itmo556lesson01 16s slides

8/17/2019 ITMO556Lesson01 16S Slides

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ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

information technology & management

INTRO TO OPEN SOURCE viabiliity

iit

Introduction to Open Source

Ray TrygstadITMO 556 Spring 2016Department of Information Technology & ManagementIIT School of Applied Technology

Slides based on Weber, Steven The success of Open Source, Harvard University Press 2004; Eckert, Jason W. and Schitka, M.John.,Linux+ Guide to Linux+ Certification 3ed, Cengage Course Technology 2011; and Negus, Christopher, Linux Bible 8th Edition Wiley 2012


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ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY School of Applied Technology

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Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson students

should be able to:

Recall policies, requirements andtextbooks for this course

Explain what is meant by Free and

Open Source Software (FOSS)

Discuss origins and use of FOSS

Describe the history of FOSS

Recall basic types of FOSS licenses

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Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson students

should be able to:

Describe key elements of the GPL 3license

Identify and explain the role of key

organizations in FOSS

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Syllabus & Policies

Syllabus

Blackboard

Lectures Lecture notes

Readings

Textbooks

Labs


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Free & Open Source Software (FOSS)

Software liberally licensed to grant

rights to users to study, change, and

improve design through availability ofits source code

Generally defined by the license

Assumption is all software is copyrighted Copyright status of software very

unclear originally and often was not a

concern of those writing software6


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Free & Open Source Software (FOSS)

OSS licensing created a framework

for free and open source software

Not all free software is open source Significant amounts of free software

were created for DOS & later Windows

as it was the first OS available to “the

masses;” most is not open source

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Open Source Software (OSS)

Is programs distributed and licensed

so that the source code is available to

anyone who wants to examine,utilize, or improve upon it

Format and structure of source code

follows rules defined by programming

language in which it was written

Open source was a natural

outgrowth of Hacker Culture


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The Hacker Culture

“A loosely networked collection of

subcultures that is nevertheless

conscious of some important sharedexperiences, shared roots, and shared

values.” – The Jargon File

Born in East Coast university computer

labs in the late 1950s and 1960s

The Jargon File - http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/online-preface.html


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The Hacker Culture

Result of programmers doing anything

possible to beg, borrow, or steal computing

resources; often forced to find time in the

late at night and into the early morning,

using less than ideal machines, and

working out clever compromises or work-

around solutions to accomplish their tasks Their solutions, or “hacks,” permeated

early computer culture, eventually

becoming central to it

http://subcultureslist.com/hacker-culture/


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The Hacker Culture: Hacker

“A person who enjoys exploring the details

of programmable systems and stretching

their capabilities, as opposed to most

users, who prefer to learn only the

minimum necessary.” – The Jargon File

“A person who delights in having an

intimate understanding of the internalworkings of a system, computers and

computer networks in particular.”

– RFC 1392, the Internet Users’ GlossaryThe Jargon File - http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/online-preface.html


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Defining Free and Open Source

Richard Stallman (more on him later)

defined the free part of free and open

sourceThe Open Source Initiative created

“The Open Source Definition” to

determine whether a license is trulyopen source or not

70 licenses qualify, including “the

Microsoft Public License!”12


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Richard Stallman’s Four Freedoms

Freedom to run the program for any

purpose

Freedom to study how the program works

and to modify it to suit your needs

Freedom to redistribute copies, either

gratis or for a monetary fee

Freedom to change and improve theprogram and to redistribute modified

versions of the program to the public so

others can benefit from your improvements13


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Open Source Definition

1. Free Redistribution

The software can be freely given away or

sold, intended to expand sharing and use

of the software on a legal basis

2. Source Code

The source code must either be included or

freely obtainable in an editable form Without source code, making changes or

modifications can be impossible

14 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Softwareand Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf


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3. Derived Works

Redistribution of modifications must be

allowed, to allow legal sharing and to

permit new features or repairs

4. Integrity of the Author’s Source Code

Licenses may require that modifications

are redistributed only as patches

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or

Groups

No one can be locked out 15 As quoted in Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling Ed. Brent Hall, Michael G. Leahy, Chapter 2: “Free Software

and Open Source Business Models” by Arnulf Christl at http://arnulf.us/publications/OpenSourceBusinessModels.pdf


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6. No Discrimination Against Fields of

Endeavor

Commercial users cannot be excluded

7. Distribution of License

The rights attached to the program must

apply to all to whom the program is

redistributed without the need forexecution of an additional license by those

parties



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8. License Must Not Be Specific to a

Product

The program cannot be licensed only aspart of a larger distribution

9. License Must Not Restrict Other

Software

The license cannot insist that any othersoftware it is distributed with must also be

open source



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10.License Must Be Technology-Neutral

No provision of the license may be

predicated on any individual technology or

style of interface

No click-wrap licenses, which may conflict

with important methods of software

distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such

provisions may also hinder code re-use



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Implications of OSS

Developed very rapidly through

widespread collaboration

Bugs (errors) noted & promptly fixedFeatures evolve quickly based on user

needs

Perceived value of the softwareincreases because it is based on

usefulness, not on price


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How did it start?

The First Era - 1960-80

Development primarily in academia –

Berkley, MIT, Xerox PARC Informal settings; common to share OS

and code

The Second Era 1980-1990

Free Software Foundation by Richard

Stallman

● “Free as in speech not as in beer”

●Start of GPL licensing


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How did it start?

The Third Era: early 1990s to today

Widespread diffusion of Internet access.

Numerous new open source projectsemerged, most notably Linux

“Open Source” licensing


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History of Open Source Software

Early computers were mainframes

Made minimal distinction between

hardware and software

First operating systems were IBM

proprietary on very pricy hardware

IBM 701 lease $15K/month

IBM 705 average price of $1.6 million

DEC undercut IBM: PDP-1 $120K 1960;

PDP-8 $18K 1965

Minis new era: PDP-11, $11K 1970 22

NO S NS O C NO OG h l f A l d h l


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Cooperative effort to write a compiler

PACT (Project for the Advancement of Coding

Techniques) Brought together software engineers

from Lockheed, Douglas, RAND, and

other large defense contractors to build

a compiler and other shared tools Focus on mathematic operations;

allowed writing in familiar context and

rendered machine language23

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Ready, Break!

Questions? See you on Thursday, same time,

same place

(This slide reflects the break point between the

Tuesday and Thursday lectures.)

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Computing resources too valuable not

to share so time sharing was created

CTSS (Compatible Time-SharingSystem) from MIT Nov 1961; 30 users

DTSS (Dartmouth Time-Sharing

System) Dartmouth University 1962;

300 users on PDP-1

Used DTSS myself to access IBM 360

at the U.S. Naval Academy, 1973

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Multics (Multiplexed Information and

Computing Service) created as true

multi-user system, MIT/Bell Labs/GE Written in PL/1 and ultimately a failure

System intended to support 1000 users

could only do 3

Two ex-Multics coders, Ken

Thompson and Dennis Ritchie,

decided they could do better26



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Basics of Thompson & Ritchie’s OS

written in 1 night by Ken Thompson

Called UNICS (uniplexed informationand computing services), an intentional

pun on Multics; later renamed UNIX

Philosophy, which later permeated OSS,

was to work small

As Dennis Ritchie put it, “build small

neat things instead of grandiose ones”

(Salus, A Quarter Century, p. 11)27



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A typical Unix major conceptual

innovation: the pipe

Allowed output from one program to be

input to another

Unix philosophy emerged with three

major tenets—to write programs:

That do one thing and do it well

That work together

That handle text streams because that

is a universal interface28



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Thompson and Ritchie Unix paper was

presented at the ACM Symposium on

Operating Systems in October 1973 and

published in July 1974 Requests for OS pour in

Because of AT&T position as a monopoly,

AT&T could not engage in non-telephonebusiness and was required to license patents

at nominal fees

Licensed for a nominal fee Unix to most

universities who asked29

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Rewritten in C, Unix could be

compiled to run on any processor

Came with NO support so communitycooperation became a key to new tool

development; academics wrote many

Intense development at UC Berkeley

resulted in the emergence of the firstUnix distribution, the Berkeley

Software Distribution (BSD)

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In early 1980’s Bolt, Beranek, and

Newman (BBN) released a TCP/IP stack

for Unix

Allowed Unix systems to interact on the

ARPANET, the DOD-funded network that

grew into and became the Internet

TCP/IP was integrated into 4.2BSD Unixrelease

In 18 mos Berkeley shipped over 1000 site

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In early 90’s, UC Berkeley undertook

a massive project to reverse-engineer

all AT&T code out of BSD Unix Did all but six files

A PC-based version of BSD Unix with

ALL AT&T code removed was released

by Bill Jolitz in 1991 as 386/BSD; the

first true open-source OS distribution

Forked into NetBSD, FreeBSD, and

OpenBSD32



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In 1993 IBM sued the commercial

distributor of BSD, BSDI, and later

added UC Berkeley UC Berkeley countersued IBM for

incorporating BSD code into AT&T

Unix without accompanying copyright

notices as required by BSD license

Suit settled out of court when AT&T

sold Unix Software Labs to Novell

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Unix Timeline



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The Free Software Foundation (FSF)

1984: über-hacker Richard Stallman

resigns at MIT to work on “free software” Founds FSF as a nonprofit organization

to support the work

Goal is to produce free operating system

that anyone could download, use, modify,and distribute freely

Based on, but not Unix, hence project

name GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) Project35


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GNU and GPL software is “Free as

in Free Speech, not Free Beer”

http://www.gnu.org

http://www.fsf.org/

Original GNU kernel

was GNU HURD but

version 1.0 not releaseduntil 1997

Linux kernel displaced

HURD in 1992



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O U R C E 1991: Linus Torvalds writes first

version of Linux kernel

Initially, research into 386 protected mode

Linus’ Unix Linux

Combined with GNU and other tools to

form a complete Unix-like system

1992: First Linux distributions emerge Linux kernel

GNU and other tools

Installation procedure


© Copyright IBM Corporation 2012



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Linux published underthe GNU public license

The Linux kernel is developed

collaboratively and centrally managed

(by Linus)

Linux OS is simply a by-product of OSS

development

Some prefer to call it GNU/Linux

(Richard Stallman but not me)



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Guidelines for OSS Development

Publish early

Allow users—who often are also

contributors—to become involved early

so they can start contributing

Forestall or merge similar projects

Release often

Resolve bugs and release patches more

quickly

May have developmental and release

(stable) versions



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Developed Methodology

Idea (itch) inception

“Scratching the itch”

Upload to a well known location Software gets better by:

Informally sharing ideas

Fiddling with each others’ code

Sometimes it changes direction

As time goes on, developers come and

go & projects become active or dormant



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Software License Types

Type Description

Open Source Software in which the source code andsoftware can be obtained free of chargeand can be modified

Closed Source Software in which the source code is notavailable; although it may be distributedfree of charge, it is usually quite costly

Freeware Closed source software given out free of

charge

Shareware Closed source software that is initiallygiven out free of charge, but that requirespayment after a certain period of use

Software Types



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The GNU Public License (GPL)

Stipulates that source code

of any software distributed

under this license must be madefreely available

All software distributed under the

GPL requires recipients receive “acopy of the License along with the

Program”



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GNU Public License Provisions

Any licensee (anyone) can modify,

copy and redistribute the work or

any derivative version

Can charge a fee or do it for free

Right to redistribute granted only if

source code (including modifications)

is included

Distributed copies and any modifications

must also be licensed under the GPL



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GNU Public License Provisions

Modified versions that are not

redistributed have no requirement

to divulge the modifications This allows GPL open source software

to be used as the basis to develop

proprietary in-house information

systems



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GNU Public License

Version 3 current

Prevents GPL software from using

technical means to prevent copying Addresses software patent concerns

Linus Torvalds not happy with

some provisions of version 3 sothe Linux kernel still released

under version 2



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© Copyright IBM Corporation 2012

Effects of the License Model

Everybody has access to the source Volunteer software development on the

Internet, with central coordination

Linus Torvalds coordinates the kernel

Others coordinate other pieces of the OS

Peer reviews are possible Security

Performance Reliability● “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.”

The license cannot change

So your changes (& name) stay in forever



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Types of Closed Source Licenses

Most closed source software soldcommercially

e.g., Microsoft, Adobe, Electronic Arts, etc.

Freeware

Distributed free of charge but source codeis not necessarily available

Shareware Initially free, but requires payment after

a period of time or usage



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OSS Advantages: Cost Reduction

OSS provided under two models:

Free as in Freedom

As in “liberty” or “having freedom”, likefree speech

Free as in Beer

“At zero price”, free in the sensethat some good or service is supplied

without payment

Many OSS projects are both49



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Free as in Freedom

Developers can (and do) charge money

for the software

●Users are free to change anything

●Users alternatively can download and

compile the source code themselves instead

of paying

Best known example: Red Hat Linux

Nearly always still cheaper than closed

source alternatives50



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Free as in Beer

Software distributed no charge or solely

for the cost of distribution;

the developer does not gain any

monetary compensation

May or may not be Open Source

Much (most?) free software is both●98% of distributions of the Linux OS

● All current distributions of OpenOffice.org

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OSS Advantages: Risk Reduction

Changes in the market or customer

needs may cause companies to change

software frequently

Can be costly and time-consuming

Support for closed source software end

Vendor may go out of business

Software version may be retired

OSS products offer opportunity to

maintain and change the source code52



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OSS Advantages: Risk Reduction

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Development cycles(Source: Arnulf Christl 2007, http://www.mapbender.org/presentations/AGIT/modified)



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Open Source Continued Growth

Tim O’Reilly sees open source as an

expression of three long-term trends:

The commoditization of software Network-enabled collaboration

Software customizability (software as a

service)

54“The Open Source Paradigm Shift” by Tim O’Reilly, in Open Sources 2, ed. Chris Dibona, Danese Cooper, Mark StoneO’Reilly Media / Nabu Press September 7, 2010 ISBN-10: 1171648162 ISBN-13: 978-1171648161



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The commoditization of software

Standards driven

● Increasingly expects open source

Interchangeable applications

●Google Apps, Office 365, LibreOffice

Real income is not software but support

and surrounding infrastructure




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Network-enabled collaboration

Early, collaborative software

development preceded adoption of an

open source licensing model

Ebay, Amazon, Google, Facebook all

are built on foundations of collaborative

open source●Facebook in turn even open sources their

hardware: the Open Compute Project




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Open Compute Project

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Software customizability (SaaS)

Dynamically typed content is important

in Web development: Perl, PHP, Python

Promotes rapid customization; Tim

O’Reilly calls the “duct tape” of the Web

Boundaries between PCs, tablet and

phones crumble as more and moresoftware is implemented online and

built on open source tools




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Risks to OSS movement

Few individuals control major products

OSS becomes part of establishment

Burnout of leading OSS pioneers

Does it still have passion, challenge, freedom, fun?

Modesty and supreme ability required from

OSS leaders

“Free Beer” more important to customers

Insufficient focus on strategy

Version proliferation & standardization

issues



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Important Open Source Sites

Open Source Initiative

Open Source Definition and Standards

Corporate supporters include Adobe,

Google, HP, IBM, Twitter and more

http://opensource.org/

Free Software Foundation (FSF)

Nonprofit; promote computer userfreedom and defend rights of free

software users

http://www.fsf.org/

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http://opensource.org/http://opensource.org/http://www.fsf.org/http://www.fsf.org/http://www.fsf.org/http://opensource.org/


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GNU Operating System

Tools for Unix and Linux

Complete GNU/Herd & GNU/Linux OS

http://www.gnu.org/

The Linux Foundation

Repository for and management of the

Linux kernel

Pays Linus Torvalds to maintain kernel

http://linux.org61


http://www.gnu.org/http://www.gnu.org/http://linux.org/http://linux.org/http://linux.org/http://www.gnu.org/


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The Open Compute Project

Open source hardware & infrastructure

http://www.opencompute.org/

OpenSource.com Red Hat initiative to promote open

source, especially OpenStack

http://opensource.com/The Document Foundation

LibreOffice and related standards

http://www.libreoffice.org/

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http://www.opencompute.org/http://www.opencompute.org/http://opensource.com/http://opensource.com/http://www.libreoffice.org/http://www.libreoffice.org/http://www.libreoffice.org/http://opensource.com/http://www.opencompute.org/


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Apache Foundation

Web site server infrastructure & more

http://www.apache.org/

The Software Freedom Law Center

Provides pro-bono legal services to

developers of Free, Libre, and Open

Source Software https://www.softwarefreedom.org/

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http://www.apache.org/http://www.apache.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/https://www.softwarefreedom.org/http://www.apache.org/


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Electronic Frontier Foundation

Leading nonprofit org defending civil

liberties in the digital world

Champions user privacy, free expression,

and innovation

https://www.eff.org/

Creative Commons Open source/sharable licenses for content

http://creativecommons.org/64


https://www.eff.org/https://www.eff.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/https://www.eff.org/


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The End…

Questions?

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