(ITI310)

By Eng. BASSEM ALSAID

SESSIONS 5: “IP ADDRESSING”

SAT 28 Sep - 2015

Session AbstractThe Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) drive the

Internet and make it accessible worldwide. TCP/IP, however, is a collection of protocols and more. Many elements in TCP/IP unite protocols to related services to provide more complete capabilities. Examples of TCP/IP include Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), and Domain Name Services (DNS), which are domain name to address resolution services. In this session, you will come to know more about TCP/IP names, addresses and related standard services, as well as some other related services hosted by Windows Server 2008.

Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of this part, the student will be able to:• Identify the meaning of NetBIOS name or computer name.• Identify TCP/IP Names and Addresses and how to allot them.• Determine various forms of addresses for networks.• Identify Subnetting.• Explain how to obtain an Internet IP address.• Determine what firewalls and proxy servers mean.• Determine how to configure TCP/IP on Windows Server.• Identify WINS - Windows Internet Name Service.• Identify DNS - Domain Name Service.• Identify DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.• Identify Simple Troubleshooting tools.

\\exchange\Accounting\\192.168.0.200\Accounting

http://www.google.com/http://74.125.224.72/

• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is a program that allows applications on different computers to communicate within a local area network (LAN).

• NetBIOS defines a software interface and a naming convention, not a protocol.

• On Windows Server network, you can use NetBIOS names to identify computers.

• A NetBIOS name is commonly known as a computer name.• Each computer running Windows has a unique NetBIOS name

on the network.• NetBIOS names must be between 1 and 15 characters long.• NetBIOS names must not contain any of the following

characters: “ ‘ ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + = [ ] { } \ | ; : , . < > / ?

Practice I:• Check Computer Name.• Check HOSTS file.

Hosts file location: %system-directory%/system32/drivers/etc

• Check NetBIOS list of names .

On a network using the TCP/IP protocol, it is necessary to convert names of resources to IP addresses to connect to these resources. Microsoft Windows clients will follow a sequence of methods in attempting to resolve a name to an address, stopping the search when it successfully matches a name to an IP address.There are two main sequences used in almost all cases: NetBIOS resolution and Host name resolution. Clients connecting to resources on Microsoft servers, typically through Windows File Manager or Network Neighborhood, most often use NetBIOS name resolution.

Host name resolution generally uses the following sequence:1.The client checks to see if the name queried is its own.2.The client then searches a local Hosts file (LMHOSTS), a list of IP address and names stored on the local computer.3.Domain Name System (DNS) servers are queried.4.If the name is still not resolved, NetBIOS name resolution sequence is used as a backup. This order can be changed by configuring the NetBIOS node type of the client.

Practice II:

•Activating/Deactivating NetBIOS over TCP/IP.Start Network Network and sharing Center Manage Network ConnectionsRight click on “Local Area Connections” and select properties select “Internet Protocol v4” properties advanced WINS tab

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is different than a domain name. The IP address is an actual set of numerical instructions. It communicates exact information about the address in a way that is useful to the computer but makes no sense to humans. The domain name functions as a link to the IP address. Links do not contain actual information, but they do point to the place where the IP address information resides. It is convenient to think of IP addresses as the actual code and the domain name as a nickname for that code. A typical IP address looks like a string of numbers. It could be 232.17.43.22, for example. However, humans cannot understand or use that code. To summarize, the domain name is a part of the URL, which points to the IP address.

What's in a Domain Name?Domain names function on the Internet in a manner similar to a

physical address in the physical world. Each part of the domain name provides specific information. These pieces of information enable web browsers to locate the web page. The naming system is closely regulated in order to prevent confusion or duplicate addresses. As demand increased exponentially, a new Internet Protocol version, or IPv6, was created to expand the amount of domain names available.

How do Domains Work?The common fictitious domain name, www.example.com, is

comprised of three essential parts:• .com - This is the top-level domain.• .example. - This is a sub-domain.• www. - This is a sub-domain prefix for the World Wide Web.

The original use of this prefix was partly accidental, and pronunciation difficulties raised interest in creating viable alternatives.

What is FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)?A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is the complete domain

name for a specific computer, or host, on the Internet. The FQDN consists of two parts: the hostname and the domain name.

For example, a FQDN for a mail server might be mymail.somecollege.edu. The hostname is mymail, and the host is located within the domain somecollege.edu.

Typical domain name consists of: domain name and suffix (top level domain name), example: somecollege.edu.

FQDN consists of: host name, domain name and suffix (top level domain name), example: mymail.somecollege.edu.

IP address v4:The original internet addressing system is called (IPv4) “Internet

Protocol Version 4”, and it has numbered the computers of the Internet successfully for years. By employing 32-bits of recombined digits, IPv4 has a maximum of 4.3 billion possible addresses.

Examples of IPv4 addresses: 68.149.3.230, 16.202.228.105

IP address v6:A new internet addressing system is being phased in, and it fills our need for more computer addresses. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is rolling out across the globe, and its enlarged addressing system will fix the limitation of IPv4. IPv6 uses 128 bits instead of 32 bits for its addresses, creating 3.4 x 10^38 possible addresses. These trillions of new IPv6 addresses will meet the internet demand for the foreseeable future.

Example IPv6 address: 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cfExample IPv6 address: 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A

The mapping of host names to IP addresses is handled through a service called Domain Name Service (DNS).

Class A addresses

Class B addresses

Class C addresses

NETWORK ID and HOST ID

Note that: Class A network ID always starts with 0, andClass B network ID always starts with 10, and Class C network IDs always start with 110.

Class Value for w Address Prefix Portion

Host ID Portion

Address Prefixes

Host IDs per Address Prefix

A 1-126 w x.y.z 126 16,277,214

B 128-191 w.x y.z 16,384 65,534

C 192-223 w.x.y z 2,097,152 254

Internet Address Class Summary

NETWORK ID and HOST ID

Public Addresses:Public addresses are assigned by InterNIC (International Network Information Center) and guaranteed to be globally unique to the Internet.

Private Addresses:A private IP address is an address assigned to a device on a private TCP/IP Local Area Network that is accessible only within the Local Area Network. For a resource inside the Local Area Network to be accessible over the Internet, a device within the Local Area Network must be connected to the Internet with a public IP address, and the networking must be appropriately configured.

The same Internet standards organizations have reserved the following three IP address ranges that will never be registered publicly:

First IP in block Last IP in block

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

A subnet is a logical division of a single TCP/IP address. It has the following benefits:

– It reduces the amount of overall traffic on any network segment by collecting systems that communicate often, into groups.

– It makes it easier for networks to grow and expand.– It adds an extra layer of security controls.

Subnets work by taking bits from the host part of an IP address and using those bits to divide a single IP network address into two or more subnets.

The base subnet masks for Class A, B, and C networks are 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0 respectively.

Subnet Mask and Subnetting

A router is an electronic device and/or software that connects at least two networks and forwards packets among them according to the information in the packet headers and routing tables.

Routers are needed to communicate across IP subnets.Each router’s IP address on each subnet must be known to every client on that subnet.Default gateway: is where all out-of-subnet transmissions are directed by default.If no default gateway is defined, clients cannot communicate outside their subnet.

Practice III:•Configuring TCP/IP on Windows Server 2008:

The basic items needed to configure TCP/IP are:⁻ IP address⁻ Subnet mask⁻ Default gateway

• Windows Firewall filters incoming traffic to block unwanted network traffic.

• Inbound rule can be applied on program, port, a Windows Server component, or on both program and port.

• Windows Firewall can also filter outgoing traffic to limit the risk of malware.

• Outbound rules are enabled for DHCP requests, DNS requests, Group policy communications, Internet Group Management Protocol, or IPv6 and related protocols.

Practice IV:•Turn windows Firewall on/off•Windows firewall settings

• An enhanced firewall.• It manages communications between in-house network and

external networks like the internet.• Hide the identity of internal clients.• Retain local copies of frequently accessed resources.• Improve response time for users.

• WINS servers resolve NetBIOS names into IP addresses.

• WINS servers: WINS server you can maintain a database that maps computer names to their respective IP addresses and vice versa.

• WINS clients: When workstations (on a network with WINS servers) boot, they provide the WINS server with their computer names, share names, and IP addresses. The WINS server handles everything else. If a workstation needs an IP address that corresponds to a NetBIOS name, it asks the WINS server to supply that information.

Resolve domain names and FQDNs to IP addresses.A FQDN is the type of name used to identify resources on the

internet to make them easier to access.

• Used to dynamically assign IP addresses and other configuration settings to systems as they boot.

• DHCP manages IP address distribution using leases.

Windows Server includes a few TCP/IP tools that you can employ to help track down problems.Already mentioned is ipconfig; here are the others:•PING: This tool tests the communications path between your system and another remote system. •TRACERT: This tool reveals the hops (systems encountered) between your system and a remote system. •ROUTE: This tool is used to view and modify the routing table of a multi-homed system.•NETSTAT: This tool displays information about the status of the current TCP/IP connections.•NSLOOKUP: This tool displays DNS information that helps you to manage and troubleshoot your DNS server.•TELNET: This tool is used to establish a text-based terminal emulation with a remote system. Telnet gives you access to a remote system as if you were sitting at its keyboard.

C2: SATURDAY 05-Dec-2015 12:00C3: SATURDAY 05-Dec-2015 13:30

Title: “ACTIVE DIRECTORY”

THANKS