itsa’s 13 th annual meeting- may 22, 2003 evaluation of a nighttime directional guidance system...
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![Page 1: ITSA’s 13 th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003 Evaluation of a Nighttime Directional Guidance System for Heavy Vehicles R ichard Hanowski, Ph.D. Virginia Tech](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e565503460f94b4ddeb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Evaluation of a Nighttime Evaluation of a Nighttime Directional Guidance System Directional Guidance System
for Heavy Vehicles for Heavy Vehicles
RRichard Hanowski, Ph.D.ichard Hanowski, Ph.D.Virginia Tech Transportation InstituteVirginia Tech Transportation Institute
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• FMCSA funded- DRFH61-00P-00471• Tim Johnson was COTR• Phil Roke served as COTR early in the
project• Paul Rau (NHTSA) provided technical input • VTTI assistance from Miguel Perez, Seth
Cross, Jon Hankey, Walt Wierwille, Andy Petersen, Rebecca Olson, Eryn Perry
Federal Motor CarrierSafety Administration U.S Department
of Transportation
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
ProblemProblem• Over 3 million single
vehicle roadway departures (SVRD) each year
• Result in 13,000 fatalities and an estimated $100 billion in damage
• Combination-unit trucks are involved in 31,000 SVRD crashes annually
• Out of the 4,847 fatal crashes in 1999 that involved a large truck, the number one driver-related factor was the driver’s failure to keep in the lane
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Potential CountermeasurePotential CountermeasureLaser Guidance System
(by Mr. Locke White) – 2 fixed-point lasers (class
3A), positioned on either side of the vehicle
– The laser device emits red “dots” ~ 7.26 m (25 ft) ahead on the pavement
– Dots provide the driver with path prediction information; indicate the vehicle’s path should the driver maintain the current heading
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Driver’s ViewDriver’s View
Simulated View
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Laser SchematicLaser Schematic
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Research ObjectiveResearch Objective
• The goal of this research was to collect data to investigate the effectiveness of this guidance device: – Determining the impact that a laser
directional guidance system has on improving a driver’s ability to maintain directional control
– Assessing the extent to which such a device would enhance or reduce driving performance, workload, and situation awareness
– Determining the attitudes of truck drivers towards the device
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Cost ComparisonCost Comparison
Guidance Classification
System type Cost
Infrastructure-based Lateral Departure Warning Systems
CSRS – Rumble Strips
$217/km ($347/mile)
Ferromagnetic markers
$6875/km ($11,000/mile)
Vehicle-based Lateral Departure Warning Systems
SafeTRAC $40,000/truck
Laser Guidance System
$30/truck
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
METHODMETHOD
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
OverviewOverview
• To achieve the research objectives, an on-road empirical field study was conducted
• All experimental tasks required driving an instrumented 1997 Volvo, VN-series class 8 tractor with a 14.63 m (48 ft) trailer
• The LG system’s effect on the commercial vehicle driver was measured by evaluating how the driver’s driving performance, workload, and situation awareness changed during exposure to the system
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Experimental DesignExperimental Design• Mixed factorial design with one between-
subject variable (Driving Experience, experienced/ inexperienced) and one within-subject variable (Laser Guidance System Status, on/off)
• N=16• Experienced = > 5 yrs; Inexperienced = < 2
yrs• The LG system’s presentation order was
counter-balanced– The test route was divided into quarters of
approximately 96.56 km (60 miles) per quarter – Half of the subjects had the laser presentation
order, on-off-on-off, while the other half had the opposite order, off-on-off-on
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Instrumented TruckInstrumented Truck
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
RESULTSRESULTS
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Investigate System Impact On…Investigate System Impact On…
• Lane Keeping Behavior
• Driving Performance Metrics
• Driver Acceptance and Opinions
• Sample of the results are presented; all findings included in final report
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Number of Lane DeviationsNumber of Lane DeviationsDriver Experience• Experienced drivers had less than half the
number of deviations than inexperienced drivers (8.75 vs. 17.8)
Experience X LG System Status• When the system was on, number of lane
deviations was reduced for inexperienced drivers (from 20.19 to 15.5; 23.23% reduction)
• No reduction for experienced drivers
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Number of Lane DeviationsNumber of Lane Deviations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
?2 yrs ?5 yrs
Driver Experience
Laser Off
Laser On
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Mean HeadwayMean Headway• LG Status X Driver Experience• Consistent headway for experienced drivers
when system on or off• Less headway for novice drivers when
system off • Headway increased by 0.22 sec when
system on for novice drivers (~21 ft at 65 mph)
• Unexpected safety benefit for novice drivers?
• Red dots act as extension of truck, or more cautious behavior due to increased cognitive load?
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Mean HeadwayMean Headway
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
?2 yrs ?5 yrs
Driver Experience
Laser Off
Laser On
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
ConclusionsConclusions• Lane keeping improvement
– 23% reduction in lane deviations for novice– No reduction for experienced drivers– System may serve as useful training tool for
novice drivers
• Negligible negative impact on driving performance– Possible reduction in SA with initial use– Unexpected benefit of increasing headway
for novice drivers
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
ConclusionsConclusions• Novice drivers derive most benefit
– Are practical implications of this finding- most lane departure crashes occur with younger drivers (Wang & Knipling, 1994)
– Novice drivers need help most
• Favorable driver opinion• Cost effective countermeasure
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ITSA’s 13th Annual Meeting- May 22, 2003
Next StepsNext Steps• System has cleared preliminary hurdles, further
research warranted• Look at driver’s re-design suggestions
– Move dot location further out– Increase size of dots– Change color of dots (other than red- color of
taillights)– Automatically deactivate under specified
speed (e.g., 35 mph) where greatest likelihood of lasers path being crossed
• Need to assess driver behavior with long-term use (does long-term use introduce negative behaviors?)
• Other applications for message presentation location?