DemographyPopulation (2015): 61,706,000.Density (2015): persons per sq mi 530.4,persons per sq km 204.8.

Sex distribution (2014): male 48.22%;female 51.78%.

Population projection: (2020)62,020,000; (2030) 63,453,000.

Major cities/urban agglomerations(2013/2011): Rome 2,863,322(3,298,000); Milan 1,324,169(2,909,000); Naples 989,111 (2,373,000);Turin 902,137 (1,613,000); Palermo 678,492 (915,000); Genoa596,958; Bologna 384,202; Florence 377,207; Bari 322,751; Catania315,576; Venice 264,534; Verona 259,966; Messina 241,997; Padua209,678; Trieste 204,849; Taranto 203,257; Brescia 193,599; Prato

191,268; Parma 187,938; Reggio di Calabria 184,937; Modena 184,525; Perugia 166,030; Livorno 160,512;Ravenna 158,784.

Households. Average household size (2012) 2.3; composition of households (2001): 1 person 24.9%, 2persons 27.1%, 3 persons 21.6%, 4 persons 19.0%, 5 or more persons 7.4%. Family households (2001):21,810,676, of which couple with children 41.5%, single family 24.9%, couple without children 20.8%,mother with children 7.3%, father with children 1.6%.

Immigration (20083): resident foreigners 3,432,651.

Europe’s migrant crisis (see Special Report on page302) continued to loom as Italy’s most pressing for-eign and domestic issue in 2015. Thousands of

refugees died attempting the hazardous Mediterraneancrossing in barely seaworthy craft, and Italy’s OperationMare Nostrum, which had rescued more than 150,000migrants in just one year, was terminated in October 2014because of a lack of support from other EU members.After an estimated 800 people were killed in a single ship-wreck in April, the EU voted to dramatically expand itsmultinational Triton sea-rescue operation. With morethan 100,000 refugees reaching Italian shores in 2015,Prime Minister Matteo Renzi faced a political showdown,as opposition politicians characterized the crisis as “aninvasion” and suggested housing the migrants on aban-doned oil rigs off the Libyan coast.

Urban-rural (2014):

Italy

Official name: Repubblica Italiana (ItalianRepublic).

Form of government: republic with two legisla-tive houses (Senate [3221]; Chamber ofDeputies [630]).

Head of state: President Sergio Mattarella.Head of government: Prime Minister MatteoRenzi.

Capital: Rome.Official language: Italian.2Official religion: none.Monetary unit: euro (>); valuation (Sept. 1, 2015)1 U.S.$ = >0.89; 1 £ = >1.36.

Area and populationarea4 population area4 population

Regions 2015 Regions 2015Provinces Capitals sq mi sq km estimate Provinces Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Abruzzo (Abruzzi) L’Aquila 4,156 10,763 1,331,574Chieti Chieti 999 2,587 392,763L’Aquila L’Aquila 1,944 5,034 304,884Pescara Pescara 473 1,225 322,759Teramo Teramo 752 1,948 311,168

Basilicata Potenza 3,859 9,995 576,619Matera Matera 1,331 3,447 201,305Potenza Potenza 2,527 6,545 375,314

Calabria Catanzaro 5,823 15,081 1,976,631Catanzaro Catanzaro 924 2,392 363,707Cosenza Cosenza 2,568 6,650 717,535Crotone Crotone 662 1,716 174,328Reggio di Calabria Reggio di Calabria 1,229 3,183 557,993Vibo Valentia Vibo Valentia 440 1,139 163,068

Campania Naples 5,247 13,590 5,861,529Avellino Avellino 1,078 2,792 427,936Benevento Benevento 800 2,071 282,321Caserta Caserta 1,019 2,639 924,614Napoli Naples 452 1,171 3,118,149Salerno Salerno 1,900 4,922 1,108,509

Emilia-Romagna Bologna 8,539 22,117 4,450,508Bologna Bologna 1,429 3,702 1,004,323Ferrara Ferrara 1,016 2,632 354,073Forlì-Cesena Forlì 969 2,510 395,897Modena Modena 1,039 2,690 702,364Parma Parma 1,332 3,449 445,394Piacenza Piacenza 1,000 2,589 288,013Ravenna Ravenna 718 1,859 391,997Reggio nell’Emilia Reggio nell’Emilia 885 2,292 533,248Rimini Rimini 154 400 335,199

Lazio Rome 6,655 17,236 5,892,425Frosinone Frosinone 1,251 3,239 496,971Latina Latina 869 2,251 572,472Rieti Rieti 1,061 2,749 158,981Roma Rome 2,066 5,352 4,342,046Viterbo Viterbo 1,395 3,612 321,955

Liguria Genoa 2,093 5,422 1,583,263Genova Genoa 709 1,836 862,175Imperia Imperia 446 1,155 216,818La Spezia La Spezia 341 882 221,663Savona Savona 596 1,545 282,607

Lombardy Milan 9,213 23,863 10,002,615Bergamo Bergamo 1,051 2,722 1,108,853Brescia Brescia 1,846 4,782 1,265,077Como Como 497 1,288 599,905Cremona Cremona 684 1,771 361,610Lecco Lecco 315 816 340,251Lodi Lodi 302 783 229,576Mantova Mantova 903 2,339 414,919Milano Milan 610 1,579 3,196,825Monza and Brianza … 156 405 864,557Pavia Pavia 1,145 2,965 548,722Sondrio Sondrio 1,240 3,212 182,086Varese Varese 463 1,199 890,234

Marche Ancona 3,743 9,694 1,550,796Ancona Ancona 749 1,940 477,892Ascoli Piceno Ascoli Piceno 474 1,227 211,266Fermo … 332 860 176,380Macerata Macerata 1,071 2,774 321,905Pesaro e Urbino Pesaro 1,117 2,892 363,353

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National economyGross national income (GNI; 2013): U.S.$2,102,846,000,000 (U.S.$34,280 percapita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$34,710 per capita).

Budget (2011)5. Revenue: >736,202,000,000 (direct taxes 30.7%; indirecttaxes 30.2%; social security contributions 29.4%; nontax revenue 8.3%).Expenditures: >798,565,000,000 (current expenditure 94.0%, of which socialbenefits 38.2%, wages and salaries 21.3%; capital expenditure 6.0%).

Public debt (May 2009): U.S.$2,137,581,000,000.Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012–13) 290,978,-000,000 ([2011] 313,800,000,000), by source (2012): fossil fuels 67.6%;renewable energy 32.4%, of which hydroelectric 14.7%, solar 6.7%, wind4.7%, biomass 4.4%, geothermal 1.9%; hard coal (metric tons; 2011) 92,000(24,200,000); lignite, none (none); crude petroleum (barrels; 2012–13)

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2013): 8.9

(world avg. 19.5).Death rate per 1,000 population (2013): 10.0(world avg. 8.1).

Natural increase rate per 1,000 population(2013): –1.1 (world avg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2013): male 79.3years; female 84.7 years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) living withHIV (2009): 0.3%6 (world avg. 0.8%).

Age breakdown (2014): Ethnolinguistic composition (2000):

Religious affiliation (2005):

Resident foreigners (20083):

Area and population (continued)

area4 population area4 population

Regions 2015 Regions 2015Provinces Capitals sq mi sq km estimate Provinces Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Molise Campobasso 1,713 4,438 313,348Campobasso Campobasso 1,123 2,909 226,520Isernia Isernia 590 1,529 86,828

Piedmont Turin 9,808 25,402 4,424,467Alessandria Alessandria 1,375 3,560 431,885Asti Asti 583 1,511 219,292Biella Biella 352 913 181,089Cuneo Cuneo 2,665 6,903 592,060Novara Novara 530 1,373 371,418Torino Turin 2,637 6,830 2,291,719Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Verbania 858 2,221 160,883

Vercelli Vercelli 806 2,088 176,121Puglia Bari 7,474 19,358 4,090,105Bari Bari 1,477 3,825 1,266,379Barletta-Andria-Trani … 594 1,539 394,387Brindisi Brindisi 710 1,839 400,721Foggia Foggia 2,690 6,966 633,839Lecce Lecce 1,065 2,759 806,412Taranto Taranto 941 2,437 588,367

Tuscany Florence 8,878 22,993 3,752,654Arezzo Arezzo 1,248 3,232 346,442Firenze Florence 1,365 3,536 1,012,180Grosseto Grosseto 1,739 4,504 224,481Livorno Livorno 468 1,213 339,070Lucca Lucca 684 1,773 393,478Massa-Carrara Massa 447 1,157 199,406Pisa Pisa 945 2,448 421,816Pistoia Pistoia 373 965 292,509Prato Prato 133 344 252,987Siena Siena 1,475 3,821 270,285

Umbria Perugia 3,265 8,456 894,762Perugia Perugia 2,446 6,334 664,155Terni Terni 819 2,122 230,607

Veneto Venice 7,104 18,399 4,927,596Belluno Belluno 1,420 3,678 207,894Padova Padova 827 2,142 938,296Rovigo Rovigo 691 1,789 242,533

Treviso Treviso 956 2,477 887,293Venezia Venice 950 2,460 858,198Verona Verona 1,195 3,096 923,664Vicenza Vicenza 1,051 2,722 869,718

Autonomous regionsProvinces

Friuli-Venezia Giulia Trieste 3,034 7,858 1,227,122Gorizia Gorizia 180 467 140,897Pordenone Pordenone 878 2,273 313,972Trieste Trieste 82 212 236,073Udine Udine 1,889 4,893 536,180

Sardinia Cagliari 9,301 24,090 1,663,286Cagliari Cagliari 1,764 4,570 561,925Carbonia-Iglesias Carbonia; Iglesias 577 1,495 127,857Medio Campidano Sanluri; Villacidro 585 1,516 100,141Nuoro Nuoro 1,519 3,934 158,413Ogliastra Lanusei; Tortolì 716 1,854 57,642Olbia-Tempio Olbia 1,312 3,399 159,950Oristano Oristano 1,174 3,040 162,643Sassari Sassari 1,653 4,282 334,715

Sicily Palermo 9,927 25,711 5,092,080Agrigento Agrigento 1,175 3,042 447,738Caltanissetta Caltanissetta 822 2,128 274,024Catania Catania 1,371 3,552 1,116,917Enna Enna 989 2,562 171,190Messina Messina 1,254 3,248 645,296Palermo Palermo 1,927 4,992 1,276,525Ragusa Ragusa 623 1,614 318,983Siracusa Siracusa 814 2,109 405,111Trapani Trapani 951 2,462 436,296

Trentino–Alto Adige(Trentino-Südtirol) Trento (Trient) 5,254 13,607 1,055,934

Bolzano (Bozen) Bolzano (Bozen) 2,857 7,400 518,518Trento Trento (Trient) 2,401 6,218 537,416

Valle d’Aosta(Vallée d’Aoste) Aosta (Aoste) 1,260 3,263 128,298

TOTAL 116,346 301,336 60,795,612

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National economy (continued)35,800,000 ([2011] 534,000,000); petroleum products (metrictons; 2011) 72,288,000 (57,582,000); natural gas (cu m;2012–13) 8,251,000,000 ([2011] 77,830,000,000).

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2012): wheat 7,767,300, grapes 5,819,010,tomatoes 5,131,977, olives 3,017,537, sugar beets 2,501,200,apples 1,991,312, oranges 1,770,503, potatoes 1,597,800,peaches and nectarines 1,331,621, mushrooms and truffles785,000, tangerines, mandarins, clementines, and satsumas759,579, pears 645,540, pumpkins, squash, and gourds 520,000; livestock (number of live animals; 2013) 8,661,500 pigs,7,015,700 sheep, 6,091,500 cattle, 500,000 beehives; roundwood (2013) 7,744,470 cu m, of which fuelwood 70%; fisheriesproduction 363,434 (from aquaculture 45%). Mining and quarrying (2011): limestone 37,269,000; alabaster 7,000,000; gyp-sum 5,939,000; feldspar 4,700,000 (world rank: 2); pozzolana 4,000,000; marble and travertine 3,516,000; granite 1,585,000.Manufacturing (value added in U.S.$’000,000; 2009): fabricated metal products 36,442; food products 24,675; general pur-pose machinery 21,087; paints, soaps, pharmaceuticals 17,600; transportation equipment 17,071; special purpose machinery16,322; bricks, cement, and ceramics 11,571; glass products 9,668; electrical equipment 9,096; textiles 8,957; furniture 7,986;base metals 7,702; wearing apparel 7,691; precision and scientific equipment 6,304; footwear and leather products 6,072.

Population economically active (2014): total 25,561,000; partic-ipation rates: age 15 and above, male 58.7%; female 40.1%;unemployed 12.7%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 42.7%.

Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops14.5%, left fallow 1.9%, in permanent crops 8.6%, in pas-ture 15.7%, forest area 31.4%.

Foreign trade11, 12, 13

Imports (2013): >359,454,000,000 (chemicals and artificialfibres 15.4%, metals and metal products 9.8%, computersand electrical apparatus 9.8%, crude petroleum 9.7%, trans-port equipment 8.2%, food, beverages, and tobacco 7.8%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013): >389,854,000,000 (machinery and apparatus18.4%, metals and metal products 11.7%, chemicals andartificial fibres 11.6%, wearing apparel 11.5%, transportequipment 9.5%, computers and electrical apparatus 8.3%). Major export destinations:

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): total population age 15 and over literate,99.2%; males literate 99.4%; females literate 99.0%.

Health (2011): physicians 248,723 (1 per 239 persons); hos-pital beds 207,947 (1 per 286 persons); infant mortalityrate per 1,000 live births (2009) 3.6; undernourished pop-ulation (2006–08) less than 5% of total population.

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2009): route length (2011) 10,379mi, 16,704 km; passenger-km 48,124,000,000; metricton-km cargo 17,791,000,000. Roads (2007): totallength 303,040 mi, 487,700 km (paved 100%); passen-ger-km (2006) 795,700,000,00014; metric ton-km cargo179,411,000,000. Vehicles (20113): passenger cars35,871,854; trucks and buses 4,655,314.

1Includes 7 nonelective seats (5 presidential appointees and 2 former presidents serv-ing ex officio). 2In addition, German is locally official in the region of Trentino–AltoAdige and French is locally official in the region of Valle d’Aosta. 3January 1. 4Regionareas are based on an end-of-2002 survey; province areas are based on an older surveyand therefore may not sum to the region area. 5According to the general governmentbudget; for Italy this is the central government budget and some of the local govern-ment budget. 6Statistically derived midpoint within range. 7Taxes less subsidies.8Includes 1,692,000 unemployed. 9End of year. 10Yearly average. 11Imports c.i.f.;exports f.o.b. 12Includes San Marino and Vatican City. 13Provisional. 14Passenger cars693,000,000,000; buses 102,700,000,000. 15Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• National Statistical Institute www.istat.it/en• Banca d’Italia www.bancaditalia.it

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2014): 176,000

(army 58.6%, navy 17.6%, air force 23.8%); para-military 183,500; U.S. military forces 11,360. Militaryexpenditure as percentage of GDP (2014): 1.2%; percapita expenditure U.S.$394.

Financial aggregates2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Exchange rate, > per9:U.S. dollar 0.76 0.68 0.72 0.69 0.75 0.77£ 1.49 1.36 1.05 1.12 1.17 1.19SDR 1.14 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.15 1.19

Interest and pricesCentral bank discount (%) … … … … … …Govt. bond yield (%) 4.05 4.49 4.68 4.31 4.04 5.42Share prices10

(2005 = 100) 115.7 127.0 88.1 63.0 66.9 61.1

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2014 94,20015 1,54315

Landline 2014 20,570 337

Internet users 2009 29,236 488Broadband 2014 14,37015 24015

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2009 2008

in value % of total labour % of labour>’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 25,084 1.6 895,000 3.6Mining and quarrying 4,865 0.3 36,000 0.1Manufacturing 220,602 14.5 4,805,000 19.1Construction 85,932 5.7 1,970,000 7.9Public utilities 31,327 2.1 144,000 0.6Transportation andcommunications 99,599 6.5 1,294,000 5.2

Trade, hotels 203,946 13.4 4,719,000 18.8Finance, real estate 393,893 25.9 3,271,000 13.0Public administration, defense 93,207 6.1 1,436,000 5.7

Services 209,271 13.8 4,798,000 19.1Other 153,1447 10.17 1,728,0008 6.98

TOTAL 1,520,870 100.0 25,096,000 100.0

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