ist 228\ch3\ip addressing1 what is tcp/ip? a large collection of networking protocols and services...

$: IST 228\Ch3\IP Addressing1 What Is TCP/IP? A large collection of networking protocols and services The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handles reliable$
IST 228\Ch3\IP Addressing 1

What Is TCP/IP?

• A large collection of networking protocols and services

• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handles reliable delivery for messages of arbitrary size, and defines a robust delivery mechanism for all kinds of data across a network

• The Internet Protocol (IP) manages the routing of network transmissions from sender to receiver, along with issues related to network and computer addresses, and much more


Origins of TCP/IP• In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency

(ARPA), a branch of the United States Department of Defense (DoD), funded an academic research project for a special type of long-haul network with following objectives:– A desire to withstand a potential nuclear strike– A desire to permit different kinds of computer

systems to easily communicate with one another

– A need to interconnect systems across long distances

• A packet-switched network, which is known as ARPANET, was built as a result of this project


IP Addressing

• An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network

• IP address consist of 32 bits divided in to four sections (octets)

• Usually depicted in one of three formatsDecimal: 172.16.30.56Binary: 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000Hexadecimal: AC 10 1E 38

• 232=4,294,967,296 possible number of addresses


Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

Decimal Binary120,321 101010

100×1= 1101×2= 20102×3= 300103×0= 0104×2= 20,000

+ 105×1= 100,000120,321

20×0= 021×1= 222×0= 023×1= 824×0= 16

+ 25×1= 3258

20 = 021 = 222 = 423 = 824 = 1625 = 3226 = 6427 = 12828 = 256

00000000= 010000000= 12811000000= 19211100000= 22411110000= 24011111000= 24811111100= 25211111110= 25411111111= 255

Practice: Write IP address 10101100.00010001.00011000.

01010011 in decimal numbers.


Hierarchical Addressing

• IP addressing is a hierarchical addressing

• Hierarchical addressing makes sure efficient routing

IP Pool

Network

Host Host

Network Network

Sub-net Sub-net

Host Host


Network Address Ranges• Class A: the first bit of the first byte is

always 0 (0xxxxxxx.)– Range

• minimum 00000000. =0. • maximum 01111111. =127.

– Format: network.node.node.node– Valid Network Addressing

• 00000000.- is reserved for the default route for the network

• 01111111.- is reserved for diagnostics• What is the maximum usable number of Class A

network addresses?– Valid Host Addressing

• -.0.0.0 is reserved for network address• -.255.255.255 is the broadcast address• What is the maximum usable number of Class A node

(hosts) addresses?


• Class B: The first byte is always 1 and the second byte is always 0 (10xxxxxx.)– Range

• minimum 10000000.=128.• maximum 10111111.=191.

– Format: network.network.node.node– Valid Host Addressing

• -.-.0.0 is reserved for the network address• -.-.255.255 is the broadcast address• What is the maximum usable number of Class B node (hosts)

addresses?• Class C: The first two bytes are always 1 (11xxxxxx)

– Range• 11000000. = 192• 11111111. = 223

– Format: network.network.network.node– Valid Host Addressing

• -.-.-.0 is reserved for the network address• -.-.-.255 is the broadcast address• What is the maximum usable number of Class A node (hosts)

addresses?• Class D: Reserved for multicast address (224-239)• Class E : Reserved for scientific purposes (240-255)


Subnetting

• Breaking a large network into smaller networks

• Benefits– Reduced traffic– Optimize network performance– Simplified management– Helps expending the network

• To create subnetworks, bits from the host portion is revered to define the subnet address


Subnet Mask

• 32-bit information to distinguish the network and host portions of the IP address


Subnetting Class CBinary Subnet mask Shorthan

dSubnets on the network

Hosts per subnet

-.00000000

255.255.255.0 Default Subnet mask

-.10000000

255.255.255.128

/25

-.11000000

255.255.255.192

/26 2 62

-.11100000

255.255.255.224

/27 6 30

-.11110000

255.255.255.240

/28 14 14

-.11111000

255.255.255.248

/29 30 6

-.11111100

255.255.255.252

/30 62 2

Subnetting formulasx=number of masked bitsNumber of subnets on the network= 2x-2Number of hosts per subnet=28-x-2

Last two digits are reserved for hosts


Example

Network address=192.168.10.0Subnet mask=255.255.255.192

Subnet 6401xxxxxx

Subnet 12810xxxxxx

01 000000=64 The network (192.168.10.64)01 000001=65 The first valid host (192.168.10.65)01 111110=126 The last valid host (192.168.10.126)01 111111=127 The broadcast (192.168.10.127)

10 000000=128 The network (192.168.10.128)10 000001=129 The first valid host (192.168.10.129)10 111110=190 The last valid host (192.168.10.190)10 111111=191 The broadcast (192.168.10.191)


Fast Way: Subnetting a Class C1. Find the network addressesSubnet mask=192256-192=64 based number and .64 is the first subnet64+64=128 the second subnet.128 is the second subnet128+64=192 (subnetmask. Stop)2. Find the broadcast address for each subnet The number immediately preceding next subnet number3. Find the valid host addresses Valid host are numbered between the subnets.

The network The valid host addresses The broadcast address

Subnet 64

Th

192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.127

192.168.10.128 e network The valid host addresses The broadcast address

Subnet 128

Network 192.168.10.0Mask 25

192.168.10.129 192.168.10.120 192.168.10.191

5.255.255.192


ExampleNetwork address=192.168.10.0Subnet mask=255.255.255.224The numbers of subnets and host? Network and Broadcast Addresses for each subnet? Valid Host Addresses?


Subnetting Class BBinary Subnet mask Shorthand Subnets on

the networkHosts per subnet

-.0000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 Default Subnet mask

-.10000000. 00000000

255.255.128.0 /17

-.11000000. 00000000

255.255.192.0 /18 2 16,382

-.11100000. 00000000

255.255.224.0 /19 6 8,190

-.11110000. 00000000

255.255.240.0 /20 14 4,094

-.11111000. 00000000

255.255.248.0 /21 30 2,046

-.11111100. 00000000

255.255.252.0 /22 62 1,022

-.11111110. 00000000

255.255.254.0 /23 126 510

-.11111111. 00000000

255.255.255.0 /24 ? ?

-.11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

/25 510 126

-.11111111.11000000

255.255.255.192

/26 1,022 62

-.11111111.11100000

255.255.255.224

/27 2,046 30

-.11111111.11110000

255.255.255.240

/28 4,094 14

-.11111111.11111000

255.255.255.248

/29 8,190 6

-.11111111.11111100

255.255.255.252

/30 16,382 2

Number of subnets on the network= 2x-2Number of hosts per subnet=216-x-2


Example

Network address=180.168.0.0Subnet mask=255.255.192.0

Subnet 6401xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx

Subnet 12810xxxxxx.xxxxxxx

01000000.000000=64.0 The network (180.168. 64.0)01000000.000001=64.1 The first valid host (180.64.1)01111111.111110=127.254 The last valid host (180.168.127.254)01111111.111111=127.255 The broadcast (180.168.127.255)

10000000.000000=128.0 The network (180.168. 128.0)10000000.000001=128.1 The first valid host (180.128.1)10111111.111110=191.254 The last valid host (180.168.191.254)10111111.111111=191.255 The broadcast (180.168.191.255)


Example•Network Address=172.16.0.0•Subnetmask=255.255.240.0The numbers of subnets and host? Network and Broadcast Addresses for each subnet? Valid Host Addresses?


Example•Network Address=172.16.0.0•Subnetmask=255.255.255.192 (/26)The numbers of subnets and host? Network and Broadcast Addresses for each subnet? Valid Host Addresses?

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