ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F)Improving the Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Management of

Sandalwood Forest Resources in East Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia

SITE OVERVIEW FROM EAST SUMBA DISTRICT

Waingapu, 18 – 24 March 2010

Team:

Titiek SetyawatiTyty ChandraErick MustikaPieter DethanNikolas Dose

No. Sub District Village Condition/Potency

1 Pahunga Lodu Kaliuda The potency of cendana plantation in this area is relative good, although it is maintained in a small scale. Most of them occur in community garden. One cendana garden is owned by eks-Dishut staff, Pak Ishak, where he planted them since 1989. It is assumed that cendana grown in this area is different with species that is commonly found in other areas, which has relatively bigger leave size. Pak Ishak also collect and sell cendana seed. The seed is sold for 150,000 rupiah/kg. Price in the city can reach up to Rp. 250.000/kg.

Pak Ishak counting the cendana seeds

Cendana stand (10 years old) grown in Pak Ishak garden.

The morphology of cedana leaves (small leaf)

Cendana leaves (large size) with block spot disease

Sandalwood trees bearing fruits with small diameter (less than 10 cm) (picture taken from Waingapu Station, BPK Kupang)

No. Sub District Village Condition/Potency

2 Pahunga Lodu

Pamburu The head of village, Pak Markus M. Hinggiranja has one three with size of >40 cm diameter in his garden. However, he informed us that out of 25 seedling he has planted in 1984, only one survive. He has faced problems with collecting seed. Mother trees has no regeneration. Tidak mau menjual karena menjadi tabungan buat anak c ucu dan semakin lama mungkin harga makin mahal. Masih berusaha untuk memperoleh anakan dari pohon ini.

Figure 4. Cendana with diameter > 40 cm, Pamburu Village, Pahunga Lodu. Cendana grows in the same area with cattles.

No. Sub District Village Condition/Potency

3 Pahunga Lodu

Kuruwaki One relatively large area has cendana that was planted by Dishut in 2005. Cendana is in good condition with some trees having average diameter of more than 10 cm, and average height of 8 meters. Almost none of local community being interview has cendana in their garden. Few people have planted cendana in this village.

Cendana stand planted by Dishut in 2005, Kuruwaki.

No. Sub District Village Condition/Potency

4 Pandawai Palaka Hembi

Very few cendana was found in this area. According to respondent, local community do not have interest in growing cendana since itneeds several years until they can commercially traded them. Onecandana tree was once sold about 45,000 rupiah/kg, while one tree has an average weight of 27 kg. In this area, kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) also popular as local people also extract this trees for the oil. The other reason why people are reluctant to grow cendana because in will be conflicted with their cattle. Only one househols (ex-Dishut staff) grows cendana. Cendana grows very well in this area.

Cendana stand in pak Ishak garden in Kuruwaki.

No. Sub District Village Condition/Potency

5 Nggaha Orianggu

Maka Minggit

During field survey in one of the household that has been cooperating with LIPI (Albertus Hensen Wau) and Dishut to establish cendana plantation in their garden, we had evidence of about 400 cendanastands. Pak Junus, the owner, explained that cendana will grow well in association with Lamtoro (legumes). The family has problem with their legal entity of land . The location is closed to the river and the soils are more fertile than other places.

Cendana stand (7-8 years old) belongs to Johannes’ family, Maka Minggit Village

Pak John (Kadishut Waingapu) dan pak Nico

No. Sub District Village Condition/Potency

6 Nggaha Orianggu

Ngadulangi There was none of land visited has cendana plantation. Local community informed that we only can found this trees in the protection forest.

Location/

Sub-District

Fact finding and Issues

Pahunga Lodu

The three visited villages (Kaliuda, Pamburu and Kuruwaki) had almost similar issues regarding to cendana conservation. Although, Kaliuda in this case showed different condition with the other two villages since almost none of the respondent interviewed indicated their interest towards planting cendana. Local community in this villages rely their income from “tenun” making whereas Kaliuda has been known as the place where people could find the best making “tenun” in the Sumba regions.

People in the other two villages concerned on the availability of cendana seeds and method on how to grow the tree as they know that cendana only flowering and fruiting every 2 or 3 years

The traditional knowledge on why they should conserve cendana is coming from their ancestor who still believes that this particular trees has mystical spirit. Local community in the two villages believes in ”aini tu”, cendana is an evil trees.

Cendana extraction has no longer popular as the population has diminished very rapidly while people has also found the alternative wood such as “dalinga” tree (Excocarpus latifolius) that has almost similar characteristics to cendana. Beside cendana, they also plant mahoni where the seed was freely provided by the government. And the other thing is, they are no regulation entitled to mahoni.

People has never heard about recent cendana regulation issued by the Province. They only know that up until now, under the regulation local community are forbidden to cut trees.

He expected that there will be a regulation for cendana that would benefit them such as allowing them to grow in their garden, obtain free seedling, and able to sell them without any strict regulation of profit sharing with other party. They wanted to sell directly to the market or trader. He would appreciate if government can provide them with superior cendana seed so that they can grow them in their garden.

Location/

Sub-District

Fact finding and Issues

Pandawai People seems reluctant to grow cendana due to long harvesting time compare to other trees, such as mahoni and sengon

Threat to cendana has been identified by few cendana growers such as damage from cattle, either from seed that was eaten by animals to damage of seedling due to tramplings.

Another problem is difficulty in collecting seeds. Although natural stand of vegetation is abundant in the protected forest but none of the community will disturb the cendana since people here still believe in myth.

People has alternative income from selling kesambi for oils.

Nggaha Orianggu

Most of seed and seedling was provided by the government (Dishut) in collaboration with LIPI. Started growing with planting 400 seeds.

The cendana plantation grows well in the visited site (area closed to river - lowland) Cendana trees live in associate with Lamtoro. In this area, most cendana’s leaves have black

spots such as being attacked by virus. During interview, it has revealed that land owners would likely to sell their cendana directly

the buyers and even trading can be done via trader/broker (“ijon” – buying the stand while they are still young), i.e., 20 small trees for 10 million rupiah.

There was an indication of potential conflict between local community with District Forestry Offices regarding to cendana trading. Although seeds are often distributed freely to community but when landowners would likely to sell cendana, there is no clarity on how the mechanism should be built. Only people who involved in local government program know about cendana regulation. Dengan dikeluarkannya Perda No. 2 Tahun 1999 mengenai pencabutan Perda No. 16 Tahun 1986, seyogyanya masyarakat gembira, namun tampaknya tidak banyak yang tahu mengenai perubahan hasil dari kesadaran dan pengakuan pemerintah daerah mengenai kegagalannya dalam mengelola dan melestarikan cendana sekaligus upaya untuk menghapus kekeliruan di masa lalu saja?.

– All sandalwood trees are under local government control (dikuasai) (Pasal 2 SK Bupati No. 33/2000 dan Pasal 2 Perda No. 19/2000).

– All sandalwood trees in the private land is owned (dimiliki) by the landowners (Pasal 4 Perda No. 19/2000). Pada Pasal 3 SK Bupati No. 33/2000, terminology “owned” and “controlled” -> bias……i.e, privately owned but under controlled by…..

– Sandalwood exploitation is banned under Pasal 4 SK Bupati No. 33/2000 (6 July 2000) but it is not under Perda No. 19/2000 (15 November 2000) – there is no clarification on when the new regulation is enacted while withdrawn the previous one

– Sandalwood trade is determined by the Bupati (covers AAC/production, harvesting operation, trade and marketing) (Pasal 8 Perda No. 19/2000)- there is no clear relationship between regulation and ownership/owner’s right

– Income from selling sandalwood as assigned by Bupati will be under the right of local government and will be deposited for local government trust fund (Pasal 12, Perda No. 19/2000)

– There is an ambiguity on the substance of the local regulation

Ambiguity in Local Regulation (PERDA)Ambiguity in Local Regulation (PERDA)-- no policy synergy no policy synergy between province and district between province and district

Local community has less knowledge and understanding on Local community has less knowledge and understanding on cendana policy (masalah sosialisasi baik PERDA maupun SK cendana policy (masalah sosialisasi baik PERDA maupun SK Bupati) Bupati) –– confusion on how to cut and sell cendanaconfusion on how to cut and sell cendana

Unavailable insentive mechanism Unavailable insentive mechanism Unclear ownership/land status while most natural cendana trees Unclear ownership/land status while most natural cendana trees

grows in private landgrows in private land–– lack of people effort to establish nurserylack of people effort to establish nursery Cendana has been gone since 1950/60, only old generation Cendana has been gone since 1950/60, only old generation

know about cendanaknow about cendana Dishut has done survey in 4 subDishut has done survey in 4 sub--districts (Haharu, Pandawai, districts (Haharu, Pandawai,

Pahunga Lodu, and Wulla Waijelu) Pahunga Lodu, and Wulla Waijelu) –– mostly sapling and poles mostly sapling and poles but less seedlings but less seedlings

still no clear difference between the species still no clear difference between the species –– need to further need to further study and analysis on the results study and analysis on the results --> examine the population > examine the population dynamicsdynamics

““MarapuMarapu”” religion still very strong and become the religion still very strong and become the main factor why sandalwood trees in the natural main factor why sandalwood trees in the natural forest and private land remains intact.forest and private land remains intact.

Customary institution (village level) is acknowledge Customary institution (village level) is acknowledge and recognizedand recognized

People are welcome to sandalwood development People are welcome to sandalwood development program, and expect that cendana will be treated as program, and expect that cendana will be treated as other trees such as mahagony and teak other trees such as mahagony and teak –– no no regulation on harvesting including for trading regulation on harvesting including for trading (similar to kesambi oil). (similar to kesambi oil).

Potential conflict was noted in East Sumba due to Potential conflict was noted in East Sumba due to technology/knowledge gap, technology/knowledge gap, scope/clear policyscope/clear policy of of trading and marketing, policy that has not yet trading and marketing, policy that has not yet (appropriately) addressed local community needs(appropriately) addressed local community needs