Slide 1

It explains learning in terms of observable behaviours and how they are influenced by stimuli from the environment. Slide 2 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Ivan Pavlovs 5 concepts 3. Generalization 4. Operant Conditioning Slide 3 A type of learning that occurs when individuals learn to produce involuntary emotional or physiological responses similar to instinctive or reflexive responses. Slide 4 Object or event causing the instinctive or reflexive physiological or emotional response. Slide 5 Instinctive or reflexive physiological or emotional response caused by the unconditioned stimulus. Slide 6 An object or event that does not initially impact behaviour one way or the other. Slide 7 Formerly neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Slide 8 A learned physiological or emotional response that is similar to the unconditioned response. Slide 9 The conditioned and unconditioned stimuli must exist at the same time. Slide 10 Slide 11 FoodUnconditioned Stimulus Salivation Unconditioned Response (natural, not learned) BellConditioned Stimulus SalivationConditioned Response (to bell) Slide 12 FoodUnconditioned Stimulus SalivationUnconditioned Response (natural, not learned) BellConditioned Stimulus SalivationConditioned Response (to bell) Slide 13 Teachers or peers affect how you feel when you enter the class. When a teacher creates a friendly environment in the class, the pupils will generally feel comfortable entering the class. Slide 14 Occurs when stimuli is similar- but not identical - to a conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response by themselves (N. Jones, Kemenes, & Benjamin, 2001) Slide 15 Observable responses that change in frequency or duration as the result of consequences, events that occur following behaviours. (B.F. Skinner, 1953, 1954) In summary, behaviours are largely controlled by consequences rather than by stimuli preceding the behaviour. The consequence of an action results in the behaviour portrayed. Slide 16 The term used by B.F. Skinner to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior. There are four types of Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction. Both Positive and Negative Reinforcement strengthen behavior while both Punishment and Extinction weaken behavior Slide 17 The process of applying reinforcers to increase behaviour. Slide 18 Process of increasing the frequency or duration of a behaviour as the result of presenting a reinforcer. Sometimes, reinforcing of undesirable behaviour may result. Slide 19 Process of increasing behaviour by avoiding or removing an aversive stimulus (Baldwin & Baldwin, 2001; B.F. Skinner, 1953) Slide 20 The removal of an adverse stimulus which is rewarding to the animal. Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience. Slide 21 a process which reinforces successive approximation of the desired behaviour. Slide 22 Use of punishers to weaken behaviour. Slide 23 Type of stimulus ActionBehaviourConcept Desirable Present Strengthen Positive Reinforcement Aversive Remove Strengthen Negative Reinforcement Present Weaken Type 1 punishment Aversive Slide 24 Desirable Remove Withheld Weaken Type 2 punishment: Time out Type of stimulus ActionBehaviourConcept Extinction Slide 25 The ABC of Behavioral Learning Slide 26 Learning is about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behaviour include the consequences of previous behaviour.