-59.

13

---. "The Impact of Migration on the Metropolitan and Folk Society of Carriacou, Grenada." Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 54 Part 2 (1977): 189-392.

Hill, Errol. The Trinidad Carnival: Mandate for a National Theatre. Austin: U. of Texas, 1972.

• Historical background and evolution of the various carnival traditions such as Canboulay, carnival tents, steel band, masquerades, calypso, and carnival stage spectacles.

---. The Jamaican Stage 1655-1900. Amherst: U. of Massachusetts, 1992.

Hoetink, Harry."The Cultural Links." Africa and the Caribbean: The Legacies of a Link. Margaret E.Crahan and Franklin Knight. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P., 1979. pp20-40.

Honeychurch, Lenox. Our Island Culture. Roseau, Dominica: Dominica National Cultural Council, 1988.

Houk, James T. "The Orisha Religion in Trinidad: A Study of Culture Process and Transformation." Diss.. Tulane University, 1994.

Howkins, Alan and Linda Merricks. "The Ploughboy and the Plough Boy." Folk Music Journal 5(1991): 187-208.

Hubbard, Vincent K. Swords, Ships and Sugar: A History of Nevis to 1900. Placentia, California: Premiere Editions., 1993.

---"1689-1690 -- War, Pestilence and Earthquake." Nevis Historical and Conservation Newsletter 34 (May, 1994): 8-10.

---"Nevis in its Infancy." Nevis Historical and Conservation Newsletter 36 (Feb. 1995):4-6.

---"Nevis in its Infancy Part 2." Nevis Historical and Conservation Society Newsletter 37 (May 1995): 4-7.

--- "Bartholomew Sharpe-- Adventurer." Nevis Historical and Conservation Society Newsletter 46 (Aug. 1997): 4-7.

---"The Recapture of St. Christopher Painted by Felix Castelo, 1634." Nevis Historical and Conservation Society Newsletter 48 (Feb. 1998): 4-5.

"Is carnaval at the Crossroads?" Caribbean Contact 11 (Apr. 1984):15

Jackson, Myron D. "Folk Architecture." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 21-23.

14

Jones, John. John Jones' Diaries. Nevis, West Indies: Nelson Museum,1887.

Jourdaine, Elodie. "Trinidad Calypso Not Unique." Caribbean Commission Monthly Information Bulletin 8.22 (1954): 2

Kaplan, Paul Robet. "The Origins and Development of the Philadelphia Mummers Parade: New Year Celebrating in Philadelphia to 1901." Diss.. George Washington University, 1979.

Kingsley, Charles. At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies. London: Macmillan, 1887.

Kobylanska, Countess. "When We Were Young: A Country Christmas." Jamaica Annual. Kingston, 1965.

Krise, Thomas W. Caribbeana: An Anthology of English Literataure of the West Indies 1657-1777. Chicago: U. of Chicago P., 1999.

La Borde, Ray. "What Is A Tea Meeting?" A Resource Booklet on Customs and Cultural Practices in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. St. Vincents Teachers' College, 1986-88. 10-12.

Lanaghan, Mrs. Antigua and the Antiguans: A Full Account of the Colony and Its Inhabitants from the Time of the Caribs to the Present Day, Interspersed with Anecdotes and Legends. London: Spottiswoode, Ballantyne, 1967 [1844].

Lewin, Olive. "Masquerade Groups." Daily Gleaner 3 Jan 1982: II & IV.

Lewis, Matthew Gregory Journal of a West Indian Proprietor During a Residence in the Island of Jamaica 1815-1817. London, 1929.

Ligon, Richard. A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados. 2nd ed. London: Frank Cass, 1970. 1673. check

London, Clement B. G. "Carnival aí la Trinidad and Tobago." Americas 29.2 (Feb 1977): 19-24.

Macdonald, Annette. "The Big Drum Dance in Carriacou: Its Structure and Possible Origins." Master's thesis. California: University of California, 1962.

MacMillan, Dougald. "John Kuners." Journal of American Folk-Lore 39.151 (Jan.-Mar 1926): 53-57.

Manchester, Kathleen D. Historic Heritage of St. Kitts, Nevis, and Anguilla. N.p.: Printed by Syncreators in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, 1971.

Manning, Frank E. "Carnival in Antigua: Caribbean Sea." Anthropos 73.1/2 (1978): 191-204.

15

"MASQUERADERS from Nevis & St. Kitts." Unpublished list with name of troupe, name of owner, and address.

Matheson, Lloyd. The Folklore of St. Christopherís Island. St. Kitts, West Indies: Published for the benefit of the Okolo-Tegremantine Arts Theatre, 1985.

Matthais, Leon H. The Boy from Popeshead. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: 1995. incomplete reference

McDaniel, Lorna. "The Concept of Nation in the Big Drum Dance of Carriacou, Grenada." Repercussions of the 1492 Encounter. Carol Robertson. Smithsonian Press, 1993. 395-410.

---. "Memory Songs: Community Flight and Conflict in the Big Drum Ceremony of Carriacou." Diss. University of Maryland, 1986.

---. The Big Drum Ritual of Carriacou: Praisesongs in Rememory of Flight. Gainesville: U P of Florida, 1998. TP-69 (Ch 1).

McKay, Claude. Banana Bottom. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1933.

• Tea Meetings as part of Jamaican culture in the 19th century

---. My Green Hills of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: Heinemann Educational Book (Caribbean) LTD, 1979.

McKoy, Henry Bacon. Wilmington, N.C.; Do You Remember When? Greenville, S.C.: N.p., 1957.

McMurray, Joan F. "The West Indian Tea Meeting in Nevis." Nevis Historical and Conservation Society Newsletter Aug 1996: 4-5.

---. "Cowboys and Indians in Nevis: An Interview with Mr. Samuel Hanley." Nevis Historical and Conservation Society Newsletter Feb 1999: 4-5.

---. "The English Mummers and the West Indian Bull Play or Old Wine in a New Bottle." La Torre VI.19 (2001): 37-49. San Juan, PR. U of Puerto Rico.

---. “Evangelism and West Indian Folk Plays: Giant Despair, David and Goliath, and The West Indian Tea Meeting.” La Torre VI.19 (2001): 3-20. San Juan, PR. U of Puerto Rico.

16

---. “Sam Hanley’s Wooing Play, “Highback and Pragmatic.” La Torre X.36-37 (2005): 189-200. San Juan, PR. U of Puerto Rico.

Miles, Clement. Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan. London: T. Fisher and Unwin, 1912.

Miller, Errol. The Marginalization of the Jamaican Male. UWI, Mona Campus, Jamaica: ISE Publication, FIND.

Millington, Peter. "Mrs. Ewing and the Textual Origin of the St. Kitts Mummies Play." Folklore 107 (1996): 77-89.

Mills, Frank L. "Some Christmas Sports." Extracts taken from: Christmas Sports in St. Kitts-Nevis. Heritage 2.1: 4-5.

Mills, Frank L., Simon B. Jones-Hendrickson, and Bertram Eugene. Christmas Sports in St. Kitts-Nevis: Our Neglected Cultural Tradition. 1984.

• Valuable out-of-print collection of plays with commentary by troupe captain and performers; local university press should publish second edition;

Moolenaar, Ruth M. "Savanne." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 24-25.

Nettleford, Rex M. "The Dance as an Art Form--Its Place in the West Indies." Caribbean Quarterly 114.1 & 2 (1968): 127-35.

Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Christmas in Nevis. . Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Charlestown, Nevis: Printed by the Nevis Historical Society, 1995.

Nevis Staff, Department of Culture [CABO]. "Our [Nevisian] National Heroes--Do not Let Them Die." Loose Sheet (Unidentified Source).

Nevis Staff, Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. "Massquerade in Nevis." ECO News. Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Charlestown, Nevis, Eastern Caribbean, 1989.

Nevis Staff in the Department of Culture. "Tribute to Mr. David E. Sutton (Grey Beard)." Unpublished essay. Charlestown, Nevis, Eastern Caribbean, 1996.

Newman, Darran. The Development and Cultural Significance of the Three Caribbean Festival Art: Carnival, Jonkonnu, and Hosay. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Caribbean Studies, 1996.

17

Nicholls, Robert W. Old-Time Masquerading in the U.S. Virgin Islands. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands: The Virgin Islands Humanities Council, 1998.

---. "Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands: History and Antecedents." African Arts 32.3 (Autumn 1999): 49-61 & 94.

---. "Old-time Masquerade Costume Categories in the U.S. Virgin Islands." La Torre VI.19 (January-March 2001): 3-20. San Juan, PR. U Puerto Rico.

---. "Mocko Jumbies of the U.S. Virgin Islands: Costume, Gender, Spirit Manifestation, and African Antecedents." Unpublished paper.

Norfleet, Fillmore. Suffolk in Virginia c.1795-1840: A Record of Lots, Lives, and Likenesses. [S.L.]: Norfleet, 1974.

Nugent, Lady Maria. Lady Nugent's Journal:: Jamaica One Hundred and Thirty Years Ago. Ed. Frank Cundall. London: West India Committee, 1934.

Olwig, Karen Fog. Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis. Switzerland: Harwood Academic, 1993.

• Important study of island cultures in global context.

Payne, Nellie. "Grenada Masí; 1928-1988." Caribbean Quarterly 36.3 & 4 (Dec 1990): 54-63.

Pearse, Andrew. "Carnival in Nineteenth Century Trinidad." Caribbean Quarterly 4.3 & 4 (1956): 175-93.

---. "Mitto Sampson on Calypso Legends of the Nineteenth Century." Caribbean Quarterly 3.3-4 (1956): 250-62.

---. "The Big Drum Dance of Carriacou," 1994. Booklet included with FOLKWAYS LP record 4011.

Peate, Iorwerth C. "Mari Lwyd-Lair Bhan." Folk Life 1 (1963): 95-97.

Pencheon, Creighton A. "The Bull Play of St. Kitts: Origin of the Cowhead Figure in Kittitian Folklore." Study. Jamaica School of Drama, Cave Hill: University of the West Indies, 1986.

• Carefully researched study of local play in its historical context; photos of locations in St. Kitts.

Peters, Jacqueline C. "U.S. Civil Rights Movement." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 46-48.

18

Peters-McKenzie, Joyce. "The Tea Meeting: A Retrospective View, Part I." The Vincentian 4 Feb 1994. .

---. "The Tea Meeting: A Retrospective View, Part II." The Vincentian 4 Mar 1994.

Peterson, Arona. "Coal Carriers." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 28.

Pettitt, Thomas. "New World Traditions in the Study of Early English Custom and Customary Drama." Carnival and the Carnivalesque: The Fool, the Reformer, the Wildman, and Others in Early Modern Theatre. Ed. Konrad Eisenbichler and Husken Wim. Amsterdam-Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1999. 263-81.

Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. "The Shango Cult and Other African Rituals in Trinidad, Grenada, Carriacou, and Their Possible Influence on the Spiritual Baptist Faith." Caribbean Quarterly 39.3-4 (1993):12-25.

Procope, Bruce. "The Dragon Band or Devil Band." Caribbean Quarterly 4.3-4 (1956):275-80.

Reid, Ira De A. "The John Canoe Festival." Phylon III.4 (Fourth Quarter 1942): FIND.

Not seen

Richardson, Alice Inez. "Mummers Plays in the Americas." Diss. New York University, 1976.

Rivera, Eulalie. "Tea Meeting." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 26-27.

Ryman, Cheryl. "Interview Conducted by Cheryl Ryman," 1975.

---. "Jonkonnu: A Neo-African Form, Part 1." Jamaica Journal 17.1 (Feb 1984): 13-23.

Schrader, Richard. Notes of a Crucian Son. St. Croix: USVI, 1989.

Scott, Michael. Tom Cringles Log. New York: Dutton, 1915. 1836.

Seeger, Anthony. "Musics of Struggle." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix: The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution, 1991. 45.

Shakespeare, William. "Julius Caesar." The New Royal Readers. Singapore: Ebor, 1987.

19

• Literature and popular performance

Simpson, George Eaton. "The Nine Night Ceremony in Jamaica." Journal of American Folklore 70 (1957): 329-35.

Sloane, Sir Hans. A Voyage to the Islands, Madera, Barbados, Nieves, St. Christophers and Jamaica. London: Printed for the Author, 1725.

Smith, Fernando C. and Keithlyn B. Smith. To Shoot Hard Labor: The Life and Times of Samuel Smith, an Antiguan Workingman, 1877-1982. Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: Edanís, 1986.

• Realistic account of the experiences of Samuel Smith

Solien, Nancie L (Gonzales). "West Indian Characteristics of the Black Carib." Peoples and Cultures of the Caribbean: An Anthropological Reader. Ed. Michael M. Horowitz. Garden City, NY: Natural History, 1971. 133-42.

Sprauve, Gilbert A. "About Man Betta Man, Fission and Fusion, and Creole, Calypso and Cultural Survival in the Virgin Islands." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 29.

---. "Were There Giants?" U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix: The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution, 1991. 31.

St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla Festival of Arts, 16-30 August. . [Basseterre, St. Kitts]: N.p., 1964.

Steele, Beverly A. "Folk Dance and Public Policy in Grenada." Symposium. Caribbean Studies Association. Grenada, 1993.

Stewart, James. An Account of Jamaica and Its Inhabitants by a Gentleman Long Resident in the West Indies. London, 1808.

Sutton, Herald and Lanny Dore. "Nevis String Bands." Nevis Historical and Conservation Newsletter Nov 1997: 4-6.

Sutton, James W. Our Love Prevailed (Narrative of the Life of James Sutton and Family in St. Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, West Indies, During the 1940s and 1950s). Scarborough, Ontario: Sutton, 1990.

Sutton, Joyah Junella. "Culturama: An Analysis of a Nevisian Festival." Unpublished paper. University of West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados, 1986.

20

"The Career of Ranny Williams." The Weekend Star 13 Aug 1976. Kingston, Jamaica.

Throop, George H., pseud Capt. Gregory Seaworthy. Bertie: Or, Life in the Old Field. Philadelphia: A. Hart, late Carey and Hart, 1851.

Tyson, George F. and Arnold R. Highfield, eds. The Kamina Folk: Slavery and Slave Life in the Danish West Indies. St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands: The Virgin Islands Humanities Council, 1994.

van Konigsbruggen, Peter. Trinidad Carnival: A Quest for National Identity. London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1997.

Waddell, Rev Hope Masterson. Twenty-Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa, 1829-1859. London, 1863.

Walser, Richard. "His Worship the John Kuner." North Carolina Folklore 19 (1971): 160-72.

Warner, Meredith. "Ella Newton: Oral History Report." Res. rept. Basseterre, St. Kitts, 1973.

Whitten, Norman E. Jr. and John F. Szwed, eds. Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Free Press, 1970.

Williams, Alfred M. "A Miracle-Play in the West Indies." Journal of American Folklore IX.33 (1896): 117-20. Microfilm (BEA).

Williams, Antonia. "A Tour Through the West Indies, 1908-1909." Unpublished scrapbook, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica; rare book room at UWI;, 1909.

Williams, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. New York: Russel and Russell, 1944.

Wilmot, Swithin. "The Politics of Protest in Free Jamaica -- The Kingston John Canoe Christmas Riots, 1840 and 1841." Caribbean Quarterly 36.3 & 4 (Dec 1990): 65-75.

Wilson, Samuel M. "Saint George and John Canoe: The Caribbean is Haunted by the Ghosts of Christmas Past." Natural History Dec 1991: 22-26.

Wirth, Prof. A. C. Modern Quadrille Call Book and Dancing Master. Chicago, 1934.

Wright-George, Louise. "Shakespeare in La Ceiba." Shakespeare Quarterly 3 (1952): 359-66.

Wuest, Ruth. "The Robber in the Trinidad Carnival." Caribbean Quarterly 36.3 & 4 (Dec 1990): 42-53.

Wynter, Sylvia. "Jonkonnu in Jamaica Toward an Interpretation of Folk Dance as a Cultural Process." Jamaica Journal 4.2 (1970): 34-48.

21

Young, William. "A Tour Through the Islands of Barbadoe, St. Vincent, Antigua, Tobago and Grenada, in 1791 and 1792." History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. By Edwards Bryan. Vol. 3. London: Whittaker, 1807.