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It is More than Just Tasks: Achieving Sustainable Reductions

in Non-Vented HAP’s by Connecting Basic Care to Nursing’s Advocacy Role

Kathleen M. Vollman MSN, RN, CCNS, FCCM, FAANClinical Nurse Specialist / Educator / Consultant

ADVANCING NURSINGkvollman@comcast.net

Northville Michiganwww.Vollman.com

© ADVANCING NURSING LLC 2015

Disclosures

Sage Products Speaker Bureau & Consultant

Hill-Rom

Eloquest Healthcare

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Session Objectives

• Create the link of patient advocacy to the basic nursing care

• Define key fundamental evidence based nursing care practice that reduces non-vented HAP Discuss strategies to overcome barriers

Notes on Hospitals: 1859

“It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a Hospital that it should do the sick no harm.”

Florence Nightingale

Advocacy = Safety

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PROTECT THE PATIENT FROM BAD THINGS HAPPENING ON YOUR WATCH

Interventional Patient Hygiene

• Hygiene…the science and practice of the establishment and maintenance of health

• Interventional Patient Hygiene….nursing action plan directly focused on fortifying the patients host defense through proactive use of evidence based hygiene care strategies

Incontinence Associated Dermatitis Prevention

Program

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INTERVENTIONAL PATIENT HYGIENE(IPH)

Oral Care/ Mobility

VAP/HAP

Catheter Care

CA-UTI CA-BSI

Skin Care/ Bathing/Mobility

HASISSI

HAND

HYGIENE

Patient

Vollman KM. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2013;22(4): 152-154

Attitude &

Accountability

Factors Impacting theability to Achieve QualityNursing Outcomesat the Point of Care

Achieving the Use of the Evidence

Value Vollman KM. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2013;22(4): 152-154

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Missed Nursing Care

• “Any aspect of required patient care that is omitted (either in part or whole) or significantly delayed.”

• A predictor of patient outcomes

• Measures the process of nursing care

Hospital Variation in Missed Nursing Care

Kalish, R. et al. (2012) Am Jour Med Quality, 26(4), 291-299.

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Patient Perceptions of Missed Nursing Care

Kalisch, B et al. (2012). TJC Jour Qual Patient Safety,38(4), 161-167.

Why HAI's?Protecting Patients From Harm

Estimates: 183 Hospitals in 10 States

HAI: 722,000/year

HAI-related deaths: 75,000/year

Hospitalized patients develop infection: 1 out of 25 (4%)

Death due to sepsis/septic shock: 700/day

Money spent: $45 billion/year

Increase risk of readmission:

27days vs. 59 days

Magill SS, et al. New England Journal of Med, 2014;370:1198-208

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Health Care Associated Infection Data

Measurement NHSN 20123742 hospitals in US

Estimated # of Infections

HAP/per 1000 patient days

157,500 (21.8%)

VAP/per 1000 vent days

Range of pooled means0.2 (Ped CVICU) -4.4 (Burn ICU)

49,900

CLA-BSI/per 1000 cath days

Range of pooled means 0.8 (CVICU)-3.4 (Burn ICU)Step-down-Ward0.3 (Adult Rehab)-2.4 (Burn)

15,600

CA-UTI/per 1000 cath days

Range of pooled means0.7 (Peds Surgical)-5.0 (Neuro ICU)0.0 (Well Baby) – 4.1 (Peds rehab)

35,600

Dudek MA, et al Am J Infect Control,2013;41:1148-1166Magill SS, et al. New England Journal of Med, 2014;370:1198-208

Preventing NV-HAP Through Evidence Based Fundamental

Nursing Care Strategies & Do No Harm

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• Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)– 48 hours

– Meets algorithm of criteria (CDC, 2003)

• Types of HAP– VAP

– NV-HAP

– Post op pneumonia

Definition: Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

ATS (2005)CDC (2003)

Why NV-HAP?: DO NO HARM

• HAP 1st most common HAI in U.S.– Increased morbidity 50% are not discharged back

home

– Increased mortality 18%-29%

– Extended LOS 4-9 days

– Increased Cost $28K to $109K

– 2x likely for readmission <30 day

• Understudied, under-addressed

• Focus has been on the other HAP VAP

• Surveillance not required….yet

Kollef, M.H. et.al. (2005). Chest. 128, 3854-3862.ATS, (2005). AmJ Respir Crit Care Med. 171, 388-416.Lynch (2001) Chest. 119, 373S-384S.Pennsylvania Dept. of Public Health (2010).

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Oral Intensity: Reducing NV-HAP in Neuro Impaired Patients

• Method– Quasi-experimental, comparative study

– Adults, acute Neuroscience unit Western Canada

– 51 retrospective patients – standard oral care

– 34 prospective patients – enhanced oral care

• Results– Statistically significant decrease in NV-HAP (p<0.05)

Robertson, T & Carter, D. (2013) Can J Neurosci Nurs, 35(2), 10‐17.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia:Non-Ventilated versus Ventilated Patients in Pennsylvania”

• Purpose:– Compare VAP and NV-HAP incidence, outcomes

• Methods:– Pennsylvania Database queried

– All nosocomial pneumonia data sets (2009-2011)

Retrieved on 4/24/13 from http://patientsafetyauthority.org/Pages/Default.aspx

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Results:

•Mortality•Incidence•Total deaths•Total cost•Wide‐spread

Retrieved on 4/24/13 from http://patientsafetyauthority.org/Pages/Default.aspx

• Purpose:– Determine incidence and clinical factors of NV-HAP

• Method:– Descriptive, quasi-experimental study using retrospective

data

– Inclusion criteria:

• All adult discharges

• ICD-9 codes of pneumonia not POA

• AND met CDC definition of HAP

Incidence, Prevalence of NV-HAP: A Local Study (2010)

Quinn, B., Baker, D., et. al. (2013).  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.

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Hap ICD-9 Codes480.8

481482

482.1482.2

482.39482.41482.42482.82482.83482.89

483.8484.1484.6484.7

485486

• 24,482 patients and 94,247 patient days

• 115 cases of NV-HAP

• Total estimated annual effect of NV-HAP:

– $4.6 million

– 23 deaths

– 1035 days

Results

Quinn, B., Baker, D., et. al. (2013). Basic nursing care to prevent nonventilator hospital‐acquired pneumonia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship.

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NV-HAP SMCS Research Findings: 2010

Incidence:

• 115 adults

• 62% non-ICU

• 50% surgical

• Average age 66

• Common comorbidities:

CAD, COPD, DM, GERD

• Common Risk Factors:

Dependent for ADLs (80%)

CNS depressant meds (79%)

Quinn, B. et al. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2014. 46(1):11-19

Pathogenesis Prevention

Germs in Mouth

• Dental plaque provides microhabitat• Bacteria replicate 5X/24 hrs

Aspirated into Lungs

• Most common route• 50% of healthy adults micro-aspirate

in sleep

Weak Defenses

• Poor cough• Immunosuppressed• Multiple co-morbidities

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Healthcare Acquired Pneumonia

• Risk Factor Categories– Factors that increase

bacterial burden or colonization

– Factors that increase risk of aspiration

Body Position: Supine versus Semi-recumbent(30-45 degrees)

Methodology• 19 mechanically ventilated patients• 2 period crossover trial• Study supine and semirecumbent

positions over 2 days• Labeled gastric contents

(Tc 99m sulphur colloid)• Measured q 30 min content of

gastric secretions in endobronchial tree in each position

• Sampled ET secretions, gastric juice & pharyngeal contents for bacteria

Torres A et. al Ann Intern Med 1992;116:540-543

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Body Position: Supine versus Semi-recumbent (30-45 degrees)

• Radioactive contents higher in endobronchialsecretions in supine patients

• Time dependent:

– Supine: 298cpm/30min vs. 2592cpm/300min

– HOB: 103cpm/30min vs. 216cpm/300min

• Same microbes cultured in all 3 areas 32% with HOB vs. 68% supine.

Torres A et. al. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:540- 543

Results

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Risk Factors for Oral Bacteria in the Hospital

• Poor oral health in the U.S. (CDC, 2011)

• Increased bacteria counts• Plaque, gingivitis, tooth decay

• Reduced salivary flow

• 24-48 hours for HAP pathogens in mouth

• If aspirated =100,000,000 bacteria/ml saliva into lungs

Langmore, S. et.al. (1998).  Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: how important is dysphagia?  Dysphagia. 13, 69‐81.

Scannapieco FA, Stewart EM, Mylotte JM. Colonization ofdental plaque by respiratory pathogens in medical intensivecare patients. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:740‐745.

Maintenance Of Oral Health

• Systemic health through prevention of aspiration pneumonia & blood borne infections

• Adequate nutritional intake• Quality of life• Well-being

Research Dissemination Core. Oral hygiene care for functionally dependent and cognitively impaired older adults. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center; 2002 Nov. 48 p.

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The Older Adult At Risk

• Cognitively impaired

• Diminished swallow and cough reflex

• Functionally dependant

• Dry mouth

• Multiple medications

• High rate tooth decay

• Behavioral problems during oral hygiene

Research Dissemination Core. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center; 2002 Nov. 48 p.

Marik PE. et al. Chest; 2003; 124:328–336

Oral Cavity Response to Disease and Insult

Mobilizes defense to maintain integrity & function

If initial defense fails, the oral cavity shifts to resisting the invasions impact

If resistance fails (seen in older adults at risk) the oral cavity succumbs

PainInfection

Bleeding &Inflammation

DifficultyEating & Communicating

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Significant Independent Predictors of Aspiration Pneumonia

Dependant for feedingDependant for oral careNumber of decayed teethTube feedingMultiple medical diagnosesNumber of medicationsDry mouthSmoking

Langmore SE. et al. Dysphagia 1998;13:69-81

Oral Cavity & VAP

• 89 critically ill patients• Examined microbial

colonization of the oropharynx through out ICU stay

• Used pulse field gel electrophoresis to compare chromosomal DNA

• Results:• Diagnosed 31 VAPs• 28 of 31 VAP’s the

causative organism was identical via DNA analysis

• 49 elderly nursing home residents admitted to the hospital

• Examined baseline dental plaque scores & microorganism within dental plaque

• Used pulse field gel electrophoresis to compare chromosomal DNA

• Results• 14/49 adults developed

pneumonia• 10 of 14 pneumonias, the

causative organism was identical via DNA analysis

El-Solh AA. Chest. 2004;126:1575-1582

Garrouste-Orgeas et. al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:1647-1655

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Formation of Biofilm Over 13 Hours

http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/biofilm.htmLoesche, W. 2012

Role of Salivary Flow

• Provides mechanical removal of plaque and microorganisms

• Innate & specific immune components (IgA, cortisol, lactoferrin)

• Patients receiving mechanical ventilation have dry mouth which in turn contributes to accumulation of plaque & reduced distribution of salivary immune factors

Munro CL & Grap MJ. AJCC. 2004;13:25-34

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Current Evidence for Oral Care Procedure• Method:

– Review of 7 RCTs and 1 meta-analysis

• Results:– Toothbrushing removes dental plaque; swabs do not.*

– Chlorhexidine reduces oropharyngeal colonization*

– Chlorhexidine interventions reduce rate of VAP*

– Optimal frequency of basic oral care – unknown*

*Halm, A. Amer J Crit Care.  2009. 18, 275‐278.**Schleder B. et al. J Advocate Health 2002;4(1):27‐30 **Garcia R et al AJCC, 2009;18:523‐534

Comprehensive oral care reduces rate of VAP**

Prevention of VAP with Oral Antisepsis: A Systematic Review & Meta-analysis

• 17 studies evaluated from 1996-2014

• 4249 patients• All randomize trials• 15 trails assessed the

effectiveness of CHG (51% were CABG pts)

• 2 trials evaluated Povidone-iodine (140pts)

• No difference in morality, LOS or VFD

• Variation of additional interventions;*– toothbrushing,– oropharyngel

aspiration– mechanical cleaning

of the mouth– Frequency of

antiseptic

*Labaeu SO, et.al. Lancet. 2011;11:845-854Longti Li, et al. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015;8(2):1645-1657P=0.012

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ICU Oral Care Studies

• Before & after design

• Comprehensive oral care

• Comprehensive defined: Q 2-4hr cleansing, suctioning and moisturizing, brushing twice a day with or without CHG & deep oral cleansing q6hrs

• Results:– Reduction in VAP rates from 63% to 100%

– Protocol variation is significant

Cuccio L, et al, Dimensions in Critical Care Nursing. 2012;31(2):301-308.Hutchins K, et al Amer J of Infect Control. 2009;37(7):590-597.Heck K. , Amer J of Infection Control. 2012;40:877-879.Hillier B, et al Advances in Critical Care. 2013;24(1):38-58.

Does Compliance Make A Difference?

Oral care compliance & use of the ventilator bundle resulted in a 89.7% reduction in VAP

Hutchins K, et al Amer J of Infect Control. 2009;37(7):590-597

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Phase 2:  Could  NV‐HAP be decreased simply brushing the patient’s teeth?

SMCS HAP Prevention Plan

Phase 2: Oral Care

• Formation of new quality team: Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Prevention Initiative (HAPPI)

• New oral care protocol to include non-ventilated patients

• New oral care products and equipment for all patients

• Staff education and in-services on products

• Ongoing monitoring and measurement– Monthly audits

Quinn B, et al. J of Nursing Scholarship, 2014, 46(1):11-19

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Gap Analysis

Best Practice Our Gaps Action To Take

Comprehensive oral care for all (CDC, SHEA)

ICU vent patients only Develop inclusive oral care protocol

Oral CHG (0.12%)periop adult CV surgery and vent pts. (CDC, ATS, IHI).

Not using CHG on these patients.

Added to preprinted orders, and to protocol

Therapeutic oral care tools (ADA)

Poor quality oral care tools. Absence of denture care supplies.

New tools and supplies.

Protocol – Plain & Simple

Patient Type Tools Procedure Frequency

Self Care / Assist

Brush, paste, rinse, moisturizer

Provide toolsBrush 1-2 minutesRinse

4 X / day

Dependent / Aspiration Risk

Suctiontoothbrush kit (4)

Package instructions 4 X / day

Dependent / Vent

ICU Suction toothbrush kit (6)

Package instructions 6 X / day

Dentures Tools +CleanserAdhesive

Remove dentures & soakBrush gums, mouthRinse

4X / day

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Provide Meaningful Data

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Mea

n O

ral C

are

HA

P C

ases

SGH Ortho - Association of Mean Oral Care to HAP Frequency

Number HAP CasesMean Oral Care

Ortho Unit had ZERO HAP cases in the last 4 months of 2013!!

Great WORK!!

Remember, the goal is to provide and document oral care after each meal and before bedtime.

Provide Meaningful Data

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Frequency of Oral Care: Increased in the ICU

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

baseline Mar-13

Frequency of Oral Care for Non-vented patients in the ICU 300%

Open Heart Surgery Patients: NV-HAP Reduced 75%

Oral chlorhexidine periop started

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0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

X-bar chart mean oral care May, 2012 through December, 2013 (excludes months with < 10 cases)

Mean OralCare

Oral Care Frequency Per 24 Hours –All Units

Baseline

NV-HAP Incidence 50 % Decrease from Baseline

0

2

4

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20

JAN

201

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FE

B 2

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MA

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AP

R 2

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0

JUL

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AU

G 2

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SE

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010

OC

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NO

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C 2

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Y 2

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JUN

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JUL

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AP

R 2

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ases

Month/Year

Control chart for NV-HAP January 2010 to December 2013

UCL

LCL

Average

Oral CareBaseline

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Return on Investment

60 NV-HAP avoided Jan 1 – Dec. 31 2013

$2,400,000 cost avoided

- 117,600 cost increase for supplies

$2,282,400 return on investment

•12 lives saved

It is not enough to do your best; you must know what to do, and THEN do your best.

~ W. Edwards Deming

It is not enough to do your best; you must know what to do, and THEN do your best.

~ W. Edwards Deming

Used with Permission Advancing Nursing LLC      Copyright 2013 AACN and Advancing Nursing LLC

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