issue 04 year 03 social sciences&...

Recent Researches

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&Social Sciences

HumanitiesISSN 2348–3318

International Refereed & Blind Peer ReviewedMultidisciplinary Research Journal

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Anita SharmaAssociate Professor & Head,Department of English, B.S.M. (P.G.) College, Roorkee

Editor

� Dr. Ruby Charak, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Psychology, University of Texas,Rio Grande Valley, USA

� Dr. Rita Sahai, Director, Hindustani Ensemble, Deptt. of Ethnomusicology, UCDavis, USA

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Joint Editor

� Dr. Arti Bakhshi, Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Psychology, Jammu University, J&K, India

� Dr. Purnima Srivastava, Asso. Professor & Head, Department of Education, K.L.D.A.V.P.G.

College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand

� Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Sr. Asstt. Professor, Department of Psychology, Jammu University,

Jammu (J&K)

� Dr. Rakam Singh Sandhu, Professor & HOD, Department of Physical Education,

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana)

� Dr. Vidyapati, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Ewing Christian College, An Autonomous

Constituent College of Central University, Allahabad

� Dr. Shiv Shankar Mishra, Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Sanskrit, Shri Lal Bahadur Sanskrit

Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), New Delhi

� Dr. Poonam Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Education, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

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Assistant Editor� Dr. Santosh Kr. Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. Girls Degree College, Khanpur (Haridwar) Uttarakhand

� Dr. Neelam Kumari, Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Education, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand

Advisory Board� Dr. Rajesh Chandra Paliwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand

� Dr. Tirth Prakash, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Manglour Town, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand

Chief Patron� Dr. V.K.Maheshwari, Ex. Principal, D.A.V. P.G. College, Roorkee (UK)

� Prof. Neelam Sood, Head, Department of Inclusive Education, NUEPA, New Delhi

S E BUBJECT XPERT OARD:

Philosophy� Dr. Shiv Kumar, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Philosophy, Agra College, Agra (UP)

Psychology� Dr. Hemadri Kumar Sao, HOD, Deptt. of Clinical Psychology, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar

� Dr. (Mrs.) Priyamvada Srivastava, Prof., School of Studies in Psychology, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla Univ., Raipur, Chhatisgarh

� Dr. Santosh Kr. Vishwakarma, Asso. Prof., Deptt.of Clinical Psychology, DSVV, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Psychology, D.A.V.P.G.College, Muzaffarnagar

� Dr. Gaurav Agarwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Clinical Psychology, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar

Education� Dr. Promod Kumar Naik, Prof. & Dean of Arts, Dr. C.V.Raman Univ., Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh.

� Dr. Harish Chand Singh Rathor, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varansi (U.P.)

� Dr. Rita Arora, HOD, Deptt. of Education, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

� Dr. Indira Dull, Professor, M. D. University, Rohtak (Haryana)

� Dr. R.P.Pathak, Professor, Deptt. of Education, Shri Lal Bahadur Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), New Delhi

� Dr. Ghosiya, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Education, Bareilly College, Bareilly (U.P.)

� Dr. Kavita Suri, Asstt. Prof., Department of Life Long Learning, Jammu University (J&K)

� Dr. Pallavi Sachdeva, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Life Long Learning, Jammu University, Jammu Tawi, J&K

� Dr. Gaurav Aggarwal, Asstt. Prof., Department of B.Ed., M.B. Govt. PG College, Haldwani (Nainital) Uttarkhand

Economics

� Dr. Alok Kumar, Professor, Department of Economics, St. John's College, Agra (UP)

� Dr. Archana Mishra, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Economics, S.S.D.P.C.Girls PG College Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK)

� Dr. Sanjeev Bharadwaj, Asstt. Prof., Department of Economics, Government Girls PG College, Sirsaganj, Firozabad

� Dr. Surjeet Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Economics, B.S.M.(P.G.) College, Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK)

Sociology� Dr. D. K. Singhal, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Vidya Rai, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar, Nainital (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Zakiya Rafat, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, R.B.D. P.G. College, Bijnor (U.P.)

� Dr. Kiran Bala , Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, S.S.D.P.C.Girls PG College Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK)

� Dr. (Km.) Poonam Bhushan, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Physical Education� Dr. Hema Pant, Physical Trainer, Deptt. of Sports, I.I.T. Roorkee (UK)

� Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Phy. Edu., Sanskrit University, Haridwar (UK)

Geography� Dr. Jyoti Singh, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Geography, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Pankaj, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

- II -

History� Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Associate Prof., Deptt. of History, Govt. P.G. College, Jahrikhal, Distt.-Pauri (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Ashutosh Saran, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of History, Govt. Degree College, Laksar, UK

� Dr. Seema Chaudhary, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of History, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

Political Science� Dr. D. S.Chauhan, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK)

� Dr. M.K.Pathak, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. College Garai Gangoli, Pithoragarh

Law & Criminology� Dr. A. K. Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Law, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Manisha Saini, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Law, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Sakshi Tyagi, Principal & Head, Deptt. of Law, Dhanauri Law College, Dhanauri, Uttarakhand

Computer & Internet� Dr. Girish Kr. Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of MCA, Bhai Parmanand Inst. of Busi. Studies, Sakarpur, Delhi

� Dr. Deepak Arya, HOD, Deptt. of IT, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee (Haridwar) U.K.

� Dr. Sarvjeet Singh Bhatia, Prof., Deptt. of Comp. Science, Khalsa College, Patiala

� Dr. Rekha Chaudhary, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Comp. Science, Govt. Engg. College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Commerce� Dr. S.C. Bhatnagar, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Commerce, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

� Dr. Naveen Kr. Garg, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Sambhu Dayal P.G. College, Ghaziabad (UP)

� Dr. A.K.Jain, Associate Prof. Deptt. of Commerce, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

� Dr. M. L. Gupta, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, S.S.V.P.G.College, Meerut

� Dr. Anurag Agarwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, S.S. P.G. College, Shahjahanpur (UP)

Visual Art� Dr. Alka Arya, Associate Professor, Department of Drawing & Painting, S.S.D.P.C. Girls PG College, Roorkee (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Ishwar Chand Gupta, Associate Professor, Department of Fine Arts, D. S. (P.G.) College, Aligarh (U.P.)

� Dr. Madhu Jain, Associate Professor, Department of Drawing & Painting, M.L.J.N.K. Girls PG College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Lalita, Asstt. Lecturer, Govt. Girls H. School, Maipawta, Tehsil Chakrata, Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

Environment� Dr. Manjul Dhiman, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Botany, D.A.V.P.G. College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand

Home Science� Dr. Renu Gautam, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Home Science, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

� Dr. Hemlata Sexena, Retd. Prof., Deptt. of Home Science, M.K.P. Girls P.G. College, Dehradun (U.K.)

� Dr. Bindu Nautiyal, S.C.E.R.T., Dehradun (U.K.)

Social Work� Mrs. Shashi Rani, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Social Work, University of Delhi, Delhi

� Dr. Uma Bhahuguna, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Soc./Social Work, HNB Garhwal Central Uni., Srinagar (Uttarakhand)

Yogic Science� Dr. Ishwar Bhardwaj, HOD, Deptt. of Yogic Science, Gurukul Kangri Univerisy, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Suresh Lal Barnwal, HOD, Deptt. of Yogic Science, Dev Sanskriti University, Haridwar

� Dr. Kamakhya Kumar, Asso. Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Yogic Science, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University, Haridwar, UK

� Dr. L. N. Joshi, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Yogic Science, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University, Haridwar, UK

� Dr. Arpita, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Yogic Science, Shimla University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

Music� Dr. Vandana Joshi, HOD, Deptt. of Music [ S.S.J. Campus, Almora], Kumaon University, Nainital

Library Science / Information Science & Mass Communication� Dr. Dhiraj Shukla, Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Journalism & Mass Communication, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University, Haridwar

� C. P. Panday, Deptt. of Library, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University, Haridwar, UK

- III -

LINGUISTICS

(Hindi, English & Sanskrit)

Hindi� Dr. Bihari Lal Yadav, Asso. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Kotdwar, Pauri Garhwal (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Nirmala Sharma, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, M.L.J.N.K. Girls P.G. College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Vidula Singh, Retd. & Head, Deptt. of Hindi, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

English� Dr. Nalini Jain, Associate Prof. & HOD, Deptt. of English, S.M.J.N. P.G. College, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Indu Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of English, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P)

� Dr. Parul Jain, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of English, B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand

� Dr. Praveen Kumar, Principal, Himalayan Doon Academy (B.Ed. College), Sikandarpur, Bhagwanpur (Haridwar)

Sanskrit� Dr. Arun Kumar Mishra, Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Veda, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University, Haridwar

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Recent Researches in Social Sciences & Humanities

ISSN 2348–3318

- IV -

RECENT

EDUCATIONAL &

PSYCHOLOGICALRESEARCHES

ISSN 2278-5949

QU

AR

TE

RLY Apr.-May-Jun.

Jul.-Aug.-Sep.Oct.-Nov.-Dec.Jan.-Feb.-Mar.

Journal PublishedQuarterly

on15th of the Apr., Jul., Oct., Jan.

Email : [email protected] www.recentjournals.in

International Refereed &Blind Peer Reviewed

Research Journal

International Refereed & Blind Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Impact Factor

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- Chief Editor

Editorial Office

787, Lane 9 (East) New Shiv Puram, Paniyala Road,ROORKEE - 247667 Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] India

Contact : +91-9412999793, +91-9319056411 E-mail : [email protected]

www.recentjournals.in www.wellpress.inAll rights reserved

Dearly esteemed readers,

We feel immensely pleased to present the current issue of

our International Refereed & Blind Peer Reviewed

Multidisciplinary Research Journal “R RECENT ESEARCHES IN

S S & HOCIAL CIENCES UMANITIES”. Ours is a quarterly journal

with multi-disciplinary approach.

This present issue with 26 papers introduces us to a wide

spectrum of writers and scholars. This issue covers a

wonderful range of the branches of knowledge namely

English Lit., Hindi Lit., Economics, Education, Psychology,

Sociology, Music, Yoga, Pol. Science, Physical Education,

Drawing & Painting etc.

All the contributors deserve our heartfelt thanks for their

perspective studies. Looking forward for your co-operation

and kind support in the time to come.

EDITOR’s Desk.. .

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Inte

rnat

iona

l Ref

eree

d &

Blin

d Pe

er R

evie

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Mul

tidisc

iplin

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Rese

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Jour

nal

CONTENTSS.No. Titles & Author/s Pages

1. TREATMENT OF MAN AND WOMAN RELATIONSHIP IN GODAN

1-5Anita Sharma

2. POETIC IRIDESCENCE OF TERESINKA PEREIRA

6-8Arbind Kumar Choudhary

3. CHANGE IN RITUALS INDIA

9-14Parul Sharma

4. CULTURAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRADITIONAL CONFLICT

IN BAPSI SIDHWA'S ICE CANDY-MAN

15-19Durgesh

5. INTERPRETATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

COLONIZER AND COLONIZED IN "CAN THE

SUBALTERN SPEAK" BY GYATRI CHAKROVORTY SPIVAK.

20-23Poonam Rani

6. DISPARITY OF GENDER RATIO AMONG MAJOR RELIGIONS

OF JAMMU & KASHMIR

24-31Akhil Bhat & Manoj Bhatt

7. DETERMINANTS OF RURAL NON-FARM SECTOR EMPLOYMENT

IN UTTARAKHAND A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT TEHRI

32-44Kanupriya

8. CORPORATE ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING

THE DISCLOSURE PRCTICES IN INDIAN COMPANIES

45-51Ashish Mittal

9. MEDITATION IN ASHTANGA YOGA

AN ANCIENT INDIAN FORM OF EXERCISE

52-55Rakam Singh Sandhu

10. fczfV'k 'kklu iwoZ Hkkjr esa izpfyr eqæk,saolq/kk vxzoky 56-58

11. xzkeh.k LoPNrk % ,d ifjn`';Lakrks"k dqekj flag 59-66

12. e/;;qxhu Hkkjr esa okf.kfT;d okrkoj.kizoh.k vks>k 67-70

13. e/; fgeky; f'kYi m|ksx % ?kjkV¼,d u;sa mn; dh ryk'k esa½vk'kk vk;Z 71-73

14. vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lanHkZ esa yksd dykvks+a dh Hkwfedkvydk vk;Z 74-76

15. vkxjk ds yksd laxhr esa [;kyxksbZ ijEijkizhfr 'kkjn 77-83

Contd....

- VI -

CONTENTSS.No. Titles & Author/s Pages

16. dqekÅ¡ esa ^elk.k* iwtu ijEijkdq0 uhye ,oa lat; dqekj VEVk 84-88

17. dyk ds Hkkjrh;dj.k dk ;qx&xqIr;qx'kqDyk vks>k 89-91

18. mÙkjk[k.M ds dqek¡Å e.My esa oS".ko vorkjokn ojkeHkfDr 'kk[kk esa lEcU/kpUædkUrk vk;kZ 92-95

19. fgeky;h jkT; mÙkjk[kaM % iyk;u ls vfHk'kIr¼vFkZ] dkj.k o laHkkfor mipkjkRed fodYi½lanhi dqekj 96-99

20. rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;k;sa ^,d lekt'kkL=h; vè;;u*vatw oktis;h 100-102

21. vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; dk l'kfDrdj.k % ,d lektoSKkfud v/;;uuezrk oekZ 103-106

22. mRrjk[k.M ds ifjizs{; esa ekr`Ro e`R;q Lrj dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u ¼15&49 o"kZ½euksjek 'kekZ 107-113

23. miHkksDrk vf/kdkj % miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vfHkdj.k @ laLFkk,¡nhid dqekj VEVk 114-117

24. euqLe`fr esa of.kZr Ik;kZoj.kh; vkpkj euq"; o izd`fr dslEcU/kksa dh vo/kkj.kk orZeku lanHkZ esaxkxhZ uSuoky 118-120

25. ^^v¡èksjs esa** ds cgkus mtkys ds fy, la?k"kZvthr flag 121-124

26. EFFECT OF YOGA PACKAGE ON LUNGS FUNCTION

125-128Dayanand Prasad & Gyan Prakash Singh

The views and ideas expressed in the articles are the exclusive

opinions of the authors and have nothing to do with the opinions of

Recent Educational & Psychological Researches. Publisher and Editorial

Board do not own any responsibility. Authors are liable for any copyright

clearance, Factual inaccuracies and views expressed in their papers.

- VII -

RECENT RESEARCHES in

SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 01 - 05

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 01 -

ABSTRACT

TREATMENT OF

MAN AND WOMAN RELATIONSHIP

IN GODAN

Relationships, especially man-woman relationship have been one of the major concernsand chief preoccupations of literature from an immemorial period of time. Theserelationships assume a paramount importance in the context of Indian society. So Indianwriters creating literature in different languages seem sometimes to hinge entirely on thisfundamental relationship between man and woman. Premchand is one of the mostvoluminous novelists to be recknoned with in the tradition of Indian Hindi novelists andstory-tellers who has emerged as an equally bold signature in the world of English readingpublic as his great works, Novels and stories have been translated into English as well. Thefocus of the present paper is on the treatment of man-woman relationship in Premchand'sGodan.

Anita SharmaHOD, Deptt. of English,

B. S. M. P. G. College,Roorkee (Haridwar) UK

International Refereed & Blind Peer-Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Received 1st BPR 2nd BPR Accepted: 01/02/2017 : 01/02/2017 : 03/02/2017 : 04/02/2017

http:// & http://recentjournals.in wellpress.inPeriodicity : , Language :Quarterly English & Hindi

“Man-Woman relationship is a tangled skein full of intricacies and complexities…. In fact, men andwomen are inherently different. Though they belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, yet they aredifferent. They usually have different sets of ideals, beliefs, feelings, attitudes and have different choices,preferences and points of view…”

This observation made by Kanwar Dinesh Singh is extremely significant. These differences in term offeelings, beliefs, choices etc. he ascribes largely to “biological differences”. Such differences have beendealt with variously by scholars, thinkers and literary beings in India and abraod. In Why Men Don'tListen and Women can't Read Maps Allan and Barbara Pease have arrived at the conlcusion which in noway can be talen lightly: “All things are not equal; men and women are different… Not better or worse-different.” These differences affecting the male-female relationship become more marked when appliedto a particular society.

It goes without denial that men and women are different in these respects, yet they are similar incertain other ways. First of all, they are human beings. The question of 'gender' comes only afterwards.'Being human' simply means that they have a certain physical likeness. For example, their sensoryexperiences of hearing and seeing etc. are identical and so are their basic human experiences of love,hatred, happiness sorrow, jealousy etc. Both are subjected to social and political pressures. Both areengaged in their own search for meaning of life and being. These similarities can not and even should notmake us ignore the fundamental differences which affect and finally decide the course of theirrelationship.

Premchand, like many other great Indian novelists was quite alive to the inricacies of thisfundamental relationship between man and moman. A close observer of the social surroundings, heturned into a committed painter of the social reality. In his masterpiece “Godan” Premchand dwells onthe man-woman relationship at length. We come across many pairs of lovers who represent various

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 4, Year : 3, Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 01-05 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Anita Sharma

TREATMENT OF


IN GODAN


- 02 - http:// & http://recentjournals.in wellpress.inPeriodicity : , Language :Quarterly English & Hindi

forms of love and marriage relationship. Mention may be made of (1) Hori and Dhania, (2) Gobar andJhunia, (3) Matadin and Selia (4) Bhola and Nohri (5) Sona and Mathura and (6) Rupa and Ramsevak.These pairs hail from the village. In the city the relationships that deserve special mention are –(1) Khanna and Mrs. Khanna (2) Khanna and Malti and (3) Mehta and Malti.

In the love and married life of the village depicted in Godan Hori-Dhania, Sona-Mathura and Rupa-Ramsevak are the couples married according to all the social rituals and so enjoy the sanction of thesociety. Hori and Dhania share together bliss and grief of life, get angry, even have the moments ofbitterness but all these are momentary feelings. They have a good understanding between them. So all theconflicts, their fighting on occasions and displeasure do not at all affect their relationship. They stayunited together amidst all the odds of life. Passing together through all the troubles of life, they respecteach other's feelings. In the last touching scene of Hori's death, whatever Dhania does and says clearlyestablishes her concern for her husband. Hori had a life-long desire for cow. He somehow even managedto buy a cow but his own brother Heera poisoned her and she died. When Dhania realises that the lastmoment of Hori's life has arrived, she thinks of his longing for cow. And the novelist records vividly herconcern thus:

“Dhania rose like a machine, went in the and brought out twenty annas which she has earnedfrom the sale of yarn. Placing the coins in the icy palm of her husband, she looked at Datadin,“Maharaj, there's neither cow nor a calf nor any money in the house. This is all the money, I have; thisis all I can give. Take this in place of the cow.” (288)

The relationship of Hori and Dhania presents a lofty picture of conugal love. The love begins withlove relationship of the two. Their love is not confined to the two alone but is a vast and deep one thatstands firm in the ups and downs of life. All the differences, conflicts, bitterness and fightings are easilydrowned in one sweet smile. Dr. Krishna Dev Jhari in his study of 'Godan' very frankly and generouslyshowers praises on Hori-Dhania relationship. According to him, “This love may not be physicallyrefined but the love of Dhania for her husband leaves behind the love of hundreds of heroines ofReetikal in the point of loftiness.”

Sona and Mathura relationship experiences a happy and smooth sailing. They live a happy marriedlife. Sona's love for her husband is again a great example of loftiness. It presents a picture of ideal love.Sona is true and faithful to her husband and so can not tolerate when her husband tries to go astray. Whenshe comes to know that Mathura tries to flirt with Selia, her anger knows no bounds. Her husband realiseshis guilt. It is all because of her true and deep love.

The treatment of Gobar-Jhunia relationship reveals one more phase of married love. Jhunia is Bhola'sdaughter whose husband was stabbed to death during the Hindu-Muslim riots. Gobar meets her firstwhen he goes to her father's village to buy his cow and falls in love with her. Their love begins in physicalintoxication. Premchand depicts the reaction: “The first contact with her body ran a shiver through himas though he had touched a live fire. How soft, how cushionary, her wrist was! Jhunia did notwithdraw her hand. She said very seriously, “Remember today you held my hand in your.”

This is how the love between them beins and develops. She expects his child, Gobar undertakes theresponsibility of his liason with Jhunia but is scared of social restrictions. Leaving her at the threshold ofhis home, he flees to Lucknow. Dhania accepts her as her daughter-in-law even though the family has topay a heavy price for it. Gobar's love now makes him realise his duty towards Jhunia. He earns moneythere, comes to his village and goes back to Lucknow with his wife and son. Their life goes on well therebut Gobar's lack of self-discipline spoils the happiness of both. Gobar feels dis-satisfied, Jhunia feelsdesperate. The death of her son makes her very detached. And Premchand makes a noteworthycomment:

“By sharing her grief, by probing into her afflicted heart, Gobar would have come closer to her.But he stopped short at the barren shores of her outward life, not caring to enter the great sea of her




Anita Sharma

TREATMENT OF


IN GODAN


heart; and he went away thirsty.” (225)Jhunia felt certain that “Gobar was utterly selfish and heartless and she meant nothing more to him

than an object for his physical gratification.” Thus they made it a point to misunderstand each other. as aresult, a wide gap yawned between the two. It is only when Gobar gets seriously injured in Mill-workersstrike that he realises his mistake. He asks Jhunia to forgive him:

“I'm hurt Jhunia I'm dying. Forgive me. God has punished me. I treated you badly.” (232)Jhunia's heaft softens and she forgives him. In order to support him and the family, she becomes a

grass-cutter and earns livelihood. This relationship illustrates that the enjoyment of physical pleasurealone is not the goal and meaning of life. The true bliss of life lies in sacrifice.

The handling of Matadin and Selia affair brings to light the revolutionary aspect of Premchand.Matadin, the son of the village pandit, Matadin has relation with Selia, a cobbler women. An intercasteunion and affair of this type was simply an idea too imaginative to be realised in Premchand's times.Undoubtedly, in the treatment of this relationship Premchand is much ahead of his age. Dr. Krishna DevJhari thinks that in Godan the progressive mind of Premchand has become absolutely fearless and bold.This fearlessness is clearly reflected in the treatment of this relationship.

Selia-Matadin relationship does not go smooth. There are many hurdles to be crossed. The first one isthat of the caste. Matadin belongs to the Brahmin community. The next one is that Matadin is a hypocrite,cunning and selfish. While Selia comes before us as an ideal Indian woman who is loyal and faithful toher lover. She is hard-working and owns sacrificial nature. In spite of being rejected by the family ofMatadin and her own family, she does not lose courage. All the atrocities and indifferent attitude ofMatadin do not weaken her loyalty and faithfullness.

When Selia is expecting his child, Matadin wants to dump her. He tells her that she has no right onhim. When she dumps seer of grain in Dulari's outstretched end of sari, he thunders “What right have

you over my grain?” Have I no right over your things?”…She asks, ““No” Matadin's eyes bulged with rage. “You have no claim over me. You work, you are paid for it. If

you want to give away my things, you can't do it. If this work doesn't suit you, find another. There's noshortage of workers here.” (202)

Earlier also Matadin cunnigly exploited her love for him. Premchand comments on her plight:“Selia looked helplessly at Matadin like a bird which has been turned out of the cage with wings

clipped. Where else could she go? Though unmarried in the eyes of the world she belonged toMatadin, She wanted to flutter back into the cage even if she had to break her head by striking itagainst the bars. She remembered that day just two years ago. Matadin had sworn by the sacred threadround his neck that he would always treat her as a legally-wedded wife… And now the same man hadhumiliated her so outrageously.” (202-203)

She tolerates all the humiliation but she is also bold enough to assert her decision and identity. Sheeven does not agree with the behaviour of her parents with Matadin and denies going with them to herhome. But when Matadin too deserts her saying not to look at her that ,“I have nothing to do with you”

she does not let him go se easily. She “Seized his hand strongly. “You can't leave me like this. There arehandsomer and more respectable people than you in the village. But I have never cared even to look atthem. You can't drive me away like this. I'll work as a labourer, I'll beg if you deny me food. But I won'tleave you.”

These words show her boldness even they could not touch and move hard-hearted Matadin. Hedeserts her but she does not lose her courage. Neglected by him and her family, she begins to live withHori and Dhania. Matadin ultimately accepts her. And perhaps Premchand through this acceptancewants to give the message of inter-caste marriage to the society. Matadin realises the mistake of desertingSelia. When the son of Matadin and Selia dies of pneumonia, he openly expresses his grief:

“He carried the dead body to the cremation ground by the side of river, a mile away. For eight days




Anita Sharma

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IN GODAN


he kept his arms stiff.” (274)After a month he gathers courage to face Selia, to express repentance and promises to live with her till

the end of her life. He is even prepared to renounce his religion: “I want to be cobbler, not a Brahmin.”

(275) He calls Selia's hut as “Ourhouse”: “This is our house; this is my temple.” (275)In the city the relationship between Mr. Khanna and his wife Govindi, Premchand names 'Strained'.

Premchand states “Why the relations were strained, is not easy to say. Astrologers said there was aconflict in their stars, although before their marriage the Pundits had taken every care to see that theirhoroscope tallied perfectly. According to the science of love, there could be some other reasons for thedifferences between husband and wife… But the fact remained that their relations were strained.”(151)

But Premchand, in fact, seems to know the real cause. Govindi is mainly devoted to her duties andresponsibilities. Mr. Khanna is a slave to lustful life. He runs after “Society girls” and so can not see her“Intrinsic beauty.” Unhappiness of Mrs. Khanna is due to the lustful nature of her husband. He isindifferent, unsympathetic and even harsh towards her:

“In spite of this khanna was every thing to her. Ever after fallen grace, she was his slave. She could notthink of life without him.” (152) Once fed up with her husband's unjust treatment, she makes up her mindto escape from her duties. On such occasions Mr. Mehta comes to help her by making her realise her owngreatness as a woman and mother.

“…Please don't underestimate yourself. There are few persons whom I have any serious regard.You are one of them. Your patience, sacrifice and love are unparalleled. You are the embodiment of myideal of womanhood?” (156)

He also frankly and whole-heatedly utters: “…Deviji. That's your home and will always remainyour home. You have created it; you have given life to it. Motherhood enjoys the most exalted status inlife. In such an exalted position, one is above insult or humiliation. A mother gives life. What does itmatter to her whether somebody is annoyed with her or shouts at her?” (159)

Such utterances sustain her failing courage and with greater spirit she involves herself in herdomestic duties. Finally she emerges victorious. Khanna wakes from his trance only when his Mill isburnt. His wounded heart finds relief in the love of Govindi. She tries her best to console her husband'safflicted heart: “Whe are you disheartened? Money is the root of every evil, the destroyer of the soul.After all what did we gain by being rich… A true man does not bow his head before wealth. He lovestruthfulness, justice, sacrifice, perseverance. If these qualities were missing in a man, the worldwould think him a cheat and shut its doors on him” (238)

Khanna and Malti relationship is an important one to be taken into account. It casts its shadow overthe married life of Mr. and Mrs. Khanna. Blind to the “Intrinsic beauty” of his wife 'Govindi', Mr. Khannaruns after “Society” girls. Malti, a doctor by profession, is one ot such girls. She with all her ways is able toimpress Mr. Khanna. The real intention of such girls Mrs. Khanna can smell. When Mr. Khanna tellsGovindi that he can marry Malti any time, she retorts: “She won't marry you even if you scrape yournose at her feet for seven incarnations. To her you're a pony. She'll give you grass, pat your mouth, andstroke your flanks to keep you trim for a ride. She carries a thousand senile specimens like you in herhand bag.” (153)

Mehta-Malti relatonship is very interesting. The portrayal of their courtship and love in Godan isequally captivating. Both have their own liveliness-one due to his franskness in speaking and intellect,the other due to her butterfly manners. He admires her beauty and intelligence: “Miss Malti is pretty,intelligent, broad-minded and other things besides. But the qualities I seek in my life's partner aremissing in her. In my idea, a wife should be an embodiment of sincerity and self-abnegation whoeffaces her own individuality and merges herself with her husband's personality...” (212)

After coming into contact with Mehta, the change begins to occur in Malti. The man she had met sofar, excited her voluptuous nature. Her good instincts kept on depleting. But now Mehta's contact




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TREATMENT OF


IN GODAN


brought a great change in her: “She would often visit poor patients without charging fees: besides her

behaviour towards them mellowed.” (246)Malti with this self-transformation attracts Mehta towards her: “…the more he saw of Malti, the

more he felt pulled towards her. He knew that he did not much store by beauty, that only virtue hadany meaning for him.” (249)

Each of the two is a mirror in which the other sees its reflection, the real self, has a betterunderstanding and develops a true relationship. Malti is nor more a butterfly to Mehta. He frankly states:“You are a goddess.” And Malti says: “A goddess of stone. You should add that too”. Mehta says: “No

not of stone, but a living goddess of sacrifice, of many mercies.” (271)Thus Premchand has no one to stand close to him in giving the most realistic interpretation of the

man-woman relationship. 'Godan' is the product of his mature mind where he is raising the notes of thetrumpet of awakening and awareness. The woman here is boldly and steadfastly marching aheadtowards self-realization and self-affirmation. Bearing all the burden of duties, on occasions evensubdued by man, she never gives up her demand for peace and love.

Work cited:� Agrawal Sadhna: 'Man-woman Relationship in Godan' pub. in Indian Fiction in English Translation

ed. By Shubha Tiwari, Atlantic Publishers New Delhi 2005.� Allan and Barbara Pease, “Why men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps” (London: Pease

International) revised Indian edition, Bhopal: Manjul Publishing House, 2001� Jhari, Dr. Krishna Dev: Rasavadi Sameeksha of Godan pub. in Radha Krishna Mulayankan Mala:

Godan ed. by Rajeshwar Radha Krishna Prakashan.� Premchand : Godan translated by Jai Ratan and P.Lal. Bombay: Jaico Publishing House.

All the textual references have been taken from this translation and page nos. are given in parenthesis.� Singh, Dinesh Kanwar: Contemporary Indian English Poetry, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi, 2008.



Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 06 - 08

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 06 -

ABSTRACT

POETIC IRIDESCENCE OF TERESINKA PEREIRA

Teresinka Pereira who is the president of the International Writers and ArtistsAssociation, U.S.A,is primarily a mother-figure due to her a number of poetry collectionsand several other books on various subjects for the spiritual whirlwind for Tom, Dick andHarry in general and her verse- suitors in particular amidst the sophistries of the monetaryminded fellows on this strife-stricken earth. The tragedy of tsunami in the South Asiancountries filled her heart with intense misery and pain. The violation of natural orderbecomes fatal for the peeping generations next to come. The burning issues she brings to lightstir sensations to the verse-suitors and the musers alike. Like Joy Rainey King TeresinkaPereira glorifies natural beauty in its original form that is, in fact, the real jewel of this earth.The roaring clouds, chirping birds, flowing rivers,whistling air and several other naturalfeatures make her a poet of romantic tradition in American literature. She has inhaled thenectar of love that is spiritual. Teresinka Pereira is the champion of the champions so far theuses of mythology in the verses are concerned. She calls Neil Armstrong the real hero of theworld.Teresinka Pereira is really a starry literary celebrity who has been perfuming thepoetic passage with novel thought, sensational capital idea and poetic pigments for theliterary whirlwind all around the continent.

: mother-figure, jewel, nectar, mythology, whirlwind etc.Keywords

Arbind Kumar Choudhary,Associate Prof. of English,

Rangachahi College,Majuli, Assam, India




Teresinka Pereira, the president of the International Writers and Artists Association, U.S.A, is areputed rhetor amidst the versifiers all around the corner who credits more than three thousand poems, anumber of poetry collections and several other books on various subjects for the spiritual whirlwind forTom, Dick and Harry in general and her verse- suitors in particular amidst the nebulosity of the monetarymonarchy on this strife-stricken earth. The prime purpose of her poetic life is to perfume the poeticpassage with novel thought, racy style, sensational approach and thought provoking capital idea for thepeeping poets in all her conscience.

In her poem 'Tsunami' she brings to light the disaster caused by the tsunami in which thousands ofinnocent lives irrespective of race or religion or region are devoured in a moment. The tragedy of tsunamiin the South Asian countries filled her heart with intense misery and pain. The groaning children,wounded women, crying men, helpless animals and, above all , groaning humanity were the witness ofthe result of the tsunami that fire not only the poetic passion of Teresinka Pereira for versification ontsunami but warn also the human beings not to violate the natural order for the sake of temporary benefitfor the human beings. The violation of natural order will be fatal for the peeping generations sooner orlater. She elicits the troublesome impact of tsunami in her poem ' Tsunami':

“The revolution of timeconsuming rich and poor

Muslims, Jews and Christians



Arbind Kumar Choudhary

POETIC IRIDESCENCE OF

TERESINKA PEREIRA



Buddhists, atheists and Bramanists,All share death and open hell

On South Asia beaches.”

As an expert versifier she prefers free verse to rhyme due to the interrupted flow of feelings in life .The lucidity, clarity and simplicity of the verses make her a champion of the champions so far style ofversification is concerned. The uses of various figures of speech add additional beauty to her poeticgarden.The mythology,history and various other global personalities persuade a number of her verse-suitors in and outside America. The style of lyrical luminosity she incorporates thrills the verse-suitorswithout interruptions. The capital idea she propounds stirs sensations to the verse-suitors and themusers alike.

Like Emily Dickinson Teresinka Pereira brought freshness, vivacity, wit and restraint in to the lyricalform. Like E.A. Poe she believes that the intensity and fervour of emotions was more effectivelycommunicated by restraining and regulating them. Like Emily Dickinson she draws images fromvarious sources—flowers, wars, voyages of exploration, tsunami, love and many others. Like Joy RaineyKing Teresinka Pereira glorifies natural beauty in its original form that is, in fact, the real jewel of thisearth. The roaring clouds, chirping birds, flowing rivers, whistling air and several other natural featuresmake her a poet of romantic tradition in American literature. Melancholy is also the part and parcel of herverses that runs wild without interruptions. The natural beauty that lies in the beholder's eyes beautifiesher poetic genre in to to. As a matter of fact she is really the nature- suitor in her verses that has beenproved ever fruitful for the generations next to her. She calls for a change of attitude towards sexuality asan element of character, personality, the emotions and a theme in literature. Her poetry is experimental,regional and universal. The universal poetic approach, racy style, pigmented passage and captivatingcapital idea of this putative poetess Teresinka Pereira mould many a shaping soul for the poeticperfection in their career that earn the credit of poetic recognition all around the corner. Teresinka Pereirais really an Indian Sarojini Naidu who has moulded the creative souls due to the melodious song inEnglish poetry.

To Teresinka Pereira poetry is ever new and energetic. It is the perfume of poetry that pierces thenebulosity of the piggish philosophy for the revival of the spiritual world for Tom, Dick and Harry on thisstrife- stricken earth. It is only time that recognizes the essence of the poetry from time to time. All types ofpoems are inspiring, thought provoking and sensational. Teresinka Pereira muses melodiously in thisstanza.

' Poetry is always newBut it is sufficient to embellish it

To match the occasion'.

In one of her interviews she unfolded her heart regarding the definition of poetry.“Only when you have a poem in front of your eyes you can decide if the poem is good or bad. The

definition then comes from what you expect from the poem. I have always expected that poetry brings mea surprising lyricism. Poetry is very important to my life. I have to quote what a brilliant Brazilian poetsaid about poetry. Poetry is the timber that floats reason sinks. Therefore any poem that can survive theshipwreck of reason is good.”

The violation of human rights is really a crime for this poetess in this world. She versifies this poem onthe eve of World Poetry Day:

“Poetry is ripe fruitOf the soul

Necessary nutrientOf our dreams and hopes


Poetry is tendernessIs honey of words universe of mysteries

Magic memoriesOf Heaven lived

On EarthEvery day.”

What captivates the heart of the poetry lovers is the theme of love, human-right, ecological order,brotherhood, nature, hypocrisy, discrimination, exploitation and various others of her poems that makeher a global literary celebrity inspite of the muddy surroundings prevailing all around the globe . Thechastity of the human values must be restored for the spiritual whirlwind. As a matter of fact she is not apoet but the messiah and the propagator of the human values for all those deprived of its nectar . She isreally an explorer of the human soul who tries her best of the human soul who tries her best to revive thehuman values for the sake of the sufferers in this world.

She has inhaled the nectar of love that is spiritual and fiery. Love is the birthright of all human beings.It is Love that runs wild without interruptions. Love is really a nectar for the sensitive souls. Life withoutlove is ever troublesome . As a result she versifies this poem ' Love':

“Love becomes lonelinessIt is noble and proud

And if is not dominatedby a real passion

love has hopedreams youth courage

and most of all loveis nourished with pardons.”( p. 7)

Teresinka Pereira is the champion of the champions so far mythology in the verses is concerned. Shecalls Neil Armstrong the real hero of the world. In one of her poems ' Love Lession For Freedom' sheversifies:

“Freedom is the transparentAnd volatile love.

It is like a cloud that passes by the skysLandscape.”

Development at the cost of the annihilation of the natural order is ever disastrous for the humanbeings in general and the peeping generations in particular. Teresinka Pereira is really a global celebritywho has been perfuming the poetic passage with novel thought, capital idea and poetic pigments for theliterary whirlwind all around the continent.

Works Consulted:� Prasad, V.S. Skanda,Samvedana, 2005, No. 34 , p. 54.� Choudhary, A.K, Kohinoor 2013, No. 2, Vol. 14 , p. 3 .� Choudhary , A.K, Kohinoor 2010, No 2, Vol. 8 , p. 2 .� Choudhary , A.K, Kohinoor 2010, No.2, Vol. 8 , p. 6.� Choudhary , A.K, Kohinoor 2014, Vol. 15, No.1, p.7� Choudhary , A.K, Kohinoor 2011, Vol. 9, No.1, p.16



Arbind Kumar Choudhary

POETIC IRIDESCENCE OF

TERESINKA PEREIRA




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 09 - 14

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 09 -

ABSTRACT

CHANGE IN RITUALS INDIA

The present study of change in rituals among Hindus is a Sociological sudy undertakenin Bijnor District of Western U.P. Whether one like it or not, but with the change in times,behavior and customs change too. As a result of Westernization and Modernization, wecelebrate today birthday in English Calendar and with English manners by blowing off thecandle. We celebrate wedding anniversaries and 1st of January as a new year instead ofVikrami Samvat that starts on 1st of Chetra month. This change need to be documented aftermaking empirical studies. In this study we have focused our attention on the rituals relatedto child birth and marriage, and have documented the observance of rituals and change inthem across three Generations.

Parul SharmaLecturer, Deptt. of Sociology,

B.S.M.P.G. College,Roorkee (Haridwar) UK


Received 1st BPR Revised 2nd BPR Accepted: 26/11/2016 : 23/12/2016 : 22/01/2017 : 24/01/2017 : 31/01/2017


INTRODUCTIONThe functional significance of religion as it interacts with other elements of culture is manifested in the

form of religious beliefs and rituals. Our ideas about supernatural forces when put to practice, take theform of religious action and ritual is a particularly important form of religious action(Johnson, 1960). Heidentified six general characteristics of Rituals.

· Ritual often involve the manipulation of tangible sacred objects, and the action is meaningfulwithin the frame of reference of the supernatural order though it may or may not have a logicaljustification.

· The performance is part of the religious system for attaining salvation in some form. Sometimesits effectiveness is presumed to depend upon the “will of a supernatural being; thus, whenpeople speak of prayer or supplication, they imply that supernatural being who is addressedmay or may not full fill the wishes of the petitioner.

· In some rituals, however the performance is automatically effective provided that it is carriedout according to certain prescriptions. “A sacrament is not fulfilled by the fact that one believes init, but by the fact it is performed.

· The ritual may be happy even joyous, but it is not regarded by the faithful as primarily a form ofentertainment; it is as Durkheim says, “Part of serious life itself” it is not casual.

· Being goal- directed, ritual is a kind of instrumental action, but it is also expressional that ischarged with symbolic content expressing.

Some rituals, called rites of transition supernaturally mark the transition from one social status toanother, of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, five are rites de passage: these are Baptism,conformation, extreme unction, ordination and matrimony. Ordination, for example, confers upon aman of status of a priest- that is, the supernatural power of administering all seven sacraments and thusgiving grace. Rites de passage have the Sociological function of impressing upon the recipient and those



Parul Sharma




who will henceforth interact with him the rights and obligations of his new status role(Johnson:1960).Ritual is a ceremonial or formal solemn act, observance or procedure done in accordance with a

prescribed rule or custom. Rituals are meant to induce change or reflect a change that is already takingplace .The rituals can be classified into multiple categories based on various scheme such as temple vshome Agamic vs Vedic, regional vs all India and textual vs popular. Popular indigenous categories ofritual include Yojna , Sanskara, Utsava, Vrata, Archna and puja. Most of these categories are fluid andoften component ritual steps overlap one another. Here the focus of our study is on a class of ritualscollectively called Sanskara. Rites of Passage can be grouped under five important heads they are:

Prenatal Rituals - Garbhadhana, SimantonayanRituals of childhood - Jatkarma, namkarna, niskarma, anaprashan, karnvedhaEducational Rituals - Vidyaramabh, upnayanMarriage Rituals - VivahFuneral Rituals - Death

Over a period of time there is a change in the rituals because of a number of processes likeUrbanization, westernization, modernization, globalization and information revolution. A change hasbeen noticed in style of life, values and above all priorities of life, that has led to a change in rituals as wellas change in the method of their observance, but this change has not been documented. We need to do indepth studies of change in rituals and its impact on family life and on social realations.

Rather some new rituals are replacing them and the mode of their observance is affected by westernstyle. Birthday celebrations and many more are additions to and some where replacing the old rituals. Allthese changes need an empirical study to see precisely the magnitude of change in rituals and its impacton family and society at large. This study is a humble attempt in this direction.

METHODOLOGYThe universe of this study is district Bijnor of Western U.P. There are five tehsils in the district out of

which Tehsil Nagina is selected for the present study. Nagina is small town and a municipal area. It iswood craft city. In addition it has many powerloom units and sugar industries as well. We selected twodensely populated areas of Nagina by random sampling Mohalla Mughlan and Manak Chowk and threevillages named Jeetpura, Begampur and Budawala for intensive study. We took voter list of all theseareas and selected married Hindu ladies of all ages. We took respondents of all three generations toensure a comparison of observance of rituals over a period of time. We took 10% sample comprising 350respondents from Nagina and 150 from villages. Thus we selected a a total of 560 respondents for thisstudy.

Observations and interview Schedules were prepared to collect primary data. Respondent wereinterviewed at their homes and data thus collected was tabulated , analyzed and interpreted to getresults.

HINDU RITUALSHindu rituals convey the tradition of Hinduism that has been followed since the ancient age. Sanskrit

word ritual is a broader term followed since the ancient age. Sanskrit word ritual is a broader termreferring to hierarchical and diverse group of specific rituals- certain ritual date back to the period of thevedas while others are constantly being created today, classified into many categories based on region,texts used and sectarian group, Sanskrit rituals are an uninterrupted tradition dating back over 3000years. These rituals can be classified into multiple categories based on various scheme such as temple vshome, agamic vs vedic, regional vs all India and textual vs Popular.

There is a misconception that the sanskaras are prescribed for man only. Tradition proves to the


contrary. They vary according to caste. Certain caste are excluded from the obligationof performing mostor of them. They are performed at various times during four stage(Ashramas) of human life. There is nounanimous opinion as to the number of rites. The number varies between 13 and 40. The GautamDharamshastra prescribe 40 sanskaras, the Grihya Sutras between 12 and 18, where as the Manusmirtimentions only 13. The most traditionally accepted number is 16 and they are mentioned below-

The Stage Name Description

Before Birth GarbhadhanaThe rite of conception a prenatal ceremony performed at thetime of conception.

Before Birth PunsavanaCeremony performed seeking a male child or to increase thechances of the birth of a male child.

Before Birth SimatonayanaThe Parting of hair ceremony seeking safe delivery. This isusually performed for woman and celebrated by women .

At birth Jatakarma At the time of the birth and before the severing the cord.

Childhood NamakaranamNaming ceremony performed usually on the 10th or 12th dayafter birth.

Childhood NiskramanPerformed on the first outing of the baby and usually involvesthe first viewing of the sun.

Childhood AnnaprasanaPerformed on the occasion of the first feeding of the child withsolid food such as rice ghee and lentils. This ceremony isperformed for both boys and girls.

Childhood ChurakaranThe tonsure ceremony performed usually in the firstor thirdyear of the child’s birth.

Childhood Karnavedha

The ear piercing ceremony performed during the third or fifthyear. Now a days this ceremony is performed mostlyfor girlsand boys are reluctant to get their ear pierced for fear ofridicule or looking feminine.

Student Vidyarambha

Performed on the occasion of a child’s initiation Intoeducation. Now a days this is performed on the first day achild goes to school and starts practicing the alphabetsbeginning with letter AUM.

Student UpnayanaThe ceremony involving the wearing of the sacred threadwhich is confined to the upper three caste only and performedbetween the ages of 8 and 24.

Student Vedarambha

The ceremony marking the beginning of the study of thevedas. Now a days not all children show interest Inthe studyof vedas. The priestly profession is not very fetching. So thisceremony is performed in selected class only.

Student/Adolescence

Kesantha

The ceremony marking the first shaving of the beard or theapproach of manhood. In case of girl, in some regions there isa corresponding ceremony to mark the beginning ofmenstruation or change in dress from gown to saree.

Student Samvartana

Performed when a student completes his education andreturns home from the school. In olden days the schoolsexisted in remote places once a student left home foreducation, he would return only after several years of study.

Householder Vivah

Marriage ceremony . child marriages were the order of theday in ancient times. Now a days they are legally banned andalso out of favour. Marriage usually marks the beginning oflife as a householder.

Death Antyesti

Funeral rites performed after death and up to 15 days. Usuallyinvolves crenation rites making offering to Gods an cestors,seeing the souls comfortable journey to the worlds of light,scattering of ashes in select places and serving offood to therelatives and among the poor.



Parul Sharma




The hindus believe that by performing the rituals they can get rid of hostile influence and at the sametime can attract beneficial ones so that they may progress in their life materially and spiritually withoutany impediments.

According to Hindu mythology the East is associated with light warmth, life happiness and glory.The West is inauspicious as it is associated with darkness, chill, death and decay. It can also be interpretedin different way. So in all ritual performances the individual is made to sit with his face towards East.

Thus the Hindu rituals are an admixture of social customs, and rules about eugenics, ethics, hygienescience and medicine. The rituals are the combination of physical, mental and spiritual aspects that makean individual a perfect human.

Modern Education and changing social values have eroded the importance of most of the religiousrites. Only the orthodox families take the trouble of performing all of them strictly in accordance with thescriptures. Some Sanskars are more popular such as Simantam, namkaranam, annaprasana,Vidhyarambha, Upnayana, Vivah and Antyeshti. Upnayana is exclusively for a male child ready to begineducation, The rest are events which are performed by both men and women.

All the rituals can be grouped under five important heads.They are-

· Prenatal Rituals

· Rituals of childhood

· Educational Rituals

· Marriage Rituals

· Funeral Rituals

THE SOURCE OF CHANGE, NATURE AND METHOD OF OBSERVANCE OF SANSKARASWe are passing through times where conditions for a big culture change are ripe. This will happen as a

result of three processes Modernization, Westernization and communication revolution. The magnitudeof cultural change is proportional to the amount of communication increase so a big movement incommunication flow will produce a big cultural change.

Sources of Change- The extent to which western lifestyle has penetrated in the cultural stream ofIndia or the degree to which new generation have undergone normative transformation can be analyzedonly in the perspective of change in rituals over a period of time. The issue of ideology assumessignificance when we attempt to understand the manner in which western life style has becomepervasive in our society and particularly new generation.

All changes reveal that how during a span of 60 years the process of social and psychic mobility of ourpeople has undergone changes which expands the sub cultural base of westernization. The institution offamily , incharge and custodian of cultural and tradition faces pressures of fission due to economic,cultural and social reorientation of its functions and obligations. Thus change has come through theprocess of industrialization, modernization, westernization and communication revolution.

CHANGE IN OBSERVANCE OF RITUALSIn the light of above discussion on change in culture and civilization over the last 60 years, there is a

tremendous change in the attitude of people towards sanskara. Since they are not directly andimmediately benefit by the observance of sanskaras. They tend to observe only the necessary one's.Secondly the nature and method of observance has been affected by the pace of civilization. Since, there isshortage of time for a busy person, the essentioal sankaras are done in haste. The time taken for examplefor marriage ceremony has reduced from 3 days to a few hours only. Brahmin is engaged for ceremoniesbut in metropolis the vedic mantras recorded in a C.D are played. Shortcut methods are adopted forritualistic ceremonies.



Parul Sharma




The variation in ritual behavior of three generations living within the same household might havedifferent patterns of ritual practices. Thus the change in rituals has come to the process of modernization,westernization and communication revolution. Many of the traditional sanskaras have been droppedand only the essential one are observed by all.

NEW RITUALS ADOPTED BY HINDUSA significant quality of social change which relates to structures and processes in societies is that of

continuity and resilience of the traditional institutions and values. The process of Westernization andmodernization have both encountered this phenomenon in all societies. Culture anthologists likeMalinowski has explained it as being a result of the fact that a culture is always interactively constituted.Each culture has a basic theme or pattern or symbolic code which constitutes its core and all changes in itare mediated by it. The scope of the spread of the Western forms. Foods and beverages, dress, cosmeticsand ornamentations, music, dance and artifacts is very substantial. The Western style of living, such asinternal furnishing and stylizing house hold, reading of western journals magazines and literature hasgrown very fast. The Western values and practices have also been adopted by youth in interpersonalrealtonship and marriage are now more common.

Change in the life style of people including youth have led to observance of some new rituals. It hasbeen made possible because unlike other religions where many customs are mandatory, the hindu way oflife is comparatively flexible with people in different regions.

As a result of the processes of modernization, Westernization and globalization the process of changein our social institutions is coming fast and becoming a part and parcel of our culture. The newcelebrations added to our festivities are birthdays, wedding anniversaries, mothers day, valentines dayand retirement day.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONSRites, Rituals and customs play a major role in the life of every person irrespective of their religious

affiliations. This is more prominent in the case of Hindus. Right from the time of conception and birth upto a person's passing away and even after it, rites and rituals follow a Hindu at all times, much like ashadow. (Bhalla,2007) Indeed there is some rite, ritual or custom that comes into play for Hindu all 365days of the year. However unlike other religions, where many customs are mandatory, Hindu way of lifepermits resilience with people living in different regions fellow variable customs and traditions. Therituals provide an opportunity to meet and celebrate with friends relatives and community. Beside theyalso ensure that in the hustle and bustle of daily life in this materialistic era people do not loose sight ofspiritual goals.

A ritual is a ceremonial or formal solemn act, observance or procedure done in accordance with aprescribed rule or custom. Rituals are meant to induce change or reflect a change that is already takingplace. The rituals are of many types, but the rituals that we have studied arc rites of passage likeNamkaran, Marriage and funerals. Traditional rituals slow down the rush and chaos of daily life. Theypresent to us glimpses of eternity and show as where we are in the midst of things. One thing that a rituallike a wedding does is to breeze the clock against out most formidable opponent time.

SUGGESTIONSThe change in the observance of tradition rites of passage (Sanskaras) is fast coming into the society.

Some rituals (Sanskaras) have been dropped and some new one have adopted to take their place. We arepassing through a period of rapid social change where the impact of westernization, globalization andinformation revolution has begin to show its impact on our relations in the family. Therefore, there is anurgent need to do large scale study to document the changing pattern of rituals and its impact on the



Parul Sharma




individual and family. Rituals have a Sementing effect on our relations. They must be observed, thoughwith some change in their method of celebration, so that the bonding in the institution of family may bepreserved.

Rituals are the life line of Hinduism. Through them we pass on our identity, culture and tradition onto the next generations. It is this identity of Hinduism that withstood all attacks by the muslim invadersand Britishers. Those foreign rulers have gone but we are here thriving and proud of our rich culturalheritage and tradition. We should propagate the impact of rituals on the socialization and up bringing ofthe new generation, so that we can have a next generation of confident and balanced personalities whocan be proud of being Hindus.

REFERENCES� Babb Lawrence, 1975 'The Divine Hierarchy': Popular Hinduism in Central India, New York,

Columbia Press.� Barbara H Fiese 2006, 'Family Routines and Rituals': Yale University Press.� Beeman O. William 2001, 'Fighting the good Fight' : Fundamentalism and religious revival' In J.

MacClancy ed. Anthropology.� Bhalla Prem P. 2007 'Hindu Rites, Rituals, customs and traditions' Pustak Mahal, New Delhi.� Bobock, Robert (1974), Ritual in Industrial Societies, London George Allen and Unwin Ltd.� Bossard, James H.S and E Leanor S. Boll (1950), Rituals in Family Living, Philadelphia: University of

Pennsylvania Press.� Carstrains Morris G (1956) 'The Twice Born' Hogarth Pres� Chinmayananda Swami, 'Hindu Rituals and Routines' Bristolhindu temple.co.uk/Hindu-Ritual-

handbook pub.� D. Aquili, E Laughlin, C and Mc Manu S, J.(Eds), The Spectrum of Ritual Biogenetic Structural

analysis, New York, Columbia University Press, 1979� Dagron Alfonso Gumucio and Thomas Tufte 2006, Communication for socal Change Anthology:

Historical and contemporary Readings, South Orange, N.J Communication for Social Change CFSCConsortium INC.



Parul Sharma





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 15 - 19

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

CULTURAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRADITIONAL CONFLICT

IN BAPSI SIDHWA'S ICE CANDY-MAN

Cultural consciousness allows us to see our cultural beliefs as social constructs that atbest can never be more than mere approximations of a more complex reality. It reflects howwe perceive reality. Every country or community has a distinct culture and often within itthere are divergent cultural mores. Cultural diversity adds colour and variety to the humanworld but at the same time it divides people into numerous groups and sub – groups havinglittle in common with one another, and thus proves a great barrier to human relationships.The present paper discusses cultural consciousness and presents conflicts; one has to sufferdue to cultural differences.

Bapsi Sidhwa makes an honest attempt to measure the point of multiple intersections ofterritories, geographical, mental, and emotional losses of sufferers of Partition. In the novelIce Candy-Man, Sidhwa used the child psyche to analyse the whole incident which takesplace during the Partition. Her aim is to show how people were exploited in the name ofreligion, culture and became victims of communal hatred and cruelty during Partition. Shehas set her story of Ice-Candy-Man around the region of Western India with its historical,political and religious issues in general and cultural awareness in particular. Through thehorrible consequences of Partition cultures were divided as new and affected the lives ofMillions of population.

: atrocities, cultural consciousness, insecurity, intrigues, traumaKeywords

DurgeshAsstt. Prof., Deptt. of English,

Govt. Degree College,Laksar, Haridwar




INTRODUCTIONSidhwa explores the cultural differences that shapes the psyche of men and makes them rebellious.

Intrigues, atrocities, love, hatred, betrayal and all such powerful words resonate throughout the novelmaking it immensely interesting and intact till the last line. With the atrocities caused by Partition, shegenerates the feeling of collective cultural identity. The violence of partition comprised both physical andpsychological wounding. The physical wounds are linked up with aspects of somatically markedcultural identity.

The patriarchal setup is discriminatory against women and emphasizes on conditioning them forlifelong and willing subjugation to men. The women of are not only conscious of theirIce-Candy-Mandesire, but also eagerly assertive about their independent handling of culture. The novel not onlydescribes the Partition havoc but also people's consciousness towards their culture. Although the noveldeals with a mixed culture of Hindu, Sikhs and Muslim, Sidhwa made an attempt to give some glances ofher own Parsi culture. The dismemberment of India brought forth unprecedented violence-bornrefugees on all sides of the borders, to whom home became exile overnight, existence parts of memories,and identity a disorder between Self and Other. It gave rise to cultural consciousness and, “soul-searching intersections of Centrality/ Marginality” (Majumdar 74). Bapsi Sidhwa mentions the



Durgesh

CULTURAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND

TRADITIONAL CONFLICT IN

BAPSI SIDHWA'S ICE CANDY-MAN



consciousness regarding religion, culture and self as a tool to evaluate the characters of the novel. Herchosen location is Partition for physical and psychic cultural projection where only people living on bothsides of border differentiate 'Self' and 'Other'. Partition inflicted people's identity crisis and quest of theirinner self is more shocking and far reaching into unseen consequences than those of the Diasporics or theMigrants. Bapsi Sidhwa herself is a Parsi, she tried to unveil the culture of Parsis. Parsi community is verysecretive but with the publication of , she reveals the true identity, culture and religiousThe Crow Eaterspractices of Parsis.

Sidhwa evinces keen interest in the interaction of two or more cultures that exist side by side. ThePartition of India is not a bygone event, but a contemporary phenomenon which influence the aspect ofreligion and culture. Sidhwa is not alone in her need to explain her heritage but shares with other Third-World writers, particularly those writing in a non-native language. It is also the compulsion to explainher culture to an audience unfamiliar with that culture. Most of the characters employed by Sidhwa inthis novel are truly Parsi by their culture and traditions. Culture and tradition of a particular society playsan important role in mind making and perceiving things. As during the Partition days, Parsis are notallowed to interfere among other groups, their closeness or devotion towards the culture is astonishinglynoticeable.

Sidhwa, herself a Parsi, aimed to re-enact the picture of the Partition through her novel Ice-Candy-Man. She throws light on the aspect, how Parsis had suffered in this holocaust. Through her Parsicharacters like Lenny's parents- The Sethis, Col. Bharucha, Dr. Mody, Mr. Bankwala and many more,Sidhwa presents the insecurity and complexities for their religion and culture. Parsis were thedescendents of the Aryan tribes and migrated from Persia (now Iran) to India just for saving their religionfrom being Islamized by the Arab invaders. Parsis had decided to follow the rules and customs of theruling classes whether it may be Hindu, Muslim or Sikh in order to avoid all the possibility of any harm totheir community. When the community migrated to Gujarat, they fully adopted the culture of Gujarat.Being an adaptable community, they realized that they can practice their religion and prosper it onlywhen they remain loyal to the ruling people. Parsis were the first people to practice English language andways under the British Raj and become the most Westernized Indian community. They also haveknowledge of Gujarati language due to their settlement in Gujarat.

In the novel, Lenny's family never misses any congregation and gathering in Fire Temple of theirParsi community where they all fulfill their religious practices. Parsis of Lahore held a, “Jashan prayer”(32) to celebrate the victory of British in the Fire Temple. In the temple, the Fire alter is so sacred that thepriest of the temple wears the, “cloth mask” (32) to prevent the specks of spittle. Parsis have a distinctcultural tradition. Each and every house has a small sacred fire which is kept alive permanently. In aninterview Sidhwa explains that a Parsi Zoroastrian background influences her identity as a writer:

. . . it has formed my habits, my thoughts, my values, and I have fun portraying my community, asin Crow Eaters. No matter where they are the Parsis are a minority, and the tension this createscompels one to express feelings, ideas, politics etc. Being a Parsi can also make a writer moreobjective observer perhaps. (Hussain A. Internet)

Sidhwa brought readers close to her unknown community's culture and Islamic culture as well. Ice-Candy-Man suggest that she possesses the perception, the culture's knowledge and sentimentalapproach to community which makes it possible for being an cultural document. Whatever she hasdescribed about her culture, it is authentic just because of honesty of the events. Inspite of being amember of secretive community, she revealed all cultural phenomenons with honesty. However, she hassuccessfully evoked the life of Lahore in the early part of twentieth century, Alamgir Hashmi points outin his excellent review of the novel as:

Bapsi Sidhwa writes from a deep historical consciousness. Her evocation of a part of Lahore life as


lived in the first half of this century is convincing and charming to me as a Lahorite myself. She herselfgrew up in Lahore and makes her home there: the first –hand knowledge of it certainly lends credence tothe irony, as it arises out of a deep understanding of the place and people and their ways. (376)

In the novel, Lenny tours the village of Imamdin and notices how Khatija and Parveen, the adolescentsisters of Ranna, like the other girls in village, already wear the responsible expressions of much olderwomen and they, “affect the mannerisms and tone of their mothers and aunts” (54). They are perplexedby Lenny's cropped hair and short dresses. Parsis dress themselves in modern style and speak English.Lenny also wears short dresses and has short hair. The girls of village live in restrictions and wears suit-salwar. Lenny perceives many differences in the personality traits and interests of men and women.Parveen, one of Ranna's sister astonishingly asks Lenny about the reason of her short hair. Lenny tells herthat it is the “city fashion” and “'Even my mother's hair is short'”. Leaving that place Lenny feels a kind of,“guilty conscience” (57) just because of the cultural difference and she realizes that culture matters a lot inshaping the mind.

Lenny's mother is very conscious about her religion, custom and practices. She wants to make herchildren aware about their cultural identity as a Parsi and takes them to Fire Temple in everycongregation or festival. Despite her liberated handling of children and modern life-style, she is verymuch a traditional wife. Lenny picturises the inner sanctum of the Fire Temple by saying, “. . . I can seethrough two barred windows and an open archway the main fire altar. It is like gigantic silver egg cupand the flames are dancing above a bed of white ashes” (34). No one is allowed to enter into the innersanctum except Priests who, “tend the fire” (34). Lenny is informed about “Tower of Silence” (113), aplace where Parsis dispose the dead body. When she hears about Mr. Roger's mutilated body, shebecomes aware about the death ritual of Christians and Parsis. She herself proclaims, “The shock of MrRoger's demise makes me curious about all aspect of dying. 'What is the Tower of Silence'” (113)? AmongParsis it is known as “ ”. It is a, “big round wall without any roof” (113). The dead body is putDungarwadiinside it for the vulture to clean and the Sun dries out the bones. It is supposed that after death our bodyshould be used for the good. They believe, “. . . Instead of polluting the earth by burying it, or wasting fuelby burning it, we feed God's creatures” (114).

Sidhwa has put the name of Rodabai as Godmother to provide the religious responsibility in hercharacter. As far as the name is concerned it is the translation of “Italian word 'Padrino'” and in english ithas several meanings. One of them is, “. . . it designates a person who takes the responsibility of religiousupbringing of another person (usually a newborn) when the latter is baptized in a Christian church”(Piciucco 213). Her figure is set to arouse the feeling of ethnicity in minds of children like Lenny, Adi andher cousin. She is the savior of religion and culture, who always tries her best to save her culture andtraditions.

People are conscious for their cultural traits and tradition whether they are Muslim, Hindu, Sikh orChristian. In the novel, there are glimpses of tradition followed by people. Hari who is Hindu has hisshaven head with “ -hair rising like a tail” (95). After asking about the reason by Lenny, he answerbodhiher that it is a tradition “. . . from the time of my grandfather's grandfathers . . . it's the way of our caste'”(95). Caste difference is also presented with the child psychology when Lenny states:

The Rogers of Birdwood Barracks, Queen Victoria and King George are English Christians: theylook down their noses upon the Pens who are Anglo-Indian, who look down theirs on thePhailbuses who are Indian-Christian, who look down upon all non-Christians. (94)

What is remarkable in the novel is the traditional conflict, introduced by Sidhwa. In the novelwhen Partition havoc takes place, Muslims try to throw out all Hindu population from Lahore. Religionappears to have been the determinant of nationality because of the conflicting worldviews. People leavetheir ancestral home with heavy heart. But rest ot people takes their own stake to live there. They are



Durgesh






compelled to leave their ancestral home. Mr. Singh informs Lenny's mother that all Hindu families haveleft from Lahore except them. He prefers to go rather than converting to Islam. Hari, the gardenerconverts himself to Muslim and named as Himmat Ali. The Muslim mob teases him and asks him to recitethe “ ” (181) which is an essential part of Islamic culture. They ask him about his circumcision andKalmamake fun of him. Moti, the sweeper converts to Christianity. This conversion provides people a sense ofloss and identity crisis. To become a Muslim is totally a cultural shock for them. They feel how to followtheir own cultural traits.

In Ayah's case this conversion makes her alienated. Ice-candy-man compels her to live as his motherand sisters live on . He has, “trapped her in the poisonous atmosphere of the ” (250). BeforeKotha KothaPartition Ice-candy-man ask her out of curiosity that why she does not wear Punjabi clothes, this showsthat he is aware about cultural traits. But Ayah is forced to wear the, “divided skirts of ” andgararacompulsion of veil “ ” (260) instead of Sari. She has to change her name to Mumtaz. Ayah's IndianghoongatHindu Identity get derooted from her known culture and established in the Muslim culture by her forcedmarriage to Ice-candy-man. Again she is rescued for coming back to Amritsar, her own place and culture.She has been through all, the Hindu Self and the Muslim other, who lost her love, trust and sense ofassured identity. This trauma is brought by Ayah's most infatuated admirer, the Ice-candy-man. Withoutgoing deep into the events, one could realize the pain of conversion to other culture. Because, “. . .identity is connectivity, connecting to the world of concern and affection, it is a construct basically basedon psychic, religious, emotional, social stilts of the community as such” (Majumdar 81). Identity is basedupon compromises and survival just to save their life.

In the mayhem of Partition, Muslims proclaims, “'We cannot leave,' . . . 'What face will we show to ourforefathers on the day of judgment if we abandon their graves” (195)? This is cultural representation ofdisplacement. Muslim considers it a cultural responsibility to provide the peace to their forefathers intheir graves. They believe that on doom's day or the Day of Judgment they will meet with theirforefathers. They are deep rooted with their cultural traits. Ice-candy man's declaration also proves hisdevotion towards his religion or culture when he says, “' If we want India back we must take pride in ourcustoms, our clothes, our languages . . . And not go mouthing the got-pit sot-pit of the English'” (28-29)!In his character deep embedded cultural consciousness is also seen. He salaams to Godmother bytouching his forehead when she comes to meet Ayah.

Lenny's mother always keeps herself busy in religious practices. She appears, “. . . devout, her headcovered by a gauzy white scarf and smelling of sandalwood. She has been praying” (41). In Parsi culturethere is a ceremony to invoke the great “Trouble Easers, the angels Mushkail Assan and Behram Yazd”(241). They are the gods who frequently evoked by the Parsees at trouble times. Mother makespreparations for the ceremony by putting a white sheet on the floor and placing the small fire altar andphotographs of saints on it. These ceremonies she does in home to make her children more religious andcommitted. According to Parsi belief, she places a, “. . . six-inch iron nail, blessed by the Parsee mysticMobed Ibera, the disciple of Dastur Kookadaru” (213), under the mattress to vanish off fear from herchildren's heart.

The novel presents the picture of cultural complexities and problems of displacement. Despite it, thefinal message of the novel is clear. It rejects the two nation theory and suggests that religious, social andcultural differences are artificially created and exploited by unscrupulous people. Sidhwa also suggeststhat power should be used for the good of the people and to suppress the evil. Being a member ofminority community, she is equally conscious for her religion and culture as other minorities. Her novelreveals the pain of migrants who come from other land to retain their religion and culture. Partition ofIndia was the pivotal moment for those who had to leave their land and hearth for survival. The novelsuggests Sidhwa's psyche behind writing this novel.



Durgesh






CONCLUSIONIn the novel, the idea is quite clear that religion and culture of an individual is as essential as food and

water for living. Anybody can be recognized only through his or her religion and culture. Culture makesa person's identity and it can change the whole thought process. The novel also proves this fact thatcultural and traditional conflicts make people rebellious and violent.

REFERENCES� Hashmi, Alamgir. “The Crow Eaters”. World Literature Written in English. sVol.20 No.2, Autumn,

1981.� Hussain, Ahmede. “In conversation with Bapsi Sidhwa” Black and Gray. December 14, 2006.

http://ahmedehussain.blogspot.com/2006/12/ in-conversation-with-bapsi-sidhwa.html� Majumdar, Keya. “Locating the Part(s) in the Partition of India: A Postcolonial Study of Bapsi

Sidhwa's Ice-Candy-Man”. The Literary Criterion. ed. By C.D. Narasimhaiah, C.N. Srinath RaginiRamachandra, Jayashree Sanjay. Vol XXXVII 2003, No-1.

� Ice-Candy-Man. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1988. (Hereafter all the references from this very text willbe in parenthesis with that very quotation without mentioning the last name of the authoress.)

� Piciucco, Pier Paolo. “The Hiddien Strength of Women: A Key to the Reading of Bapsi Sidhwa's Ice-Candy-Man.” The Atlantic Literary Review. Vol.1, No. 1, July-September, 2000.



Durgesh







Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 20 - 23

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

INTERPRETATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

COLONIZER AND COLONIZED IN “CAN THE

SUBALTERN SPEAK” BY GYATRI CHAKROVORTY SPIVAK.

Gyatri Chakravorty Spivak, in her most influential essay; “Can the Subaltern Speak”argues that abolition of the Hindu rite of sati in India by the British has been generallyunderstood as a case of “white man saving brown women from men in colonial India.” Shegoes to suggest that the ills of Indian society stem from the very essence of Hinduism and itstraditions. In India the practice of sati was very common and many women who become partof the rituals did it out of their love for their husbands. The society has played a major role inmaking sati a common phenomenon in the country so as to deny seprate existence from men.She has become an authoritative voice of the post colonial period and through her culturaland critical therories tried to challenge the legacy of colonialism. Her critical discourse raisesthe issues of marginal subjects such as the place of the subaltern women in the society andtheir empowerment.

Poonam RaniAsstt. Professor

Deptt. of EnglishGovt. Girls Degree College

Dallawala, Khanpur (Haridwar)




Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak is an emminet scholar concerned with the relationship betweenfeminism, post structuralism and the discourse of post-coloniality. She presents a feminist perspective ondeconstruction, the Marxist critique of capital and the international division of labour, the critique ofimperialism and colonial discourse and the critique of race in relation of nationally, ethnicity, the status ofthe migrant, and what it meant to identify a nation or a cultural form as post-colonial in a neo-classicalworld. Spivak emphasis the intersections between race and gender, and sees a connection betweenwomen and colonized races, as both have been given the marginalised position of other and both haveexperienced oppression and repression. Don Jacobean describes the view of white colonizers towards theblack, when he writes:

“A colonial culture is one the has No memory…………………preciousely because thesense of history is so deficient, (historical) enmities tend to be regarded as so manygiven unalterable facts of line ………feels no need to ask himself how the blackmancame to be his inferior, he simply knows that' The black is inferior.”

Spivak discusses the lack of an account of the sati practice, leading her to reflect on whether thesubaltern can even speak. She recounts how sati appears in colonial archieves and demonstrates that thewestern academy has obscured subaltern experience by assuming the transparency of its scholarship.Her over-riding ethico-poilitcal concern has been for the site occupied by the subaltern especiallysubaltern women, both in discursive practices and in insinuations as much as western culture. She ishardly impressed with western efforts to speak for the other or try presents his own voice. She believes



Poonam Rani






that the west is obsessed with preserving itself. As Edward Said wrote.“She pioneered the study in literary theory of non-western women and produced one theearliest and most coherent accounts of the role available to us.”

She describes an obscure tradition in parts of India, sati, where when a husband dies, the wife maychoose to burn herself on the husband's funeral pyre; often it was expected of a good wife. Sati as awomen's proper name is in fairly widespread use in India today. Naming a female infant “a good wife”has its own proleptic noun is not the primary operator in the proper name. Durga in her manifestation asa good wife. In the part of the story, Sati-she is already called that arrives at her father's court uninvited, inthe absence, even of a initiation for her divine husband siva. Her father starts abusing shiva and Sati diesin pain. So in ancient time if Sati commit suicide it was not due to ritual but due to love towards herhusband Shiva. It is important to note that at this time, widows could inherit the husbands property. So itmakes senses from a patriarchal perspective to encourage this behavior so that sons could directlyinherit, this is taking place under Britians-Colonial rule. Eventually this practice is outlawed whileunderstandably recognizing that this was a good act by the British and not a violent imperial impositioninsists that it still reflects the problem of representation and transparency. However the women whowere performing sati were never heard from. In the Indian cultural scenario, the hysteric graph failed torepresent the contribution of women towards the materialization of Indian independence. It would benow difficult to retive the voice of the subaltern classes. Women had a very limited, role to play in thesociety as they were not allowed to think independently. The gendered subalterns are playing the role ofmere shadows to please their men. It is clear that voices of the oppressed and marginalised are silenced inthe hegemonic discourse. How can the subaltern be empowered to speak? She says in, Can the SubalternSpeak;

“Hindu………………regulative Psychobiography? Can a women Have access toicchamrity-a Category of suicide arising out of Knowledge of the 'it'-ness of the Subject?The question of gendering Here is not psychoanalytic or Counter psychoanalytic. It is thequestion of women's access to that pardox of the knowledge of the limits of knowledgewhere the strogonest assertation of a agency.can be an example of itself as suicide.”

Spivak explains the notions of epistunatic violence with the example of reformation of the Hindulegal system reveals that such epistemic violence is kept alive by the establishment of one explanationand narrative of reality as the normative of reality as the normative one. She goes on to indicate that on themargins of the circuit marked out by epistematic violence are men and women among the illiteratepeasantry and tribals. She shows us that it is either the white man explaining why sati is a barbariccustom and must be abolished or the brown insisting that it is a ritual that renders the women sacred. Itwas finest example to support the argument that the subaltern women didn't get the opportunity totransact their ideas and convince the society.

Spivak is a leading contemporary feminist deconstructionist who pays careful attention to issues ofgender and race. Her use of the term 'subaltern' is influenced by Italian, Anotonic Gramsic andconsistently referred to a subordinate position in terms of class, gender, race and culture. The mainargument of her essay is between patriarchy and imperialism, subject constution and object formations,the figure of women disappears not into nothingness, but into a marginal position tradition andmodernization. Spivak's controversial statement “the subaltern can not speak” implies a lot of innermeanings. The subaltern have the capacity to articulate things well and they can go to any extent so as tomake their stand clear before the authorities. The real problem lies in the receiver as they are not ready tolisten to the sender of the massage.

As women were tied down to four wells of their bedrooms, they hardly had an opportunity to speakand even when they spoke something they could not transact the proper massage. The peace of the


funeral pyre of her dead husband turns out to be the first and the last platform for a women to speak. Thewomen may try to speak but other won't have patience to listen her. The communication system failswhen the speaker is not able convince the receiver. Spivak famously gives the example of English classesin India as India is having actually played a subtle but powerful role in perpetuating an imperialistcivilizing mission. She adds:

“It should not be possible to read nineteenth century British literature withoutremembering that imperialism, understood as English social mission, was a crucial partof the cultural representation of England to the English.”

Another misreading of the concept is that, since not speak, she needs an advocate to speak for heraffirmative action or special regulatory protection-Spivak objects;

“Who tell hell wants to subalternity? No activist wants to keep the subaltern in thespace of difference….. You did not give the subalternity.”

Spivak emphaises the intersections between race and gender, and sees a connection betweenwomen and colonized races, as both have been given the marginalised position of other and both haveexperienced oppression and repression. She believes that the subaltern cannot speak' is derived fromgeneral statements in which the subaltern women is conceived as a single and homogeneous categoryand that there are ways that these women have articulated their presence.

The subaltern is one who has no position or sovereignty outside the discourse that constructs her assubject. The subaltern cannot speak and is hence spoken for and has no position of enunciation: sheremains within the discourse of patriarchy and colonialsm as the object of somebody else' discoursesubaltern is used to denote the entire people that is subordinate in tern of class, caste, age, and gender, orin any way. The historical process of colonial India were marked by an admixture of pre-capitalist andcapitalist relations. The nature of power, exploitation and popular ressistance in such a society was nottherefore, amenable to adequate understanding in terms of distinct class categories that can be clearlyenunciated. Spivak is hardly impressed with western efforts to speak for the other or try to present hisown voice. She believes that the west is oppressed with preserving itself as subject and that any discourseis eventually about the discoursing agents themselves.

“Spivak is unique voice of courage and conceptual ambition that addressed public lifefrom the perspective of psychic rality, encouraging us to acknowledge the solidarity andthe suffering through which we emerge as subjects of freedom.”

Spicak is primarily concerned with the issue of whether people who have been historicallydispossessed or exploited by European colonialism are able to achieve a voice. Spivak does agree withintroduction use of the term subaltern which conventionally refers to a junior ranking officer in theBritish army. The subaltern figure could be historically understood as those under the control of colonialpowers or a victim of slavery, they can be understood as the completely powerless.

Problem of subject formation or representation – for Foucault the subject is knowledge and forDerrida the subject is always a subjects of the West. For Spivak, this is a problem of assumed transparencyin Western intellectualism, which dismisses the problem of representation without acknowledging thatideologies are often delineated through what remains unsaid.

She began final part of her essay by asking what the elite must do in order to avoid continuing toconstruct the subaltern. As mentioned earlier, Spivak broadens the definition of the subaltern to includewomen and their histories. Spivak uses the example of sati in colonial India and the story ofBhubaneshwari Bhaduri to affirm that the women is assigned no position of articulation.

Everyone else speaks of her. Spivak formulates the sentenee 'White men are saving brown womenform brown men' and states that the sentence discloses her politics. Applying this sentence to theexample of the practice and subsequent abolishment of the practice of sati. Spivak shows us that it iseither the white man explaining why Sati is a barbaric custom and must be abolished or the brown man



Poonam Rani






insisting that it is a ritual that reanders women sacred. At no point is the voice of the 'brown' heard. It iswomen who, becomes sati, yet no one comes across the 'testimony of the women's voice consciousness.'She is continuously wirte as the object of either patriarchy or of imperialism. She addressed the way theSubaltern' women is constructed, as absent or silent or not listened to. The main argument of her essay isthat between patriarchy and imperialism.

Spivak asserts that women are restricted to being the subject of men because they are only includedin the student and marriage life stages, since this aspect of problem with sati (and the larger problem withthe lack of gender) was never articulated by either the British of the Hindu leaders, it becomes apparentthat ideology is at play and that the subaltern position effectively silenced.

The subaltern is all too often silenced. It is true; swallowed in ethnocentric representation, or ,mutedoutright by the interests of power we cannot give voice to the subaltern without supplanting it; perhapsmuch of the problems lies in out ability to listen for the quiet; perhaps we need to listen for what thesilence signifies. Spivak is against any attempt to express the voice of subaltern by intellectuals becausethe intellectual is a transparent medium through which the subalterns emerges. Edward said says inCulture and Imperialism.

“One must ignore the innumerable Subaltern examples of resistance throughout theimperialist and pre –imperialist centuries, often suppressed by those very force ofnationalism which would be instrumental in changing the geo – political conjuncturefrom territorial imperialism to neo – colonialsm and which seem particularly useless incurrent situations of struggle.”

Spivak's theory of subalternity is still relevant as people suffer in the name of gender, class and creed.As change is the only permanent things in the world, the subaltern should continue to make their positionclear before the authorities. It is only when the authorities heed to the pleas of the subaltern that newdawn of life may be enjoyed by the subalterns in its fullness.

The subaltern were subjected to the colonial rule and only the colonizer had the voice. The subalternwomen continue to suffer an then is little scope for further improvement. In an interview with the editorsof “The Spivak further explains the controversial statement, 'the subaltern can not speak' as.

“It means that even when the subaltern makes an effort to the death to speak, she is notable to be heard and speaking and hearing complete the speech act. That's what it hadmeant, and anguish marked the spot.”

REFERENCES

� Rajan, Rajeshwari Sunder. “Death and the Subaltern.” Can the Subaltern Speak ? Reflections on thehistory of an Idea. Columbia University Press.2010.

� Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty; Can the Subaltern Speak? Ed. Williams. Patrick and Laura Chrisman.Colonial Discourse and Post – Colonial Theory : A Reader. 1994.

� Mani, Lata. Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India: London University ofMichigan Press, 1998.

� Edward, W. said. “Permission to Narrate” London Review of Books, Feb, 16, 1984.� Spivak, Gyatri Chakravorty. “A Literary Representation of the Subaltern: A Woman's Text from the

Third World; York : Methuen : 1987.� Said, Edward. Cultural and Imperialism. London : Chatto and Windus, 1993



Poonam Rani







Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 24 - 31

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

DISPARITY OF GENDER RATIO AMONG MAJOR RELIGIONS

OF JAMMU & KASHMIR

Religion is an important cultural feature of the Indian population and is characterised bya diversity of religious beliefs and practices. India is home to many famous religions, it beingthe birth place of four important religions namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism andSikhism. There is much debate regarding the role of religion in fuelling the son preferenceand sex selection in Indian society. The present study examines the pattern of Child sex ratioby major religious communities. It also depicts the association of female literacy rate andfemale work participation with child sex ratio among different religious groups of Jammu &Kashmir state. The sex ratio trend suggests that 'backwardness' may actually support genderequality by denying access to pre-natal sex determination technology.

: Sex Composition, India, female literacy, religion, Son preference,Keywordspatriarchal, regression, autonomy.

Akhil Bhat,Research Scholar,Department of Economics,University of Jammu, J&K




Manoj Bhatt,Asso. Prof.,

Department of Economics,Doon University, Dehradun

INTRODUCTION

One of the features of India's demography that have brought out particular interest is gender bias-the small number of female compared to males. The gender disparity caused by a skewed sex ratioremains a persistent problem in India. Sex Ratio is an important demographic measure to find the balancebetween male and female in a society. Composition of the population largely reflects the socio-economicand cultural pattern of a society. Child Sex Ratio is the most realistic indicator used for assessing thestatus of girl Children. It is also an indicator of the likely future trends of sex ratio in the population whichis very unlikely undermined by sex-selected migration trends. It reveals recent changes in the attitudeand outlook of the society towards the girl child. The decline in Child Sex Ratio has outcome from bothexcess infant mortality among females due to malnutrition and neglect, and sex selective abortion.Though the latest census of India (2011) showed an encouraging trend in the sex ratio which increased tenpoints from 2001 census to 943-the highest since 1961, it has witnessed all time low Child Sex Ratio,standing at 919.

The steep decline in child sex ratio can be linked to the ever growing preference for a male child.Indian society is based on extreme patriarchal. The identity of women in an Indian society is notindependent. She is always considered as consumer who is dependent on men. Her role as producersremains largely imperceptible to the society. The birth of a girl child is always considered to be a badinvestment for future. Son preference is a global phenomenon that is prevailing across religions andclasses.

Religion is a key means of social stratification and plays a vital role in the cultural life of differentspace. It is deeply rooted in peoples' experiences and influences the socio economic and political



Akhil Bhat & Manoj Bhatt

DISPARITY OF GENDER RATIO

AMONG MAJOR RELIGIONS

OF JAMMU & KASHMIR



direction of societies (Stump, 2008). The extent of son preference varies among the Hindus, Muslim,Christians, Sikhs and other religious groups in India. Hindus and particularly, Sikhs (mostlyconcentrated in Northern India) display stronger son preference than Christians and Muslims ( Bhat andZavier, 2003).

The Sikhs preponderate in the North-west region which demonstrates stronger preference for sonthan any other region in India (Das Gupta, 1987). Although unambiguously condemned by Sikh Gurus aswell as by the Sikh Raht Maryada, female infanticide played a considerable role in substantially reducingthe female to male ratio among Sikh historically (Malhotra, 2002). To ensure equal status for women, thetenth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa initiation ceremony open to men andwomen alike and fated that while men would be given the name 'Singh' meaning 'Lion', the womenwould be called 'Kaur' meaning 'Princess'. The Rahitnamas( codes of conduct) prohibit Sikhs from havingany contact or association with those who practiced female infanticide. Son preference persists todayamong Punjabi Sikhs, given increasingly easy access to sex selection clinics, thus replacing foeticide withinfanticide. A substantial proportion of Sikhs are Jats. In Jat culture the structure of rights over assetownership and decision making favours males very heavily and has an irresistible influence on therelative positions of the sexes. These social- structural factors creates preference for a son by makingpeople dependent heavily on sons or other male kin for necessary economic support( Das Gupta, 1987).Contrastingly, a very high proportion of the Christian population belongs to the tribal areas of the northeastern region where women enjoyed a good status and the practice of female foeticide do not exist(Varma, 2007).

A higher proportion of Muslim families lead to less skewed sex ratios despite the popularpigeonholes about Muslims and their attitude towards women. Compared to Hindus, Muslims appear toperform less sex selective abortions and do not discriminate as much against girls- at least with respect totheir survival chances. There is a difference in beliefs and norms between Hindus and Muslims that mayimpact their perceived benefits of sons versus daughters.

An Islamic marriage or the Nikah is defined as a civil contract (Azim, 1997). In the Koran, all Muslimmales are encouraged to marry; however, the universal remarriage of widowed and divorced women isalso highly encouraged; parents and guardians exercise control over the selection of marriage partners,and a dower or 'bride price' is paid to the bride or her guardian (Youssef, 1978).As in Islam, Hinduismalso encourages all Hindu to enter married. Girl's parents can earn religious merit by giving a daughteraway at the time of marriage ( Kanyadaan). Once married, women cease to be members of their natalhome, and are generally not permitted to remarry in the event of divorce or widowed. In contrast toMuslim, Hindu marriages are typically between strangers and involve dowries (Bhat and Zavier, 2003).These dowries are not returned to her in event of divorce or widowhood. For Hindus, having a son isessential (Singh, 2005).Even the Atharvaveda says, “The birth of a girl grants elsewhere, here grant aboy”(Jeeva et al. 1998). According to Hindu tradition, sons are important for parents since a person's soulcan reach heaven only if a son lights the funeral pyre and sons are also believed to be able to enable thesouls of deceased parents to achieve salvation by performing various rites such as distributing alms andfood to the poor or to the priest (Arnold et al., 1998).

It may be argued that son preference may be less unambiguous as it is with Hindus. Fertility is knownto be higher among Muslims than it is among Hindus(Basu,1997).An alternate explanation for theobserved differences in fertility is that Muslim show a much lower degree of 'daughter aversion' than theHindus (Boroah and Iyer, 2005). Prohibition of abortion in Koran is one of the many reason for the sexratio going in favour of Muslim girls. However, this does not indicate that son preference is not inevitablephenomenon among the Muslims. Islam law is patriarchal and patrilineal. Sons are given twice as largeas inheritances as daughter are given and a man's testimony in court is worth twice that of a woman


(Coulson and Hinchcliffe, 1978). Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanavi, in early 20 century wrote in ath

compendium that bless a Muslim woman by wishing her husband, brother, a children long life orwishing for her, many sons and grandsons(Minault, 1998).

OBJECTIVES

1. To study the pattern of child sex ratio among different religious groups in India in general and inJammu & Kashmir in particular.

2. To identify the association of female literacy and female work participation with child sex ratio acrossdifferent religious communities in the state.

METHODOLOGY

This study is primarily based on secondary data collected from various Population census reports ofMinistry of Home affairs, Government of India and Government of Jammu & Kashmir covering religionwise Juvenile sex ratio, female literacy rate and female work participation for the 2011 census. Tables andgraphs are used for explaining the data. In the present study the Child Sex Ratio is taken as dependentvariable and Female Literacy Rate and Female Work Participation as independent variables. To find outthe relation between dependent variable and independent variable, the regression model is used.

y = α + β1Χ1 + β2Χ2 + μ

Where y = Child Sex RatioX = Female LiteracyX2 = Female Work Participation

= Random error termμ

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAs per the religion based census data (2011), the total population of the India in the age group of 0-6

years was 164,515,253. Hindu population in the age group 0-6 years is 127,509,717 which account 77.5percent; while Muslim with 28,299,593 makes 17.2 percent of population under 0-6 years age group.Among the other minorities in the country, Christian who number 3,353,497 make up 2 percent and Sikhwith the number of 2,178,264 claimed 1.3 percent of country's child population. Interestingly, Buddhistsand Jains number 981,879 and 396,740 respectively and account for 0.6 percent and 0.2 percentrespectively of total children under 0-6 years age group of the country.

The proportion of Hindu population to total population in the age group of 0-6 years has declined by1.4 percent; the share of Sikh population has declined by 0.2 percent. Both Buddhist and Jains haswitnessed the same percent i.e. 0.1 decline in their respective share of population during the decade 2001-2011.The Share of Muslim population to total population in the age group of 0-6 years has increased by1.4 percent, whereas there has been no significant change in the proportion of Christian communityduring the above referred period.

Figure 1 depicts the Child Sex Ratio by religion communities in 2011 census in India by residence.






OF JAMMU & KASHMIR



Christian with 958 girls per thousand boys has recorded the country's highest Child sex ratio amongall religious communities. It was followed by the Muslim and Buddhist communities with the Child sexratio of 943 and 933 respectively. Sikh with 828 girls against thousand boys in the age group of 0-6 yearshas been placed at the bottom of the ladder. Among other communities, there were 913Hindu girlsagainst thousand boys and 889 Jain girls against thousand boys.

Similar, the position is as far as rural sex ratio relating to various religious communities is concerned.Here also the highest sex ratio has been recorded by Christians with the child sex ratio of 957 and thelowest number of girls per thousand has been returned by Sikhs at 828 followed by Jain with the child sexratio of 869. Those who recognize Muslim, Buddhism and Hinduism claim child sex ratio of 944, 938 and920 respectively.

In urban areas of the country, Christians with 959 girls per thousand boys has again outshined allreligious communities in terms of Child sex ratio. It was again followed by Muslim community with 940.Sikh community is again at the bottom of the ladder with a child sex ratio as 830 girls per thousand boys. Itis followed by Hindu with 894. Jain community and Buddhist community has a child sex ratio of 895 and925 respectively.

It is also depicted from the data that among Christian, Sikh and Jain, sex ratio is higher in urban areasthan rural areas whereas it is opposite among Hindu, Muslims and Buddhist.

Muslims have been returned as the predominant religious community of Jammu & Kashmir state in2011 census. They number 1,545,974 and account 76.6 percent of the total population in the age group of 0-6 years. Hindu has been second largest community numbering 429,288 or 21.3 percent of the total juvenilepopulation of the state. Those who profess Sikhism, Buddhism and Christianity claim small proportionof population limited to 1.1 percent, 0.6 percent and 0.2 percent respectively. Jain's proportion of 0-6population is very negligible.

In all the ten districts in the valley viz. Kupwara, Budgam, Baramula, Bandipora, Srinagar,Ganderbal, Pulwama, Shupiyan, Anantnag and Kulgam; Muslims(of 0-6 years age group) are inPredominant majority with higher concentration by Ganderbal(99.5 percent), closely followed byBandipora(99.4 percent), Shupiyan(99.3 percent), Anantnag(99.3 percent), Kupwara(99.2), Badgam(99.2percent), Kulgam(99 percent), Baramula (98.4 percent), Pulwama(98.2 percent) and Srinagar(97.7percent).Punch district and Kargil district have recorded a proportion of 95.7 percent and 85.7 percent inKargil district to 9.5 percent in Samba district.

The followers of Hinduism, the other main religious community have their highest concentration inUdhampur district (85.9 percent), followed by Samba (84.5 percent), Kathua district (84.3 percent) andJammu district (84.2 percent). Their proportion in Kashmir valley is very small due to mass migration ofKashmiri pundits from the valley to other states of the country owing to disturbed conditions thatprevailed in the state right from 1990.

The largest percentage of Sikhs under 0-6 years age group is found in Jammu(6.2 percent)followedby Samba(5.2 percent). In other districts, their proportion percent in 2011 census ranges from 0.1 percentof Kishtwar district to 1.6 percent of Rajouri district. Their proportion is negligible in Kargil, Bandipora,Ganderbal and Shupiyan districts.

The highest concentration of Buddhists of 0-6 years age group is found in Leh(Ladakh) districtwhere they account for 78.1 percent. Kargil with mere 13.6 comes next. The corresponding proportion inthe remaining districts is either negligible or very small.

Interestingly, though Christians are scattered all over the state yet there is however, not a singledistrict in which they constitute even 1 percent of the total population. The state average of 0.2 percentpertaining to Christians is exceeded by Jammu district(0.9 percent), Samba district(0.6), Leh(Ladakh),Kathua, Udhampur (with 0.3 percent each).Badgam, Srinagar, Shupiyan and Reasi are at par with thestate average. Jains are the sixth and last in the scale. Their proportion are either very small or negligible.






OF JAMMU & KASHMIR



Figure 2 indicates Child sex ratio by major religious communities in 2011 census in Jammu & Kashmirstate.

It is discernable from the data at the state level, Buddhist have registered the highest number of girlsper thousand boys at 953, followed by Christians with 895. The lowest child sex ratio has been recordedby Sikh(737). Those who profess Islam, Hinduism and Jainism claim number of girls per thousand boysas 871, 834 and 779.

In rural areas, Jain is notable for having returned the highest child sex ratio at 1034 and the lowestnumber of girls per thousand boys has been returned by Sikh at 718. While Buddhist with 944 girls perthousand boys claim the second position, the third has been occupied by Christians with a child sex ratioof 875, followed by Muslim (874) and Hindu (839).

In Urban child sex ratio of the state, Buddhist is at the top of the ladder with 989 girls per thousandboys. While the second rung has been occupied by Christians (914), the third has been taken by Muslims(861). Jain is at the bottom of the ladder in contrast to its position in rural areas of the state. Child sex ratiopertaining to Hindu and Jain are 819 and 763 respectively.

Districtwise Child sex ratio across major regional communities in 2011 census is depicted in table 1. Itrevealed that amongst Hindu, Ganderbal district recorded the highest number of girls per thousand boysat 1275. Interestingly, in Kargil, the numbers of girls are at par with those of boys. The lowest beingrecorded by Shupiyan with 576. In the remaining districts of the state, the number of girls per thousandboys ranges from 925 of Doda district to 729 of Pulwama district.

As regards Muslims the highest number of girls per thousand boys has been reported fromKargil(974) followed by Leh ( Ladakh) with 969; whereas the lowest child sex ratio has been returned byPulwama with 831 girls per thousand boys. Other districts which have recorded higher child sex ratiothan the state average are Kishtwar(939), Reasi(939), Doda(938), Ramban(926), Udhampur(924), Punch(897), Jammu(896), Kathua (893), Bandipoa (893), Kulgam (885), Rajouri (883), Kupwara (881) andShupiyan.

Kulgam district is notable for having returned the highest child sex ratio among Christians standingat 1414. The lowest number of girls per thousand boys has been registered by Kishtwar at 531. The Childsex ratio of Badgam district is at par with the state average (895). Further, 50 percent of the total numbersof district have reported low child sex ratio than the state average.

Sikh community has recorded a child sex ratio of 737 for the state as a whole. Seven districts wheresix districts of Jammu region viz. Jammu (715), Rajouri (711), Kathua (686), Udhampur (683) and Ramban(605); one district of Kashmir valley namely Kulgam (735) have Child sex ratio below the state average






OF JAMMU & KASHMIR



Table 01Districtwise sex ratio of population across religious communities in 2011 census.

Amazingly, Baramula district has recorded the highest number of girls per thousand boys in so far asBuddhist is concerned. Other districts which have registered child sex ratio of above 1000 includeAnantnag(2000), Kulgam(2000), Badgam(1500), Ramban(1500), Srinager(1143), Jammu(1045). Thenumber of girls is at par with boys in case of Doda and Udhampur. However, the lowest child sex ratiohas been returned by Ganderbal and Pulwama district with the same Child sex ratio at 333. Interestingly,Rajouri , Kathua and Samba districts has also claimed the same Child sex ratio of 500.

Amongst Jain, the number of girls is at par with boys in case of Rajouri, Srinagar, Kulgam and Reasidistricts. The lowest Child sex ratio has been reported from Kupwara at 200.

Table-02Some important indicators across religious communities of Jammu & Kashmir

Table 2 shows the child sex ratio, female literacy rate and female work participation for the major

Districts Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jains

Kupwara 882 881 771 781 0 200

Badgam 791 832 895 874 1500 0

Leh(Ladakh) 853 969 565 750 950 364

Kargil 1000 974 636 2000 989 0

Punch 832 897 938 756 0 0

Rajouri 831 883 755 711 500 1,000

Kathua 823 893 1130 686 500 0

Baramula 826 864 798 836 2250 500

Bandipora 805 893 963 2667 0 1500

Srinagar 880 865 821 837 1143 1000

Ganderbal 1275 862 1261 1500 333 0

Pulwama 729 831 613 750 333 0

Shupiyan 576 880 923 1429 0 0

Anantnag 809 841 910 774 2000 0

Kulgam 911 885 1414 735 2000 1000

Doda 925 938 605 955 1000 500

Ramban 923 926 944 605 1500 0

Kishtwar 905 939 531 1100 745 0

Udhampur 882 924 992 683 1000 333

Reasi 891 939 1095 832 0 1000

Jammu 789 896 929 715 1045 791

Samba 774 859 788 711 500 0

Religion Child Sex Ratio Female Literacy Rate Female Work Participation

Total 862 56.4 19.1

Hindus 834 68.9 18.9

Muslims 871 50.5 19

Christians 895 66.7 20.8

Sikhs 737 85.5 14.3

Buddhists 953 60.3 40.1

Jains 779 91.2 13.1






OF JAMMU & KASHMIR



religion groups in Jammu & Kashmir in 2011 census. The female literacy rate among Jains and Sikhs isencouraging compared to other religion. Despite that, both the communities have the lowest Child sexratio. The female work participation rates vary considerably among different religion groups withChristians and Buddhists having the highest rates and at the same time they have better child sex ratio.

A regression model was used for depicting the relationship of Female literacy rate and Female workparticipation with the child sex ratio for the major religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir.

Child Sex ratio= 904.4 – 2.3* Female Literacy Rate + 4.84*Female Work Participation(-2.31) (2.91)

R- Squared= 0.86Here, female literacy rate is found to be significant and has a negative coefficient. Whereas female

work participation is significant, with a positive coefficient. This reveals an inverse relationship betweenfemale literacy rate and child sex ratio. The most literate religion with greater access to technology hadmuch worse child sex ratio than the least literate religion. While the greater the labour participation forfemale, the greater is the improvement in child sex ratio.

CONCLUSIONThe sex composition of the population in the state varied from religious group to another. None of

the six major religion groups recorded sex ratio in favour of the girl child in 2011 census. Only amongJains in rural areas of state, girls outnumbered boys. The Buddhist community had the highest child sexratio (953), followed by Christians (895) and Muslims (871) in 2011 census. The Sikhs had the lowestjuvenile female-male ratio of 737 during this period in the state. The relationship between the Child sexratio and female literacy rate among various religious communities seems to be inverse- the religion (likeJains, Christians) that have highest literacy rate have lowest Child sex ratio. The relationship between theChild sex ratio and female work participation seems to be positive - the religions (e.g. Buddhist andChristian) that have highest workforce among females have better child sex ratio than the religion(Jain,Sikh)relatively with low female work participation.

The results of the regression analysis in the present study showed negative impact of female literacyon Child sex ratio. It may be due to the fact that literate women are more exposed to mass media and havemore information and access to sex determination and abortion facilities. Female literacy makes womenmore aware about vulnerability of whole women folks and thus there is a strong preference for sonamong literate women. Thus improving female literacy is necessary but not adequate for narrowing thegap in female-male ratio. Whereas female work participation has shown a positive impact on the childsex ratio in the study. Thus the value of a girl child can be promoted by giving autonomy to female. Jobpreference should be given to women. To correct the persistence in adverse sex ratio, changes in themindset and attitude of people towards girl child is needed.

REFERENCES :� Arnold F, Choe M K, Roy T K(1998). Son preference, the family-building process and child mortality

in India. Population studies, 52,301-315.� Azim,S.(1997). Muslim woman: Emerging Identity. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.� Basu, A. (1997). The 'Politicization' of fertility to achieve non-demographic objectives. Population

studies, 51, 5-18.� Bhat, P. N. M. and Zavier, A. J. F. (2003). Fertility Decline and Gender Bias in Northern India.

Demography, 40(4),. 637-57.� Boroah, V.K and Iyer,S (2005). Religion, Literacy and the Female to Male Ratio. Economic and Political

weekly,40(5),419-427.






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� Census of India (2011) Office of the Registrar General & census commissioner-Ministry of Homeaffairs, New Delhi.

� Coulson, N and Hinchcliffe, D. (1978). Women and Law reform in Contemporary Islam. In L.Beckand N. Keddie(Eds.), Women in the Muslim world(p 37-49). Cambridge : Harvard university press.

� Das Gupta,M.(2003), Selective discrimination against female children in Rural Punjab, India.Population and Development studies,40(2),153-187.

� Das Gupta M., Jiang Z, Li B, Xie Z, Chung W, Bae H.(2003).Why is son preference so persistent in eastand south Asia? A cross- country study of China, India and the Republic of Korea. Journal ofDevelopment Studies, 40(2), 153-187.

� Jeeva, M., Gandhimathi, and Phavalam(1998). Female Infanticide: Philosophy, Perspective andconcern of SIRD. Search Bulletin,13(3),9-17.

� Malhotra, A.(2002).Gender, caste and Religious identities: Restructuring class in colonial Punjab.New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

� Minault, G.(1998). Seculded Scholars: Women's Education and Muslim Social reform in ColonialIndia. Oxford University Press.

� Singh, J. P.(2005). The contemporary Indian Family. In B.N.Adams and J. Trost(Eds.).Handbook ofworld families(p129-166). California: Sage.

� Stump, R. (2008). The geography of religions: Faith, Place and space. Maryland. Rowman & LittlefieldPublishers.

� Varma, S.(2007). Survey: Sex Ratio highest among Christians. The Times of India, 26 December.� Youssef, N.H.(1978).The status and fertility patterns of Muslim women. In L.Beck and N.

Keddie(Eds.), Women in the Muslim world(p 66-99). Cambridge : Harvard university press.







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Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 32 - 44

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

DETERMINANTS OF RURAL NON-FARM SECTOR

EMPLOYMENT IN UTTARAKHAND

A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT TEHRI

The study examines the structure, growth, development potentials and the variousproblems which exist in the functioning of non-farm activities in Tehri Garhwal district ofUttarakhand. To identify the variables for over regression analysis, we have collectedsecondary data census 2001 and 2011 and primary data of randomly selected 10 villages ofeach selected sub-district. In the light of the above discussions we can simply suggest thatEducation which has been found to be the strongest contributing factor as illiteracy hampersthe path of inventions, innovations and adoption of new agricultural and non-agriculturaltechnologies, therefore, educational facilities are to be improved. In addition to this theexpansion of employment opportunities through the development of small and cottageindustries in rural areas. The Govt. has to come forward with some fundamental policies ofrural development with a STONG WILL.

: Rural Non Farm Sactor, Employment, Regional Factors etc.Keywords




KanupriyaDept. of Economics

Govt. Degree College Laksar,Haridwar (Uttrakhand)

Uttarakhand, formerly known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. On 9th

November, 2000, this 27 state of the Republic of India was created from the Himalayan and adjoiningth

north western districts of Uttar Pradesh. Uttarakhand is divided into two major sub-regions – Garhwaland Kumaun. Uttarakhand is also known as Dev Bhoomi, it is famous for its Char Dhams - Kedarnath,Badrinath, Gangotri and Yamnotri as well as for Hemkund Sahib and Piran Kaliyar. The state has 13districts (i.e. Dehradun, Tehri Garhwal, Haridwar, Bageshwar, Pithouragarh, Champawat, Chamoli,Rudraprayag, Udhamsingh Nagar, Nainital, Almora, Pauri and Uttarkashi), prior to the formation ofUttaranchal, now Uttarakhand, there were 8 districts in this region, 50 tehsils and 95 communitydevelopment blocks, besides there are 15669 villages and 70 cities and towns.

This study has purposively selected Tehri district of Garhwal region, this district stretches from thesnow-clad Himalayan peaks of Thalaiya , Sugar, Jonli and Gangotri group, all the way to the foot hillsnear Rishikesh.The gushing Bhagirathi with Bhilangana, Alaknanda, Ganga and Yamuna rivers border iton the east and west. Its neighboring districts are Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Pauri, Rudraprayag andDehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand.

The study examines the structure, growth, development potentials and the various problems whichexist in the functioning of non-farm activities in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. In this contextdepth knowledge of the study area generally gives an insight into the existing conditions and status of itsdevelopment.

The rural non-farm sector is neglected by economists who were mainly working in the two sector



Kanupriya






growth models (Lewis, 1972; Rania-Fei, 1961). An explicit effort to incorporate rural non-farm sector intoa growth paradigm was made by Mellor (1976) and followed by Hazel and Haggblade (1991), developeda model designed to estimate the strength of farm and non-farm linkages, based on the hypothesis thatthe performance of the rural non-farm sector is linked to agricultural performance. A substantial share ofrural non-farm sector involves agro-processing and consumer goods production through forwardlinkages, and repair and supply of farm inputs through backward linkages. Dominant sectors like tradeand services provide largely for rural consumer demand. The growth of rural non-farm employment isdriven primarily by agricultural growth, while infrastructure also showed a positive impact on ruralnon-farm employment.

This paper analyses the determinants of inter household differences in rural non-farm employmentfor two sub-districts, Narendra Nagar and Pratap Nagar of Tehri Garhwal, and highlights basiccharacteristics of households. It has also been analyzed in order to see whether there are differences infactors between the sub-districts influencing non-farm activities. Two broad groups of determinant ofrural non- farm employment participation have been identified in the review of literature; growthlinkages from development in agriculture and distress diversification. A high traditional rural non-farmsector share is likely to be associated with low years of education of workers in a household, lower castes,and agricultural indicators suggesting distress diversification. Upper castes and agricultural indicatorsalso suggest rural growth linkages from agriculture. Overall Development Linkages (ODL) also suggestthat when rural labor is not fully absorbed in the farm sector, the traditional non-farm sector acts as asponge for overload labor spillover inter unproductive and low paid (lower than the prevailing wagerates/below subsistence relative to the farm wage), non-farm activities.

The factors that influence rural non-farm employment at macro (district) and micro (household)levels may be broadly similar but some are particularly significant at the household level. District levelstudies, by using aggregate data, may miss some of the factors. For detailed study, we selected two sub-districts, Narendra Nagar and Pratap Nagar of district Tehri Garhwal it is also important to note thatbasic and general characteristics of both the sub-districts are more or less the same but rural Pratap Nagaris less developed than rural Narendra Nagar. We have randomly selected 10 villages of each sub-districtand collected primary and secondary data (census 2001 and 2011) regarding household population, sexratio, literacy, workforce, occupational classification and migration etc.

There are number of factors/variables that may determine the magnitude of non-farm employmenti.e.size of land holdings, pattern of agriculture, literacy rate, rural infrastructure (roads, banks, electricityetc.) and government policies are among the most significant determinants of the growth of rural non-farm activities. To identify the variables for over regression analysis, we have collected secondary datacensus 2001 and 2011 and primary data of randomly selected 10 villages of each selected sub-district,have been taken as samples to get knowledge about the demographic features, literacy level,occupational pattern especially farming and non-farming activities, role of women in economicactivities, importance of education, transport, banking institutions in occupational distribution and roleof male and female in these activities.

1. DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES:

Demographic features and economic development are friend and foe to each other. In this paper,demographic features, mainly numbers of households, total population, male-female population andpopulation under 6 and sex ratio are covered. Table1.1 (2001) and Table 1.2 (2001) show the demographicfeatures of 20 randomly selected sample villages of Narendrea Nagar sub-district and sub-district PratapNagar, 10 villages of each sub-district.


Table 1.2

Population, Sex-Ratio and Literacy in Sample Villag es of Sub-District : NARENDRA NAGAR (2001)

SR

NO.VILLAGE

No. of

House

Hold

House

Hold

Size

Population Sex Ratio No. of Literates

Total M F 0-6 SC Total 0-6 SC Total M F

1 Maidhar 46 4 191 83 108 25 0 1301 562 0 93 50 43

2 Ranakot 183 5 953 429 524 196 102 1221 867 1217 407 243 164

3Khanana

Mayfanika167 4 720 301 419 146 55 1392 825 1619 310 180 130

4 Basui 50 5 263 124 139 55 53 1121 719 767 132 78 54

5 Kail 29 5 152 75 77 14 0 1027 750 0 108 58 50

6 Shivpuri 43 5 222 149 73 30 0 490 875 0 124 99 25

7 Timli 229 7 1566 757 809 320 190 1069 988 959 639 413 226

8Baman

Gaon169 5 852 437 415 147 273 950 633 808 488 301 187

9 Tapowan 526 4 2320 1350 970 319 141 719 812 808 1 680 1064 616

10 Ampata 79 4 340 153 187 54 111 1222 800 1220 197 110 87

Total 1521 4.8 7575 3868 3707 1307 925 1052 783 1057 4178 2602 1576

Source: Census of India Uttaranchal, 2001

� Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 clearly indicate male members are dominating in adult wing and in the agegroup of under 6 year slot, similarly females are lagging behind in literacy in both the sub-districts. Sexratio is also indicating towards a big problem for future.� Table1.3 and Table 1.4, relate to Census 2011, indicate with the span of 10 years, the total population,in 10 randomly selected villages, in Pratap Nagar comes down to 5984 from 6222 in 2001) among themmale are 2925 and 3059 females with a sex ratio of 1045, on the other hand in the same number of selectedvillages in Narendra Nagar total population goes to 8357 ( from 7575 in 2001) in 10 years, in which 4456



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Table 1.1

Population, Sex-Ratio and Literacy in Sample Villag es of Sub-District : PRATAP NAGAR(2001)

SR.

NO.VILLAGE

No. of

House

Hold

House

hold

Size

Population Sex Ratio No. of Literates

Total M F 0-6 SC Total 0-6 SC Total M F

1 Chheti 116 5 600 312 288 94 316 923 808 816 314 206 108

2Chaund

Jaspur103 5 509 248 261 104 97 1052 763 1205 275 165 110

3 Devel 155 4 678 306 372 117 143 1216 828 932 341 203 138

4 Dharkot 97 6 546 274 272 85 87 993 1073 933 281 198 83

5Herwal

Gaon124 5 575 254 321 72 66 1264 1000 886 329 182 147

6 Budkot 60 5 302 143 159 58 78 1112 758 1167 1

7 Jakhni 151 6 926 451 475 143 22 1053 833 1444 587 361 226

8 Mengwali 223 5 1017 554 463 176 994 836 913 994 661 399 262

9 Malyakot 203 4 794 462 332 99 58 719 941 758 585 391 194

10 Siloli 112 5 575 251 324 104 115 1291 1039 1212 305 186 119

Total 1344 5 6522 3255 3267 1052 1976 1046 896 1035 3811 2407 1404

Source : Census of India Uttaranchal, 2001

131 93 38

Table 1.4

Population, Sex-Ratio, and Literacy in Sample Sub-D istrict : Narendra Nagar( 2011)

SR.

NO.VILLAGE

No. of

House

hold

Population No. of Literates

Total M F 0-6 SC Total M F

1 Maidhar 52 167 71 96 13 0 100 53 47

2 Ranakot 244 785 412 373 142 148 583 302 281

3Khanana

Mayfanika161 666 298 368 75 60 364 210 154

4 Basui 54 237 106 131 32 66 151 79 72

5 Kail 26 95 37 58 6 0 65 32 33

6 Shivpuri 60 322 244 78 22 26 277 229 48

7 Timli 306 1671 787 884 316 266 984 540 444

8Baman

Gaon150 747 357 390 89 301 504 284 220

9 Tapowan 677 3227 1928 1299 329 177 2573 1635 938

10 Ampata 89 440 216 224 72 107 296 167 129

Total 8357 4456 3901 1096 1151 5887 3521 2366



are male and 3901 female with a sex ratio of 875. In same part of sub- dist. Narendra Nagar the number ofmale literates touches 60% while Pratap Nagar sub-dist. has 4293 total literates among them femaleswere 45%.

In comparison of both the census (2001& 2011) we find, there are significant changes in population,sex-ratio and level of literacy in the selected villages in 2011 in comparison to the previous one. TotalPopulation in 10 years has decreased in one sub dist. While increased in the second sub-district while sexratio in NN comes down from 958 to 875 but in PN it increased from1003 to 1045. Male literacy rate hasupper hand in both the sub- districts while female literacy rate comes down, similarly number of childrenless than the of 6 year has also been changed i.e.785 in PN and NN it is 1096.

These changes are not reflecting friendly features for the economic development especially



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Table 1.3Population, Sex-Ratio, and Literacy in Sample Sub-D istrict : Pratap Nagar (2011)

SR

NOVILLAGE

No. of

House

hold

Population No. of Literates

Total M F 0-6 SC Total M F

1 Chheti 155 576 250 326 89 170 344 173 171

2 Chaund Jaspur 117 461 207 254 68 295 283 144 139

3 Devel 124 659 344 315 101 142 487 275 212

4 Dharkot 134 491 224 267 53 53 358 190 168

5 Herwal Gaon 85 568 279 289 101 11 338 227 111

6 Budkot 67 315 159 156 41 16 255 137 118

7 Jakhni 147 802 399 403 86 24 591 334 257

8 Mengwali 225 1040 533 507 125 350 854 454 400

9 Malyakot 58 222 103 119 18 0 181 92 89

10 Siloli 181 850 427 423 103 234 602 331 271

Total 1274 5984 2925 3059 785 1295 4293 2357 1936



decreasing sex ratio and lowering rate of literacy among female wing. It seems the failure of Governmentpolicy of EDUCATION FOR ALL , now it is more relevant to adopt the policy of “Beti Bacho Beti Parao”in real sense.

2. EDUCATIONAL LEVELEducation has always been found to be the strongest contributing factor for the growth and

development of the economy. People of Uttarakhand are also aware of this fact, therefore, census 2011shows the literacy rate in the state of Uttarakhand is 71.6% as far as our study area is concerned, sub-district Narendra Nagar,as a whole, has 69.8% literacy rate while sub-district. Pratap Nagar shows 63.5%mark of literacy but Literacy rate in the sample villages explain the different story.

the literacy rate in Pratap Nagar is 63.5% (2001) and 75.6% (2011) which is lower than that ofNarendra Nagar 68.8% (2001) and 87.6% (2011), it is also important to note that literacy rate amongwomen is only 43.9%(2001) and 61.3 % (2011) in Pratap Nagar while Narendra Nagar has 53.1%(2001)and 80.9 % (2011)

Table 2.1 shows that total literacy position in sub districts as a whole while Table2.2 in the sample 10villages of each sub dist. In both, the sub-district Narendra Nagar (87.6% ) has an edge over PratapNagar (75.6%) but 10 sample villages of each show that literacy in NN (56.1%) and in PN ( 53.8%), in bothmales are in lead. In P. Nagar female literacy is just 38.7% while Narendra Nagar has also an edge over infemale literacy i.e. 45.7%.Ultimately literacy and literacy rate, especially on female side, is putting a badeffect on non-farm activities in the region. It shows there is no effect of Education For All program in thisregion. It also shows a big gap between Govt. claims and actual position.

3. OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNOccupational pattern is the mirror of the economy, it not only translates the number of persons in

different sectors but also indicate the level of future progress and development of the economy as awhole.

Table 3.1 and 3.2 (of year 2001) indicate that the population of 200 surveyed households of the twosub-districts is 1139 (560+579) out of which total number of workers is 432, among them male and femalewere 213 and 214. The numbers of workers engaged in non-farm activities (186) are less than of thoseengaged in farm activities (248). 45.4% of the total workers are engaged in non-farm activities. Table 3.1and Table 3.2 show that sub-district Narendra Nagar is leading by around 2%, workers engaged in non-farm activities.

Table 2.1

Literacy and Literacy Rate In Narendra Nagar and Pratap Nagar Sub districts ( 2001 )

Sub-District Literate Persons Literacy Rate

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Narendra Nagar 54601 31212 23389 87.6% 93% 80.9%

Pratap Nagar 40238 23023 17215 75.6% 92.1% 61.3%

Table 2.2

Literacy and Literacy Rate in Narendra Nagar and Pratap Nagar Sub districts ( 2011)

Sub-District Villages Literate Persons Literacy Rate

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Narendra Nagar 10 499 314 185 56.10% 66.50% 45.70%

Pratap Nagar 10 507 312 195 53.80% 70% 38.70%



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Table - 3.2

Workforce in Farm and Non-Farm Activities in Sample Villages of Sub-District :Pratap Nagar (2001)

SR.NO. VILLAGE Households PopulationTotal

Workforce

Workforce at

FS

Workforce at

NFS

1 Chheti 10 64 25 12 12

2 Chaund Jaspur 10 55 22 12 10

3 Devel 10 52 20 10 10

4 Dharkot 10 63 24 14 10

5 Herwal Gaon 10 56 21 13 8

6 Budkot 10 56 22 20 2

7 Jakhni 10 64 23 11 12

8 Mengwali 10 55 22 12 10

9 Malyakot 10 47 17 10 7

10 Siloli 10 65 23 12 11

Total 100 579 216 126 92


Table - 3.1

Workforce in Farm and Non-Farm Activities in Sample Villages of Sub-District : Nrendra Nagar (2001)

SR.NO. VILLAGE Households PopulationTotal Work

force

Workforce

at FS

Workforce

at NFS

1 Maidhar 10 64 27 20 7

2 Ranakot 10 56 21 14 7

3Khanana

Mayfanika10 54 20 17 3

4 Basui 10 50 19 15 4

5 Kail 10 58 22 13 9

6 Shivpuri 10 61 23 3 20

7 Timli 10 59 26 15 11

8 Baman Gaon 10 55 20 10 10

9 Tapowan 10 52 19 5 14

10 Ampata 10 51 19 10 9

Total 100 560 216 122 94



Though the numbers of main workers has been increased in both the sub-districts in ten year spanbut Narendra Nagra is leading in both the census years. On the whole, sub-district Narendra Nagar wasalso leading in number of main workers 13770 (2001) and 20670 (2011) engaged in non-farm activities asthere number in Pratap Nagar sub-district was 9532(2001) and 15110 (2011).

Census 2011 also indicated the development also apparent in the 20 sample villages in the selectedfor the study area. As far as household industries are concerned, Narendre Nagar is far head of PratapNagar.

Tables 3.3 and 3.4 (Census 2001) show the different categories of workers in randomly selectedsample villages of both sub-districts. In 10 villages of Narendra Nagar sub-district, out of 3204 totalworkers, male workers were 1824 while in Pratap Nagar sub-district their number was1413 out of 2557.Among main workers, the number of male and females was 1514 and 850 in Narendra Nagar on the otherhand in Pratap Nagar they were 1051 and 673 it means females are lagging behind But in cultivationactivities females were leading in both the sub-districts. In Narendra Nagar they were 1209 against 745males and in Pratap Nagar their number was 994 to 460 males.



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In Narendra Nagar sub-district male and female workers in household industries were more or lessequal but in Pratap Nagar sub-districts the number of female workers in non-farm activities were alsomore than male workers.

As far as compositions of RNF activities in the sample villages is concerned, that has been divided ineight categories i.e. grocery, transport, construction, carpentry, black smithy, tea stall and dhabas,household industries (public and private) services. As per Primary data collected in the study area,percentage of workforce engaged in different RNFA in both the sub-districts, in Narendra nagar 20.6% ofworkforce deals in grocery, 16.59% in tea stalls and dhabas 15.35% in household industries and 14.53% inpub-services while in Pratap Nagar these percentages are 23.94%, 14.9%, 9.63% and 15.14% respectively.

Table3.3 Work-Force in sample villages of sub-district : Narendra Nagar 2001

SR.NO. VILLAGETotal

Workers

Main

Workers

Marginal

Workers

Non

WorkersCultivators

Agricultural

Labourers

Workers

in HH

Industries

Other

Workers

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

1 Maidhar 29 49 29 47 0 2 54 59 14 48 0 0 5 1 10 0

2 Ranakot 175 278 169 252 6 26 254 246 130 268 0 2 1 2 44 6

3Khanana

Mayfanika118 238 110 156 8 82 183 181 106 235 0 0 4 0 8 3

4 Basui 51 74 32 1 19 73 73 65 30 73 0 0 5 0 16 1

5 Kail 31 35 30 35 1 0 44 42 6 1 0 0 17 30 8 4

6 Shivpuri 112 18 68 14 44 4 37 55 1 3 2 0 0 11 109 4

7 Timli 294 277 293 237 1 40 463 532 246 260 0 0 7 0 41 17

8Baman

Gaon201 238 31 1 170 237 236 177 167 234 3 3 1 0 30 1

9 Tapowan 737 90 699 86 38 4 613 880 16 13 4 0 8 11 709 66

10 Ampata 76 92 53 25 23 67 77 95 29 74 0 0 4 0 43 18

Total 1824 1389 1514 854 302 535 2034 2332 745 1239 9 5 52 55 1018 120


Table - 3.4

Work-Force in sample villages of sub-district : Pratap Nagar 2001

SR.NO. VILLAGETotal

Workers

Main

Workers

Marginal

Workers

Non

WorkersCultivators

Agricultural

Labourers

Workers

in HH

Industries

Other

Workers


1 Chheti 161 153 103 129 58 24 151 135 27 141 66 8 13 1 55 3

2Chaund

Jaspur103 100 96 36 7 64 145 161 43 69 0 0 2 0 58 31

3 Devel 104 158 87 155 17 3 202 214 49 150 0 0 13 7 42 1

4 Dharkot 126 130 76 28 50 102 148 142 60 106 8 22 19 2 39 0

5Herwal

Gaon91 132 91 131 0 1 163 189 51 127 0 1 3 0 37 4

6 Budkot 51 68 51 65 0 3 92 91 50 68 0 0 0 0 1 0

7 Jakhni 168 80 49 5 119 75 283 395 126 76 0 0 2 0 40 4

8 Mengwali 278 106 261 105 17 1 276 357 6 60 37 0 2 0 233 46

9 Malyakot 237 39 192 17 45 22 225 293 12 20 0 0 2 0 225 19

10 Siloli 104 178 45 1 59 177 147 146 35 177 0 0 10 0 59 1

Total 1323 1144 1051 672 372 472 1832 2123 459 994 111 23 66 10 789 109




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Due to undeveloped resources for HHI the numbers of non-workers increased (Table 3.5 & Table 3.6) andon the other hand HHI has been decreasing since 2001.table 3.4 and table 3.5 also show the femaleworkers in HHI has no important place only ther number is less than one-fourth in comparison to malemembers.

Table 3.7

Workforce in Farm and Non-Farm Activities in Villa ges of Sub-District : Narendra Nagar (2011)

SR.

NO.VILLAGE Households Population

Total

Workforce

Workforce

at Farm

Sector

Workforce at

Non-Farm

Sector

1 Maidhar 52 167 113 109 5

2 Ranakot 244 785 443 436 67

Table - 3.5

Work - Force in sample villages of sub-district : N arendra Nagar 2011

SR.NO. VILLAGETotal

Workers

Main

Workers

Marginal

Workers

Non

WorkersCultivators

Agricultural

Labourers

Workers

in HH

Industries

Other

Workers


1 Maidhar 37 76 26 56 11 20 34 20 34 75 0 0 1 1 2 1

2 Ranakot 177 266 134 86 43 180 235 307 103 249 15 9 0 0 59 8

3Khanana

Mayfanika113 171 112 171 1 0 185 197 93 160 2 5 0 0 8 6

4 Basui 45 75 45 75 0 0 61 56 58 150 0 0 0 0 19 0

5 Kail 17 37 1 2 16 35 20 21 16 35 0 0 0 0 1 2

6 Shivpuri 216 14 206 11 10 3 28 64 7 9 0 0 0 0 209 5

7 Timli 369 456 241 127 128 329 418 428 198 342 0 0 1 0 170114

8Baman

Gaon155 126 142 124 13 2 202 264 64 94 0 0 0 0 91 32

9 Tapowan 1030 148 986 129 44 19 898 1151 57 63 6 2 21 4 946 79

10 Ampata 97 30 56 21 41 9 119 194 24 15 11 4 3 2 59 9

Total 2256 1399 1949 802 307 597 2200 2702 654 1192 34 20 26 7 1564 256

Source : Census of India Uttaranchal, 2011


Table 3.6

Work-Force in sample villages of sub-district : Pra tap Nagar (2011)

SR.NO. VILLAGETotal

Workers

Main

Workers

Marginal

Workers

Non

WorkersCultivators

Agricultural

Labourers

Workers

in HH

Industries

Other

Workers


1 Chheti 97 176 49 15 48 161 153 150 66 147 9 20 0 1 22 8

2Chaund

Jaspur87 81 85 68 2 13 120 173 34 75 1 0 0 0 53 5

3 Devel 178 160 150 27 28 133 166 155 88 84 47 69 6 3 37 4

4 Dharkot 106 159 104 158 2 1 118 108 51 146 3 1 7 3 44 9

5Herwal

Gaon129 147 8 4 121 143 150 142 115 144 1 2 1 0 12 2

6 Baudkot 57 11 45 9 12 2 102 145 3 2 5 0 0 0 49 9

7 Jakhni 175 152 64 17 111 135 224 251 91 62 3 1 9 5 72 84

8 Mengwali 254 89 194 61 60 28 279 418 50 45 4 2 10 0 190 42

9 Malyakot 58 84 16 6 42 78 45 35 43 82 1 0 1 0 13 2

10 Siloli 210 173 181 60 0 0 217 250 77 155 0 0 2 0 131 18

Total 1351 1232 896 425 426 694 1791 1827 618 942 74 95 36 12 623 183




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Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 indicate the number of workers in non-farm sector proportionallyincreased 2011 in comparison to 2001 and it is a healthy sign.In randomly selected 10 villages of sub-district Pratap Nagar in census 2001 indicated that the number of males in the categories of total andmaim workers were 1432 and 1051 respectively and in census 2011 the number of both categories falls to1351 and 896 and in the same fashion the members of males in household industries also shrinks from 66to 36 and all these are not good sign for the health of economy, though a sign of relief that the number offemales have been increased in all the categories i.e. total workers 1144 to 1232, main workers 372 to 425,household industries workers from 10 to 12. All these verify that in spite of Govt. and NGO efforts male-migration from hilly areas is on and male workers category shrinks from 789 to 623 while female workersgot increase 109 to 183.

These tables (3.7 & 3.8) also narrate the story of Narendra Nagar has indicated different aspects inthe randomly selected 10 villages of this sub-district census 2001 shows number of total workers, mainworkers and workers in household industries were 1824, 1514 and 52 respectively but in the census 2011,in all these categories show increase to 2253 ( total workers), 1999 (main workers) but on the other hand,the female wing more or less remained constant in these wings but a sharp decline in female householdindustries workers from 55 to 07 only.

In both the sub-districts the number of non-workers is very high and alarming i.e. 2200 (M) and2702 (F) in Narendra Nagar and 1791 (M) and 1827 (F) in Pratap Nagar.The Description of Variables

The description of variables identified for the regression analysis given below:


3Khanana

Mayfanika161 666 284 260 14

4 Basui 54 237 120 163 19

5 Kail 26 95 54 51 3

6 Shivpuri 60 322 230 16 214

7 Timli 306 1671 825 540 285

8 Baman Gaon 150 747 281 158 123

9 Tapowan 677 3227 1178 128 1050

10 Ampata 89 440 127 54 73

Total 1819 8357 3655 1915 1853


Table3.8

Workforce in Farm and Non-Farm Activities in Sample Villages of Sub-District : Pratap Nagar (2011)

SR.NO. VILLAGE Households PopulationTotal

Workforce

Workforce at

FS

Workforce at

NFS

1 Chheti 155 576 273 242 31

2 Chaund Jaspur 117 461 168 110 58

3 Devel 124 659 338 288 50

4 Dharkot 134 491 319 201 63

5 Herwal Gaon 85 568 276 262 15

6 Budkot 67 315 68 10 58

7 Jakhni 147 802 327 157 170

8 Mengwali 225 1040 343 101 242

9 Malyakot 58 222 142 126 16

10 Siloli 181 850 383 232 151

Total 1274 5984 2583 1729 854




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TNF = Total Non-Farm (Dependent Variables)MMF = Male members of familyFMF = Female members of familyMWF = Male WorkforceFWF = Female WorkforceLM = Literate MaleLF = Literate Female

The ModelThe classical least square model has been used for the analysis of determinants viz.:

TNF =

Where j stands for an individual; i for an independent variable (¡ = 1, 2 …n); TNF is a Total NonFarm; and employment/ workers are the parameters to be estimated and µ is the random unobservedβdisturbance with zero mean and constant unknown variance.

RESULTSThe regression results for the sample are being reported below in the form of table. Regression

equation and results for the samples. The descriptive statistics and correlations Matrix of this model aregiven in the as appendix table of this chapter. The appendixes also provide a histogram for regressionstandardized residual.

Regression Results

This table shows that the regression coefficient for the variable representing Male members offamily i.e., MMF have been found to be positive and statistically significant at the level of probability. Itseems that the larger number of the male family members have significant and positive contributions.

The regression coefficient for the variable representing Female members of family i.e. FMF havealso been found to be positive and statistically significant at the level of probability. It seems that thelarger number of females family members have also significant and positive contributions but less thanthe MMF.

The positive and significant regression coefficients for the variable representing Male Workforce(MWF) indicate toward the favorable impact of this explanatory variable i.e. on the Total Non-Farm.

In case of the variable Female workforce (FWF), it was expected that this variable would have apositive effect on the Total Non-Farm. The relationship, as expected, has been found to be positive andthe regression coefficient is statistically significant.

The regression coefficient for LM (Literate Male) shows a low level significance but positive

0

n

i ij j

i

Xa b m=

+ +å

VARIABLESCOEFFICIENTS

T SIGNIFICANCEB STD. ERROR

CONSTANT 0.014468 0.201702 0.071732 0.942954

MMF 0.122583 0.076925 1.59355 0.114101

FMF 0.022353 0.062336 0.358592 0.720634

MWF 0.056634 0.081251 0.697016 0.487363

FWF 0.135541 0.077399 1.751198 0.082889

LM 0.754295 0.087386 8.631719 2.00E-14

LF 0.818058 0.076089 10.75139 8.70E-19

S = .5321 Adj. = 80 F = 74.546 DOF = 103

Dependent Variable : Total Non-Farm Workers



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Mean Std. D N

MMF 0.690909 0.601915 100

FMF 3.018182 0.877672 100

MWF 2.990909 1.018142 100

FWF 1.4 0.679989 100

ML 1.090909 0.697906 100

FL 1.690909 0.713506 100


relationship between Literate Male and the Total Non-Farm. This also indicates of the important role thatliterate male can play Positive role in improving the socio-economic conditions.

The variable LF (Literate Female) on the other hand has been found to be insignificant but therelationship between literate female and total non-farm, however, is positive. In view of the low level andlittle variability of Literate Female among Sample Households, one may be reasonably expect thatLiterate Female might exercise a relatively weak influence.The R² (Adj.) shows the relationship between dependent and explanatory variables. Since the F statisticsfor the sample regression is larger than the critical F value at significance level, the hypothesis ofindependence between the dependant and explanatory variables can be rejected. It can further beinferred that the regression model provides a significant explanation of variation in the dependedvariable i.e., Total Non-Farm.

Descriptive Statistics

4. TRANSPORTDevelopment of Infrastructure is of great importance for the economy. It is an umbrella term for

several activities which includes transport, power, financial institution and telecommunication etc. buttransport relatively has an edge over others because it is considered as life line of the economy.

Transport is essential for economic progress as it helps to open up remote regions and resources forproduction Transport includes roads, railways, shipping and civil aviation. As far as our Uttarakhand isconcerned, railways, shipping and civil aviation have not much of importance as the maximumgeographical area of this state is either hilly or covered with forests, therefore, roads has graphed higherlevel of significance. Road transport is more convenient and flexible in this state.

In district Tehri the length of roads is 1924 km and out which 1289 km roads are of P.W.D. It is alsosignificant that the length of roads per square km. in Tehri dist. out of which the share of P.W.D. is 46.5%.Though the sub-district Narendra Nagar is well linked-up with Rishikesh and Haridwar but theconstruction of Tehri dam, sub-district. Pratap nagar has been cut-off from the main stream of districtTehri, it seems that while designing the dam, transport (road) problems of Pratap Nagar sub-district havenot been considered or taken into account.

Due to lack of transport facilities, the different villages of the study area are not well connected withdistrict HQ and NFA could not float and flourish as the raw material and production could not reach thedestinations. As our study area is hilly as well as covered with forests, therefore, kachi roads andpegdandis are in good number, due to lack of transport facilities, maximum villages of this area areremained under-developed. The progress of non-farm activities in these sub-districts, especially PratapNagar, is hampered and out- migration for earnings and employment among literate workforce has beenincreased from 17% (1991) to 21% (2001) and 23% ( 2011) therefore it can be concluded that in the studyarea, there is a negative association between transport facilities and out-migration. While associatebetween road transport and level of income and employment suppose to be positive.

5. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFinancial institutions have important roles to play in the economic growth of an economy, a sound

system of commercial banking is also an essential pre-requisites for the economic development for a



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developing economy, they encourage savings and investment, they give movement to funds from oneplace and person to another and provide loans for the establishment and development of small scale andcottage industries.

As far as, state of Uttarakhand( Uttaranchal) is concerned in 2003-2004, it has 652 branches ofNationalized Bank, 168 Regional Rural Bank, 189 Cooperative Bank and 20 Cooperative AgriculturalRural Development Banks and deposits of these branches of different banks was Rs. 15789.18 crore andloan disbursement was Rs. 4277.78 corer, which is a very small in percentage of the requirements .Theamount of deposits and credit remains more or less constant up to the recent census year.

In district Tehri (2002-2003) the number of branches of Nationalized, Regional and CooperativeBanks were 47, 22 and 24 respectively and their total deposits and credits were Rs. 652.9 corers and Rs.102.64 corers. In this district all branch of commercial banks have advanced loans of Rs. 23.37 cores to thecottage and small scale industries which is just 1.45% of loan given to this sector by the banks inUttarakhand (Uttaranchal), which indicates the poor show of commercial banks in the economicdevelopment of this area.

As far as, the sample villages are concerned only 02 out of 20 villages have very small branches ofState Bank of India with a very poor business. Expect this, no cooperative society is in existence in these 20sample villages of these two sub-districts and even the people of the small villages have not even heard ofco-operatives societies, therefore, it can be said that the financial institution have a little effect in theprocess of NFA and generating employment in the area, therefore, State- government must comeforward with certain concrete policies and measures, otherwise especially male migration neither bereduced nor be stop.

CONCLUSIONOn the basis of sample data, observations and results we have been able to visualize the emerging

conditions of farming and non-farming sectors of district Tehri. The following conclusions can beforwarded:� Rapid growth of population on one hand and decreasing rate of available land and natural resources,

on the other, have been seriously forcing the problems of sustaining livelihood for farmingcommunities. In this context the significance of extending NFS becomes only alternative in suchagriculturally and low growth state but this depends upon rich infrastructure like education(literacy), transportation as well as provision of motivation and facilities to develop by the Govt.

� Transport, the life line of economy, facilities for obtaining raw material from different destinationsand for selling goods of articles produced by rural or house hold industries in nearby markets, havealso been experienced a basic problem for unsatisfactory growth of rural industrial enterprises in thestate due to poor road-linkage in the state

� Despite the fact that various kinds of problems existing in the properly functioning of the ruralindustrial activities in different geographical locations, a significant proportion of the entrepreneursare approaching various government agencies and financial institutions for financial requirements, toupgrade their units but in the study area banking facilities are not up to the mark. Out of 20 samplevillages, only 02 have SBI branches but their credit activities are more or less insignificant. Similarlyco-operative societies are yet to open their account in the area, majority of the people do not knowabout the formation, working and benefits of co-operative societies too.

� In the study area, it is noticed that the women have an upper hand in agricultural as well as in non-agricultural activities and their sex ratio (2001census) was low (1000:981) and in 2011 (1000:962) butmore difficult days are ahead because the sex ratio of 0-6 year population in 2011 was only 1000:897which will not only hamper the economic activities in the study area but also crucify the level ofdevelopment in Uttaranchal state in the future, therefore, State Govt. has to think twice .



Kanupriya






In the light of the above discussions we can simply suggest that Education which has been found tobe the strongest contributing factor as illiteracy hampers the path of inventions, innovations andadoption of new agricultural and non-agricultural technologies, therefore, educational facilities are to beimproved. In addition to this the expansion of employment opportunities through the development ofsmall and cottage industries in rural areas, general improvements in the rural economy along with betterworking conditions and provision of social security measures are also essential for the generation of morerural employment and reduction in out-migration. Along these, roads especially connecting villages totowns and district head-quarters must be given similarly the expansion and development of state highways and other transport facilities may not be forgotten. The Govt. has to come forward with somefundamental policies of rural development with a STONG WILL.

REFERENCES-� Chadha, G.K. (1999) ''Rural Non-Farming in India; What Does Recent Experience Teach Us” the

Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 45, no. 4� Review of Economics and Statistics� Journal of Rural Development� www.ua.nic.in� www.census2011.co.in� www.en.m.wikipedia.org



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Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 45 - 51

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 45 -

ABSTRACT

CORPORATE ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING

THE DISCLOSURE PRCTICES IN INDIAN COMPANIES

Corporate Disclosure can be defined as a process through which a business enterprisecommunicates with the external parties. Disclosure is the movement of information fromthe private domain (inside information) into the public domain. In the present paper anattempt has been made to establish the relationship between Disclosure Practices and theCompany Attributes. To evaluate the disclosure score of various companies, some yardstickis required for that purpose a comprehensive list of 14 major items with breakup of 482 subitems has been made to determine the adequacy of disclosure practices of the corporatesector in India. The attributes included in the present study happens to be age of thecompany, size of the company measured by turnover, profitability of the companymeasured by return on capital employed. There is significant association between disclosurescore and age of the company and also significant association between disclosure score andsize of the company. Return on Capital Employed and disclosure score has shown nosignificant association in case of public sector. However, this variable has become moresignificant in case of private sector and shows that there has been positive and highlysignificant association between disclosure score and profitability. The quality and extent ofdisclosure of information in corporate annual reports varies from company to company inthe private as well as public sectors. The disclosure of information in the annual reports isnot an independent factor. There may be various factors affecting the extent of disclosure ofinformation in annual reports by the companies. Many researchers like Cert (1961), Singhviand Desai (1971), Singh and Bhargava (1978), Jawahar Lal (1985), Chander (1992), Vasal(1995) and Verma (1997) have studied the impact of various company attributes on the extentof disclosure of information in the annual reports of different companies.




Ashish MittalSaharanpur

Uttar Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTIONCorporate Disclosure can be defined as a process through which a business enterprise

communicates with the external parties. Disclosure is the movement of information from the privatedomain (i.e. inside information) into the public domain. The corporate reports are disclosed throughcompany's annual reports: Annual report is a periodic statement, which is issued at the end of eachaccounting period. It usually consists of accounting and non accounting information. Accountinginformation are quantitative, formal, structural, numerical and past oriented materials. This includesBalance Sheet, Profit and Loss accounts, Schedules and notes to financial statements. These are generallyaudited be a qualified auditor. They must exhibit “true and fair view” of the state of affairs. Corporatedisclosure is a process of reporting of accounting information of an entity to a user or a group of users. Itsignifies a total communication system between the corporation and its interested constituents. This is



Ashish Mittal

CORPORATE ATTRIBUTES

AFFECTING THE DISCLOSURE PRCTICES

IN INDIAN COMPANIES



the most direct, least expensive, most timely and fairest methods of reaching present and potential users.So, corporate reporting is nothing but the communication of financial information of the activities of theundertaking to the interested parties for facilitating their economic decisions. Generally, three conceptshave been proposed for disclosure and they are adequacy, fairness and full disclosure. The mostcommonly used concept is adequacy; and it implies that all material information needed by the users ofthe financial statements are reports should be included in such financial statements and reports i.e. itshould be adequate to the need of the users. The adequacy of the information can be tested when it isreported outside the organization, but when reported inside the organization, the adequacy of thedisclosure cannot be tested accurately as there is no test to measure it. Another difficulty is that the needsof the users are different from user to user, and as a result, adequacy can be obtained only to a certainextent. The concept of 'fair disclosure' implies that all users of the information should be treated alike, inpreparing the financial statements and reports, and the concept of 'fair disclosure' implies that all users ofthe information should be treated alike, in preparing the financial statements and reports and the conceptof 'full disclosure' implies that all relevant information of the financial activities of the business enterpriseis presented in the financial reports. In the recent years, the perspective shifted to an informationalapproach. According to this approach, the basic purpose of financial statements is to provide informationuseful to various users, viz., investors, creditors, management, government, security analysts,consumers and the public. This shift in emphasis is fully reflected in the objectives of financial statementsdeveloped by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB).

In the present paper an attempt has been made to establish the relationship between DisclosureScore and the Company Attributes. To evaluate the disclosure level of various companies, someyardstick is required. A list of disclosure index is being developed as yardstick on the basis of analysis ofprevious studies, literature, guidelines of ICAI for best presentation of accounts awards and a detailedconsultation with various academicians, financial analysts etc. A comprehensive list of 14 major itemswith breakup of 482 sub items has been made to detemine the adequacy of disclosure practices of thecorporate sector in Indai. A list comprising the major items and sub items of information is as under:

CORPORATE ATTRIBUTESThe attributes included in the present study happens to be age of the company, size of the company

measured by turnover, profitability of the company measured by return on capital employed.

S.No. Major items of Classification No. of Sub items

l. Contents 54

2. Directors Report 593. Chairman’s Report 32

4. Corporate Governance 26

5. MDA (Management Decision Analysis) 26

6. Shareholder’s Information 51

7. Accounting and Finance 96

8. Personnel/HR Information 27

9. Marketing and Segment Reporting 2010. Highlights 25

11.` Mission 01

12. Graphs, Diagrams, Pictures 44

13. Social Responsibility 11

14. Emerging Concepts 10TOTAL 482

Disclosure Score 1990-91 2006-07Age in (Yrs) X C.V. X C.V.

Less than 20 95.25 30.54 32.06 - - -

20-40 113.10 13.80 12.21 221.40 68.98 31.1540-60 129.60 23.82 18.38 229.85 22.96 9.98

60-80 97.50 3.50 3.58 234.25 50.34 21.48

80 & Above 146.66 17.25 11.76 224.50 47.67 21.23


For the study, the following characteristics/attributes have been considered:1. Age of the company2. Size of the company, measured by turnover3. Profitability of the company measured by Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)

1. DISCLOSURE SCORE AND AGE:�Age of a company is considered as one of the important attribute affecting the inter company

variations in disclosure score. There is general notion that older companies disclose more informationthan new ones. This may be because of the fact that older companies are well established and withmaturity become aware of the benefits of greater disclosure.

Table 1.l and 1.2 shows the relationship between age and disclosure score of a company for the year1990-91 and 2006-07 for the private and public sectors respectively.

TABLE – 1.1AGE AND DISCLOSURE SCORE 1990-91 AND 2006-07

(PRIVATE SECTOR)

Source: Statistical values computed from Annual Reports of the Companies

It can be observed from the table 1.1 that companies with less than 20 years in age have minimumaverage disclosure of 95.25 items in the private sector for the year 1990-91. The values of standarddeviation (30.54 items) and coefficient of variation (32.06) percent are uppermost for this age group.

The average disclosure scores are 113, 129.70, 97.50 and 146.66 for the age groups 20-40, 40-60, 60-80,80 and above respectively. The average disclosure score has gradually improved with age except in theage group of 60-80 years. The average disclosure score is highest i.e. 146.66 items in the age group of 80years and above. For the year 2006-07 the average disclosure scores are 221.40, 229.85, 234.25, and 224.50for the age groups 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80 years and above correspondingly. It shows a continuousincrease in average disclosure score with the increase in age up to 60-80 years, where it is maximum i.e.234.25. However, average disclosure score has decreased to 224.50 items for the age group of 80 yearsand above. There seems to be positive association between age and disclosure score in the private sectorduring the period of study.

TABLE- 1.2AGE AND DISCLOSURE SCORE 1990-91 AND 2006-07

(PUBLIC SECTOR)


Disclosure Score 1990-91 2006-07Age in (Yrs) X C.V. X C.V.

Less than 20 118.7 10.8 9.10 - - -

20-40 136.5 40.9 29.96 231.0 7.8 3.38

40-60 184.0 - - 253.6 50.6 19.95

60-80 - - - - - -80 & Above 198.00 - - 300.00 - -



Ashish Mittal



IN INDIAN COMPANIES



It can be observed from table 4.2 that average disclosure scores are 118.7, 136.5, l84, l98 for the agesless than 20, 20-40, 40-60, 80 years and above respectively for the year 1990-91 in the public sector. Itshows that average disclosure score is maximum for companies in the age group of 80 years and above forthe year 1990-91. Analysis further reveals that disclosure score is 231.0, 253.6 and 300 for the age 20-40,40-60 and 80 years and above, for the year 2006-07. It clearly reveals that disclosure score is lowest in thecompanies falling in the age group of 20-40 years and maximum for companies in the age group of 80years and above.

2 SIZE OF COMPANY AND DISCLOSURE SCORE:�It is generally stated that there is positive relationship/association between extent of disclosure

score and size of a company. It means that the firms which are larger in size tend to disclose more ascompared to the small size firms. Various reasons have been given to justify this positive associationbetween disclosure score and size of company. The reasons may be the cost of collection anddissemination of information, pressure from government agencies, demand for more information byinterested parties and dependence on capital markets for funding of their operations. Cost of collectionand dissemination of information is a costly affair and smaller companies may not possess the necessaryresources for collecting and presenting more information. So, it is the large size firms which can betterafford to incur such expenses. Secondly, larger companies are more closely monitored by variousgovernment agencies and interested parties. These companies are expected to disclose more to satisfythe requirement of various government agencies and interested parties. Thirdly, smaller companieshave more fear than larger companies that extensive disclosure of information could adversely affecttheir competitive position. Finally, larger companies have to encash the benefits of better disclosure suchas dependence on capital markets for funding their operations.To measure the size of a firm a number ofmeasures can be used. This study measures size of a company in terms of total assets and turnover.

2.1 TURNVOER AND DISCLOSURE SCORE:Table 1.3 and 1.4 exhibits the descriptive score of the relationship between turnover and disclosure

score for the years 1999-91 and 2006-07 for the private and public sectors respectively. Table 1.3 clearlyreveals that in case of the private sector, the companies have minimum average disclosure score of 115.70and 206.20 for the years 1990-91 and 2006-07 respectively. The minimum average disclosure score hasbeen in case of the companies falling in the turnover range of less than Rs. 1000 crores. For the year 1990-91, the maximum variability in disclosure score have been shown by in this turnover range, as shown byvalues of standard deviation and coefficient of variation. For the year 1990-91 as well as 2006-07, theaverage disclosure scores have gradually increased with an increase in turnover for the year 2006-07; theaverage disclosure score has been maximum of 278 items for the turnover range of Rs. 4000-5000 crores.There is, however, greater dispersion in score as shown by its standard deviation. So it can be stated thataverage disclosure score has increased with increase in turnover over the period of study.

TABLE – 1.3DISCLOSURE SCORE AND TURNVOER (PRIVATE SECTOR)


Disclosure Score 1990-91 2006-07Turnover

(Rs. in Crores)X C.V. X C.V.

Less than 1000 115.70 26.70 23.07 206.20 71.52 34.68

1000-2000 125.00 27.00 21.60 222.75 43.93 19.312000-3000 156.50 12.50 7.98 220.00 23.33 10.58

3000-4000 - - - 215.00 26.00 12.09

4000 -5000 - - - 278.00 - -

5000 & above - - - 247.00 38.64 15.64



Ashish Mittal



IN INDIAN COMPANIES


Disclosure Score 1999-91 2006-07Turnover

(Rs. in Crores)X C.V. X C.V.

Less than 1000 117.71 10.08 8.56 204.00 2.00 0.98

1000-5000 146.00 34.48 23.61 218.00 19.00 8.71

5000-10000 164.50 17.52 10.65 213.00 - -

10000-20000 178.50 66.54 37.27 268.00 35.24 13.15

20000 & above - - - 237.20 50.41 18.45


TABLE 1.4DISCLOSURE SCORE AND TURNOVER (PUBLIC SECTOR)


Table 1.4 depicts that in case of public sector, the average disclosure scores have been 117.71,146.00, 164.50 and 178.50 for turnover of less than Rs. 1000 crores, Rs. 1000 crores to Rs. 5000 crores, Rs.5000 to Rs. 10000 crores, Rs. 10000 crores to Rs. 20000 crores respectively for the year 1990-91. Themaximum average disclosure of 178.50 has been shown by the companies falling in highest turnoverrange of Rs. 10000 to Rs. 20000 crores. The values of standard deviation and coefficient of variation showshigh degree of variability in disclosure score for various turnover ranges/categories.For the year 2006-07the average disclosure scores have been 204.0, 218.0, 213.0, 268.0, 273.20 respectively for turnover of lessthan Rs. 1000 crore, Rs. 1000 to Rs. 5000 crores, Rs. 5000 crore to Rs. 10000 crores, Rs. 10000 to Rs. 20000crores, and Rs. 20000 crores and above respectively. The average disclosures score shown has generallyimproved with higher level of turnover. The lowest/minimum average disclosure score has been 204.0for the company with less than Rs. 1000 crore of turnover. The maximum average disclosure score of273.20 has been in case of companies falling in the turnover level of Rs. 20000 crores and above. Theanalysis of tables 1.3 and 1.4 reveals that the minimum and maximum average disclosure score shownhas improved with turnover the period of study.

3 DISCLOSURE SCORE AND PROFITABILITY:�Profitability is another important attribute which may affect the extent of disclosure by the

companies. It is generally stated that there is positive relationship between extent of disclosure andprofitability. The reasons for such relationship may be cost of disclosure and competitive advantage.Forthe purpose of this study, the measure of profitability used is Return on Capital Employed (ROCE).ROCE is the ratio of PBIT/Capital employed multiplied by 100.

3.1 DISCLOSURE SCORE AND ROCE:�Table 1.5 and 1.6 reveals the relationship between ROCE and disclosure scores of the private and

public sector for the year 1990-91 and 2006-07 respectively. Analysis of table 1.5 shows averagedisclosure scores of 95, 112.50, 119 and 130.44 for ROCE of 0-5 percent, 5-l0 percent, l0-l5 percent, l5percent and above respectively for the year l990-91. It can be observed from analysis that averagedisclosure score has been increasing with increase in ROCE. The lowest average disclosure score of 95have been shown by companies with ROCE falling between 0 to 5 percent and maximum averagedisclosure score of l30.44 have been shown by companies with ROCE ranging between l5 percent andabove,. Larger variations in the disclosure scores of the companies have been seen in case of companieshaving ROCE of l5 percent and above as shown by coefficient of variation.



Ashish Mittal



IN INDIAN COMPANIES



TABLE – 1.5DISCLOSURE SCORE AND ROCE (PRIVATE SECTOR)


TABLE- 1.6DISCLOSURE SCORE AND ROCE (PUBLIC SECTOR)


For the year 2006-07 average disclosure scores have been 232.50, 2l6, 245.0, 256.0 and 226.20 forROCE of less than 0, 0-5 percent, 5-10 percent, 10-15 percent and l5 percent and above respectively. It canbe observed from this analysis that there is positive relationship between ROCE and average disclosurescore. Smaller variations in disclosure score have been observed in the year 2006-07 as compared to 1990-91 as indicated by coefficient of variation. Further, average disclosure scores have increased in eachrange of ROCE over the period of the study.Table 1.6 shows that in case of public sector the averagedisclosure scores have been 112, l76.5, l22, l5l.4 and l29 for ROCE of less than 0 percent, 0-5 percent, 5-10percent, l0-l5 percent, l5 percent and above respectively for the year l990-91. For the year 2006-07 theaverage disclosure scores have been 206, 202, 300, 243.33 and 259.8 for ROCE of less than 0 percent, 0-5percent, 5-l0 percent, l0-l5 percent, l5 percent and above respectively. The foregoing analysis reveals nodefinite relationship between ROCE and average disclosure score in the public sector over the period ofstudy.

CONCLUSIONOn the basis of the foregoing analysis of the corporate attributes affecting disclosure, the

following conclusions may be drawn:1. There is significant association between disclosure score and age of the companies in both the sector

for the year 1990-91. However, there is no significant association between disclosure score and age ofthe companies in the public as well as private sector for the year 2006-07.

2. There has been significant association between disclosure score and size of companies in both thesectors as measured by its turnover and total assets during the period of study.

3. In the public sector, ROCE and disclosure score have shown no significant association. However,

Disclosure Score 1999-91 2006-07ROCE (%age) X C.V. X C.V.

Less than 0 - - - 232.50 52.48 22.57

0-5 95.00 8.02 8.44 216.00 62.00 28.70

5-10 112.00 29.98 26.63 245.00 98.00 40.00

10-15 19.00 27.69 23.27 256.00 - -

15 & above 130.44 24.82 19.03 226.20 37.00 16.36

Disclosure Score 1990-91 2006-07ROCE (%age) X C.V. X C.V.

Less than 0 112.00 - - 206.00 - -

0-5 176.50 68.48 38.80 202.00 - -

5-10 122.00 8.02 6.57 300.00 - -10-15 151.40 35.08 23.17 243.33 22.08 9.07

15 & above 129.00 27.11 21.02 259.80 50.32 19.37



Ashish Mittal



IN INDIAN COMPANIES



this variable has become more significant in case of private sector and shows that there has beenpositive and highly significant association between disclosure score and profitability.

REFERENCES -

� Lal Jawahar Corporate Annual Report – Theory & Practice, Starling Publisher Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi,1985, P.38

� American Accounting Association, Conceptual Framework for financial accounting and reporting,Elements of Financial Statement and their measurement, AAA, June 1977, p.19.

� Himstreet, W.C. Brely, W.M. Business Communication, WM Publishing Co. Inc. California 1973, pp.357- 380, (guidelines for writing the report effectively)

� Dr. M. Saeed, The Theory of Corporate Disclosure and its Applications in Financial Reporting, AnmolPublications New Delhi, p. 239



Ashish Mittal



IN INDIAN COMPANIES




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 52 - 55

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 52 -

ABSTRACT

MEDITATION IN ASHTANGA YOGA

AN ANCIENT INDIAN FORM OF EXERCISE

Mediation (Dhyana) the its proper context is the seventh of the eight steps of classicalAsthanga yoga, the concepts of the meditation is that of a state which earned through thearduous practical of six preceding stages namely Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama,Pratyahara and Dharana. The last three stages of dharana (concentration), dhyana(meditation) and Samadhi (stasis) are together referred to as antaranga yoga. The author alsotried to explain the three type of meditation i.e. Concentrative meditation, Mindfulnessmeditation and Transcendental meditation. It is also tried to explain the seven meditativebenefits on the way of self realization. The investigator also retrieves to explain themeditation as investigated in renowned and recognized laboratories significantly. Thescientific investigations on individual practicing meditation have demonstrated exactlyopposite effects to those induce by stress, such as:1. Reduce heart rate and respiratory rate.2. Reduce blood pressure in the range.3. Rhythmic and regular respiration.4. Decreased blood lactate level.5. Deep muscular relaxation as revealed by electromyography.6. Reduce eye movement as revealed by electro-oculography.7. Vasodilatory effect as reveled by plethysmography.8. Increased alpha activity, a sign of relaxation, as revealed by

electroencephalogram9. Increased skin resistance, a sign of intensity of result fullness, as revealed

by galvanic skin resistance (GSR).Vasodilatory, Electromyography, Electro-oculography, PlethysmographyKeywords -

and Electroencephalogram




Rakam Singh SandhuDean, Faculty of Education,

Kurukshetra Univeristy,Kurukshetra (Haryana)

Mediation (Dhyana) the its proper context is the seventh of the eight steps of classical Asthanga yoga,the concepts of the meditation is that of a state which earned through the arduous practical of sixpreceding stages namely Yama,Niyama,Asana,Pranayama,Pratyahara and Dharana. Meditation is ablissful state which everyone can aspire to accomplish provided he is keenly willing to acquire theknowledge and has the patience and perseverance. Once would not accept to become a mathematician,physician, an atomic physicist or a literary scholar in just ten easy lesson. These are difficult disciplines inits complexity.

The eighth and the last step to Ashtanga Yoga is Samadhi which literally means completely inagreement also called “Smapti”. It is a state of super-consciousness. It is a state where the trio-the



Rakam Singh Sandhu


AN ANCIENT INDIAN FORM

OF EXERCISE



mediator, meditation and the meditated upon become one. It is a state of bliss and oneness with immensebeing (universal concentration). The last three stages of dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation)and Samadhi (stasis) are together referred to as antaranga yoga. These stages are sequential and shouldsmoothly merge, and blend in to each other.

Apart from the spiritual goal of Samadhi, there are many other benefits of meditations, poise,equanimity and mental and emotional tranquillity. Meditation can also help to heal Physical ailmentsand reduce high Blood pressure.

Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned, “thinking”mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness. Meditation often involves turning attention to asingle point of reference. It is recognized as a component of almost all religions, and has been practicedfor over 5,000 years. It is also practiced outside religious traditions.Diffrent meditative disciplinesencompass a wide range of spiritual and/or psychophysical practices which may emphasize differentgoals from achievement of a higher state of consciousness, to greater focus, creativity or self-awareness,or simply a more relaxed and peaceful frame of mind.

T M :YPE OF EDITATION

All the meditation techniques can be grouped in three basic approaches:-

· Concentrative meditation

· Mindfulness meditation.

· Transcendental meditation

C MONCENTRATIVE EDITATION:Concentrative meditation focuses the attention on breath, on image, as a sound (Mantra), in order to

still the mind and allow a greater awareness and clarity to emerge. This is like a Zoom lens in a Camera;one narrow focus to a selected field.

T S C MHE TRUCTURE OF ONCENTRATIVE EDITATION

Begin by finding a comfortable position in which to sir or lie down, preferably sitting as the purposeis not to go to sleep, but to maintain a state of focused alertness in which the body doesn't cause anydistractions. Choose a quiet place, and practice for 5-30 minutes once or twice a day, startingwith thelesser time. This is an exercise for the mind, just as jogging or weight lifting is exercise for the body. Bothwill do one a lot more well if done regularly for short periods than done sporadically for long periods.

T O M :HE BJECTS OF EDITATION

In concentrative meditation an object is chosen and concentrated only on it. The four main forms onwhich to concentrate is breath, a mental image, a physical object, and a word or phrase.

Breath- In this meditation simply follow ones breath. Don't think about anything, just watch onebreathe. There are many variations on this. In one, called the fourfold breath, breathe in to a count of four;hold the breath for a count a four. The length of each step can be gradually increased, but each need to bethe same, and one should feel strain. Prefer to just watch the breath without trying to manipulate it.never

Mental Image- In this meditation one chooses any mental image and focus only on it. Have the eyesopen or closed. In the beginning at least, it is easier with the eyes closed as the visual imagery of externalenvironmental is automatically blocked out. As with the thoughts that will come when one is practicingemptiness meditation, acknowledge that the thought passed, then go back to your meditation. The imagechosen can be anything from a beach scene to matchstick, but it will be a lot easier, if one chooses an imagethat has some of Allah, Buddha, Shiva, a flame or anything that has spiritual significance to the mediator.

Physical Object- This is similar to using a mental image, except that a physical object is chosen on


which to concentrate. Again meditator can choose anything he or she wishes, but an object that hasspiritual significance will usually be most effective.

Word or Phrase- In this concentration the meditator picks a word or phrase and repeats it over whileconcentrating on it's meaning. It is easiest if a word is used or phrase that embodies a spiritualsignificance or positive quality. For example, one may use 'I am that I am; the Hindu 'Om' or the TibetanOm Mani Padme Hum, a phrase from one's spiritual literature, or a phrase that embodies a quality thatmeditator is trying to build up within his or her own personality. One an start by repeating the word orphrase out loud, but over time evolves doing this meditation silently.

N C B :ATURE HANGE IN REATHING

Subjects were measured for changes in breathing rate during the practice of meditation. Breathrate from 14 breaths per minute to about 11 breaths per minute, indicating meditation produces a state ofrest and relaxation. The change in breath rate is natural, effortless, and comfortable.

M B :EDITATION THROUGH REATHING

Too often we take our breath granted. It is clearly connected to our every life force and vitality. Ouremotion and our state of mind are also intimately connected to our breath. In the Vedas the science of life,it is clearly stated the sense of touch pervade all the other senses. Without it, they cannot function. Thissense of touch is the life force and vitality, principal source of which is carried in the breath awareness isvery essential to any form of meditation. In Buddhist tradition a whole science of breathing meditationhas been developed in the school of vipasana whilst the entire field of kundalini yoga, with its emphasison the chakaras or centers f energy transformation, has arisen through attention to the basic function ofthe breath.

M M :INDFULNESS EDITATION

According to Dr. Borysenko, “ Involves opening the attention to become aware of continuouslypassing parade of sensations and feeling, images, thoughts, sounds, smell, and so forth withoutbecoming involved thinking about them. “ The person site quietly and simply witness whatever goesthrough the mind, not reacting or becoming involved with thoughts, memories , worries or images. Thishelps to gain more color, clear, and non-structure state of mind.

T :RANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION

Is most thoroughly researched in terms of its benefits for mental, physical and social health. TM issimple mental technique; TM is one of easiest meditation technique to learn. When one learns TM, aninstructor gives a word or phrase (personal mantra) which one promise not to divulge. The individual istold to sit quietly with eyes closed and repeat the mantra over and over again for 20 minutes at a time ortwice a day. The mantra functions to focus the mind on single idea, representing the “oneness” of theuniverse. The one is instructed to assume a passive, accepting attitude while repeating mantra. Whendistracting thought intrude, one instructed to simply observe them, accept them and gently returnmental focus to repeating the mantra.

S - :EVEN MEDITATIVE BENEFITS ON THE WAY TO SELF REALIZATION

Even if meditation cannot be taken to the level of blissful states stasis or self realization, itspreliminary, however, leads to:1. A study and uncluttered mind; able to concentrate better.2. Deprivation of unwanted thoughts and emotions.3. Lessening the levels of physical and mental tensions and mental conflicts.



Rakam Singh Sandhu



OF EXERCISE



4. Desirable changes in personality and behaviour i.e. produce a moreintegrated, productivity and a happier personality.

5. Increased physical energy and mental efficiency in any kind of workperformance.

6. Increased calmness, creativity, productivity, inventiveness, intuitivenessand discrimination.

7. Creates a positive outlook on life.

M :EDITATION AS INVESTIGATED IN RENOWNED AND RECOGNIZED LABORATORIES SCIENTIFICALLY

Scientific investigations on individuals practicing meditation have demonstrated exactly oppositeeffects to those induce by stress, such as:1. Reduce heart rate and respiratory rate.2. Reduce blood pressure in the range.3. Rhythmic and regular respiration.4. Decreased blood lactate level.5. Deep muscular relaxation as revealed by electromyography.6. Reduce eye movement as revealed by electro-oculography.7. Vasodilatory effect as reveled by plethysmography.8. Increased alpha activity, a sign of relaxation, as revealed by

electroencephalogram9. Increased skin resistance, a sign of intensity of result fullness, as revealed

by galvanic skin resistance (GSR).

Research on the processes and effects of meditation is a growing subfield of neurological research.Modern scientific techniques and instruments, such as MRI and EEG, have been used to see whathappens in the body of people when they meditate and its effects in the long run. Meditation changes thebrain. These studies have shown substantial bodily changes as a consequence of regular meditativepractice, including growth in regions of the brain activated according to the style of meditation, regionsinvolved with compassion and understanding others, being mindfully aware, sustaining focus on asingle object for a long period, and others. Meditation is similar to learning other skills like how to ride abike or play the piano.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

� Bono, cited by Meditation: Techniques And Their Scientific Evaluation, (Haryana, Anubhav

Publications, 1998), p. 178 cited by Lajpat Rai, W. Selvamurthy and R.C Sawhney.

� Campbell, cited by Meditation: Techniques And Their Scientific Evaluation, (Haryana, Anubhav

Publications, 1998), p. 273 cited by Lajpat Rai, W. Selvamurthy and R.C Sawhney.� Lajpat Rai, W.Selvamurthy and R.C. Sawhney, Meditation: Techniques And Their Scientific

Evaluation, (Haryana, Anubhav Publications, 1998),p.4

� Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on Bhagvad Gita: A New translation and

Commentary, (Baltimore, Maryland Penguin: Maharishi press, 1971), P. 470.

� Peter Harrsion, A Complete Guide Of Discovering Meditation, (London, Caxton Ed, 2001)p.54

� Retrieved on June 16, 2012 from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation/History]

� Retrieved on June 16,2012 from [http://www. Stmarys.org/meditation]

� Retrieved on January 22,2013 from [http://www.stmarys. org/meditation].



Rakam Singh Sandhu



OF EXERCISE




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 56 - 58

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 56 -

ABSTRACT

fczfV'k 'kklu iwoZ Hkkjr esa izpfyr eqæk,sa

iqjkrRoosRrvkssa us vFkd ifjJe djds eqnzkvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dh gSA eqnzk dh tkap rFkk fofue; dkdk;Z lkgwdkj oxZ dk FkkA os fofHkUu izdkj ds lksus] pkanh rFkk rkacs ds flDdksa ds lkis{k ewY; fu/kkZfjr djrs FksAfons”kh O;kikjh Hkkjr vkrs Fks rFkk lksus ,oa vU; cgqewY; /kkrqvksa ds cnys Hkkjr ls fufeZr oLrq;sa ys tkrs FksAlYrurdky esa lkgwdkj gqf.M;k¡ tkjh djrs Fks tks ,d izkdkj dk izkf/kdkj i= Fkha] ftlds ek/;e ls /kujkf'k,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd fcuk fdlh tksf[ke ds igqaprh FkhA lwn ij m/kkj ysus ,oa nsus dk dkjksckj izpyuesa FkkA O;olk;h viuh jkf'k lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s lkgwdkjksa ds ikl tek djkrs FksA ekxZ dss tksf[ke dks Vkyusds fy;s O;kikjh chek Hkh djkrs Fks( vFkkZr~ vk/kqfud cSafdax O;ogkj dk vkjaHk lYrurdky esa gks pqdk FkkA




olq/kk vxzokyizk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k ¼vFkZ'kkL=½

MkW- Hkxor lgk; 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;]Xokfy;j ¼e/; izns”k½] Hkkjr

ekuo thou yk[kksa o"kksZa iwoZ ls izkjaHk gqvk gSA 'kq: esa tc euq"; i`Foh ij izxV gqvk rks mlesa rFkk vU; thoksa esa Hksn deFkkA vU; i'kqvksa ds leku og Hkh viuh vko';drk iw.kZ djus ds fy;s vkfFkZd mRifRr ugha djrk Fkk] cfYd iz—fr iznRroLrqvksa ls viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk FkkA fdUrq vU; i'kqvksa dh vis{kk euq"; dk fnekx cM+k FkkA mlds ikl cqf) Fkhtks vU; tUrqvksa ds ikl ugha FkhA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd euq"; f'kdkj djrs gq;s dsoy vius gkFkksa vkSj iSjksa ij gh fuHkZjugha jgrk Fkk] vfirq vusd izdkj ds vkStkj cukdj mudk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k djrk FkkA bl ;qx dk ekuo fy[kuk i<+uk ughatkurk FkkA blh dkj.k bl dky dh tkudkjh ds fy;s dksbZ fyf[kr lk{; ugha gSA iqjkrRoosRrvkssa us vFkd ifjJe djdsbldh tkudkjh izkIr dh gSA mUgksaus vusd LFkkuksa ij [kqnkbZ djok dj bl dky ds vkStkj] gfFk;kj] tkuojksa rFkk euq";ksa dsvfLFk iatj rFkk fofHkUu dkyksa dh eqnzk,sa Hkh izkIr dh gSaA izkphu ik"kk.k ;qx] e/;ik"kk.k dky esa rFkk uohu ik"kk.k ;qx esa fdlhHkh izdkj dh eqnzk ds izpyu esa gksus dk dksbZ mYys[k ugha feyrk gSA

iwoZ oSfnd dky ds _XoSfnd dky esa O;kikj mUur voLFkk eas ugha FkkA flDds ds :Ik eas eqnzk dk Hkh ml ;qx rd izpkjizlkj ugha gks ik;k FkkA ßfu"dÞ uked ,d lksus ds VqdM+s dk pyu Fkk] fdUrq izkjaHk esa 'kk;n ;g ,d vkHkw"k.k FkkA O;kikjvf/kdrj oLrqvksa dh vnyk & cnyh ij fuHkZj FkkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd O;kikj vf/kdrj vuk;ksaZ ds gkFkkas esa FkkA os ßif.kÞdgykrs FksA xk; fofue; dk eq[; ek/;e ekuh tkrh FkhA bl dky esa yksxksa dh viuh dekbZ gqbZ laifRr ij O;fDrxrvf/kdkj gksrk FkkA /ku rFkk laifRr fojklr ds :Ik esa izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk FkkA vFkoZosn esa lksus ds cus gq;s flDdsßfu"dÞ dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bl dky esa fu"d dk izpyu flDds ds :Ik esa gksrk FkkA ;gh bl le; eqnzk ds :Ik esa izpfyrFkkA laHkor% blh dks 'kreku Hkh dgrs gSaA oSnsg tud us ;kKoYdY; _f"k dks tks ,d gtkj xk; iqjLdkj ds :Ik eas nh Fkha]muds lhaxksa ds lkFk nl&nl Lo.kZikn ca/ks gq;s FksA ßiknÞ fu"d flDds dk pkSFkkbZ Hkkx gh FkkA

NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ O;kikj dh mUufr ds fy;s ;g vko';d Fkk fd eqnzk ds :Ik esa flDdksa dk pyu c<+sA dâki.k¼d"kkZi.k½ eq[; flDdk FkkA blds vfrfjDr fu"d vkSj lqo.kZ uke ds flDds Hkh pyrs FksA xgus vkfn fxjoh j[kus vkSj _.ki= fy[kus dk Hkh fjokt FkkA

ekS;Z dky esa ekS;Z lezkVksa us laiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa ,d 'kklu O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA 'kkafriw.kZ okrkoj.k esa —f"k] m|ksx /ka/kksarFkk okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj dh izxfr gqbZA ekS;Z lezkVksa dh yksd dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lqn`<+gqbZA vFkZ'kkL= esa lksus] pk¡nh vkSj rkacs dh eqnzkvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA mlds vuqlkj eqnzk,sa nks izdkj dh Fkha & 1- O;fDrxr,oa laLFkkxr eqnzk,saA jktdh; dk;ksZa esa nwljh izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ds iz;ksx ij izfrca/k FkkA r{k.kk/;{k Vdlky dk izeq[k FkkA

ekS;kZsRrj dky esa 'kaqxoa'k dkyhu lekt vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mUur'khy FkkA —f"k deZ vkSj i'kqikyu izeq[k O;olk; FksA



olq/kk vxzoky

fc zfV'k 'kklu iwo Z Hkkjr es ai zpfyr eqæk, s a



ukuk izdkj ds m|ksx /ka/ks thfodksiktZu ds izeq[k lk/ku FksA O;kikjh vkSj O;olk;h fofHkUu laxBuksa] Jsf.k;ksa esa laxfBr FksA ;sfudk; cSad dk dk;Z Hkh djrs FksA lkrokgu dky esa lekt vkfFkZd n`f"V ls laIkUu ,oa [kq'kgky FkkA vkfFkZd thou dk vk/kkj—f"k] m|ksx /ak/ks vkSj O;kikj FkkA Jsf.k;k¡] f'kfYi;ksa dk laxBu gh ugha Fkh cfYd cSad dk dk;Z Hkh djrh FkhA yksx fudk;ksa esa/ku tek djkdj C;kt clwyrs FksA eqnzkvksa dk izpyu FkkA lcls vf/kd ewY;oku ßlqo.kZÞ flDdk FkkA pkanh dh eqnzk ßd"kkZi.kÞdgykrh FkhA ,d lqo.kZ flDds dk ewY; pkanh ds 35 d"kkZi.k ds cjkcj FkkA rkacs ds flDds Hkh izpyu esa FksA eqnzkvksa dkvf/kdrk ls izpfyr gksuk bl ;qx dh vkfFkZd le`f) dk lwpd gSA dq"kk.k ;qx Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds bfrgkl esa egRoiw.kZ gSAbl dky esa okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj esa vHkwriwoZ izxfr gqbZA bl ;qx esa fofue; ds fy;s eqnzk dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA dq"kk.k ujs'kgqfo"d vkSj okfl"d ds lksus ds vusd flDds izkIr gq;s gSaA bu flDdksa ij jkseu flDdksa dk Li"V izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSblds vfrfjDr ekyo] ;kS/ks; rFkk vtqZuk;u vkfn Lok;Rr tkfr;ksa ds Hkh flDds izkIr gq;s gSaA dq"kk.k flDdkas ij fofHkUu /keksZads nsorkvksa ds fp= vafdr gS] tks ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls izkIr gq;s gSaA

xqIrdky dh Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd lEiUurk —f"k ij gh fuHkZj FkhA xqIr ;qx vkfFkZd n`f"V ls oSHko'kkyh] le`) ,oa xkSjoe;Fkk vkSj bl mUufr esa —f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA xqIrdky esa Qkâ;ku ds fooj.k ls izrhr gksrk gS fd fofue; ds fy;sdksfM+;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk] ijarq xqIrdkyhu lksus] pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDdksa ls izekf.kr gksrk gS fd fofue; ds fy;s flDdksadk izpyu FkkA xqIrksa dh izkjafHkd Lo.kZ eqnzk ßnhukjÞ dgykrh FkhA LdanxqIr ds 'kkludky esa nhukj dks ßLo.kZÞ dgk tkusyxkA laHkor% izkjaHk esa xqIr eqnzkvksa ij dq"kk.k vkSj jkseu eqnzkvksa dk IkzHkko FkkA ckn esa bldk Hkkjrh;dj.k gqvkA pkanh dkeqnzk,sa ßd"kkZi.kÞ dgykrh FkhA xqIrdkyhu eqnzkvksa esa /kkrqvksa dk vuqikr lqfuf'pr ugha FkkA ;g vuqikr ?kVrk c<+rk jgrkFkkA ukius ds fy;s vaxqfy] gLr] naM vkfn ekidksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA bl ;qx esa ekirkSy dh ijaijkxr O;oLFkkizpfyr FkhA vtark ds ,d fHkfRr fp= esa ,d O;kikjh vkSj rjktw dk fp=kadu fd;k x;k gSA ,d d"kkZi.k dk otu 146-4 xzsurFkk ,d jRrh dk otu 1-83 xzsu FkkA

mRrj Hkkjr ds jktiwr ;qx ds xqtZj izfrgkj dky esa O;kikj esa ysunsu dk ek/;e pk¡nh rFkk Lo.kZ dk pw.kZ Fkk vkSj mldsjkT; esa pk¡nh vkSj Lo.kZ dh [kkusa FkhaA blds Ik'pkr~ dypqfj jkT; esa fofHkUu f'kYi] m|ksx vkSj O;olk; ds yksx *Jsf.k;ksa* esalaxfBr FksA bu Jsf.k;kas dk ,d izeq[k gksrk Fkk ftls *egkRrd* ;k *ekgj* dgrs FksA ;s Jsf.k;k¡ cSadksa dk dk;Z djrh FkhaA flDdksadk izpyu FkkA dypqfj jktk xkaxs;nso ds lksus] pk¡nh vkSj rkacs ds flDds feyrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd e`R;q ds mijkar HkhX;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa xkaxs;nso ds flDds Vdlky ls fofue; ds fy;s fudyrs jgsA nf{k.k Hkkjr ds izeq[k jktoa'kksa esapksydkyhu ;qx esa vkarfjd vkSj ckâ; nksuksa mUur voLFkk esa FksA *fuye* o *csyh* Hkwfe ukius dh bdkbZ FkhA inkFkksZa vkSjvuktksa dks ukius ds fy;s fofHkUu iz.kkyh izpfyr FkhA lksuk rksyus dh bdkbZ ßvkM+oYykuß vkSj jRu rkSyus dh bdkbZ ßnf{k.kHks: fcVdeÞ FkhA pksyksa dk ekud Lo.kZ flDdk ßdk'kqÞ FkkA *ikSu* vkSj *ekM+bZ* vU; ekud flDds FksA iRFkj ds ckaVksa dk iz;ksxgksrk FkkA laxe ;qxhu lekt esa rfeyksa dk if'peh ns'kksa vkSj jkseu lkezkT; ls O;kikj laca/k FkkA ;gka ls jkseu lkezkT; dhLo.kZ vkSj jtr eqnzk,sa izkIr gksrh FkhaA

1206 ls 1226 rd dk dky Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lYrurdky ls tkuk tkrk gS ftlesa rqdksZa ds fons'kh 'kklu dh LFkkiukgqbZA ;g 'kklu iw.kZr% bLyke ij vk/kkfjr FkkA bl dkj.k bl ;qx esa eqnzk O;oLFkk esa Hkh vusd ifjorZu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA fnYyhlYrur ds igys izeq[k 'kkld bYrqrfe'k ds 'kkludky esa eqnzk iz.kkyh laxfBr FkhA bUgksus 'kq) vjch flDds tkjh fd;sAmlus nks izeq[k flDds pk¡nh dk *rudk* vkSj rkacs dk *thry* izpfyr fd;sA

eqgEEkn rqxyd ds 'kkludky esa izkjaHk esa eqnzk esa dbZ lq/kkj fd;s x;sA bUgksus rkacs vkSj ihry ds flDds pykuk izkjaHkfd;kA bUgksaus lkadsfrd eqnzk dks izpyu esa yk;k FkkA Ø;&foØ; ds fy;s lksus pkanh ds leku lkadsfrd eqnzk dks izpfyrfd;k tk;sA rkacs dh eqnzk dk ewY; fxjdj dadM+ ds leku jg x;kA izkphu eqnzkvkas dk ewY; muds vR;kf/kd lEeku ds dkj.kpkSxquk] ipxquk gks x;kA blh dkj.k xzs'ke ds fu;e ds vuqlkj cqjs flDdksa us vPNs flDdksa dks pyu ls ckgj dj fn;kAcf<+;k eqnzk cktkj ls mB xbZA fQjkst'kkg rqxyd us dbZ NksVs&NksVs ewY; ds flDds pyk;sA mlus *'kk'kxkuh* uke dk ,dflDdk pyk;k ftldk ewY; 6 thry FkkA mlus vk/ks rFkk pkSFkkbZ thry ds flDds pyk;s tks *vkikr* ;k *ohjo* dgykrs FksAmlus /kkrq dh 'kq)rk ij tksj fn;k ijarq vQljksa dh csbZekuh ds dkj.k mls lQyrk ugha feyhA fnYyh lYrur dkfodsUnzh;dj.k ds varxZr fot;uxj lkezkT; esa O;kikj esa fofue; dk ek/;e ml le; ds izpfyr flDds FksA flDds lksuspkanh ,oa rkacs ds FksA flDdksa ij fofHkUu nsorkvksa ,oa i'kqvksa ds izrhd vafdr FksA tks 'kkldksa dsa /kkfeZd fo'okl ds vuqlkjcnyrs jgrs FksA oLrqvksa ds ewY; de FksA

'ksj'kkg dk eqnzk lq/kkj Hkh mldh 'kklu laca/kh ;ksX;rk dk izek.k FkhA ml le; leLr ns'k esa ,d gh eqnzk izpfyr FkhAfnYyh ds vafre lqYrkuksa ds le; flDdksa dk ewY; cgqr fxj x;k FkkA flDdksa ds ewY; esa vkil esa dksbZ fuf'pr vuqikr ughaFkkA mlus lksus] pkanh rFkk rkacs ds vuqikrksa dks Bhd djds leLr jkT; esa ,d u;h ljy eqnzk iz.kkyh pkyw dhA 'ksj'kkg us


pkanh vkSj rkacs dh eqnzk,sa pyk;ha tks ckn esa *nke* ds uke ls izfl) gqbZA mlus pkanh ds :Ik;s vkSj rkacs ds nke ds vk/ks] pkSFkkbZ]vkBosa vkSj lksygosa Hkkx ds flDds Hkh fudyok;s FksA pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDdksa dk vuqikr fuf'pr dj fn;k tks 1%64 FkkA blij 'ksj'kkg dk uke vafdr FkkA dqN flDdksa ij [kyhQk dk uke Hkh vafdr FkkA 'ksj'kkg dh eqnzk iz.kkyh dks vkxs ds 'kkldksa usHkh viuk;kA 'ksj'kkg dh eqnzk iz.kkyh fczfV'k eqnzk iz.kkyh dh vk/kkjf'kyk FkhA bl eqnzk iz.kkyh ls O;kikj dks cgqr izksRlkgufeykA 'ksj'kkg ds jkT;dky us Hkkjrh; eqnzk bfrgkl esa ,d izeq[k LFkku dsoy Vdlkyksa ds fd;s x;s lq/kkjksa }kjk izkIr ughafd;k cfYd iwoZdkyhu jktkvksa dh eqnzk O;oLFkk ds mRrjksRrj ál dks jksddj mu lq/kkjksa esa ls cgqrksa dks tkjh djrs gq;s izkIrfd;k ftUgsa vkus okys eqxy 'kkldksa us viuk;kA

vdcj us 'ksj'kkg dh rjg jkT; ds flDdksa ds izpyu dks fu;fer djus dh ps"Vk dh 1577 bZ- ds var esa mlus 'khjkt ds[oktk vCnqLlen dks fnYyh dh Vdlky dk ekLVj fu;qDr fd;k rFkk caxky] ykgkSj] tkSUkqij] vgenkckn ,oa iVuk dhizR;sd izeq[k izkarh; Vdlky ,d izeq[k vf/kdkjh ds v/khu j[khA 'kkgtgk¡ ds 'kkludky esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Vdlky lwjr esaFkhA vdcj us lksus] pkanh rFkk rkacs ds flDds pyk;sA lksus ds flDds vyx&vyx otu ,ao ewY;ksa ds NCchl flDds FksAvdcj ds le; esa 175 xzsu dk pkanh dk flDdk ewY; esa nks f'kfyax rhu isal ds cjkcj gksrk FkkA vdcj us ,d oxkZdkj pkanhdk :Ik;k Hkh pyk;k] ftldk uke Fkk tykyhA 'ksj'kkg dh eqnzk i)fr ds leku vdcj ds le; dk rkacs dk izeq[k flDdknke FkkA bls iSlk vFkok Qqywl Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA bldk otu 323-5 xzsu FkkA ;g /kuh rFkk fu/kZUk nksuksa ds fy;s uxn flDdkFkkA fglkc ds fy;s ;g iPphl Hkkxksa esa foHkDr Fkk] tks thry dgykrs FksA vdcj rFkk mlds mRrjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds 'kkludkyesa lkezkT; ds O;kikfjd dke lksus dh xksy eqgjksa rFkk nkeksa esa fd;s tkrs FksA eqxy jkT; ds fo'ks"k :Ik ls vdcj ds flDdsß/kkrq dh 'kq)rk otu dh iw.kZrk rFkk dykRed lEiknu dh n`f"V ls mRre FksAÞ 1616 bZ- rd :Ik;s dk ewY; pkyhl nkeksa dscjkcj FkkA 1627 bZ- ls dqN vf/kd ;k de rhl nkeksa ds cjkcj gks x;k] ijarq vdcj ds ckn flDdksa esa dksbZ egRoiw.kZ ifjorZuugha gqvkA ;|fi 1659 bZ- esa vaxzst O;kikfj;ksa us baXyS.M ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fy[kk fd ßu;s ckn'kkg vksju tho ¼vkSjaxtsc½ usvius pkanh ds flDds dk ewY; igys ls c<+k fn;k gS] ftlls lwjr ds O;kikfj;ksa rFkk lwcsnkj ds chp cgqr xM+cM+h rFkk5/8 %

fookn iSnk gks x;k gSAÞeqlyekuksa ds vkxeu ds iwoZ fnYyh vkSj vklikl ds {ks= esa pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDds izpfyr Fks mUgs *fnYyhoky* dgk

tkrk FkkA loZizFke bYrqrfe'k us iw.kZr% vjch <ax dk flDdk pyk;k bl flDds dk out 175 xzsu Fkk vkSj ;g *Vad* dgykrkFkkA bl ;qx dk lcls egRoiw.kZ flDdk *thry* FkkA ,d *Vad* 64 thry dk gksrk FkkA cgyksy yks/kh us ßcgykSyh flDdkÞpyk;k Fkk] tks ,d Vad dk pkyhloka Hkkx gksrk FkkA flDdksa eqnzk dh tkap rFkk fofue; dk dk;Z lkgwdkj oxZ djrk FkkA osfofHkUu izdkj ds lksus] pkanh rFkk rkacs ds flDdksa ds lkis{k ewY; fu/kkZfjr djrs FksA

e/; ;qx dh vkfFkZd lajpuk rFkk okf.kfT;d O;ogkj ,oa izca/k fodkl ds nkSj esa FkkA bl ;qx esa Ik;kZIr lk/ku ekStwn Fks]ijarq mudk iz;ksx mi;qDr vkSj Ik;kZIr :Ik ls ugha gksrk FkkA iw¡th fuekZ.k dh xfr /kheh FkhA lYrurdky esa O;kikj larqyuHkkjr ds i{k esa FkkA fofHkUu ns'kksa ds O;kikjh Hkkjr vkrs Fks rFkk lksus ,oa vU; cgqewY; /kkrqvksa ds cnys Hkkjr ls fufeZr oLrq;says tkrs FksA lYrurdky esa lkgwdkj gqf.M;k¡ tkjh djrs FksA gqf.M;k¡ ,d izkdkj dk izkf/kdkj i= Fkha] ftlds ek/;e ls/kujkf'k ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd fcuk fdlh tksf[ke ds igqaprh FkhA lwn ij m/kkj ysus ,oa nsus dk dkjksckj izpyu esaFkkA O;olk;h viuh jkf'k lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s lkgwdkjksa ds ikl iSLkk tek djkrs FksA ekxZ dss tksf[ke dks Vkyus ds fy;sO;kikjh chek Hkh djkrs FksA vFkkZr~ vk/kqfud cSafdax O;ogkj dk vkjaHk lYrurdky esa gks pqdk FkkA

lYrurdky esa flDdksa dh la[;k esa gqbZ Hkkjh o`f) le`) O;kikj dh lwpd FkhA bl dky dh eqnzk O;oLFkk ls gesa uxjheqnzk esa O;kid ysu&nsu] O;kikj] okf.kT; rFkk eqnzk] vFkZO;oLFkk ds pgaqeq[kh fodkl dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA blds nwjxkehlkekftd ifj.kke gq;sA blls ,d u;h 'kgjh izfØ;k ds fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLRk gqvkA ;g ifjorZu 'kgjh Økafr dk rFkkxzkeh.k Økafr ,oa rduhdh fodkl ds :Ik esa fn[kkbZ fn;kA

lnaHkZ xzaFk lwph &� fLeFk] oh- ,-] vdcj n xzsV eqxy� JhokLro] ,- ,y-] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl� 'kekZ] ,l- vkj-] Hkkjr esa eqfLye 'kkld dk bfrgkl� etwenkj] jk;] pkS/kjh o nRrk] Hkkjr dk o`gn bfrgkl� rkjh[k , fQjkst'kkgh] jkeiqj iksFkh� etwenkj] vkj- lh-] n LVªxy Qksj ,Eik;j� ikBd] fo'kq)kuUn] mRrj Hkkjr dk jktuSfrd bfrgkl



olq/kk vxzoky

fc zfV'k 'kklu iwo Z Hkkjr es ai zpfyr eqæk, s a




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 59 - 66

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 59 -

ABSTRACT

xzkeh.k LoPNrk % ,d ifjn`’;

fdlh jk’Vª ds fodkl dk ewY;kadu ek= vkfFkZd izxfr ij fuHkZj ugha djrk cfYd mlesa ekuo fodkl dsladsrdksa fo”ks’k :Ik ls f”k{kk] LokLF;] vkokl] thou Lrj ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA vPNsa lkQ lqFkjs okrkoj.k esagh] LoLFk ru vkSj eu ds fuekZ.k dh lkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vk/kkj fufgr gksrk gSA xka/kh th Hkh blds izcyi{k/kj FksA LoPN ifjos”k LoLFk fopkjksa dh tUeHkwfe gksrh gSA pwafd Hkkjr] xkao dk ns”k gS( fcuk xzkeh.k mRFkkuds dksbZ fodkl lkFkZd ugha gks ldrkA ekuo] eu] “kjhj vkSj vkRek ds fdlh dksus esa vxj vLoPNrk dk rRo;k Hkko jg tk;sxk rks jk’Vª dh le`f) Hkh :d tk;sxhA LoPNrk dks thou ewY; ds :Ik esa viukus ds fy,vusd dk;ZØe] ;kstuk,] vfHk;ku lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSa fdUrq /kjkry ij visf{kr ifj.kke “ks’k gSA ns”k dksLoPN ,oa LoLFk cukuk fdlh pqukSfr ls de ugha gS] bl ckjs esa iz/kkuea=h eksnh th lgh dgrs gS vxj 125djksM+ ns”koklh ;g Bku ys fd ge Hkkjr dks LoPN j[ksaxs rks dksbZ rkdr bls xank ugha dj ldrhA ;g izR;sdHkkjrh; dk drZO; gSA vxj ;g Hkko tkxzr gqvk rks 2019 rd xka/kh th dh 150oha t;arh ij og liuk lkdkjgksxk tgka LoPNrk gekjs ru] eu ,oa vkRek dk thou ewY; cu tk;sxk vkSj Hkkjr lkQ lqFkjs ns”kksa dh Js.kh esa[kM+k gks tk,xkA

dh&oMZ % xzkeh.k ifjos”k] LoPNrk ,oa ekuo fodklA




Lakrks”k dqekj flag]vflLVsaV izksQslj]

jktuhfr foKku foHkkx]jktdh; dU;k egkfo|ky;] [kkuiqj]

gfj}kj ¼mRrjk[k.M½

� fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk fodkl dsoy vkfFkZd ladsrdksa ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gS cfYd mlesa ekuo fodkl ladsrdksa dhvfuok;Zrk Hkh vko”;d gSA bl vo/kkj.kk dks jk"Vªfirk xka/kh th us le>k vkSj Lohdkj djrs gq, fy[kk fd ^^ekuo tkfr dsfy, lk/kkj.kr% LokLF; dk igyk fu;e ;g gS fd fujksx “kjhj esa fufoZdkj] eu dk okl gksrk gS] ;g ,d Lo;afl) lR; gSAeu vkSj “kjhj ds chp vVwV lEcU/k gSA vxj gekjk eu fufoZdkj ;kfu uhjksx gksa] rks os gj rjg dh fgalk ls eqDr gks tk,( fQjgekjs gkFkksa rUnq:Lrh ds fu;eksa dk ikyu lgt Hkko ls gksus yxs vkSj fdlh rjg dh [kkl dksf”k”k ds fcuk gh gekjs “kjhjrUnq:Lr jgus yxasaA esjh jk; esa ftl txg “kjhj&lQkbZ] ?kj&lQkbZ vkSj xzke&lQkbZ gks] ogka de ls de chekjh gksrh gSaAvxj xzkeoklh bruh ckr le> tk,a rks mUgsa oS|] gdhe ;k MkWDVj dh t:jr u jg tk,A**

xka/kh th ds bl dFku ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd LoLFk ukxfjd gh l”kDr jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkldrk gSA tks jk"Vª vkSj mlds ukxfjd LoPN vkSj LoLFk gksaxs og jk"Vª le`f) dh vksj vxzlj gks ik,xkA pwafd LoLFk vkSjLoPN ekgkSy esa gh dksbZ jk"Vª vkSj mlds ukxfjd le`)rk ds ckjs esa lksp le> ldrs gSa ,oa mlesa viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku nsldrs gSaA ;fn fdlh jk"Vª esa LokLF; dk Lrj csgrj ugha jgrk gS rks LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ij jktLo dk ,d cM+k fgLlk O;;djuk iM+ ldrk gSA fo”o cSad fjiksVZ ¼2012½ ds vuqlkj LoPNrk ds vHkko ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa gj o"kZ rdjhcu 53-8 vjcMkWyj xoka nsrk gS tks o"kZ 2006 ds mlds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼thMhih½ ds 6-4 izfr”kr ds cjkcj gSA gSjr dh ckr ;g gS fdHkkjr baMksusf”k;k vkSj fQyhihal tSls jk"Vªksa ls cgqr ihNs gS( tgk¡ thMhih dk Øe”k% 2-3 izfr”kr vkSj 1-5 izfr”kr LoPNrk dsuke ij HksaV p<+ tkrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ¼Hkw,uMhih½ }kjk ekuo fodkl lwpdksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa LoLFk thou dksHkh ,d ladsrd ds :Ik esa “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vr% bl vk/kkj ij gesa LoPNrk ds izfr vf/kd ls vf/kd laosnu”khy jgus dhvko”;drk gS ftlls Ik;kZoj.k Hkh larqfyr jg ldsA

o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] ^^Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k 121 djksM+ gS ftlesa 83-4 djksM+ O;fDr xkaoksa esa fuokl djrsgaS] tks dqy tula[;k dk 68-8 izfr”kr gSA** xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa ds fy, LoPN] LokLF;dj ,oa lkQ&lqFkjkokrkoj.k miyC/k djkuk Hkkjr ljdkj ds le{k ,d izeq[k pqukSrh jgh gSA blds ihNs eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd xkaoksa dh rjDdh



larks”k dqekj flag




fd, cxSj Hkkjr dh rjDdh ugha gks ldrhA Hkkjr ljdkj us Lora=rk ds Ik”pkr~ ls gh dbZ LoPNrk lEcU/kh ;kstuk,afØ;kfUor dh gS ftldk mís”; O;fDr dks iw.kZ rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk cukuk gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj dh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1951&56½ ds Hkkx ds :Ik esa Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k LOkPNrk {ks= esa o"kZ 1954 esa ,digy “kq: dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ 1986 esa dsUnzh; xzkeh.k LoPNrk dk;ZØe ¼lhvkj,lih½ ds :Ik esa ,d <kapkxr;kstuk “kq: dh Fkh ftldk izkFkfed mís”; xzkeh.kksa dh thou “kSyh ds Lrj dks csgrj cukuk rFkk efgykvksa dh futrk ,oaxfjek iznku djuk FkkA

Lkaiw.kZ LoPNrk vfHk;ku ¼Vh,llh½ ekaxtfur n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFkZ o"kZ 1999 esa “kq: fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa xzkeh.kksa ds chptkx:drk iSnk djus ds fy, lwpuk] f”k{kk vkSj laizs"k.k ¼vkbZblh½] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ¼,pvkjMh½] {kerk fodklxfrfof/k;ksa vkSj LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, ekax l`tu ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k FkkA Vh,llh vksiu fMfQds”ku jfgr¼vksMh,Q½ okrkoj.k cukus ds fy, 28 gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd ihvkjvkbZ dh lgk;rk ls o"kZ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkjLoPNrk dojst 22 izfr”kr ls c<+kdj o"kZ 2011 esa 31 izfr”kr ykus esa l{ke jgkA Vh,llh dks n”kd ds v)Z ds nkSjku dkQhc<+kok fn;k x;kA o"kZ 2005 esa fueZy xzke iqjLdkj ¼,uthoh½ ;kstuk “kq: gksus ls xzke iapk;rksa] CykWdksa vkSj ftyksa ds fy,uohdj.k izksRlkgu ;kstuk esa 100 izfr”kr LoPNrk dojst fd;k x;k gSA

fQj Hkh] xzkeh.k LoPNrk esa dksbZ fo”ks"k izxfr ugha gks ikbZ gSA yxHkx 67 izfr”kr ifjokjksa }kjk [kqys esa “kkSp djus dh?kVuk gekjs ns”k ds fy, lcls cM+h “keZ dh ckr gSA pwafd is;ty vkSj LoPNrk eqn~nksa dks vyx&vyx ekuk tk jgk gS(blfy, is;ty xq.koÙkk vkSj LoPNrk nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa le>kSrk djuk iM+rk gSA o"kZ 2011 esa xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu rFkkVsyhQksu j[kus okys ifjokjksa dk izfr”kr “kkSpky; lqfo/kk,a rFkk uy dk ikuh j[kus okys ifjokjksa ds izfr”kr ls vf/kd gSA blrF; dh iqf"V fp= la[;k&1 ls gks jgh gS&

fp= & 1 % xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ?kjsyw lqfo/kkvksa rd igqap ¼2001&2011 rd½¼izfr”kr esa½

lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2001 rFkk 2011-

xzkeh.k Hkkjr o"kZ 2011] “kkSpky; lqfo/kkvksa dh “krksZa esa ¼xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dk izfr”kr½ nl lcls [kjkc dk;Z fu"iknudjus okys jkT;ksa esa ikfjokfjd lq[k lqfo/kk,a izkIr djus dh fLFkfr rkfydk % 1 esa nh tk jgh gS &

rkfydk % 1xzkeh.k Hkkjr o"kZ 2011 esa “kkSpky; lqfo/kk ds lanHkZ esa lcls cqjk izn”kZu djus okys jkT;ksa esa ?kjsyw lqfo/kkvksa rd igqap

¼xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds izfr”kr ij vk/kkfjr½Js.kh 1 ¼lcls [kjkcJs.kh 1 ¼lcls [kjkcJs.kh 1 ¼lcls [kjkcJs.kh 1 ¼lcls [kjkc

fLFkfr ds fy,fLFkfr ds fy,fLFkfr ds fy,fLFkfr ds fy,½½½½jkT;jkT;jkT;jkT;

“kkSpky;“kkSpky;“kkSpky;“kkSpky;lqfo/kk,alqfo/kk,alqfo/kk,alqfo/kk,a

uy dkuy dkuy dkuy dkikuhikuhikuhikuh

jsfM;ksjsfM;ksjsfM;ksjsfM;ks VsyhfotuVsyhfotuVsyhfotuVsyhfotu VsyhQksuVsyhQksuVsyhQksuVsyhQksu

1- >kj[k.M 7-6 3-7 17-3 13-7 38-72- e/; izns”k 13-1 9-9 13-0 18-6 36-43- vksfMlk 14-1 7-5 10-6 19-4 33-64- NÙkhlx<+ 14-5 8-8 9-3 21-1 21-25- fcgkj 17-6 2-6 25-8 10-2 53-56- jktLFkku 19-6 26-9 13-9 25-6 66-27- mÙkj izns”k 21-8 20-2 25-0 23-5 63-68- RkfeyukMq 23-2 79-3 18-7 85-3 66-39- dukVZd 28-4 56-4 17-6 46-3 62-610- vka/kz izns”k 32-2 63-4 6-1 49-3 54-8

lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011


fueZy Hkkjr vfHk;ku ¼,uch,½ tks laiw.kZ LoPNrk vfHk;ku ¼Vh,llh½ dk mÙkjorhZ dk;ZØe Fkk] dks 01-04-2012 ls “kq:fd;k x;k( ftldk mís”; fueZy xzkeksa dk l`tu djuk rFkk egkRek xka/kh ujsxk ;kstuk ds lkFk rkyesy ds tfj, mUgsa vf/kdizksRlkgu djuk FkkA ;|fi ;s dk;ZØe dkQh gn rd lQy jgs] rFkkfi vHkh Hkh xzkeh.k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx “ks"k gS ftls“kkSpky; dh lqfo/kk izkIr ugha gqbZ gSA

loZO;kih LoPNrk dojst gkfly djus ds iz;klksa esa o`f) djus rFkk ,d dne LoPNrk dh vksj c<+krs gq, Hkkjr dsiz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us 2 vDVwcj] 2014 ds LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku dh “kq:vkr dh gSA bl fe”ku ds nks ?kVd “kkfey gSa&LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ vkSj LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼”kgjh½( ftudk mís”; egkRek xka/kh dh 150oha tUe o"kZ xkaB dks lghJ)katfy iznku djus ds fy, esa o"kZ 2019 rd LoPN Hkkjr dh fLFkfr izkIr djuk gSA LoPN xzkeh.k ¼fe”ku½ dk rkRi;Z xzkeh.k{ks=ksa esa Bksl ,oa rjy vif”k"V xfrfof/k;ksa ds tfj, LoPNrk Lrjksa dks mUur cukuk vkSj xzke iapk;rksa dks [kqys esa “kkSp izFkk lseqDr] LoPN ,oa lkQ&lqFkjk cukuk gSA bl fe”ku esa dfe;ka nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xk tks bl le; izxfr esa :dkoViSnk dj jgh Fkh rFkk ifj.kkeksa dks izHkkfor djus okys tfVy eqn~nksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tk,xkA

ykyfdys ls LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku dk “kqHkkjEHk djrs gq, iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us “kiFk ysrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ^^eSa “kiFkysrk gwa fd eSa LoPNrk ds izfr ltx jgwaxk vkSj blds fy, le; nawxkA gj o"kZ 100 ?kaVs ;kfu gj lIrkg nks ?kaVs Jenku djdsLoPNrk ds fy, dke d:axkA eSa u xanxh d:axkA] u fdlh vksj dks djus nwaxkA lcls igys eSa Lo;a ls] esjs ifjokj ls] esjseqgYys ls] esjs Xkkao ls vkSj dk;ZLFky ls bldh “kq:vkr d:axkA** ;g “kiFk ge lHkh ds fy, gS ftls ge lHkh vius dk;Z”kSyhesa mrkjs rkfd Hkkjr ,d LoPN vkSj LoLF; jk"Vª cu ldsaA

LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ ds eq[; mís”; fuEu gSa %&¼d½ LoPNrk] lkQ&lQkbZ vkSj [kqys esa “kkSp izFkk lekIr djus dks c<+kok nsdj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yksxksa ds lkekU; thou Lrj esa�

lq/kkj ykukA¼[k½ fnukad 2 vDVwcj] 2019 rd LoPN Hkkjr dk fotu izkIr djus gsrq xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa LoPNrk dojst dh xfr rst djukA�¼x½ tkx:drk l`tu vkSj LokLF; f”k{kk ds ek/;e ls LFkkbZ LoPNrk vkSj vknrsa viukdj leqnk;ksa vkSj iapk;rh jkt�

laLFkkvksa dks izsfjr djukA¼?k½ ikfjfLFkfrdh; :Ik ls lqjf{kr ,oa LFkkbZ LoPNrk ds fy, ykxr izHkkoh vkSj laxr izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks c<+kok nsukA�¼³½ tgka Hkh vko”;d gks] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa laiw.kZ lkQ&lQkbZ ds fy, oSKkfud Bksl ,oa rjy vif”k"V izca/ku iz.kkfy;ksa ij�

/;ku dsfUnzr djrs gq, leqnk; izcfU/kr LoPNrk iz.kkfy;ksa dk fodkl djukA

iwoZ xzkeh.k LoPNrk dk;ZØe ls u, dk;ZØe LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ esa dbZ n`f"V;ksa esa cnyko fd;k gSa( ftudkfooj.k fuEu gS %&¼d½ ,lch,e ¼LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku½ ds rgr O;ogkj vkSj ifjorZu ij /;ku nsuk gSA lkeqnkf;d vk/kkfjr lkewfgd O;ogkjxr�

dks ilanhnk n`f"Vdks.k ds :Ik esa mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gS] gkykafd jkT; vius vuqdwy csgrj n`f"Vdks.k pquus ds fy,Lora= gSA dsoy O;fDrxr “kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k dh ctk,] [kqys esa “kkSp iw.kZ eqDr ¼vksMh,Q½ xkaoksa ds fuekZ.k ij HkhQksdl gSA ;g ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk O;fDrxr O;ogkj ifjorZu ykus ds ctk, iwjs xkao dks viuk O;ogkj cnyus ij tksjnsrk gSA

¼[k½ u;k dk;ZØe jkT;ksa dks dk;ZØe ds fØ;kUo;u esa yphykiu iznku djrk gSA ;g Hkkjr ds fo”kky�lkekftd&vkfFkZd&lkaLd`frd fofo/krk dks foLrkj nsus vkSj uokpjksa dks c<+kok nsus dh n`f"V ls Hkh vko”;d gSA

¼x½ ;g {kerk fuekZ.k fo”ks"k :Ik ls lkeqnkf;d n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj dk;ZØe izca/ku ij T;knk tksj nsrk gSA blds varxZr�tkx:drk l`tu] O;ogkjxr cnyko ykus rFkk ?kjksa] fo|ky;] vkaxokfM+;ksa] lkeqnkf;d ,dtqVrk okys LFkkukas vkSj BkslrFkk rjy vif”k"V izca/ku xfrfof/k;ksa esa LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa dks “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

¼?k½ ;g dk;ZØe xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa] daifu;ksa] ;qokvksa vkfn lfgr lekt ds lHkh oxksZa ds lg;ksx ls pyk;k tk jgk gSA�bls Øe”k% xzkeh.k vkSj “kgjh LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks LoPNrk ds fo"k; esa “kkfey djrs gq, 1992 esa 73osa vkSj 74osalaoS/kkfud la”kks/ku ds lkFk cnyk x;k gSA

¼³½ ;g dk;ZØe le; esa dVkSrh djus ds lkFk&lkFk tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, iz”kklfud vkSj foÙkh; izfrfØ;kvksa�dks O;ofLFkr cukus ij tksj nsrk gSA

LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ ¿ ,lch,e¼th½À esa fuEu fcUnqvksa dk lekos”k fd;k x;k gS%&· LoPNrk Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ esa ftys dks ,d vk/kkj bdkbZ ds :Ik esa izLrkfor fd;k x;k gS( ftldk mís”; xzke iapk;rksa







esa [kqys esa “kkSp eqDr fLFkfr izkIr djuk gSA ftyk dysDVj@eftLVªsV@ftyk iapk;rksa ds lhbZvks ls fe”ku dk Lo;a vkxsc<+kus dh vk”kk djrk gS rkfd fe”ku dh iwjs ftys dh vk;kstuk vkSj llak/kuksa ds leqfpr iz;ksx dks lqfo/kktud cuk;ktk ldsA

· ifj;kstuk izLrkouk dks ftyksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k tk,xk vkSj bldh tkap jkT; ljdkj }kjk fd;k tk,xkA ftykokj C;kSjsds lkFk jkT; ljdkj ds fgLlsnkjh Hkkjr ljdkj ¼LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku & is;ty vkSj LoPNrk ea=ky;½ ds lkFk lk>k dhtk,xhA

· xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa “kS{kf.kd lqfo/kkvksa ds izlkj ls ml n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gS ftlesa vfuok;Z:Ik esa og vo;o “kkfey gksxkA blds varxZr ?kjksa esa ifjorZu ds laHkkfor dkjdksa ds :Ik esa fo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; dsfo|kFkhZ “kkfey gksrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx vf/kdre laHko lhek rd fd, tkus dh t:jr gS rFkk LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa dsmUu;u ,oa mi;ksx vf/kdre laHko lhek rd fd, tkus dh t:jr gS rFkk LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa ds mUu;u ,oa mi;ksx dsfy, cukbZ xbZ fdlh ;kstuk esa “kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA

· fodYiksa dh lwph esa fufgr yksp”khyrk xjhcksa vkSj oafpr ifjokjksa dks mudh vko”;drk ,oa foÙkh; fLFkfr ds vuqlkjmuds “kkSpky; ds vuqorhZ mUu;u dk volj miyC/k djkuk gSA izksRlkgu jkf”k dk leqfpr mi;ksx jkT; ljdkj }kjkfd, x, fu.kZ;ksa ds vuqlkj fd;k tk,xkA

· bl dk;ZØe ds varxZr foÙk iks"k.k dks thou&;kiu dk;ZØe] egkRek xka/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e¼eujsxk½ ls vyx dj fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd blds dk;kZUo;u esa v{kerk vkSj foyEc gks jgk FkkA O;fDrxr “kkSpky; dsfy, izksRlkgu jkf”k dks xjhch js[kk ls uhps ¼chih,y½ ds ifjokjksa vkSj igpkus x, ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr] y?kq vkSjlhekar fdlku oklHkwfe ds lkFk Hkwfeghu etnwj] “kkjhfjd :Ik ls fodykax vkSj efgykvksa ds izeq[k ifjokj½ xjhch js[kk lsÅij ¼,ih,y½ ifjokjksa ds fy, :- 10000 ls c<+kdj :- 12000 dj fn;k x;k gSA

· ,lch,e ¼th½ ds ek/;e ls 150@300@500 rd vkSj 500 ls vf/kd ifjokjksa okys xzke iapk;rksa ds fy, jkT; tyLoPNrk fe”ku ¼,lMCY;w,l,e½ ds ykxw fd, tkus ds fy, 7@12@15@20 yk[k ds v/khu fuf/k;ka nh tkrh gSA :- 2yk[k dk Q.M lkeqnkf;d “kkSpky; ds fy, miyC/k gSA

· jkf”k;ksa ds mi;ksx dh vk;kstuk vkSj dk;ZØe dk dk;kZUo;u jkT; vkSj ftyk LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼,l,lch,e vkSjMh,lch,e½ ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk jgk gS( tks fofHkUu ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk xSj&ljdkjh fgr/kkjdksa dh eYVh LVsdgksYMj laLFkk,a gSa vkSj jkT; rFkk ftyk Lrj ij dk;ZØe ds vk;kstuk] fuxjkuh vkSj ekWuhVfjax dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k gSA

· yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx “kkSpky;ksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gq, xzkeh.k fo|ky; LoPNrk ,d izeq[k igy cuhgqbZ gS ftls fo|ky;h f”k{kk foHkkx ds dk;ZØeksa ds varxZr fd;k tk,xkA yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa nksuksa ds fy, “kkSpky;ksa dsHkhrj ty miyC/k djk;k tk,xkA

· vkaxuokf+M+;ksa esa “kkSpky;ksa dh O;oLFkk efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx }kjk dh tk,xhA lqjf{kr LoPNrk dk lans”k lHkhtxg izpkj ds fy, cPpksa dk mi;ksx LoPNrk lEizs"kdksa ds :Ik esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

· bl ;kstuk dk mís”; Hkkjr ds lHkh izeq[k unh csflu vFkkZr~ lryqt] jkoh] O;kl] ;equk] xksnkojh] ueZnk] rkIrh] dkosjh]czãiq= esa jkT;ksa@ftyksa@xzke iapk;rksa dks doj djuk gksxkA blls [kqys esa “kkSp eqDr leqnk; ds lkFk iznq"k.k jfgrufn;ksa dh fLFkfr Hkh lqfuf”pr gksxhA

· lkaln vkn”kZ xzke ;kstuk ds varxZr pqus x, xzke iapk;rksa ds dojst dh xfr rst djus ds fy,] bu xzke iapk;rksa dk,lch,e ¼th½ ds varxZr dojst gsrq izkFkfedrk vk/kkj ij p;u fd, tkus dk izko/kku gSA

· ,lch,e ¼th½ ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, dk;ZØe ds ?kVd ,oa fØ;kdyki fuEu gaS%&¼d½ cslykbu losZ{k.k % LoPNrk vkSj lkQ&lQkbZ i)fr;ksa dh fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, izkjafHkd losZ{k.k dk�

vk;kstuA¼[k½ ftyk % xzke iapk;r Lrj ij eq[; dehZ ds vfHkeq[khdj.k vkSj ftyk;kstuk fuekZ.kA�¼x½ jkT; % ;kstuk fuekZ.k ¼dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ;kstuk & ihvkbZih½A�izfro"kZ vizSy ekg esa jkT; }kjk cslykbu losZ{k.k vkadM+kas dks v|ru fd;k tk,xk rkfd fiNys o"kZ ds nkSjku xzke iapk;r

esa ifjorZu dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldsA







· [kqys esa “kkSp eqDr Ik;kZoj.k ds mís”; ls “kkSpky;ksa ds mi;ksx gsrq O;ogkjxr cnyko ds fy, tu”kfDr] lwpuk] izkS|ksfxdh,oa ehfM;k dk izHkkoh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldsxk] ftlls LoPNrk ,oa lkQ&lQkbZ ds ykHkksa dk lans”k dkjxj ek/;e ls fn;ktk ldsA

· dk;ZØe ds varxZr vksMh,Q ij tksj fn;k x;kk gSA vksMh,Q ey&ekSf[kd lapkj.k dk lekiu gS tks fuEukuqlkjifjHkkf"kr gS %&¼d½ okrkoj.k@xkao esa fdlh izdkj ey n`f"Vxr u gksuk]�¼[k½ izR;sd ifjokj vkSj lkFk gh lkoZtfud@Lkeqnkf;d laLFkkuksa }kjk ey ds fuiVku gsrq lqjf{kr rduhdh fodYi dk�

iz;ksx gksAuksV %& lqjf{kr rduhdh fodYi dk vFkZ gS & lrgh feV~Vh] Hkwty vFkok lrgh ty ls esa fdlh izdkj dk lanw"k.k u

gksuk] ey efD[k;ksa rFkk tkuojksa dh igqap ls nwj gksuk] rkts ey dks u Nwuk rFkk nqxZa/k vkfn dh fLFkfr ls eqDr gksukA· yM+fd;ksa ,oa efgykvksa dh mudh ekfld /keZ pØ ls lEc) lkQ&lQkbZ ,oa LoPNrk lEcU/kh vko”;drk,a gksrh gSA

vkbZbZlh ¼lwpuk] f”k{kk vkSj laizs"k.k½ ds fy, miyC/k fuf/k;ksa dk mi;ksx tkx:drk c<+kus] ekfld /keZ ds nkSjku lQkbZizca/ku lEcU/kh tkudkjh ,oa dkS”ky dk izpkj&izlkj ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

· {kerk fuekZ.k dk;Z ;kstuk ds fy, foÙk iks"k.k izR;sd ftys dh dqy ifj;kstuk ykxr ds 0-75 izfr”kr ds vkbZbZlh ctVls fd;k tk,xk] ftlesa ls 0-25 izfr”kr /kujkf”k dk O;; jkT; Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;; esa fgLlsnkjh dk ekunaMdsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkj ds chp 75%25 ds vuqikr esa gksxkA

· Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj LoPNrk jkT; dk fo"k; gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd bl dk;ZØe ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy,izkFkfed ftEesnkjh jkT; ljdkj dh gSA bl dk;ZØe dh egRork dks le>rs gq, gh dsUnz ljdkj us bl dk;ZØe dksvkjEHk fd;k gS vkSj Hkkjr dks LoPN cukus ds fy, o"kZ 2019 rd le; lhek r; dh gSA fQj Hkh bl dk;ZØe dsUnzizk;ksftr Ldhe ds :Ik esa jkT;ksa ds lkFk rky&esy ls fd;k tk jgk gSA

· Xkkao dh [kqys esa “kkSp djus dh fLFkfr] Bksl ,oa rjy vif”k"V izca/ku ifj;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u ds lkFk&lkFkikfjokfjd fo|ky; ,oa vkaxuckMh “kkSpky; vkSj lkeqnkf;d LoPNrk ifjljksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa mi;ksx dh fuxjkuh djusds fy, lqn`<+ fuxjkuh O;oLFkk dk;e djuh gksxhA fuxjkuh ds varxZr vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk] lkekftd ys[kk ijh{kktSls lqn`<+ ra= dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA

· Bksl ,oa rjy vif”k"V izca/ku ¼,l,yMCY;w,e½ bl dk;ZØe ds eq[; ?kVdksa esa ls ,d ?kVd gSA Xkkao dks LoPN cukus dsfy, ;g vko”;d gS fd vkbZbZlh lEcU/kh igyksa esa Bksl ,oa rjy vif”k"V izca/ku ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tk, rkfdvkcknh ds chp bu fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, eglwl dh xbZ vko”;drk iSnk dh tk ldsA

· lHkh xzke iapk;rksa dks ,l,yMCY;w,e ifj;kstuk ds lkFk dojst gsrq yf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A izR;sd xzke iapk;r dsfy, ,l,yMCY;w,e ifj;kstuk,a okf"kZd ftyk ;kstuk dk Hkkx gksuk pkfg,A

· izR;sd jkT; esa jkT; Lrj ij de ls de ,d ,l,yMCY;w,e ijke”kZnkrk rFkk izR;sd ftyk MhMCY;w,l,e@MhMCY;w,llh esa ,d ,l,yMCY;w,e ijke”kZnkrk izR;sd xzke iapk;r ds fy, ,l,yMCY;w,l ifj;kstukvksa dh rS;kfj;ksadk ekxZn”kZu djus gsrq gksuk pkfg,A

· dk;ZØe ds varxZr mu ifjokjksa dks doj djus ij izkFkfedrk nh tk,xh %&¼d½ o`) isa”kupkjh@fo/kok isa”ku/kkjh@fodykax isa”ku/kkjh ¿jk"Vªh; lkekftd lgk;rk dk;ZØe ¼,u,lih½ ykHkkFkhZÀ�

“kkfey gksaA¼[k½ jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe”ku ds varxZr tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk lfgr dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds ekr` LokLF;�

dk;ZØeksa ds rgr doj dh xbZ xHkZorh rFkk Lruiku djkus okyh ekrk,a “kkfey gksaA¼x½ ckfydkvksa dks ykHk nsus okyh fdlh Hkh ;kstuk ds varxZr doj dh xbZ ckfydk,a “kkfey gksaA�

‘kkSpky;ksa dk fuekZ.k� Ok"kZ 2012&13 esa fd, x, vk/kkjHkwr losZ{k.k ¼cslykbu losZ½ ds vuqlkj yxHkx 11-11 djksM+ “kkSpky;ksa dk fuekZ.k ikap o"kZdh vof/k ¼o"kZ 2014&19½ esa ,lch,e ¼th½ dk;ZØe ds rgr fufeZr fd, tkus gSaA buesa ls 8-84 djksM+ izksRlkgu ds ik= gSa]







1-39 djksM+ fuf"Ø;@csdkj gSa vkSj 0-88 djksM+ ;kstuk ds fn”kk&funsZ”kksa ds vuqlkj izksRlkgu ds ik= ugha gSA 8-84 djksM+“kkSpky;ksa esa ls yxHkx 2 djksM+ “kkSpky;ksa eujsxk ds varxZr cuk, tk jgs gSa vkSj “ks"k 6-84 djksM+ ,lch,e ¼th½ ds rgr cuk,tk jgs gSaA

,lch,e¼th½ ds fy, foÙk dk izcU/k� ,lch,e¼th½ ds dk;kZUo;u dh ykxr vuqekU;r% 1]34]000 djksM+ :- gSA ljdkj bl dk;ZØe ds fy, Ik;kZIr /kumiyC/k djkus dk eu cuk pqdh gSA LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku dks ctV ls izkIr gksus okyh jkf”k ds vfrfjDr vkSj jkf”k miyC/kdjkus ds fnukad 15-11-2015 ls 0-5 izfr”kr LoPNrk midj yxk;k x;k gSA blds vykok LoPNrk ds fy, ls /ku tqVkus dsfy, foÙk ea=ky; ds varxZr uoEcj] 2014 ls LoPN Hkkjr dks"k LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA

,lch,e ¼th½ ds ckn izxfr� LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ dh “kq:vkr ds ckn “kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa rsth ls izxfr gqbZ gSA fe”ku ds igys lky vFkkZr~02-10-2014 ls 02-10-2015 rd] 60 yk[k “kkSpky;ksa ds visf{kr fuekZ.k dh rqyuk esa 88-71 yk[k “kkSpky; cuk, x,A LoPNHkkjr fe”ku “kq:vkr ds ckn xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yxHkx 115 yk[k “kkSpky;ksa dk fuekZ.k igys gh fd;k tk pqdk gSA jk"Vªh; uewuklosZ{k.k laxBu ¼,u,l,lvks½ ds vuqlkj tks LoPNrk dojst igys 40-60 izfr”kr Fkk] og c<+dj 49-02 izfr”kr gks x;k gSAo"kZ 2014&15 ds nkSjku 50 yk[k futh “kkSpky; dh rqyuk esa 58] 54] 987 “kkSpky; cuk, x,] tks y{; dh 117 izfr”krmiyfC/k gSA blls Hkh c<+dj ckr ;g gS fd LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ dh “kq:vkr ds ckn 49-49 yk[k ikfjokfjd “kkSpky;cuk, x,] tks fd o"kZ 2014&15 ls iwoZ ,lch,e dh vof/k dh rqyuk esa ,lch,eth dh “kq:vkr ds ckn “kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa446 izfr”kr ls vf/kd o`f) gqbZ gSA o"kZ 2015&16 ds fy, nkSjku vuqekur% 1-2 djksM+ futh “kkSpky; cukus ds y{; dh rqyukesa ¼31-12-2015 rd½ 76] 81] 214 “kkSpky; cuk fy, x, gSaA� ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ ckr gS fd “kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds vykok vc muds mi;ksx vkSj Xkkaoksa ds vksMh,Q cuus ij Hkh fuxjkuhj[kh tk jgh gSA vkWuykbu vkbZ,evkbZ,l ds vuqlkj ¼fnukad 31-01-2016 rd½ 43] 742 Xkkao vkSj 1706 xzke iapk;rsa vksMh,Qcu pqdh FkhA

LoPNrk dojst� Ok"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] ^^ dsoy 32-70 izfr”kr xzkeh.k ifjokj “kkSpky;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs FksA** jkT;ksa }kjk o"kZ2012&13 esa ,d vk/kkjHkwr losZ{k.k vk;ksftr fd;k x;k] ftuds vuqlkj xzkeh.k LoPNrk dojst 38-81 izfr”kr FkkA 2vDVwcj 2014 Fks ,lch,e 31-12-2015 rd ;g c<+dj 49-02 izfr”kr rd gks x;kA fp= % 2 ls bl rF; dh iqf"V gks jgh gS%&

fp= % 2 LoPNrk dojst ¼izfr”kr eas½

lzksr % is;ty vkSj LoPNrk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA

fofHkUUk jkT;@la?k jkT; {ks= ds vuqlkj LoPNrk dojst ¼31-12-2015½ dks n”kkZ;k x;k gS] ftldk fooj.k fp= % 3 esaof.kZr gS %&







fp= % 3&jkT;@la?k jkT; {ks= ¼31-12-2015 rd½

uksV % vksfMlk] fcgkj] tEew&d”ehj] >kj[kaM] rsyaxkuk] e/; izns”k] mÙkj izns”k] vka/kz izns”k] NÙkhlx<+] jkT;ksa esa LoPNrkdojst jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls uhps gSaA

Lkzksr % is;ty vkSj LoPNrk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA

ewY;kadu� LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ dh “kq:vkr 2 vDVwcj] 2014 dh xbZ FkhA bl dk;Zuhfr ds varxZr jkT; ljdkjksa dksyphykiu nsrs gq, ^^LoPN Hkkjr** dh vksj vxzlj gksuk gSA Hkkjr esa fo”o dh tula[;k dk NBk fgLlk fuokl djrk gSA ns”kdh yxHkx 68 izfr”kr tula[;k xkaoksa esa fuokl djrh gSA ;g fo”o dh lkroha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS vkSj Ø;”kfDr dhn`f"V ls rhljk ns”k gSA Hkkjr dh o"kZ 2014&15 ds nkSjku fodkl nj 7-3 izfr”kr Fkh] ftlls ;g ns”k fo”o dh lcls rsth lsc<+rh vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns”k cu x;k gSA ;g fo”o esa lcls rsth ls c<+rk lsok {ks= Hkh gS] fQj Hkh gekjs lkeus ty] LoPNrk]Bksl vif”k"V] izca/ku vkSj ty fudkl tSlh Ik;kZoj.kh; lsokvksa ds ekeys esa cgqr lh pqukSfr;ka fo|eku gSA� LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ dh ifjdYiuk ubZ ugha gS fdarq ftl “kSyh vkSj ÅtkZ ls LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku dks izLrqr fd;kx;k og vius vki esa ,d ljkguh; dne dgk tk ldrk gSA blds ihNs ewy dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g dk;ZØe vc vkanksyu dk:Ik ys pqdh gSA LoPNrk vfHk;ku “kq: djus ds ckn iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh us dgk Fkk] ^^eq>s [kq”kh gS fd dye mBkus okys gkFkksaus dye dks >kMw cuk fy;k gSA** iz/kkuea=h dk ;g O;DrO; egkRek xka/kh ds bl dFku dh ;kn fnykrk gS fd] ^^vxj ,slkmRlkgh dk;ZdrkZ fey tk,] tks >kMw vkSj QkoM+s dk Hkh mruh vklkuh vkSj xoZ ds lkFk gkFk esa ys ysa tSls os dye vkSj isaflydks ys ysrk gS] rks bl dk;Z esa [kpZ dk dksbZ loky gh ugha mBsxkA vxj fdlh [kpZ dh t:jr iM+sxh rks og dsoy >kMw]QkoM+k] Vksdjh dqnkyh vkSj “kk;n dqN dhVk.kq&Ukk”kd nokb;ka [kjhnus rd gh lhfer jgsxkA

bl dk;ZØe ls dqN ldkjkRed ifj.kke Hkh fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSA 90 izfr”kr LoPNrk dojst ds lkFk flDde vkSj dsjyvxz.kh jkT; gSA nwljs jkT; Hkh muls FkksM+k gh ihNs gS( ftuds mnkgj.k fuEu fn, ldrs gSa %&· NÙkhlx<+ ,d tutkrh; ckgqY; jkT; gS ftldh LFkkiuk e/; izns”k dk foHkktu djds o"kZ 2000 esa dh xbZA jkT; us

leqnk; vk/kkfjr laiw.kZ LoPNrk ¼lh,yVhlh½ dh ikWfylh dks viuk;k gS( ftldk mís”; [kqys esa “kkSp ls eqfDr ikuk FkkAfofHkUu izksRlkguksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik 1123 Xkkao [kqys esa “kkSp ls eqDr cu pqds gSaA jktuanXkkao ftys dk ,d iwjk fodkl[k.M [kqys esa “kkSp djus ls eqDr cu pqdk gSA ukS eghus dh vof/k esa 1-60 yk[k “kkSpky; cuk, x, gSaA

· if”pe caxky ds ukfM;k ftys ds 89 xzke iapk;rksa dks 100 izfr”kr [kqys esa “kkSp ls eqfDr fey xbZ gSA o"kZ 2013 esa ukfM;kesa 3]09]881 ifjokjksa ds ikl “kkSpky; dh lqfo/kk ugha Fkh vkSj os [kqys esa “kkSp tk jgs FksA LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds rgrO;ogkj ifjorZu ij /;ku nsus ds fy, dk;Zuhfr cukbZ xbZA LoPNrk ds fy, “kkSpky;ksa dh lkoZHkkSfedrk miyC/krk dkizko/kku fd;k x;k vkSj LokLF; ladsrdksa esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, mUgsa iz;ksx djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA bldsQyLo:Ik 30-03-2015 dks ukfM;k ftyk “kkSp eqDr ?kksf"kr gqvk tks ;w,u yksd lsok iqjLdkj 2015 dk fotsrk Hkh gSA

· jktLFkku jkT; ds chdkusj ftys esa yksxksa }kjk ,d vkanksyu pyk;k x;k ftls ckadksa&fcdkuks dgk tkrk gS( ;g LoPNrkij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk Hkh mís”; ftys dh iapk;rksa dks [kqys esa “kkSp eqDr cukuk FkkA bl vfHk;ku dks ftyk iz”kklu }kjk







lgk;rk iznku dh xbZ] ftys dh 200 iapk;rksa dks vksMh,Q ?kksf"kr fd;k pqdk gSA bl vkanksyu dks rhoz xfr iznku djusesa LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku us Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bldk vkadyu bl ckr ls gh fd;k tk ldrk gS “kkSpky; dojsto"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] 29 izfr”kr Fkh tks tuojh 2015 esa c<+dj 82 izfr”kr rd gks xbZ gSA nks lky dhvof/k ds nkSjku ftys 1-99 yk[k “kkSpky;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k] tks bl ckr dk izek.k Fkk fd tc leqnk;ksa dks [kqys esa“kkSp eqDr cukus dk bjknk cuk fy;k tk, rks “kkSpky; vius vki Hkh cu tkrs gSA

· gjnk e/; Hkkjr esa e/; izns”k dk ,d ftyk gSA ^xanxh ds fo:) yM+kbZ* vFkkZr~ ey;q) dh “kq:vkr ljdkj dh ctk,yksxksa ds da/kksa ij ftEesnkjh Mkydj xkaoksa esa [kqys esa “kkSp eqDr okrkoj.k cukus ds fy, tkx:d djus ds ,d iz;ksx ds:Ik esa dh xbZ FkhA /khjs&/khjs ;g laLFkkxr vfHk;ku curk x;kA ftlls izR;sd laHkkfor fgLlsnkj dks “kkfey dj mUgsaO;ogkj ifjorZu dh izfØ;k esa cnyko dk ,d vfHkdj.k cuk;k x;kA vkt ifj.kke ;g gS fd gjnk ftyk iw.kZ :Ik ls[kqys esa “kkSp eqDr cu pqdk gSA

· vle ds f”kolkxj ftys dk ydqok [k.M iwjh rjg ls [kqys esa “kkSp ls eqDr ?kksf"kr fd;k tk pqdk gSA bl vfHk;ku dkslQy cukus ds fy, yksxksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks “kkfey fd;k x;k vkSj lkFk gh ftys esa dk;Zjr ljdkjh {ks= ds miØeksa dksHkh “kkfey fd;k x;kA

Åij of.kZr dqN mnkgj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd turk vkSj ljdkj ds chp leUo; LFkkfir gksus ls dksbZ Hkh ;kstukldkjkRed ifj.kke yk ldrh gSaA gesa ;g Hkh Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk fd deh ;kstukvksa@dk;ZØeksa esa ugha gksrh( og gksrh gSmldk dk;kZUo;u lgh izdkj ls u gksus esaA tgka rd LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ¼xzkeh.k½ dk iz”u gS rks ;g fuf”pr :Ik ls dgk tkldrk gS fd ;g dk;ZØe ekuo xfjek ds izrhd ds :Ik esa mHkj jgk gS fdarq vHkh cgqr dqN fd;k tkuk “ks"k gSA blds fy,izR;sd O;fDr dks viuh lksp esa ifjoZru djuk gksxkA lekt esa jgus okys izR;sd O;fDr dks ;g le>uk gksxk fd gesa Hkkjr dksLOkPN cukuk gS vkSj ;g dke dsoy >kMw yxkus ek= ls ugha vk,xk tc rd fd vkarfjd psruk tkx`r ugha gksxhA blds fy,ehfM;k] cqf)thoh oxZ] xSj ljdkjh laxBu dks Òh egRoiw.kZ Òwfedk fuÒkuh iMs+xhA

LoPNrk gekjs Lo;a ds fy,] lekt ds fy, vkSj iwjs fo'o ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS rks blds fy, yksxks dks xaÒhj gksuk ghiMs+xkA lkFk gh lkFk tgka Òh tkx:drk dh deh gS ogka ljdkj vkSj ukxfjd lekt ¼flfoy lkslkbVh½ dks blds fy, izsjdÒwfedk fuÒkuh gksxhA rÒh tkdj ,d LoPN vkSj LoLFk Òkjr dk fuekZ.k laÒo gks ldsxkA

vesfjdk ds U;w;kWdZ 'kgj fLFkr esfMlu LDokMj xkMZsu ¼28-9-2014½ esa Òkjrh; leqnk; dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, iz/kkuea=hJh ujsUnz eksnh ds Òk'k.k dk ,d va'k izLrqr gS%&

^^xka/kh th us gesa vktknh nh FkhA Òkjr eka dks xqykeh dh tathjksa ls eqDr fd;kA Òkjr eka dks xanxh ls eqDr djuk] D;k;g gekjh ftEesnkjh gS ;k ugha gSA D;k ge 2019 esa tc xka/kh th dh 150 oha t;arh euk,a] rc egkRek xka/kh ds pj.kksa esaLoPN&lkQ fganqLrku muds pj.kksa esa ns ldrs gaS\ ftl egkiq:"k us gesa vktknh nh] ml egkiq:'k dks gesa ns ldrs gSa ;kugha\ nsuk pkfg, fd ugha nsuk pkfg,\ ;s ftEesnkjh mBkuh pkfg, dh ugha mBkuh pkfg,\ vxj ,d ckj 125 djksM+ ns'koklhr; dj ysa fd eSa xanxh ugha d:axk rks nqfu;k dh dksbZ rkdr ugha gS tks fgUnqLrku dks xank dj ldrk gSA**

lanHkZ &� gfjtu lsod] 07-04-1946] Ik`’B la[;k&69� xzke Lojkt] Ik`’B la[;k&79� iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh th dk Hkk’k.k] fnukad 28-09-2014] LFkku esfMlu LDok;j xkMsZu] U;w;kdZ] vesfjdkA








Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 67 - 70

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 67 -

ABSTRACT

e/;;qxhu Hkkjr esa okf.kfT;d okrkoj.k

e/; ;qx esa Hkkjrh; m|ksx mUur voLFkk esa FksA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa lu~ 1206 bZ- esa lu~ 1761 bZ- rd dkdky e/;dky dgykrk gSA Hkkjr vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls laxfBr Fkk ,oa xzke ,oa 'kgjksa esa vusd f”kYi la?k FksA bum|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr Jfed] f”kYih ,oa vusd vkStkj o rduhd ijEijkxr FksA lkekU;r% xzke ,oa NksVs 'kgjksa dsmRiknd oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj cMs+ uxj ds O;kikfj;ksa dks mRikfnr oLrq,a lkSai nsrs FksA dHkh&dHkh mRikndvius {ks= esa yxus okys esyksa esa Hkh mRikn ys tkdj mudh fcØh djrs FksA fu;kZr O;kikj ls tqMs+ gq;s cMs+O;kikjh tks lkekU;r% leqnz rV ls yxs gq;s 'kgjksa esa jgrs Fks] mRikndksa ;k nykyksa ds ek/;e ls rS;kj eky dks[kjhn ysrs FksA dqN LFkku ij O;kikjh Lo;a vius m|ksx Hkh LFkkfir djrs FksA bl izdkj bl ;qx esa okf.kfT;dxfrfof/k;ksa dk foLrkj rks gqvk fdUrq cgqr vkn”kZ fLFkfr fufeZr ugha gks ldhA




izoh.k vks>kizk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k

okf.kT; foHkkxMkWa- Hkxor lgk; 'kkl0 egkfo|ky;

Xokfy;j ¼e/; izns”k½

Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa lu~ 1206 bZ- esa lu~ 1761 bZ- rd dk dky e/;dky dgykrk gSA bl ;qx esa Hkkjr ds okf.kfT;difjos”k esa Hkh vusdkusd ifjorZu n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSaA bl ;qx esa ns”k ds vkfFkZd txr esa iwoZdky dh rqyuk esa vusd ifjorZuvk;sA d`f"k] m|ksx ,oa O;kikj dh n”kk,a Hkh ifjofrZr gq;ha rFkk vk;kr&fu;kZr dh oLrq,a ,oa fofo/k ns”kksa ds lkFk O;kikfjdlEcU/kksa esa Hkh uohurk dk vkxeu gqvkA fdlh Hkh oLrq ds mRiknu ls ysdj vfUre miHkksDrk rd igaqpus dh izfØ;k dksokf.kT; dh ifjf/k esa j[kk tkrk gSA bl ;qx ds okf.kfT;d okrkoj.k dk v/;;u vk/kqfud 'kks/k dh n`f"V ls mi;ksxh izrhrgksrk gSA

O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh izxfr dk vk/kkj d`f"k dk fodkl gksrk gSA lYrur ;qx esa bCucrwrk fy[krk gS fd Hkwfe vR;UrmitkÅ Fkh rFkk o"kZ esa nks Qlysa gksrh FkhaA vukt] frygu] nygu] xUuk] dikl] vnjd] fepZ] elkys] iku bR;kfn izeq[kQlysa FkhaA blds lkFk Qyksa ,oa Qwyksa dh [ksrh Hkh mYys[kuh; FkhA fnYyh] fpÙkkSM+] tks/kiqj] Xokfy;j] /kkSyiqj] caxky]fot;uxj bR;kfn esa vusd Qykas ds ckx FksA rkjh[k&,&Qhjkst”kkgh ds ys[kd 'kEls f”kjkt vQhd ds vuqlkj Qhjkstrqxyd us fnYyh ds vklikl 1200 cxhps] lyksjk cka/k ij 80 cxhps] fpÙkkSM+ esa 48 cxhps yxok;sA jax fcjaxs] lqxaf/kr Qwyksa ds[ksrh dk mYys[k vehj [kqljks ,oa efyd eksgEen tk;lh us Hkh fd;k gSA vykmn~nhu f[kyth us Hkwfe dh eki djokbZ]eksgEen rqxyd us izFkd d`f"k foHkkx ^nhoku&,&dksgh^ dh LFkkiuk dh] Qhjkst rqxyd us yxHkx 150 dq,a [kqnok;s ,oa 5ugjksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i gqbZ d`f"k dh mUufr us lYrur ;qx ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dks le`) fd;kAbl fn”kk esa eqxy lezkVksa us Hkh lfØ; iz;kl fd;sA vCnqy gehn ykgkSjh ds xzaFk ikn”kkgukek esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd'kkgtgka us ugj cukus esa dq”ky O;fDr vyhenkZu [kka dks ugj cukus ds fy;s ,d yk[k :i;s fn;s rFkk iqjkuh ugjksa ,oa dqvksadk th.kkZs)kj djok;kA vdcj ds le; VksMjey dh Hkwfe O;oLFkk us Hkh d`f"k {ks= dks lqO;ofLFkr fd;k ,oa ;g mUufr bl;qx ds okf.kfT;d ifjos”k dks fodflr djus esa lg;ksxh cuhA

e/; ;qx esa Hkkjrh; m|ksx mUur voLFkk esa FksA Hkkjr vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls laxfBr Fkk ,oa xzke ,oa 'kgjksa esa vusd f”kYila?k FksA bu m|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr Jfed] f”kYih ,oa vusd vkStkj o rduhd ijEijkxr FksA lkekU;r% xzke ,oa NksVs 'kgjksa dsmRiknd oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj cMs+ uxj ds O;kikfj;ksa dks mRikfnr oLrq,a lkSai nsrs FksA dHkh&dHkh mRiknd vius {ks= esayxus okys esyksa esa Hkh mRikn ys tkdj mudh fcØh djrs FksA fu;kZr O;kikj ls tqMs+ gq;s cMs+ O;kikjh tks lkekU;r% leqnz rV lsyxs gq;s 'kgjksa esa jgrs Fks] mRikndksa ;k nykyksa ds ek/;e ls rS;kj eky dks [kjhn ysrs FksA dqN LFkku ij O;kikjh Lo;a vius



izoh.k vks>k

e/;;qxhu Hkkjr es aokf.kfT;d okrkoj.k



m|ksx Hkh LFkkfir djrs FksA m|ksx nks izdkj ds gksrs Fks & ¼1½ jkT; }kjk lapkfyr m|ksx ;k dkj[kkuk ,oa ¼2½ O;fDrxrLokfeRo okys m|ksxA cMs+ 'kgjksa esa LFkkfir jkT; }kjk lapkfyr m|ksxksa esa Js"B midj.kksa ds ek/;e ls 'kkgh mi;ksx gsrqoLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k Fkk ftueas ijns] Vksih] twrs] ?kksM+ksa dh thu] dejcUn] iVdk] vkHkw"k.k f[kyvr bR;kfn lfEefyrFksA rRdkyhu ys[kd vQhQ ds vuqlkj Qhjkst rqxyd us 36 dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd;s] 12000 nkl f”kYidkj cu x;sA budkj[kkuksa esa cuk vf/kdka”k lkeku 'kkgh mi;ksx esa vk tkrk Fkk rFkk 'ks"k lkeku csp fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls ljdkj dks vk;gksrh FkhA O;fDrxr LokfeRo okys m|ksxksa esa oL=ks|ksx] /kkrq] dkxt] phuh] 'khjk] peM+k] tgkt fuekZ.k] gkFkh nkar] d`f"kmRiknu ij vk/kkfjr dqVhj m|ksx] b=] 'kjkc] rsy] crZu] gfFk;kj fuekZ.k m|ksx bR;kfn izeq[k FksA caxky] ekyok] xqtjkr]nf{k.k Hkkjr esa nsofxfj] dkyhdV] dks;acVwj] bR;kfn lwrh oL= m|ksx ds izeq[k dsUnz FksA <kdk dh eyey fo”o esa izfl) FkhAdkfle cktkj] ekynk] eqf”kZnkckn] iVuk] dk”ehj] cukjl] [kEHkkr js”keh oL= mRiknu gsrq izfl) FksA dkyhdV] iqyhdV]fot;uxj] ghjs& tokgjkr rjk”kus ds m|ksx ,oa cukjl fnYyh] xqtjkr] vkxjk] tM+kÅ vkHkw"k.k ,oa lksus pkanh ds crZuksa dsfuekZ.k gsrq izfl) uxj FksA

'kkgh Qjeku ,oa ik.Mqfyfi;ka rS;kj djus gsrq dkxt rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA cMs+ 'kgjksa esa LFkkfir bl m|ksx ls lacaf/kri`Fkd eksgYyk gksrk Fkk] tks dkxth eksgYyk ;k ^dkxthiqj^ dgykrk FkkA phuh ;k=h ekgksu us caxky esa o`{k dh Nky ls cuslQsn pedhys dkxt dk o.kZu fd;k gSA fdUrq ml le; ekax dh rqyuk esa dkxt dk mRiknu de gksrk FkkA e/;;qx dsf”kYih ftu vkStkj o rduhd dk iz;ksx djrs Fks] os ijEijkxr ,oa vux<+ FksA dHkh&dHkh rks f”kYiksa ds jgL; ,oa rduhdf”kfYi;ksa ds ej tkus ds lkFk lekIr gks tkrh Fkh ,oa Hkkoh ihf<+;ka mlls oafpr gks tkrh FkhaA eqxydky esa gfFk;kj fuekZ.km|ksx us Hkh cgqr mUufr dh FkhA ijEijkxr gfFk;kjksa ds vfrfjDr 'kksjs ls cUnwd dh ck:n cukus dk dk;Z Hkh gksrk FkkA rksisaHkh cuus yxh FkhA ehj QrgmYykg 'khjkth us bl dky esa rksM+nkj cUnwd dk vkfo"dkj fd;k Fkk] ftldh uky cgqr etcwrgksrh FkhA Qrsgiqj lhdjh] cjkj] fcgkj esa dkap ds dkj[kkus FksA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa leqnz ls eksrh fudkyus dk dke Hkh Qy&Qwyjgk FkkA bu lHkh m|ksxksa dk fodkl gh e/; ;qx dks okf.kfT;d n”kk dk vk/kkj FkkA ;|fi jkT; f”kYidk;Z dks izksRlkgu nsrkFkk] fdUrq fQj Hkh vf/kdrj tqykgksa dks lh/ks e/;LFk yksxksa ls vkfFkZd lgk;rk feyrh Fkh] tks mudk 'kks"k.k Hkh cgqr djrs FksAljdkjh vQlj Hkh mUgsa de nkeksa ij eky cspus ds fy;s foo”k djrs Fks ,oa dj Hkh vf/kd olwy djrs FksA

Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh vkUrfjd ,oa ckg~; O;kikj dh yEch vuojr ijEijk jgh gSA xzke ds NksVs O;kikjh ls ysdjcMs+&cMs+ O;kikfj;ksa rd O;kikj djus okys laxfBr FksA e/;;qx esa vkUrfjd ,oa fons”kh O;kikj nksuksa gh mUur voLFkk esa FksALFky rFkk tyekxZ nksuksa gh O;kikj gsrq iz;qDr gksrs FksA LFky ;krk;kr ds fy;s lkjs ns”k esa lM+dksa ds lkFk&lkFk ixMafM;ksa dktky lk fcNk FkkA ;|fi budh lqj{kk ,oa O;oLFkk dk dke jkT; djrk Fkk rFkkfi ekxZ Mkdqvksa] taxyh tkuojksa ds dkj.kvlqjf{kr FksA O;kikjh oxZ ^^oS”;^^ dgykrk FkkA mRrj ds ejokM+h ¼xqtjkrh½] nf{k.k ds psV~Vh] eqYrkuh O;kikjh] jktLFkkuhcatkjs O;kikj esa izoh.k gksrs FksA xzkeh.k cktkj esa leLr oLrq,a izkIr gksrh FkhaA LFkkuh; fuf”pr frfFk;ksa ij yxus okys gkVcktkj Hkh vkUrfjd O;kikj dk izeq[k vax FksA xzkeksa esa mRikfnr eky O;kikfj;ksa }kjk lehiLFk ef.M;ksa esa igqapk;k tkrk Fkk]ogka ls og vU;= igqaprk FkkA O;kikj dk;Z esa nykyksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA vykmn~nhu f[kyth us mUgsa fu;fU=rdjus dk iz;kl fd;kA e/;dky esa egktu ;k lkgwdkj cSafdax O;oLFkk dk izfr:i Fks tks _.k nsuk] /ku tek djuk] gqf.M;katkjh djuk bR;kfn dk;Z djrs Fks ftlesa O;kikjh oxZ dks fcuk tksf[ke mBk;s ysu&nsu djus esa vklkuh gksrh FkhA

e/;;qx esa vkUrfjd O;kikj mRd"kZ ij FkkA izR;sd izkUr nwljs izkUr dh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk Fkk ;Fkk xqtjkr]vkxjk dks fudV&iwoZ ns”kksa ;k ;wjksi ls vkbZ oLrq,a Hkstrk Fkk ftuesa vewY; iRFkj] /kkrq] eyey] efnjk] vQzhdk ds nkl] js”kehoL= lfEefyr FksA caxky pkoy] [kk.M] lwrh vkSj js”keh oL= Hkstrk FkkA xqtjkr O;kikj dk cM+k dsUnz FkkA xqtjkr fons”kksa lsvk;h O;kikfjd oLrqvksa dks lEiw.kZ ns”k esa forfjr djrk FkkA if”peksÙkj Hkkjr esa ykgkSj vkSj eqYrku izeq[k dsUnz dh Hkwfedk dkfuokZg djrs gq;s vQxkfuLrku] bZjku rFkk e/; ,f”k;k ls vk;kfrr oLrq,a ns”k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa igqapkrs FksA flU/k] dk”ehjdh Hkh pkoy] elkys] 'kkWy] Åu] oL= ] phuh] yksgk] rkack ds vkUrfjd O;kikj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh FkhA

izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr dk ckg~; ;k fons”kh O;kikj mUur voLFkk eaas FkkA Hkkjr dks if”peh ns”kksa ls nks leqnzh ekxZ tksM+rsFks& ,d Qkjl dh [kkM+h okyk rFkk nwljk yky lkxj okyk ekxZA buesa Qkjl dh [kkM+h okyk ekxZ O;kikjh vf/kd iz;ksx djrsFksA LFky ekxZ ls Hkkjr e/; ,f”k;k] vQxkfuLrku Qkjl ls tqMk gqvk FkkA Hkkjrh; oLrq,a yky lkxj gksrs gq;s feL=] Qkjlds [kkM+h ds ekxZ ls cxnkn esa igqaprh FkhA bl le; ds izeq[k cUnjxkg [kEHkkr] HkM+kSp] M~;w] xksvk] HkVdy] dkyhdV] xksvk]dksphu] eNyhiV~Vu] gqcyh] pVxkao] lrxkao bR;kfn FksA


leqnzh O;kikj ij vjc vkSj rqdhZ O;kikfj;ksa dk ,dkf/kdkj FkkA e/; ,f”k;k] bZjku] vQxkfuLrku] frCcr rFkk HkwVku lsO;kikj LFky ekxZ ls gksrk FkkA [kqjklkuh O;kikjh LFky ekxZ ls gksus okys O;kikj esa lfØ; FksA e/;;qx esa fu;kZr dh izeq[koLrqvksa esa lwrh] js”keh oL=] vukt] rsy] cht] phuh] pkoy] uhy] vQhe] pUnu] yk[k] ukfj;y] dkyhfepZ] elkys] i'kqbR;kfn lfEefyr FkhaA lwrh oL+= eq[;r% nf{k.k iwohZ; ,f”k;kbZ ns”kksa ;Fkk tkok] lqek=k] eyk;k] cksfuZ;ks] isaxq] L;ke] csVe]vjc] bZjku rFkk if”peh ns”kksa dks fu;kZr fd;s tkrs FksA :bZ rFkk flYd ds fofHkUu izdkj ds lkeku Qkjl] rqdhZ] lhfj;k]vQzhdk] vjc ns”kksa vkfn ns”kksa rd tkrs FksA vQhe dk fu;kZr cekZ] tkok] phu] eyk;k] vjc] rFkk bZjku dks gksrk FkkA e/;;qxdh izeq[k vk;kr gksus okyh izeq[k oLrqvksa esa eq[;r% /kkrq,a] dherh iRFkj] ikjk] flUnwj] e[key] lhlk] Åu] phuh feV~Vh dscrZu bR;kfn FkhaA iwohZ }hi lewg] phu] tkiku ,oa vU; ns”kksa ls lksuk] isxw ls ewaxk vkSj vU; jRu bZjku ls rFkk ekf.kd cekZ lsvk;kr gksrs FksA ikjk iqrZxky ls ,oa lhlk] Åuh diM+s] flYd] e[key ;wjksih; ns”kksa ls] ?kksMs+ rqfdZLRkku] vnu] Øhfe;k lsvk;kr gksrs FksA Qy] lw[ks esos] Åu] rkack] 'kh”kk] ghax] dLrwjh] lqgkxk] ekse] bR;kfn dk vk;kr vQxkfuLrku] e/; ,f”k;k]frCcr] usiky] HkwVku ls gksrk FkkA lYrur dky esa O;kikj larqyu Hkkjr ds i{k esa FkkA Hkkjr foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ds cnysfons”kh O;kikfj;ksa ls lksuk ,oa cgqewY; /kkrq,a izkIr djrk FkkA bl fn”kk esa iz”kklu dk Hkh lg;ksxkRed :[k jgrk FkkA

e/;dky esa O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dks 'kkld oxZ dk laj{k.k izkIr Fkk rFkk 'kkld O;kikjh oxZ dks vf/kdrelqfo/kk,a miyC/k djokus ds i{k/kj FksA lqYrku cyou us ekxksZa dks lqjf{kr cukus ds mn~ns”; ls esokr] dVsgj] nksvkc {ks= dsyqVsjksa dk neu dj O;kikfjd ekxksZa dks fu"d.Vd cukus dk iz;kl fd;kA 'kguk ,oa xqek”rk uked vf/kdkjh ekxksZa dh lqj{kkds fy, mRrjnk;h FksA x;klqn~nhu rqxyd us Hkh O;kikj ds fodkl dh vksj /;ku fn;k rFkk eqgEen rqxyd ds le; dsokf.kfT;d okrkoj.k dk o.kZu djrs gq;s ^fdrkc&my&jsgyk^ dk ys[kd bCuscrwrk fy[krk gS fd ^^fons”kh O;kifj;ksa dkvkokxeu fuckZ/k FkkA Mkd pkSfd;ksa dh LFkkiuk] xqIrpj O;oLFkk] ljk;ksa dh mRre O;oLFkk ds dkj.k O;kikj le`) gqvkAQhjkst”kkg rqxyd us vusd djksa dks lekIr dj okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa dks lqxe cuk;kA vdcj ds le; rd ns”k dkvkfFkZd <akpk lqn`<+ Fkk fdUrq 'kkgtgka dk dky vkus rd rks okf.kfT;d txr esa fxjkoV ds y{k.k vke gks x;sA 'kkgtgka }kjkHkw jktLo dh nj c<+kdj 1@2 djus ls fdlku [ksrh NksM+dj Hkkx x;s ,oa d`f"k ds fiNM+us ls dPps eky dh deh gks x;h tksm|ksx] O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; ds fodkl esa ck/kd cuhA e/;;qx esa Hkkjr vkfFkZd lajpuk rFkk okf.kfT;d O;ogkj ,oa izca/kfodkl ds nkSj esa FkkA bl le; iwath fuekZ.k dh xfr /kheh FkhA

e/;;qx esa uxj lM+dkas ds ek/;e ls ,d nwljs ls tqMs+ FksA O;kikjh dkfQyksa esa pyrs Fks rFkk ;krk;kr ds lk/ku ds :i esadqyh] cSyxkM+h] [kPpj vkSj uko bR;kfn dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA xaxk] ;equk] rFkk vU; cM+h ufn;ksa esa ukoksa ds lkFk NksVs tgkt Hkhiz;qDr gksrs FksA rFkk buds ek/;e ls ckn esa ;g lkeku leqnz ekxZ }kjk fons”kksa dks fu;kZr gksrk FkkA ekdkZsiksyks vkSj bCuscrwrkus HkM+kSp ,oa dkyhdV ds cUnjxkgksa ls fons”kh O;kikj dk mYys[k fd;kA phuh ;k=h egqvkj lu~ 1406 eas caxky vk;k FkkA ogfy[krk gS fd ^/kuoku yksx tgkt cukrs gaS] ftuesa os fons”kh jk"Vªkas ds lkFk O;kikj djrs gaSA tyekxZ] ukosa] tgkt O;kikj dslkFk lsuk ds fy;s Hkh mi;ksxh FksA ehj cgj uked vf/kdkjh ukoksa dh ns[kHkky djrk Fkk fdUrq Hkkjrh; leqnzrV ij ifjoguds lk/ku eq[;r% vjcksa ds gkFk esa FksA vkUrfjd O;kikj pqaxh dh olwyh Hkh egRoiw.kZ i{k FkkA ns”k ds vkUrfjd ,oa ckg~;O;kikj ds lapkyu esa nykyksa ds laxfBr oxZ dh cM+h Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA vykmn~nhu us ewY; fu;U=.k O;oLFkk ykxw dj bloxZ ds fu;fU=r fd;k Fkk fdUrq mlds ckn ;s iqu% lfØ; gks x;s FksA

e/;dky esa eqnzkvksa ds :i esa pkanh dk flDdk Vadk tks 175 xzsu dk gksrk Fkk] bldk 64 oka Hkkx dk thry] Vadk dk 40oka Hkkx dk cgyksyh flDdk] rkacs dk Vadk] eqxydkyhu lksus pkanh ds flDds yEcs le; rd pyrs jgsA blds vfrfjDrfofue; i= ¼gq.Mh½] lkgwdkjh O;oLFkk vkfn Hkh bl ;qx esa okf.kfT;d O;ogkj dk izeq[k fgLlk FksA bl ;qx esa 'kgjhdj.k dhizo`fRr c<+us ds dkj.k uohu uxjksa dk fodkl gqvkA 'kgjksa ij vk/kkfjr vkfFkZd <+kpk fodflr gqvkA izks- bjQku gchc bls'kgjh dkjhxjksa dh ØkfUr ;k 'kgjh ØkfUr dgrs gaSA muds vuqlkj&^^bl ØkfUr us mRiknu ds ijEijkxr lk/kuksa ij tkfrxrcU/kuksa dks m[kkM+ QsadkA^^ /kU/ksa] O;kikj] mRiknu ,oa okf.kT; Hkh c<+kA e/;;qxhu vFkZO;oLFkk d`f"k ,oa mlls tqMs+ gq;s m|ksx/ka/kksa ij vk/kkfjr FkhA mRiknd ,oa miHkksDrk ds e/; xgjh [kkbZ cuh gqbZ FkhA ;g ;qx ;|fi bl dky ds LFkkiR; ,oa fuekZ.kdk;ksZa dks ns[krs gq;s lEiUu ;qx izrhr gksrk gS rFkkfi vke tu] e/;e oxZ rks fu/kZu gh cuk gqvk FkkA ;g cgqr cM+h foMEcukFkhA bl ;qx esa d`f"k] m|ksx] O;kikj] okf.kT; dh fLFkfr mUufr ds fy;s ifjfLFkfr;ka vkn”kZ ugha FkhA vusd ,sls dkj.kfo|eku Fks tks okf.kfT;d fodkl esa ck/kd Fks tSls ijEijkxr :f<+okfnrk] vf”k{kk] HkkX;okn] jktuhfrd ?kVukØe ls mRiUuvfLFkjrk] oxZ foHkktu] lkgl dh deh] iwath dh deh] fodkl ds izfr mnklhurk bR;kfnA vYkkmn~nhu f[kyth] eqgEen fcu



izoh.k vks>k




rqxyd tSls fodkloknh lksp ds 'kkldksa us Øe”k% cktkj fu;U=.k O;oLFkk] lkadsfrd eqnzk izpyu ;kstuk bR;kfn izkjaHk Hkhdha] fdUrq tu lg;ksx ds vHkko esa os Hkh foQy gks x;haA

eqxydky esa Hkkjr ds O;kikfjd {ks= esa ;wjksih; tkfr;ksa dk vkxeu ØkfUrdkjh ?kVuk FkhA vdcj ,oa tgkaxhj ds le;lj Vkel jks] dSIVu gkWfdUl dk vkxeu ,oa eqxy lezkV ls O;kikfjd lqfo/kkvksa dh izkfIr] vaxzsth] iqrZxkyh O;kikj dh o`f)bR;kfn us okf.kfT;d okrkoj.k dks ,dne cny MkykA bl ;qx dh bu fons”kh xkfrfof/k;ksa us gh Hkkjr dh ijk/khurk dk ekxZrS;kj fd;kA bl izdkj bl ;qx esa okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa dk foLrkj rks gqvk fdUrq cgqr vkn”kZ fLFkfr fufeZr ugha gks ldhA

lanHkZ xzaFk&� gchc bjQku] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] i`"B Øekad 03� bCuscrwrk] fdrkc&my&jsgyk� JhokLro ,-,y-] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] i`"B Øekad 492� 'kekZ ,l-vkj-] Hkkjr esa eqfLye 'kklu dk bfrgkl] i`"B Øekad 507� Ikk.Ms; vo/k fcgkjh] mÙkj e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] i`"B Øekad 493� fLeFk Ogh-,-] vdcj] i`"B Øekad 366� ljdkj ;nqukFk] QkWy vkWQ eqxy ,Eik;j] i`"B Øekad 27� ljdkj ;nqukFk] eqxy ,MfefuLVsª'ku] i`"B Øekad 13



izoh.k vks>k





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 71 - 73

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 71 -

ABSTRACT

e/; fgeky; f’kYi m|ksx % ?kjkV¼ ,d u;sa mn; dh ryk’k esa ½

izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls laiUu mRrjk[k.M] ik’kk.k ;qx ls uo;qx rd] izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djviuh thou fuoZgu dh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS] bUgha rjhdksa esa ls ,d Fkk&?kjkVA ?kjkV flapkbZ djus]xsagw vkfn ihlus vkfn vR;ko”;d dk;ksZa esa dke vkrk FkkA mRrjk[kaM esa ?kjkV uked m|ksx dk bfrgkl cgqriqjkuk gSA ?kjkV m|ksx lapkfyr djus okys dks ?kVok ;k ?kVokyk dgk tkrk FkkA egRoiw.kZ fo”ks’krk ;g Fkh fdvU; f”kYiksa dh Hkkafr ;g O;olk; ;k m|ksx iSr`d ;k tkfrxr vk/kkj ij ugha gksrk Fkk] oju~ ?kjkV dk iSr`dlaifr ds vk/kkj ij caVokjk fd;k tkrk gSA ?kjkVksa dks iqu% vfLrRo Eksa ykus ds fy, Bksl ;kstuk /kjkryh; LFkyij fdz;kfUor djus dh vko”;drk gSA ?kjkV m|ksx dks iquZthfor djus ds fy,] ?kjkV m|fe;ksa dks vkfFkZd;kstukvksa lqfo/kk ds lkFk ubZ ;kaf=d rduhdks ds ek/;e ls dk;Z;kstuk cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A




vk’kk vk;Zlgk;d v/;kfidk]

vkn”kZ mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;]xxkl }kjkgkV] vYeksM+k

i`Foh; /kjkry ij ekuoh; lH;rk ,d fuf”pr fodkldze dsa vuqlkj fodflr gqbZ] lH;rk o ;qx fodflr o fofu’Vgksrsa jgsa ij izd`fr HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ds :Ik esa ekuoh; laosnukvkssa] Hkkoukvksa o ewY;ksa ds lkFk vuojr~ :Ik ls vuardky ls ekuo ds lkFk pyh vk jgh gSA tc ekuoh; fodkldze vius fofHkUu fodklpj.kksa esa izkjafHkd voLFkk esa Fkk rks ogizd`fr ls fofHkUu lalk/kuksa ds :Ik esa viuh ewyHkwr vko”;drkvksa dks iwjh djrk FkkA

izd`fr ls tks mlsa lalk/ku izkIr Fks mlh ls og vius thou;kiu ds rjhds [kkstrk FkkA izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls laiUumRrjk[k.M ik’kk.k ;qx ls ysdj bl uo;qx rd bUgh izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj viuh thou fuoZgu dhvko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS] bUgh rjhdks esa ls ,d Fkk & ?kjkVA ftldk izkphu le; ls mRrjk[kaM ds bl ioZrh; vkapyes vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA

?kjkV ‘kCn dh mRifRr &?kjkV ls fudyus okyh /ofu ?kM&?kM&?kM&?kM ls gh ?kjkV “kCn dh mRifRr gqbZ gSA fgUnh “kCn ?kjkV dqekÅ¡uh “kCn

?kV vkSj laLd`r Hkk’kk ds ?kV~V ls fy;k x;k gSA ?kjkV dk vFkZ gS ikuh ls pyus okyh iupDdh] ;s ?kV igkM ls fudyus okyhNksVh&cMh ufn;ksa] xk³] vkfn ds fdukjsa ioZrh; vapyksa o Hkkcj ds {ks=ksa esa cuk;sa tkrs FksA

?kjkV dk izkphu le; ls gh egRo jgk gSA ßpan “kkldksa us lu~ 1442 esa jkt djus okysa jktk dk”khpan ds fderksyhrkezi= esa ?kjkV dk mYys[k fey tkrk gSA dY;k.k eYy us Hkh lu~ 1443 esa bldk mYys[k rkei= esa fd;k gSA vdsys dqekÅ¡esa ckjg ntZu ls vf/kd rkei=ksa esa ?kjkVksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSAÞ1

jkeflag ds vuqlkj ÞlaHkor% ?kV ¼?kjkV½ dk vkfo’dkj dksyksa dh nsu gS] D;ksafd e”kkyksa esa izk;% d`f’k ;qxhu ;ks)kvksa dhyMkbZ bUgh ?kjkVksa dks fNuusa dss fy, gqbZ FkhAÞ Þpanzdkyhu cfg;ksa ls izkIr lwpuk ds vuqlkj ?kV uked dj fy;ss tkus dk2

izko/kku feyrk FkkAß bu rF;ksa ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd mRrjk[kaM esa ?kjkV uked m|ksx dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA3

ßftlds }kjk ?kjkV m|ksx lapkfyr fd;k tkrk Fkk mls ?kVok ;k ?kVokyk dgk tkrk FkkA egRoiw.kZ fo”ksa’krk ;g Fkh fd vU;f”kYiksa dh Hkkafr ;g O;olk; ;k m|ksx iSr`d ;k tkfrxr vk/kkj ij ugha gksrk Fkk] oju~ ?kjkV dk iSr`d laifr ds vk/kkj ijcVokjk fd;k tkrk gSAß4

ßbudk fuek.kZ eq[;r% fiFkkSjkx< ftysa ds jkeeafnj ¼xaxksyhgkV½ ds ikl ckSjk.k uked xkao esa fd;k tkrk Fkk gS] ;gha ls



vk’kk vk;Z

e/; fgeky; f’kYi m|k sx % ?kjkV¼ ,d u;s a mn; dh ryk’k es a ½



lEiw.kZ dqekÅ¡ dks ?kV pkd@trkj] nyguh ¼nky nyus gsrq½ vkfn dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk gSAÞ vkSifuosf”kd “kkludky ls5

iwoZ iupDdh vFkok xwyksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa LFkkiuk esa jkT; dk fdlh Hkh izdkj dk n[ky ugha gksrk FkkAß1842 esa ns”kh ty O;oLFkk dks ykxw djus ds lkFk jkT; dk igyk n[ky ml le; gqvk Fkk tc igyh ckj iupfDd;ksa dks

fdjk, ij mBkus dh iMrky dh x;h FkhAÞ6

Þty dh LFkkuh; izca/ku i)fr esa jkT; }kjk igyk gLRk{ksai lu~ 1842 esa gqvk tc dj gsrq ?kjkVksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ Aß7

ß“ksM;wYM fMfLVªDV ,DV 1874 ds rgr dqekÅ okVj :Yl 1917 cukdj vaxzstksa us ikuh ij gLr{ksi dh izfd;k dksvf/kd dMk dj fn;kA bu fu;eksa ds vuqlkj vc ?kjkVksa vkSj flpkbZ ugjksa ds fuekZ.k dks vkSj vf/kd dMk fd;kAÞ8

Þvaxzstksa us vius “kkludky esa ?kjkV ds fy, jktkKk dk izko/kku fd;kA ?kjkV dh LFkkiuk ds fy, fMIVh dySDVj dhvuqefr dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA 1917 o 1930 esa dqekÅa okVj :Yl ds ek/;e ls ?kjkVksa ij vkSifuosf”kd “kklu us viukfu;a=.k LFkkfir dj fy;kA 1922 esa ljdkj us ?kjkVksa ij lkykuk okf’kZd dj Hkh ?kksf’kr dj fn;kAß9

ÞMkW fjrs”k lkg fy[krs gS& blds lkFk&lkFk iupfDd;ksa vkSj flapkbZ dh ugjksa ls lacf/kr U;kf;d ;kfpdkvksa vkSjfooknksa ds fuiVkjsa ds fy, LFkkuh; jktLo vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ,d U;kf;d Qksje Hkh xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA bu fu;eksa esa ;gO;oLFkk Fkh fd fdlh Hkh rjg ds U;kf;d fookn dk lek/kku de ls de le; rhu o’kZ esa fd;k tk;saAß10

?kjkV dh dk;Z&fof/k&

ß?kjkV dks ge fdlh Hkh LFkku ij NksVh&cMh unh ds fdukjsa ns[k ldrs gSA ?kjkV esa NksVh&cMh ufn;ksa ds ikuh dks ugjds ek/;e ls ÅapkbZ ls ydMh yV~Bs ij ladjs ekxZ ij ?kV ls uhps cus fQjdh ¼Vjckbu½ ij rhozrk ls fxjk;k tkrk gSA ikuhdh “kfDr ls fQjdh rhozrk ls ?kweus yxrh gSA fQjdh ds ?kweus ls Åij yxsa iRFkj ds LFkk;h pDdsa ds Åij vU; pDdk ?kweusyxrk gS ftlds ?kweus ls pDdh dks Nwrh gqbZ ydMh ds NksVs&2 fpfM;ka dh vkd`fr ds VqdMsa ftUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk’kk esa pMh dgktkrk gS fgyus yxrk gSÞ ftlls vukt Åijh pDds ij cus fNnz ls fxjrk tkrk gSAÞ bl izdkj vukt nksuksa pDdksa ds e/;11

fil dj vkVs ds :i esa ckgj fudyrk jgrk gSA bldk mi;ksx lHkh yksxksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ;s vf/kdka”k yksxksa dsthou;kiu dk ,d izeq[k lk/ku FkkA ?kjkV esa yksxksa ds }kjk xsgwa] tkSa] cktjk] vkfn ihlok;k tkrk FkkA blds cnysa esa ?kjkVLokeh dk fils gq, vukt dk dqN fgLlk ikfjJfed ds :Ik esa fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlsa dqekÅauh Hkk’kk esa Hkkx dgk tkrk FkkAß12

bl fgLls ls ?kjkV dk Lokeh ds iwjs ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks’k.k cMh gh vklkuh ls gks tkrk FkkA ?kjkV izk;% lnkuhjk ufn;ksa dsrV ij gh gksrs gSA

?kjkV lkekftdrk dk ;qx &

,d le; Fkk tc ?kjkV gekjsa lkekftd thou dk vge fgLlk Fkk A yksx nwj&nwj rd vukt filokusaa dss fy, ?kjkVrd iSny gh tkrs FksaA ijarq le; ds lkFk&lkFk ge viuh laLd`fr ds dbZ igyqvksa dks foLe`r djrs tk jgs gSA ;gha fLFkfr?kjkV dh Hkh gSSA cnyko ds bl nkSj esa uk rks ?kV jgs gS uk gh ?kjkV esa vukt filrsa fn[krsa yksxA ;nk&dnk nwjLFk ioZrh;vapyksa esa ?kV fn[k rks tkrs gS ij oS”ohdj.k ds bl nkSj esa ?kV&?kjkVksa dk vfLrRo “kwU; ;k “kwU; dh fLFkfr tSlk gh gSAorZeku le; esa yksx nqdkuksa ls ;k ljdkjh lLrsa xYys dh nqdkuks ls jsfMesaM lkeku ys vkrs gS ftlls lkekftdrk dk oks nkSj,d LoIu dh Hkkafr foLe`r gksrk tk jgk gSA Mhty batu ;k fo|qr ls py jgh iupfDd;k le; o /ku dh cpr rks dj jgh gSij lkekftdrk o esgurd”kh dk og nkSj ,d fnokLoiu lk jg x;k gS A

ß?kjkV gekjs LOkkLFk; dks laHkkys gq, FkkA ?kjkV ls filk vkVk ikSf’Vdrk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA d`f’k fo”ofo|ky; ¼yqf/k;kuk½ usbudk ijh{k.k dj bldh iqf’V Hkh dh gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd LokLFk; o Lokn ds ekeysa esa ?kjkV ls filk vukt vU; ÅtkZls pyus okys lalk/kuks dh pDdh ls csgrj gksrk gSAÞ13

xzkeh.kksa ds fy, [kphZyh rFkk vk/kqfud rduhd ds mi;ksx o ljdkjh mis{kk ls xzflr ?kjkV vius vfLrRo dh yMkbZyM jgs gSA tcfd nwljh vkSj ljdkj midze v{k; ÅtkZ fodkl vfHkdj.k ¼mjsMk½ jkT; ds ?kjkVksa ds lq/kkjhdj.k ouohuhdj.k ;kstukvksa ds nkosa rks dj jgk gS ij tehuh gdhdr dqN vkSj c;ka djrh gSaA

?kjkV vius vfLrRo dh yMkbZ esa fiNMrs tk jgs gS] ;kfu foyqIr gksus ds vafre nkSj esa gSA

?kjkV laj{k.k dh ;kstuk ,d dfYir vkadk{kk

ÞmYys[kuh; gS fd mRrjk[kaM jkT; esa Lo;a lsoh LkaxBu gSLdksa }kjk fd, x, ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj jkT; ds vfLrRo esavkus ds le; rd yxHkx lRrj gtkj ?kjkV FksA tcfd ljdkjh mis{kk ds pyrsa orZeku esa rhl gtkj ?kjkV gh vfLrRo esa gSA


o’kZ 2002 esa mjsMk }kjk ?kjkVksa dk vfLrRo cpkus ds fy, ?kjkV lq/kkjhdj.k dk;Zdze izkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA blds rgr ?kjkVkasdk fpUghadj.k dj vk/kqfud ;kaf=dh dk mi;ksx dj bUgs orZeku lkekftd nkSj ds vuqdwy ,d u;h O;kikfjd izfof/k dsvarZxr tksMuk FkkAß ^^ij yxHkx ,d n”kd ls Hkh T;knk le; chr tkus ds ckn Hkh dsoy dkxth dk;Zokgh ds varZxr dqN14

gh ;k ;wa dgwa fd ukeek= ds dfri; ?kjkVksa esa vk/kqfud ;kaf=dh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSAÞ15

Þblh ;kstuk ds varZxr ?kjkV lq/kkjhdj.k o uohuhdj.k ;kstuk ds rgr ykHkkFkhZ dks fo|qr mRiknu ds fy, ,d yk[kmi;ksx esa ykus ds fy, 30000 rhl gtkj rd dk vuqnku fn;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gSAß ij blds ckotwn Hkh ?kjkV vius16

vfLrRo dh yMkbZ esa dgh ihNsa gSA ?kjkV ds mi;ksx ds ?kVrs pyu ls vkt Hkh vf/kdka”k yksx ?kjkV ls vufHkK gS] nq%[k dhckr gS fd uohu ih<h esa ls “kk;n gh fdlh us ?kjkV ds fo’k; es lquk gks o mldh mikns;rk ds egRo dks tkurs gksA

cnyko ds nkSj us dgh uk dgh gesa gekjh ijaijkvksa ls foeq[k dj fn;k gSA fnu&izfrfnu ge izd`fr o viuh ikjaifjdijaijkvksa ls foeq[k gks rsa tk jgs gS ]vkSj mruh gh chekafj;ksa dks viuh nSfud thou&p;kZ dk vax cukrs tk jgs gSA

?kjkV uk dsoy ,d ;kaf=d ifjdYiuk Fkh gekjh iwoZtks fd tks fd ge lcdks izd`fr ds lkFk lgsts gqbZ Fkh cfYdlkekftd lgHkkfxrk dh ,d vnHkqt ifjdYiuk Hkh Fkh tks gekjs lkaLd`frd Ik;kZoj.k dks Hkh lgsts gqbZ FkhA ?kjkV ij filkvkVk ikSf’Vdrk ls ifjiw.kZ Fkk tks izkd`frd vapyksa ds fuokfl;ksa dks bu nq:g fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh thou ladYiuk ds u,svk;keksa dks ,d lq[kn ikfjfLFkfrd vglkl dh vksj vxzlj djrk Fkk] ljdkj dks pkfg, dh mlh ladYiuk dks thfor dj?kjkV dh mikns;rk dks ekurs gq, bldh iquZLFkkiuk dh ,d thoar dk;Z;kstuk dks vey es yk;k tk,saA

?kjkVksa dks iqu% vfLrRo Eks ykus ds fy, Bksl ;kstuk /kjkryh; LFky ij fdz;kfUor djus dh vko”;drk gSA ?kjkV m|ksxdks iquZthfor djus ds fy, ?kjkV m|fe;ksa dks vkfFkZd ;kstukvksa ds rgr LkLrh njksa ij _.k dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djk;h tkuhpkfg,] ubZ ;kaf=d rduhdks ds ek/;e ls bls iquZthfor djus dh dk;Z;kstuk cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A dsoy dkxth Lrj Ikjdke ds vykok lrgh Lrj ij dke djuk pkfg, rFkk fd;s x;s dk;ksZ dk okLrfod fujh{k.k djuk pkfg,A gekjh iqjkuhlaLd`fr ds vfLrRo dks iquZLFkkfir djus ds fy, ge lHkh dks ,d Bksl dk;Z;kstuk ij dk;Z djus dh vko”;drk gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph&

� ikaMs egs”k] iupDdh ls iwjh gksaxh ÅtkZ t:jrsa ] us”kuy nqfu;k] 30 fnlacj 2012� esj] jkeflag] e/; fgeky; dk vrhr ] 2007 ] efYydk cqDl fnYyh ] i`0&141� tks”kh] ,e0ih0] bduksfed fjlpZ ] eSustesaV bu n dqekÅa vkWQ pUnzkl] ,p0 ch0 oh0 ] vYeksMk cqd fMiks] vYeksMk]II

i`0& 251� fc’V] ukjk;.k flag] mRrjkapy fgeky;h jkT; ioZrh; {ks= esa vkS|ksfxdj.k] 2001] jksfg.kh fizUVlZ ifCylZl] nsgjknwu

i`0&32� VEVk] lqjs”k pUnz] orZeku vrhr e/; fgeky; dk f”kYi] ,oa u`&iqjkRro] vYeksaMk] 2007] i`0&142� jkor] vt; flag] mRrjk[kaM dk lexz jktuSfrd bfrgkl] vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh] 2016 i`0&326� jkor] vt; flag] mRrjk[kaM dk lexz jktuSfrd bfrgkl] vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh] 2016 i`0&330� jkor] vt; flag] mRrjk[kaM dk lexz jktuSfrd bfrgkl] vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh] 2016 i`0&332� ikaMs egs”k] iupDdh ls iwjh gksaxh ÅtkZ t:jrsa] us”kuy nqfu;k] 30 fnlacj 2012� jkor] vt; flag] mRrjk[kaM dk lexz jktuSfrd bfrgkl] vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh] 2016 i`0&339� tks”kh ?ku”;ke] mRrjkapy dk bfrgkl ] 2005 uSuhrky] i`0& 06� ikaMs egs”k] iupDdh ls iwjh gksaxh ÅtkZ t:jrsa] us”kuy nqfu;k] 30 fnlacj 2012A



vk’kk vk;Z

e/; fgeky; f’kYi m|k sx % ?kjkV¼ ,d u;s a mn; dh ryk’k es a ½




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 74 - 76

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 74 -

ABSTRACT

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lanHkZ esa yksd dykvksa dh Hkwfedk

ledkyhu dyk ds ifjizs{; esa yksd dyk,a viuh ijEijk o laLd`fr dk J`axkj djrs gq, thou esa ÅtkZ]LQwfrZ vkSj psruk dk lapkj dj jgh gSA yksd dyka, ekuo eu dks d`f=erk ls lgtrk vkSj vkgykn dh vksj[khaprs gq, viuh ekVh ls tqM+us dk fut lans'k Hkh nsrh gSaA ;g ,slh thoUr lEinka, gSa ftuds vk/kkj ij geviuh ijEijk ls vfHkHkwr gksdj lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gq, Hkfo"; dk rkuk&ckukcqurs gSaA ;fn ^Lokar% lq[kk;* gksdj ;g euksfouksn dk lk/ku gS rks ^ijtu fgrk;* ds vFkZ esa lkekftd izfrnkuHkh gS] D;ksafd blesa eu ds Hkkoksa dks ljyrk vkSj ltxrk ls izsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA gekjh yksd dyk,a gh vktds laLdkj foghu gksrs tk jgs lekt dks tksM+us esa l{ke gSa] D;ksafd ;g Hkkjrh; /keZ] n'kZu vkSj fpUru ds lkFkviuh vuwBh laLd`fr dk fo'okl txkrh gS rFkk blhfy;s ekuo&eu dh xgu laosnukvksa ls tqM+ tkrh gSaAdYio`{k dh Hkk¡fr fujUrjrk dk lans'k nsus okyh bu dykvksa us dykdkjksa dks lnSo izHkkfor fd;k gS vkSj vktHkh izsj.kk dk lzksr cudj mudh jpukRedrk dks uohu vk;ke ns jgh gSA Hkkjr esa dEiuh 'kSyh ds fojks/k esa tcHkkjrh; dyk&laLd`fr dks iquthZfor djus dk Hkko izLQqfVr gqvk rks ,d u;s lkaLd`frd ;qx dh uho iM+h rFkkledkyhu dykdkjksa us Hkkjrh; yksddyk ls izsj.kk xzg.k djrs gq, uohu dyk 'kSfy;ksa dk izknqHkkZo fd;kAvkt yksddyk ?kj&vkaxu ls fudydj ledkyhu dyk dk vax cudj fo'o iVy ij viuk ijpe ygjkjgh gSA tgk¡ ledkyhu dyk esa vk/kqfud vewrZu dks Lora= :i ls viuk;k tk jgk gS] ogha vusd ledkyhudykdkj yksd dyk ds fofo/k :iksa dks viuh dyk&dYiuk }kjk flafpr dj Hkkjrh; dyk&ijEijk dk iks"k.kdj jgs gSaA fu%lUnsg thou ds mRFkku ds fy;s vkuUne;h vkSj LQwrZ Hkkoukvksa ls ifjiw.kZ bu yksddykvksa esaxgjs ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds vadu dh vFkkg 'kfDr gSA




vydk vk;Z]v/;{kk] fp=dyk foHkkx]Jh l0 /k0 iz0 pa0 dU;kLukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;

:M+dh ¼gfj}kj½

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh Js"B ekSfydrk esa mldh yksddykvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA yksddyk thou dk og LFky gStgk¡ gekjh vkRek fuokl djrh gS D;ksafd vkRek gj ml vfHkO;fDr ls tqM+h gS tks lgt gS vkSj ;gh lgtrk vkSj ljyrk ghyksddyk dk ewy ea= gSA thou dk vFkZ gh gS tkx:drk vkSj yksddyk mldks viuh l`f"V esa fu;fer :i ls thfor j[krh1

gSA yksddyk dh viuh ,d lgt xfre;rk gksrh gS vkSj mlh ds jgrs thou fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA yksd dyk dk ewy ^l`tu*gS vkSj ;gh ^l`tu* laLd`fr dk i;kZ; gSA vk/kqfud dyk dh rjg yksd dyk Hkh yksdkfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ek/;e gS] D;ksafdvkt dh dyk Hkh ifjos'k dks mn~?kkfVr djus dk nkok gh rks djrh gSA yksd dyk,¡ ,d vksj ekuo dh l`tu izfrHkk dks2

mtkxj dj vkarfjd fodkl dk volj nsrh gS rks nwljh vksj lkaLd`frd fojklr dks ih<+h nj ih<+h gLrkarfjr djus dknkf;Ro Hkh fuHkkrh gSA fu%lansg yksd dyk,¡ 'kkL=h; dykvksa dk vk/kkj rRo jgh gS vkSj 'kkL=h; dykvksa dk fodkl yksddykvksa ds Øfed fodkl dh ifj.kfr Hkh jgk gSA yksd dykvksa dk lEca/k ekuo dh Hkkoukvksa ls lh/kk gS] ftUgsa og ijEijkxr3

:f<+;ksa ds :i esa izpfyr djuk pkgrk gS] D;ksafd ekuo dk ;g LoHkko gS fd og viuh izkphu laLd`fr] /keZ vkSj dyk dkslnSo thfor j[kuk pkgrk gSA Mk0 eksgu flag ekoM+h ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^yksd dyk tuekul dh vfHkO;fDr gS] tks ijEijkxr :i4

ls laLd`fr dh ,d mit gSA lekt ds fofHkUu rjg ds fØ;kdykiksa ls vksr&izksr gksdj ;g viuk Lo:i fujUrj xfr'khycuk;s gq, gSA yksd dyk,¡ ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl Øe dk thoUr izek.k gSA bldk egRo ekuo thou esa blfy, egRoiw.kZ5

gS] D;ksafd ;g gesa lkekftd lanHkksZ ls tksM+rh gS vkSj Lo;a ekuo eu dh xgu laosnukvksa ls tqM+h jgrh gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh



vYdk vk;Z

vk/k qfudhdj.k ds lanHk Z e s ayk sd dykvks + a dh Hk wfedk



yksd dyk mlds fpUru&n'kZu vkSj lkfgR; dk lkjrRo gksrh gSA ;g ,d ,slh lkaLd`frd fojklr gS tks dYiosy dh rjgthou dh fujUrjrk dk lans'k nsrh gSA ikjEifjd :i] iquhr izrhd] ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡] /kkfeZd ewY; bR;kfn ,sls gh ekin.M gSa6

tks dyk&laLd`frd dh xgurk dk cks/k djkrs gSaA yksd dyk,¡ thou dh vfHkO;fDr dk ,d l'kDr ek/;e Hkh jgh gSaA ;fnLokar% lq[kk; gksdj ;g euksfouksn gS rks ijtu fgrk; ds vFkZ esa lkekftd izfrnku Hkh] D;ksafd lekt esa mBk;s x;s fo"k; ghlTtk vkSj ltxrk ds lkFk dykdkj }kjk iqu% iszf"kr fd;s tkrs gSaA thou 'kSyh] fpUru vkSj ekuo dk lefUor :i lh[kusdh izo`fÙk yksd dyk gSA ;g izkphu laLd`fr dks vk/kqfud laLd`fr ls feykus dh ,d etcwr dM+h gSA7

yksd dyk ,d thfor cht] le`) 'kCn dks"k] vkSj Li"V lEizs"k.k gS ftlls izsj.kk izkIr dj vkt dk ledkyhu dykdkjuohu jpukRedrk ds fy;s ltx vkSj fpfUrr fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA yksd dyk esa vfHkO;fDr dh vikj laHkkoukvksa ds izfrJ`)koku gksdj vusd ledkyhu dykdkj vius ikjEifjd lzksrksa vkSj yksd rRoksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr gks jgs gSaA gekjh Hkkjrh;laLd`fr] ijEijk vkSj vkLFkk dks thoUr cuk;s j[kus okyh bu yksd dykvksa us vk/kqfud dykdkjksa dh jpukRedrk dks uohuvk;ke iznku djus esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA Hkkjrh; yksddyk esa ,sls rRo gSa] ftUgsa izR;{k :i ls gh ugha cfYd vUrjreizfØ;k ls vuqHko dj fpUru fd;k tk ldrk gSA caxky ds vusd dykdkjksa us yksd dyk ds bl vuqHko dks izkIr fd;k]ftlds QyLo:i yksd dyk dk izHkko muds flj p<+dj cksyrk jgkA Hkkjrh; dyk txr esa Lora=rk ds i'pkr ltZukRedizo`fÙk dk mÙkstd iqu:RFkku gqvkA vaxzsth 'kklu ds QyLo:i dyk nks :iksa esa mHkjdj lkeus vkbZA ,d vksj ik'pkR; dykds izHkko ls mith uohu dEiuh 'kSyh rks nwljh vksj yksd Hkkoukvksa ls tqM+h ,slh dyk 'kSfy;k¡ ftudh tM+s Hkkjrh; ijEijk lstqM+h FkhaA buesa dkyh?kkV isfUVax] caxky vkSj mM+hlk ds iVfp=] ukFk}kjk rFkk rUtkSj 'kSyh ds yksd fp= bR;kfn mYys[kuh;gSaA yksd dyk vuqHko dh l'kDr /kjksgj dh vksj gekjs dykdkjksa dk /;ku ;|fi ckn esa x;k] rFkkfi blds foLrkj dks gevius dykl`tu ls dHkh i`Fkd ugha dj ik;sA Hkkjrh; dykdkjksa dh :fp izk;% ,sls vuqHko esa jgh gS tks thou dks vkRek opsruk ls tksM+s vkSj HkkSfrdrk ls vk/;kfRedrk dh vksj mUeq[k djsA blhfy;s 'kqHkRo ,oa eaxy Hkkouk ds Lojksa ls ifjiw.kZ gekjhlkaLd`frd ijEijk dk iks"k.k djus okyh yksddykvksa ds izfr gekjs dykdkj iwT;Hkko ls lEizsfjr gSaA vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; dykdk ;g lq[kn le; gS fd ledkyhu dykdkj Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd ,oa yksd rRoksa dh vksj ltx gks pqdk gSA 19oha 'krkCnh dsmÙkjk)Z esa vk/kqfud dyk dks lqn`<+ vk/kkj iznku djus esa yksddykvksa dh fof'k"V Hkwfedk jghA gekjh le`) yksd ijEijkvksa usdykdkjksa ds fy;s jpukRedrk ds uohu }kj [kksysA yksd dyk dh ljyrk] lgtrk] ifo=rk] izrhdkRedrk vkSjvk/;kfRedrk tSlh fo'ks"krkvksa ls izsfjr gksdj ledkyhu dykdkjksa us viuh ijEijk o laLd`fr dks iquthZfor djus gsrq futuohu 'kSfy;ksa dk izknqHkkZo fd;kA yksd dyk ds rRoksa ds lekos'k ds ihNs jpukdkj dh ek= ;gh Hkkouk ugha gksrh fd os Lo;adks ijEijk ls tqM+k ikrs gSa] cfYd os buesa fufgr fof'k"V ÅtkZ] lkSUn;Z vkSj vkd"kZ.k ds izfr ltx gksdj jpuk izfØ;k dkvkuan Hkh izkIr djrs gSaA yksd dyk ls izHkkfor gksdj mldh ljyrk vkSj vkReh;rk dks vius dyk l`tu esa mrkjus okysdykdkjksa esa caxky ds ;kfeuh jk; vxz.kh jgsaA vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; dyk esa yksd rRoksa dh izsj.kkvksa dk 'kqHkkjEHk djus dk Js; Hkh;kfeuh jatu jk; dks gSA ;kfeuh jk; us ;g Hkki fy;k Fkk fd dykdkjksa dks viuh dykd`fr;k¡ le`) cukus ds fy;s yksd8

dyk rFkk yksd jhfr dks viukuk gksxkA bUgksaus ,d fp=dkj ds :i esa viuh ekVh dh xa/k dks eglwl fd;k vkSj if'pe ds9

vuqdj.k dh izpfyr /kkjkvksa dks rksM+dj caxky dh vYiuk] mM+hlk ds iVfp=ksa dh lgt vyadkfjdrk] feV~Vh ds eksgdf[kykSuksa vkSj xqfM+;ksa ls izR;{k izsj.kk ysdj ,d uohu dyk 'kSyh dk fodkl fd;kA blh izdkj ns'kt ,oa yksd rRoksa lsizHkkfor gksus okys dykdkjksa esa uUnyky cksl] fouksn fcgkjh eq[kthZ] ds0 th0 lqcze.;e] y{e.k nS] ikf.kDdj] ts0 LokehukFkubR;kfn mYys[kuh; gSA ;g ledkyhu dykdkj viuh d`fr;ksa esa yksd dyk ds izrhdksa] fpUgksa vkSj vfHkizk;ksa dks uohu:ikdkjksa vkSj jax;kstukvksa ds lkFk fu:fir dj viuh ,d vyx igpku cukus esa lQy gq, gSaA 80 ds n'kd esa ledkyhudykdkjksa us ?kj vkaxu esa QSys yksd laLd`fr ds vyadj.k vkSj vfHkizk;ksa ds lkFk vusd jpukRed iz;ksx fd;sA vkt yksddyk ledkyhu dyk ds lkFk tqM+dj ,d u;s ifjos'k dks izkIr dj fo'o dk /;ku viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus ds lkFk viuslqugjs Hkfo"; dh vkdka{kk dj jgh gSA yksd dyk dh vksj fujUrj c<+rh tu:fp vkSj cktkj dh ekax ds vuq:i ledkyhudykdkj ijEijkoknh dyk ds lkFk ekSfydrk dk n{krkiw.kZ iz;ksx djus gsrq fujUrj vxzlj gSA Hkkjrh; dyk cktkj esa ,slsvusd ledkyhu dykdkj gSa ftudh dykd`fr;k¡ ns'k&fons'k esa Å¡ph dherksa ij Ø; dh tkrh gSaA ds0 ds0 gCckj] Hkwisu[kDdj bR;kfn ,sls gh dykdkj gSa tks Hkkjrh; dyk ds Js"B ekun.M+ cu x;s gSaA fu%lansg ,d lPpk dykdkj ledkyhurHkh gks ldrk gS tc og vius vrhr ds izfr Hkh ltxrk ls tqM+k jgsaA

yksd dyk ;qx&;qx dk bfrgkl latks; ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk fujUrj py jgh gS rFkk ijEijk] vuqHko] vxf.kr


ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa vkSj Le`fr;ksa ds rkus&ckus ls vk/kqfud dykdkjksa dh dyk dYiuk dks flafpr dj jgh gSA;s ckr rks loZfl) gS fd yksd esa og rRo gS tks loZxzkg~; gS rHkh rks lfn;ksa ls vkt rd viuk futLo cuk;s gq, gSA

fdUrq yksddykvksa dk O;olk;hdj.k o vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k tks va/kk&/kqa/k vuqdj.k gksus ls mudh ekSfydrk u"V gks jghgS] bl fn'kk esa Hkh gesa /;ku nsuk gksxkA vr% ledkyhu dykdkjksa dk ;g nkf;Ro Hkh gS fd os yksd :iksa dks ,slh jpukRedrkds lkFk izLrqr djsa] ftlls mudh jk"Vªh;rk o ekSfydrk cuh jgsaA yksd dyk ds foLrkj dks fdlh le; lhek esa ugh cka/kk tkldrkA blds fodkl esa dky dh nh?kZ vUrj lek;k gqvk gSA oLrqr% yksd dyk us vkt dh ledkyhu dyk psruk dks Hkhcgqr dqN fn;k gS vkSj fdlh gn rd ;s nsu yksd dyk esa vftZr laosnukvksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa dk ifj.kke gSA

lanHkZ &

1& Mk0 jek ik.Ms] jktLFkku dh yksd dyk] i`0 382& cSjkBh] d`".kk] dqekW;w dh yksd dyk] laLd`fr vkSj ijEijk] i`0 23& fojatu] jke] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk] i`0 444& lDlSuk] Mk0 lju fogkjh yky rFkk lq/kk lju] dyk] fl)kUr vkSj ijEijk] i`0 625& ekoM+h] Mk0 eksgu flag] yksd dyk dh ijEijk pkSeklk] vad&81] uoEcj&Qj0 2010] i`0 1136& iaokj] izHkk] vkys[ku] i`0 067& vIikLokeh] ih0] ekMZu vkVZ vkWQ bafM;k] i`0 788& yksd thou ds riLoh fp=dkj% ;kfeuh jk;] fxjkZt fd'kksj vxzoky] nSfud fgUnqLrku] 8 twu 19629& ekxks] izk.kukFk] Hkkjr dh ledkyhu dyk] ,d ifjizs{; & i`0 99



vYdk vk;Z

vk/k qfudhdj.k ds lanHk Z e s ayk sd dykvks + a dh Hk wfedk




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 77 - 83

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 77 -

ABSTRACT

vkxjk ds yksd laxhr esa [;kyxksbZ ijEijk

vkxjk] orZeku le; esa fo'o izfl) i;ZVu LFky ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd uxj Hkh gSAizkphu dky ls gh vkxjk dk lEcU/k Hkxoku Jh d`".k dh vn~Hkqr yhykvksa vkSj muls lEcfU/kr HkfDr laxhr lsjgk gSA [;kyxksbZ ijEijk ds xk;u ds nks :i ;k i{k izpfyr gS&dyxh vkSj rqjkZA yksd laxhr dh bl izfl),oa yksdfiz; ijEijk dks thfor j[kus ds mn~ns'; ls vkxjk esa vkt Hkh le;≤ ij [;kyxksbZ ds naxyvk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSa [;kyxk;d blesa viuh&viuh izLrqfr;kWa nsrs gSaA calr&iapeh ds ioZ ij fo'ks"kvk;kstu fd;s tkrs gSA yko.kh ;k [;kyxk;dh Hkh vk/kqfudrk dh bl ekj ls cp ugha ik;h gSA dqN mRlkghdykdkjksa ds cy ij bl ijEijk dks thfor j[kuk laHko izrhr ugha gks jgk gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fdljdkj vkSj lkekftd] lkfgR;d vkSj lkaLd`frd laLFkk,sa bu dykdkjksa dks u dsoy vkfFkZd laj{k.k nsdjizksRlkfgr djs cfYd bUgsa mPp vk/kqfud rduhd iznku djsa o muds eapu ds volj miyC/k djk;saA




izhfr ‘kkjnizoDrk ¼iwoZ½] laxhr xk;u]

,e-,y-ts-uk-[ks- xYlZ fMxzh dkWyst]lgkjuiqj

vkxjk] jklfcgkjh Hkxoku Jh d`".k dh yhykvksa ls vkPNkfnr czt {ks= ds egRoiw.kZ ,oa izfl) uxjksa esa ls ,d gSA oSls rksizkxsfrgkfld dky esa Hkh bldk mYys[k feyrk gS] ijUrq e/;dky esa eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj dh jkt/kkuh Qrsgiqj lhdjh ds:i esa blus vf/kd izflf) izkIr dhA eqerkt egy dh ;kn esa ckn'kkg 'kkgtgkWa us tks vf}rh; ,oa vizfre izse Lekjdrktegy dk fuekZ.k djk;k] mlus bl uxj dks fo'o izfl) cuk fn;kA ;g loZfofnr rF; gS fd eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkgtgk¡dyk ,oa laxhr dk mPp dksfV dk izal'kd gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ikj[kh Hkh FkkA orZeku le; esa ;g fo'o izfl) i;ZVu LFky dslkFk&lkFk ,d vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd uxj Hkh gSA

izkphu dky ls gh vkxjk dk lEcU/k Hkxoku Jh d`".k dh vn~Hkqr yhykvksa vkSj muls lEcfU/kr HkfDr laxhr ls jgk gSAtgk¡ ,d vksj vkxjk 'kkL=h; laxhr dk egRoiw.kZ dsUnz jgk gS] ogha ;g uxj tuHkkoukvksa dks Liafnr djus okys yksd laxhrdk Hkh vR;f/kd yksdfiz; dsUnz jgk gSA l`f"V ds izkjEHk esa yksd laxhr dk tUe igys gqvk viuk 'kkL=h; laxhr dk ;g rksxgu vkSj O;kid 'kks/k dk fo"k; gS ijUrq esjs n`f"Vdks.k esa 'kkL=h; laxhr o yksd laxhr lekukUrj cgus okyh ijLij vkfJrnks /kkjk;sa gS A

tgk¡ ,d vksj 'kkL=h; laxhr dk Kku lekt ds vR;kf/kd lhfer lq/khtuksa rd gh lhfer gS ogha] blds Bhd foijhr]yksd laxhr tulkekU; ds g"kZ&fo’kkn] lq[k&nq[k] [kq'kh&xe ,oa lEiw.kZ thou dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA [;kyxksbZ thou dsizR;sd igyq ls tqM+h og vfHkO;fDr gS tks tu lkekU; ds lkalkfjd ,oa vk/;kfRed i{k dks ljy lgt ijUrq ân; Li'khZ ,oaizHkkoksRiknd 'kSyh esa yksd eapksa ij xkbZ tkrh gSA

[;kyxksbZ ijEijk ds xk;u ds nks :i ;k i{k izpfyr gS] ftuds fo"k; esa ;g fdaonfUr izfl) gS fd ckn'kkg 'kkgtgk¡ dsnjckj esa 'kkg vyh uked ,d Qdhj vk;k vkSj mlus ckn'kkg dks viuh Lojfpr jpuk lqukbZA ckn'kkg dks og vR;kf/kdfiz; yxh vkSj mlus bZuke Lo:i Qdhj dks viuh *dyxh* ns nhA ;g lekpkj lqudj rqdufxfj uked xqlkbZ Hkh ckn'kkg dsnjckj igq¡p x;k vkSj mlus [;ky dh dbZ rqdcfUn;k¡ ckn'kkg dks lqukbZA dgrs gS fd ckn'kkg mlls Hkh cgqr izHkkfor gqvkvkSj migkj Lo:i mls ^rqjkZ* HksaV fd;kA rHkh ls [;kyxksbZ ds nks i{kksa ^dyxh* vkSj ^rqjkZ* esa foHkkftr gks x;sA 1

dkykUrj esa ^dyxh* eqlyeku xk;dksa }kjk izrhd fpUg ds :i esa viuk;h x;h vkSj mUgksusa bl dk jax gjk j[k fy;kA^rqjkZ* fgUnqvksa }kjk viuk fy;k x;k vkSj mldk jax Hkxok gks x;kA ^dyxh* vkSj ^rqjkZ* i{k ds leFkZd viuh&viuh dkO;



izhfr ‘kkjn

vkxjk ds yk sd laxhr es a[;kyxk sb Z ijEijk



jpukvksa dks ,d nwljs ds lkeus lqukdj ,d nwljs dks izfrLi/kkZ esa ijkLr djus esa viuk lkjk ckSf)d dkS'ky yxk nsrs FksA ;gizfrLi/kkZ;sa ckn esa v[kkMsa+ dgykus yxh tks lkekU;r% 'kke ls 'kq: gksdj nsj jkr pyrs FksA bu jpukvksa dks ^[;ky* ;k^yko.kh* dgk tkrk gS A

yksd lkfgR; fo'ks"kK MkW0 bUnz dqekj i¡okj tc ^fgUnh vkSj ejkBh ds J`axkj dky* ij 'kks/kdj jgs Fks rks dk'kh ds izfl)fo}ku ,oa lUr ijegal dk'khfxjh }kjk jfpr ,d nqyZHk iqLrd ^yko.kh czãkKku* dk v/;;u djus dk volj mUgsa feykftldh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk Fkk fd ^dksbZ bldks yko.kh dgrs gS vkSj dksbZ ejgBh ;k [;ky vly esa bldk cukuk vkSj xkuknf{k.k esa miyC/k gS*A2

;|fi yko.kh egkjk"Vª esa tUeh ijUrq viuh fodkl ;k=k esa ;g mRrj Hkkjr esa igq¡p xbZ vkSj iqf"ir o ifYor gqbZA fgUnhukVd ds tUenkrk HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us viuh izfl) ukV~;d`fr ^Hkkjr n'kZu* esa izkjEHk esa gh ,d tksxh dks fuEufyf[kryko.kh xkrs gq;s inkZi.k djrs gq, fn[kyk;k gS &

vaxzst jkt lq[klkt lts lc Hkkjh AiS /ku fons'k pfytkr ;gh vfr [okjh AA3

mYys[kuh; gS fd vkxjk esa ^[;kyxksbZ* ijEijk dk izkjEHk l=goha 'krkCnh esa ekuk tkrk gS tksfd *oyh&nduh* tSlsiqjkus dfo;ksa ds ;ksxnku ls fnYyh gksrs gq, cukjl igq¡ph tks ckn esa mldk izeq[k dsUnz cu x;k A izrhd fpUgksa&ds vUrxZrxq: f'k"; ijEijk izkjEHk gks xbZ tks ckn esa v[kkM+ksa ds uke ls izfl) gq;sA vkxjk ds iafM+r :i fd'kksj cukjl tkdj cl x;svkSj ogk¡ [;kyxksbZ ds dk;ZØeksa esa c<+&p<+dj Hkkx ysus yxsA tc os cukjl ls vkxjk ykSVdj vk;s rks [;kyxksbZ dh bliqjkuh ijEijk dks mUgksusa vkxjk esa iquZthfor fd;k vkSj FkksMs+ gh le; esa vkxjk ^[;kyxksbZ* dk izeq[k dsUnz cu x;kA4

eqxydky ls izkjEHk gqbZ ^[;kyxkbZ* dh ;g ijEijk iafMr :i fd'kksj] ekSyoh ekSgEen gqlSu ^vkf'kd* ckck iUukykycukjlh] enkjh yky] gjn;ky] cqfu;kn vyh [kk¡] ekSgEen vyh] fe'kjh yky ^uktqd*] brokjh yky] xksiky nkl pkSjfl;k]vkse izdk'k] ykyk ckcq ^xkSgj*] fnus'k pUn oekZ] pUnq igyoku vkSj enu tSls vU; cgqr ls xk;d dykdkjksa ds ;ksxnku ,oaifjJe ls vkt Hkh vkxjk vkSj vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa izpfyr gSA vkt Hkh clUr iapeh ds fnu [;kyxksbZ ds naxy vk;ksftrfd;s tkrs gS ftlesa ^dyxh* vkSj ^rqjkZ* i{k ds [;kyxk;dksa esa :fpdj vkSj euksjatd ukasd&>ksad feyrh gSA

[;ky ;k yko.kh esa iz;ksx gksus okys NUn &

[;ky ;k yko.kh nksuksa ,d gha gS] dqN LFkkuksa ij [;ky dks yko.kh dgk tkrk gSA [;ky ds Nan ds vusd izdkj gksrs gSaAvkxjk esa igys nks pj.k okys [;ky ¼yko.kh½ dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA ckn esa pkj pj.k okys [;ky ¼yko.kh½ dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA/khjs&/khjs blesa pj.k c<+rs x;s A blds izR;sd pj.k esa 22 ek=k;sa gksrh gSA rFkk 12 vkSj 22 ij fojke gksrk gS &

dj ns csMs+ dks ikj esjh txnEcsAdj fl) dkt j[k ykt vkt txnEcsAAfxfjtk djrh vluku lquks rqe Kkuh Aukg djds ctk;h chu xkbZ e`nq ckuhAAfxfjtk dh lqudj chu [kq'k Hk;s 'kadj AvkSj yhus xys yxk; ,d ne g¡l dj AA5

pkj pj.k ds ckn blds pj.k vkSj c<+rs x;s &fn;k dqfVy uhfr dk ifjp; vPNk [kklk A

cu xbZ fujk'kk vuqu; thou vk'kkAlkspk u rfud fgr vufgr ân; rjklkAX;kuh /;kuh cus gk; ewj[k vKkuh gSAA6

gfjxhfrdk NUn &

bl NUn dk iz;ksx lHkh txg gksrk gSA bl NUn dk d:.k jl ls lEcfU/kr [;ky yko.kh esa cgq/kk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAblds izR;sd pj.k esa 28 ek=k,sa gksrh gSaA vkxjk] fQjkstkckn] eFkqjk] gkFkjl LFkkuksa ij blds xk;u dh fof/k vyx&vyx gSAvkxjk ds xk;d blesa vkjksg] vojksg vf/kd n'kkZrsa gSa &


/ku';ke vkdj fQj feys] vc /khj fnu esa /kkj yksaAMqcks u 'kksd leqnz esa] esjs uke dh irokj yksAAns[ks tks eFkqjk dal us oSlk jpkS ogk¡ Nan gSaAijlksa feysaxs vki rqedks Qsj cky eqdUn gSaAA7

yaxMh & yko.kh &

bls [;ky yaxMh Hkh dgrs gSA bldk [;kyxksbZ esa vf/kd iz;ksx gksrk gSA bldh izFke iafDr esa 31 ek=k,sa gksrh gSa] nwljhiafDr esa 8 ek=k ij ;fr ds ckn 19 ek=k,sa vkSj gksrh gSA ,d iafDr cM+h rFkk nwljh iafDr NksVh gksus ds dkj.k bldk ukeyaxM+h iM+k gSA nwljh iafDr esa voxzg vf/kd gksrs gSaA nks iafDr dh Vsd ds vfrfjDr pkj pj.k dk pkSad rFkk ik¡poh iafDrfeykus dh gksrh gSaA

diV nEHk esa cgs] dHkh rw ugha lQyrk ik;sxkAdjr djr rkjhQ rqEgkjs iMs+ tcka ij gS Nkys AAdqfVy uhfr;k¡ viukbZ gSa ân; cus gS dkys A

pky ,d ugha pys dqfVy pys] uhfr xj u fcljk;sxk AlR;kuk'kh cus rks cksyks] vke dgk¡ ls [kk;sxkAA8

izkjEHk esa [;ky&xk;dh dk ,d :i ,d js[kkfp= dh rjg Fkk] ijUrq dkykUrj esa vkxjk esa blesa vusd ifjorZu gq, vkSj/khjs&/khjs ;gk¡ [;kyxksbZ xk;dh ds ny cu x;sA ;s ny lHkh izdkj dh cafn'ks ck¡/kus yxsA vkxs py dj ;gh ny rqjkZ dyxhvkSj lsgjk vkfn ukeksa ls fo[;kr gq,A tSlk fd igys Hkh bafxr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd ^rqjkZ* i{k ds xk;d vius dks larrqdufxfj dh f'k"; ijEijk vkSj ^dyxh* i{k ds xk;d viuks dks ekSykuk 'kkg vyh dh f'k"; ijEijk dk ekurs gSaA ^rqjkZ* i{kds leFkZd ^dyxh* dks viuh vkfn 'kfDr ekurs gSaA blfy, rqjkZ i{k ds izfl) leFkZd ,oa izfl) lkfgR;dkj psrjke xkSM+ usfy[kk gS &

gS vkfn 'kfDr vorkj gekjh dyxhAlc l`f"V jpukdkj gekjh dyxh AgS vkse 'kCn vksedkj gekjk rqjkZ A

rSlh 'kfDr dk ljnkj gekjk rqjkZ AA;g 'kfDr :Inqfu;k¡ esa vtj vej gSA'kfDr ls cus tM+ psru pj vpj gSaAA

gS v[k.M+ psru rqjkZ rkju gkjkAmPp mlh ds ik;s fo'o clk;k lkjk AA9

mijksDr [;ky ls Li"V gS fd dyxh dks 'kfDr dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gS &gS vkfn var esa dyxh v[k.M dq¡okjh A;gh tx tuuh gS rqjsZ dh og ukjh AA

dyxh dk [kle ugha rqjkZ lqr czãpkjh AfQj Hkh dyxh dk Hkjrkj gekjk rqjkZ AA

dyxh dks v[k.M+ dq¡okjh vkSj rqjsZ dks cky czãpkjh ekurs gq, Hkh rqjsZ dks dyxh dk ifr ekuk gSAJh psrjke xkSM+ us czãk] fo".kq vkSj egs'k dh ,drk dks mDr in esa cM+h lqanjrk ls n'kkZ;k gSA Hkxoku fo".kq dh ukfHk esa

dey dh mRifRr] dey ls czãk dh vkSj czãk ls f'ko dh 'kfDr dk mn; crykdj leLr l`f"V dh mRifRr dk xw<+ jgL;kcryk;k gSA10

[;ky tks xk;s tkrs gSa mUgsa fgUnh esa ^jaxr* rFkk mnwZ esa ^cgjsa* dgrs gSaA ckn'kkgh tekus esa rqjkZ o dyxh vknj lwpdle>s tkrs FksA jktk] egkjktk] ljnkj] mejko rFkk tkxhjnkj vkfn gh rqjkZ o dyxh dk iz;ksx djrs FksA dyxh tks rqjsZ dsÅij yxk;h tkrh gS] ^Mqek* uked i{kh ds ia[kksa ls cuk;h tkrh FkhA11

[;kyxksbZ czt ds lkaLd`frd thou dk vko';d vad gSA [;kyxksbZ ds naxy yksd laxhr esa viuk ,d vyx gh LFkkuj[krs gSaA fo'kky tulewg dh mifLFkfr esa tc rqjkZ vkSj dyxh i{k ds [;ky&xk;d vkeus&lkeus vk MVrs gS rFkk



izhfr ‘kkjn




vius&vius [;ky xkrs gSa] ml le; muesa tks izfr}af}rk pyrh] mls ns[kdj cM+k jksekap vkSj vkuUn izkIr gksrk gSA dHkh rqjkZi{k dk rks dHkh dyxh i{k dk iyM+k Hkkjh gksrk gSA turk nksuksa i{kksa dh uksd&>ksad dk vkuUn ysrh gS vkSj ;gh turk blnaxy dh fu.kkZ;d gksrh gSA bl naxy ds xk;dksa dh uksad&>ksad dks ^QVdsckth* dgrs gSA

[;kyxksbZ ds naxy dh ,d ?kVuk vR;Ur izfl) gSA ,d ckj Hkkxyiqj ¼fcgkj½ esa [;kyxksbZ dk naxy vk;ksftr fd;k

x;k] ijUrq ogk¡ ds yksx bl fo|k ls ifjfpr ugha FksA dqN nsj rd rqjkZ vkSj dyxh i{k ds [;ky&xk;dksa dk xk;u pyrk

jgk ijUrq Jksrkvksa dks vkuUn ugha vk jgk FkkA xk;dksa esa dyxh i{k ds xk;d dqN de Fks vkSj rqjkZ i{k ds xk;d vf/kd FksA

nksuksa i{kksa esa QVdsckth izkjEHk gqbZA dyxh i{k ds xk;d eqgEen gqlSu us rqjkZ i{k ds xk;dksa ij O;ax djrs gq, dgk &m/kj lc dquck bdV~Bk gSAb/kj cqfu;kn dk iV~Bk gS AA

rqjkZ i{k ds xk;d bl O;ax dks dgk lgus okys FksA rqjkZ i{k ds xk;d brokjh yky pax mBkdj ?kqVuksa ds cy cSBdjrqjUr mRrj fn;k &

v[kkM+k gS jax okyks dk Acts pax rqjsZ okyksa dk AA

brokjh yky }kjk >we&>we dj pax ctkdj xk;s bl [;ky dks lqudj brokjh yky }kjk >we&>we dj pax ctkdjxk;s bl [;ky dks lqudj mifLFkr tulewg vkRe foHkksj gks x;kA ;g dk;ZØe iwjh jkr pykA12

*[;ky* fgUnh mnwZ nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa xk;s tkrs gSA tks [;ky fgUnh esa xk;s tkrs gSa mUgsa jaxr vkSj tks mnwZ esa xk;s tkrs gSmUgsa cgjsa dgrs gSa A

Jh egsUnz Hkukor ds vuqlkj *[;kycktksa* esa [;ky yM+kus dk <ax vkerkSj ls fgUnh ls fgUnh esa vkSj mnwZ ls mnwZ esa gksrkvk;k gSA dHkh&dHkh blds foifjr nwljh Hkk"kk esa Hkh [;ky yM+k;k tkrk gSA

fgUnh &xk;s tkus okys dqN [;kyksa ds mnkgj.k izLrqr gS &

cuk;k ekyu dk Hks"k gfj us] l[kh jh Nyus dks jkf/kdk dksAc[kku fdl fof/k d:W eSa rksls] tks Ny fd;k eqjyh/kj us vkds AA

mnwZ &^;s okj [katj dk rsjs dkfry gVsxk] ftl ne jaxs xyw ls A

rks fudysxk ckn exZ ckn exZ vius] lnk lYys vYykg ygw ls]cgj rchy jaxr fgUnh &

^vjh jh l[kh ftl oDr lquh] uanyky dUgS;k dh ckalqfj;k¡Afnu jSu u eksdksa pSj ijs] fQjrh gw¡ eSa tSls ckofj;kAA

dsoV ;ksa fny esa fopkj djS] j?kqukFk ds n'kZu tc ikÅ¡xk eSaAin iadt /kks pj.kkd`r ys fQj] uko esa viuh fcBkÅ¡xk eSa AA

cgj rchy jaxr yxM+h &, fny xj rw ikys gedks dHkh cwrs cs ihj u Mky Aykft+e gS ge xys esa rsjs ys[k tathj dks u Mky AAykft+e gS xats dks fe;ka uk[kwu u c<+kuk u pkfg,A

vkSj va/ks dks vdsyk fdlh tka tkuk Hkh u pkfg,AA ----13

iwoZ esa [;ky&xk;dh turk esa bruh yksdfiz; Fkh fd fgUnh ds vkpk;Z HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us Hkh [;ky fy[ksA mudk o"kkZ_rq ij fy[kk x;k ;g [;ky ¼yko.kh½ vR;Ur izfl) gS &

cjlk _rq lf[k flj ij vkbZ fiz; fons'k /kk;sAgesa bdsyh NksM+ dqcjh lksa fcyek;s lans'ksa Hkh ugha fHktok;s AA -----14

HkkjrsUnq th us fgUnh ds lkFk laLd`r esa Hkh ,d yko.kh fy[kh &&ßdqat dqat lf[k lRoje~



izhfr ‘kkjn




py&py nkf;r% izrh{krs Roka ruksfr cgq vknje~AA ---15

[;kyxk;dh dsoy euksjatu dk gh lk/ku ugha gS] og lekt dh lkef;d leL;kvksa ls Hkh tqM+h gqbZ gSA [;ky xk;dh o[;ky ys[kdksa us ns'k esa le;≤ ij gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks vius [;ky&xk;u dk ek/;e rks cuk;k gh] vius drZO; dsizfr turk dks tkx:d Hkh fd;kA jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh dh xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nh x;hA [;ky&xk;dksa us bl ?kVukdk fdruk ekfeZd o.kZu bl [;ky esa fd;k gS &

egkRek dks vius fu'kkuk cukdsfd;k vax Nyuh reapk pyk dsjgs gkFk tksMs+ [kMs+ oks lHkk esagjs jke gjs jke dh jV yxk ds[kcj fdlh dks gqbZ u bldh tksfgyk u tkfye dk fdlfy, fnygq, u VqdMs fjokYoj dsau VwVs D;ksa gkFk oks flrexj dspykbZ Fkh xksfy;kW th Hkj ds AA

vkxjk ds lqizfl) dfo ia0 _f"kds'k prqosZnh us Hkh 'kq) lkfgR;d [kM+h cksyh esa vusd [;ky fy[ksA fgUnh ds lqizfl)lekykspd MkW0 jke foykl 'kekZ us muds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS&^pkScs th [kM+h cksyh ds Hkh fl)gLr dfo gS] [kkldj tc os[;kycktksa dh yksd&ijEijk dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA njvly [kMh cksyh dk lcls LokHkkfod :i tSlk ;gk¡ fu[kjk gS oSlkvkSj dgha ugha fu[kjkA ;fn HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us [;kycktksa ¼yko.khcktksa½ dh laxr u dh gksrh rks os dHkh vk/kqfud fgUnh dstUenkrk ugha cu ikrsA*16

lu~ 1933 esa vkxjk ds fdukjh cktkj esa vk;ksftr ,d [;ky lEesyu esa Hkkjr ds fo[;kr [;ky&xk;d ¼rqjkZ½ mLrknJh usdlkjke vkSj ia0 gfjoa'k th us tks [;ky xk;s Fks og ia0 _f"kds'k prqosZnh th dh jpuk,sa FkhA*17

ia0 _f"kds'k prqosZnh }kjk 'kq) [kM+h cksyh fgUnh esa fyf[kr dqN [;kyksa ds mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &lHkh czãk gSaA

;g ,d rRo cl Kku] HkfDr vkSj deZ;ksx&vH;kl esa gS A/kqzo /;ku czã dk vko';d izR;sd 'okl mPN~okl esa gSAA ----18

thou eqDrtu tks tkxzr djsa txr dks] gS muds thou dk Js; A

vuqxeuh; ekxZ gS mudk] gSa muds fur xquxku xs; AA ----19

bu mnkgj.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd [;ky ¼yko.kh½ dh Hkk"kk fgUnh] laLd`r rFkk mnwZ gSA fgUnh esa fy[ks x;s [;kyksa dh

Hkk"kk 'kq) [kM+h cksyh gS tks tu Hkk"kk ds :i esa fo[;kr gSA tu Hkk"kk ;k yksd Hkk"kk ,slh ljy vkSj lqcks/k Hkk"kk gS tks vklkuh

ls tu&ekul ds ân; esa cSB tkrh gSA vkxjk ds [;kyksa dh eq[; Hkk"kk [kM+h cksyh fgUnh gh gSA

buds vfrfjDr eSuiqjh xk¡o edjUniqj fuoklh dqaoj cynso flag oekZ us Hkh vusd [;ky fy[ks gSa] ftuesa dqN [;kyksa ds

va'k ;gk¡ izLrqr gS&[;ky

ijukjh ls djks u ;kjh rst dVkjh ijukjhAblds ihNs eq;s ekSr fcu cMs+&cMs+ ckuk/kkjh AA ----20

[;kyfdldh 'kknh x+eh euk;s ukgd ftxj tykuk gSAdksbZ fnu dk esgeku tku ftUnxh dk dkSu fBdkuk gSAA ----21

;s [;ky laor~ 1970 esa dqoj cynso flag oekZ us fy[ks FksA blls irk pyrk gS fd *[;kyxksbZ* dh ijEijk Hkkjr esa cgqrizkphu gSA



izhfr ‘kkjn




Lora=rk laxzke vkSj [;kyxk;dh &

[;ky xk;dksa us yko.kh vkSj [;ky dh jpuk ds }kjk Lora=rk laxzke esa c<+&p<+dj Hkkx fy;k vkSj turk esa mRlkg dklapkj fd;kA ia0 x;k izlkn 'kqDy ^lusgh* dh ^jaxr lksguh* yko.kh us ml le; dkQh [;kfr vftZr dh FkhA Lusgh th usviuh yko.kh jpuk ds ek/;e ls ns'kokfl;ksa dk Hk; nwj djds vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk iznku dh Fkh A

bl va/kdkj ls er ?kcjk]c<+ py js ohj v/khj u gksAeq>dks Hk; gS Hk; Økafr dgk¡];g iSjksa dh tthj u gksAA*

vkxjk v[kkMs+ ds fHkokuh ia0 fdlu yky NkcM+k us viuh yko.kh jpuk esa iraxckth dks la?k"kZ dk izrhd cukdj vaxzstksadks pqukSrh nhA frjaxs >aMs ls tqM+h Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh rRdkyhu ekufldrk dks mUgksusa cM+h vkReh;rk ls iznf'kZr fd;k&

^yM+k yks nks nks ;s isap gels]vxj rqEgkjh tks gksos jkthAfeuV esa dkVsa ge xqM~Mh mudh]djs tks gels iarxckth*----------*

egkRek xka/kh }kjk izpfyr jkSyV ,DV ds fo:) vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks vkSj [kn~nj ds iz;ksx tSls Lons'kh oLrqvksa dksviukus ds y, turk dks izsfjr djus ds fy;s cgqr ls [;ky jpsa &

^oks ,DV jkSyV dks jn~n djds]Lojkt dh 'kqfp gok pyh gSAfd;k vlg;ksx xka/kh th us]u nky ljdkj dh xyh gSAA----*

,d vkSj ^xka/kh th 'kkafr&vafglk ds vL= ls vaxzstksa ds eukscy dks fxjk jgs Fks rks nwljh vkSj ^yky&iatk* laLFkk ds vusdyksd dykdkj viuh jpukvksa ls ns'k ds ;qodksa dks xhrk dk mins'k ns jgs Fks &

^iSxke eknjs fgUn dk gS]jke'khj rqEgkjs gkFk esa gS]vc ykt Hkkjr dh cph]rkSdhj rqEgkjs gkFk esa gSA*

yksd laxhr dh bl izfl) ,oa yksdfiz; ijEijk dks thfor j[kus ds mn~ns'; ls vkxjk esa vkt Hkh le;≤ ij[;kyxksbZ ds naxy vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA vkxjk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls vkus okys [;kyxk;d blesa viuhizLrqfr;kWa nsrs gSaA calr&iapeh ds ioZ ij fo'ks"k vk;kstu fd;s tkrs gSA vk/kqfudrk dh va/kh nkSM+ us gekjs izkphu lkfgR;]laxhr] ioksZa vkSj ijEijkvksa ij ?kkrd izgkj fd;s gSaA yko.kh ;k [;kyxk;dh Hkh vk/kqfudrk dh bl ekj ls cp ugha ik;h gSAdsoy dqN mRlkgh dykdkjksa ds cy ij bl ijEijk dks thfor j[kuk laHko izrhr ugha gks jgk gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gSfd ljdkj vkSj lkekftd] lkfgR;d vkSj lkaLd`frd laLFkk,sa bu dykdkjksa dks u dsoy vkfFkZd laj{k.k nsdj izksRlkfgr djscfYd bUgsa mPp vk/kqfud rduhd iznku djsa o muds eapu ds vf/kdkf/kd volj miyC/k djk;saA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1& ^f=iFkxk* ¼ekfld&if=dk½] tqykbZ 1962 esa izdkf'kr ys[k ^jktLFkku ds rqjkZ dyxh ds [;ky*] ys[kd egsUnz Hkukor]i`"B la0 & 105

2& /keZ;qx] 5 uoEcj 1978] i`"B la0 & 333& ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* (ukV~;d`fr) ys0 HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz] fdrkc?kj] okjk.klh] i`"B la0 & 434& yksd xk;d ia0 :i fd'kksj th] ekfld if=dk dk ys[k] ys[kd jktsUnz j?kqoa'kh] i`"B la0 & 485& vkxjk tiin dh Hkxr ¼yksd ukV~;½ ijEijk dk v/;;u] ys[kd MkW0 deys'k lkjLor ¼'kks/k izcU/k vizdkf'kr½] i`"B la0

221



izhfr ‘kkjn



6& mijksDr i`"B la0 & 2217& ^'kadj pfj=*] ys[kd cky eqdUn cslu okys ¼vizdkf'kr Lokax½] i`"B la0&338& ^rFkkxr dh lkSxU/k*] ys[kd xkSre pUnz tSu] 'kkgnjk] vkxjk ¼vizdkf'kr LokWax½] i`"B la0 & 5519& i`Fohjkt diwj vfHkuUnu xazFk ls m)`r ys[k ^jktLFkku*] ys[kd egsUnz Hkukor] i`"B la0 5310& mijksDr] i`"B la0 & 5311& ^f=iFkxk* ¼ekfld if=dk½ tqykbZ 1962 esa izdkf'kr ys[k 1962 esa izdkf'kr ys[k ^jktLFkku ds rqjkZ dyxh ds [;ky]

ys[kd egsUnz Hkukor] i`"B la0 & 11112& mijksDr] i`"B la0 & 3713& mijksDr] i`"B la0 & 4514& ^czt&foHko* laiknd xksiky izlkn O;kl ys[kd jktsUnz ^jatu ¼czt dh yko.kh & xk;dh½] izdk'kd fnYyh fgUnh

lkfgR; lEesyu] 1987] i`"B la0 61215& mijksDr] i`"B la0 61216& mijksDr] i`"B la0 61217& ^_f"kds'k & jpukoyh*] ys[kd MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ] pUnzkfnR; izdk'ku] pkScsth dk QkVd dk QkVd fdukjh cktkj]

vkxjk] i`"B la0 718& ^fodkl'khy Hkkjr* vkxjk] 14 fnlEcj 1981] ys[kd Jh d`".kxksiky] izdk'ku ckWads fcgkjh vxzoky] fcYykspiqjk] vkxjk

1973119& ^_f"kds”k & jpukoyh*] ys[kd MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ] pUnzkfnR; izdk'ku] pkScsth dk QkVd] fdukjh cktkj] vkxjk] i`"B

la0 920& mijksDr] i`"B la0 0921& ^'kkfUr ljksoj* jfp;rk dqaoj cynso flag oekZ] edjUniqj eSuiqjh] izdk'kd ch0 dk'kh izlkn] Qrsgx<+ laor~ 1970] i`"B

la0 11&1222& mijksDr] i`"B la0 12&1323& mijksDr] i`"B la0 13&14

yko.kh &

� yko.kh vkxjk ds izfl) i=dkj MkW0 iz.kohj flag pkSgku ds lkStU; ls izkIr gqbZA




izhfr ‘kkjn





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 84 - 88

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 84 -

ABSTRACT

dqekÅ¡ esa ^elk.k* iwtu ijEijk

dqekÅ¡ esa yksdnsorkvksa ds lkFk gh elk.k iwtu ijEijk Hkh izpfyr gSA ;gk¡ tkxj vkSj cfy ds ek/;e lsbu yksd nsorkvksa vkSj elk.kksa dks iwtk tkrk gSA dqekÅ¡ esa xk;h tkus okyh tkxj xkFkkvksa o yksdxkFkkvksa esaelk.k ds o.kZu feyrs gSa rFkk ;gk¡ ds yksd nsork ftUgsa dqekÅ¡uh lekt ds uk;d ds :i esa fo”kkydk; elk.kls ;q) djrs gq, o mls lk/kus ,oa yksd fgrdkjh dk;ksZa esa yxkus ds o.kZu Hkh feyrs gSA Maxfj;k eksgu jkexksyfNu jkuh[ksr ds elk.k dks xksyw nsork dk vaxj{kd o nwr ekurs gSaA ftu {ks=ksa esa elk.k ds efUnj vkfnugha gS ogk¡ bl izFkk dk ,oa iwtk dk izpyu ugha ds leku gSA dqekÅ¡uh laLd`fr esa ,d vksj tgk¡ nsoh&nsorkvksadks iwtus dh ijEijk dk izpyu cgqr vf/kd gS ogha elk.k iwtu dh ijEijk Hkh ;gk¡ dh laLd`fr dk vfHkUu vaxgSA nso Lo:i o {kfr igq¡pkus okyh cqjh “kfDr nksuksa gh :iksa esa ;g elk.k iwtu ijEijk xzkeh.k vapyksa esa vf/kdgS] “kgjh {ks=ksa esa bldk izpyu de gks jgk gSA




dq0 uhye“kks/k Nk=k*

dqekÅ¡ esa yksdnsorkvksa ds lkFk gh elk.k iwtu ijEijk Hkh izpfyr gSA ;gk¡ tkxj vkSj cfy ds ek/;e ls bu yksdnsorkvksa vkSj elk.kksa dks iwtk tkrk gSA LFkkuh; ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj elk.k “e”kku o nks ufn;ksa ds laxe ds ikl okl djrkgSA ;gk¡ dk lekt elk.k ij vVwV fo”okl djrk gSa rFkk “e”kk.kh ohj ds uke ls elk.k dk lEeku djrk gSA elk.k dks ohj oloZnk Qynk;h o opu dk iDdk nsork ekuk tkrk gS] blds lkFk gh ^elk.k^ vfu’Vdkjh “kfDr ds :i esa Hkh iwtk tkrk gSA

dqekÅ¡ esa xk;h tkus okyh tkxj xkFkkvksa o yksdxkFkkvksa esa elk.k ds o.kZu feyrs gSa rFkk ;gk¡ ds yksd nsork ftUgsadqekÅ¡uh lekt ds uk;d ds :i esa fo”kkydk; elk.k ls ;q) djrs gq, o mls lk/kus ,oa yksd fgrdkjh dk;ksZa esa yxkus ds1

o.kZu Hkh feyrs gSA blh izdkj dh dbZ dFkk,sa txfj;ksa o cqtqZx O;fDr;ksa ls lqUkus dks feyrh gS fd vewd O;fDr ;k txfj;ksa}kjk fo”kkydk; elk.k dh tVk;sa idM+ dj mls lk/kk rFkk yksdfgr dk;ksZa esa mldh “kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k] elk.k dh tVk;savius ikl j[kdj og izfl) iqNsj rFkk dbZ flf);ksa ds Kkrk gks x, xzkeh.k lekt esa ftudk fo”okl Hkwr&izsr vkRek utjyxuk vkfn esa gksrk gS] iqNsjs mudh en~n rFkk fgrdk;Z esa lgk;rk djrs FksA

dqekÅ¡ esa elk.k ds izfl) eafnjksa esa vYeksM+k esa vkjklYi.k dk elk.k nsork dk eafnj] ckxs”oj cM+xjh xk¡o esa lRrs”oj dselk.k nsork dk eafnj] fcykSuk ckxs”oj ds lSl.kh elk.k o equsjcaqx ckxs”oj dh rqok elk.k dk eafnj jkuh[ksr xksyfNu dselk.k dk eafnj fiFkkSjkx<+ ?kkV ds elk.k ds eafnj vkfn gaSA elk.k ls lEcfU/kr iwtu dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa txfj;sa jke izlkndk dFku gS fd elk.k f”koth ds Hkwr x.kksa esa vkrk gSA ;g “e”kk.kha ohj gSa xU/koZ fo|k esa Hkwrx.k elk.kksa dh iwtk ls lEcfU/krizkphu dFkk gSA ftlesa Hkxoku f”ko dh ckjkr tkrh gS vkSj muds lkFk 33 dksfV nsork] pq.M&eq.M] 36 jkSrk¡.k] 32 i.kuh]“e”kk.kh] Ny&fNrj lHkh x, vkSj [kq”kh [kq”kh ukprs dqnrs ckjkr ?kj vkus ds ckn u`R; gksus yxk ftlesa 33 dksfV nsorkvksas usviuk ,d ny cukdj u`R; xk;u djus yxs vkSj Hkwr&x.k viuk vyx ny cukdj u`R;&xk;u djus yxsA 33 dksfVnsorkvksa dks Hkkstu dk vkeU=.k vk;k rks oks Hkkst djds pys x;s fdUrq Hkwr x.kksa dks fdlh us Hkkst dks ugha dgk] og bUrtkjesa u`R; djrs jgs vkSj f”koth dh ckjg o’kZ dh lekf/k yx xbZ tc f”ko viuh lekf/k ls tkxs rks mUgksaus ns[kk fd lHkh pys x;sgSa vkSj ;g Hkwr ukpus esa gh gSA f”ko us Hkwrksa ls okrkZyki fd;k rc lHkh Hkwr ,oa “e”kk.kh foyki djus yxs fd gesa uk [kkus dksfeyk uk ikuh gh feyk vkSj ;g gkgkdkj epk gS gekjs fy,sA Hkwrksa fd bl fLFkfr dks ns[kdj Hkxoku f”ko us mUgsa ojnku fn;kfd ,d ;qx vk;sxk dy;qx ftlesa rqEgkjk eku 33 dksfV nsorkvksa ls vf/kd gksxk blh dkj.k bu Hkwr x.kksa “e”kk.kh elk.kksa2

dh iwtk dqekÅ¡ esa fd tkrh gS vkSj txfj;ksa }kjk xk;k Hkh tkrk gSA

lat; dqekj VEVkizksQslj *

*bfrgkl foHkkx] ,l0 ,l0 thuk ifjlj] vYeksM+k] dqekÅ¡ fo”ofo|ky;] mÙkjk[k.M



dq0 uhye ,oa lat; dqekj VEVk

dqekÅ¡ e s a ^elk.k* iwtu ijEijk



ckjg cjl dk :[kk lw[kk Hkwrgk;&ik.kh] gk; [kk.kA

fp= la[;k 1 & lSe.kh elk.k efUnj f”kyk] ckxs”oj,Vfdalu dk er gS fd elk.k “e”kk.k ?kkV esa jgus okyh cwjh vkRek gSA ;g dkys jax vkSj ohHkRl :i dk gS “e”kk.k ?kkV

esa nks ufn;ksa ds laxe ds ikl blds NksVs&NksVs Fkku gksrs gS] bldh mRifRRk fprk ds cps gq, vo”ks'kksa ls gqbZ gSA cnzhnRr3

ik.Ms; elk.k dks “e”kk.k dk Hkwr ekurs gaS] ftldh mRifRr fprk dh HkLe ls gqbZ gS] rFkk ;g dkyk vkSj dq:i fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAvYeksM+k ds dkdM+h?kkV o daMky [kksyk esa elk.k ds eafnj Hkh crkrs gSA jkgqy ds vuqlkj elk.k cPps dh izsr vkRek gksrh gS4 5

fdUrq LFkkuh; ekU;rkvksa o tu Jqfr;ksa ds vuqlkj elk.k “e”kk.k esa okl djus okyk f”kox.k ekuk tkrk gSA ftldk fo”kky“kjhj cM+h&cM+h tVk;sa “;ke o.kZ vkSj ;g vR;f/kd “kfDr”kkyh gksrk gSA fo}kuksa ds dFku esa elk.k dks izsrkRek dq:i nq’Vvkfn ekuk x;k gS] blls elk.k ,d Hkwr izsrkRek lk izrhr gksrk gSA fdUrq elk.k ds fy, bl izdkj ds fooj.k o dFkk,sa HkhizkIr ugha gksrh gaS ftues elk.k ds tUe&e`R;q lEcfU/k dksbZ Hkh dFkk feyrh gksA elk.k “e”kk.kh f”kox.k dh rjg gSA ftudhtVk, gkFk esa vk tkus ls gh txfj, o elk.k dks ijkftr djus okys O;fDr flf) izkIr dj tkrs gSA txfj;s o Maxfj;ksa dslk{kkRdkj o losZ{k.k ls Li’V gksrk gS fd elk.k dks nks Lo:iksa esa iwtus dh ijEijk izpfyr gSA vr% elk.k nks izdkj dk gksrkgSA1- jtkafx & jktlh elk.k2- Hkwrkafx & xk<+&x/ksjs] tyL=ksr ds Ny&fNrj] izsrkRekA

& jtkafx elk.k dks tkxj ds ek/;e ls xksyw nsork ds lkFk upk;k tkrk gSA bldh iwtk yksd nsorkvksa dhjatkfx elk.kgh Hkk¡fr blh ds eafnjksa esa dh tkrh gSA blds eafnjksa esa nkl <ksyoknd <ksy ctkrs gS rFkk HkDr tu <ksy uxkM+ksa o fu”kk.k ds6

lkFk vB~Bkj ykrs gSA elk.k dks HkDr tu loZnk Qynk;h bZ'V nso ekurs gSa “e”kk.kh ohj ds uke ls elk.k dk lEeku djrs7

gSaAMaxfj;k eksgu jke xksyfNu jkuh[ksr ds elk.k dks xksyw nsork dk vaxj{kd o nwr ekurs gSaA xksyfNu ds elk.k dh Hkh

vR;f/kd ekU;rk gS blds izfr ;gk¡ cgqr J)k j[kh tkrh gSA ;g ftu ?kjksa bZ’V gksrk gS ogk¡ ;g xksyw ds lkFk ukpkrk gSA ;g8

Hkh ekU;rk gS fd lnSo mudh j{kk djrk gSA fcykSuk ^le.k^ lSe.kh dk elk.k dqekÅ¡uh yksdxkFkk g: lSe dk tkuk&ekukik= gSA lSe.kh elk.k dh dbZ dFkk;sa izpfyr gSA ;g jkf= dks iwtk tkrk gS txfj;ksa esa lokZf/kd izpfyr xkFkk bl izdkj gSfd fo”kkydk; cM+h&cM+h tVkvksa okys lSe.kh elk.k us dqekÅ¡ ds lokZf/kd ekU; U;k; ds nsork xksyw dks muds ?kksM+s lesrfuxy fy;k rFkk xksyw dks eqDr djkus muds ekek g: lSe vkSj iapuke nso vk;s mUgksaus xksyw nsork dks eqDr djk;k eqDr


gksdj xksyw us lSe.kh elk.k dh tVk,¡ idM+dj mls lk/kk vkSj ijkftr fd;k rn~mijkUr mlus Hkh xksyw dks opu fn;k lnSomudk vaxj{kd o lsod cudj jgsxk vkSj yksdfgr dk;Z djsxk vkt lSe.kh elk.k dks iwtus okys dbZ HkDr gSa tks bls nsorkekurs gSA lSe.kh ds xksyw dks opu nsus ds mijkUr g: lSe us dgk ^fd rwus xksyw dks fuxyk Fkk dgh xksyw ds “kjhj dk Hkkj derks ugha gqvk^] fQj lSe.kh ds dgus ij og equsjcaqx lSe.kh dh cfgu rqvk ds ikl x;s] rqvk Hkh lSe.kh dh Hkk¡fr vR;f/kd“kfDr”kkyh vkSj fo”kkydk; Fkh mldh lk¡lks dh Q¡qdkj ls yksx mM+ds fxj tkrs Fks mls Hkh xksyw us lk/kk vkSj g: lSe }kjkxksyw dks rkSy dj okil yk;k x;k rc ls rqvk Hkh xksyw ds nwrksa esa lEefyr gSA

fp= la[;k 2 & elk.k eafnj esa LFkkfir ohj LrEHk esa dkys jax ds fu”kk.k

Maxfj;k pujjke ds lk{kkRdkj vuqlkj lRrs”oj elk.k dh iwtk fnu esa dh tkrh gS] ftlesa cdjh o eqxsZ dh cfy nhtkrh gSA lRRks”oj esa elk.k ds HkDrksa dh HkhM+ yxh jgrh gSA gj fnu ;gk¡ cfy gksrh gSA bl elk.k ds HkDr bUgsa loZnkQynk;h vkSj U;k;fiz; nsork ekurs gSA lRRks”oj ds elk.k dks U;k; ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh O;fDr ijvR;kpkj gqvk gks og rhu eqB~Bh pkoy elk.k ds eafnj esa Mky ns] rks elk.k vR;kpkjh dks naM nsrk gSA ;fn vR;kpkj djusokyk ekQh ek¡x ys rks nksuksa i{k elk.k ds eaafnj esa nsork ds le{k le>kSrk dj feydj iwtk rFkk cfy nsrs gSaA rks elk.k Hkhdj nsrk gSA ;g ekU;rk gS fd lRRks”oj ds elk.k eafnj ls dksbZ [kkyh gkFk ugha ykSVrk gSA ;gk lHkh dks bZfPNr Qy feyrk9

gS vkt Hkh dbZ xzkeh.k U;k; ds fy, U;k;ky; ls igys lRrs”oj elk.k ds eafnj esa pkoy Mkyus esa vf/kd fo”okl j[krs gSaAMaxfj;k jes”k pUnz ik.Ms dk dFku gS fd vkjk lYi.k ds elk.k dh iwtk Hkh fnu esa gksrh gSA ftls lHkh oxZ ds yksx iwtrs gSAcM+s&cM+s <ksy uxkM+s o vB~Bokj ls elk.k dh iwtk gksrh gSA fdUrq dkuwuh o iz”kklfud izfrcU/kksa ls yksdnsorkvksa o elk.k10

eafnjksa esa /khjs&/khj vB~Bokj izFkk lekIr gks x;h gSA vc dsoy cdjs o eqxsZ dh gh cfy nh tkrh gSA fiFkkSjkx<+ ?kkV ds elk.kds njckj esa Hkh vkrs&tkrs ;k=h Hkh f[kpM+h o HksaV j[k vkrs gS bldh Hkh vR;f/kd ekU;rk gSA

& Hkwrk¡fx og gS ftudh Hkwr;ksfu gksrh gS buds eafnj ugha gksrs gSaSA uk gh ;g tkxj vkfn esa vorfjr gksrsHkwrk¡fx elk.k

gSA tgk¡ jTkkafx elk.k “e”kk.k esa f”kox.k ds :i esa okl djrk gS] vorfjr gksrk gS] Qynk;h Hkh gksrk gSA ogh ;g Hkwrk¡fxelk.k Hkwr] izsr vkRek gksrs gSA ekU;rk gS fd xk¡o esa tgk¡ vle; e`R;q gksus okys f”k”kqvksa vofookfgr ;qofr;k tsusÅ uk gq,;qodksa dks nQuk;k tkrk gSA mudh HkVdrh vkRek,¡ ml {ks= ls fopj.k djus okys O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA ftlls ogrst cq[kkj fljnnZ vkfn ls ijs”kku gks tkrs gSa] xksyw nsork ;k ?kj esa vorfjr yksd nsork ds ,d gkd ls gh ;g Hkkx tkrk gSAnsork ,d gkd vkSj ekl pkoy ¼mM+n nky pkoy½ ls rqdk ekjrs gSa vkSj ;g xk;c gks tkrs gSA blh izdkj ls nQuk;sa xk<+s12

gq, f”k”kqvksa dh izsrkRek o xk<+&x/ksjs ds ;s Ny&fNrj elk.k esa ugha vkrs gSA Maxfj;ksa o txfj;ksa ds vuqlkj dqN ftn~nh o“kfDr”kkyh Nyksa dks xzkeh.kksa }kjk iwtk tkrk gSA fdUrq ;g elk.k dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrs gS] iwtu ds ckn ;fn dksbZ O;fDr bliwtu lkexzh dks ykax ds pyk tk, rks og Hkh blls izHkkfor gksus ykxrk gSA blhfy, ;g iwtk tkus yxk gS] ;g Ny&fNrj gSftls jkf= esa gh iwtk tkrk gS] blds fy, cdjs o eqxZs dh cfy nh tkrh gSA ;g dHkh Hkh vorfjr ugha gksrk gS] uk gh bldks







tkxjksa esa upk;k tkrk gSA ;g jkf= ds le; xk<+&x/ksjksa esa iwtk tkrk gS] ftl Hkh xk<+&x/ksjs esa bldk okl gks blsvfu’Vdkjh “kfDr ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gS] ftlls buds izfr {kfr igq¡pkus dk Hk; Li’V n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA

& lRrs”oj dk elk.k] vkjk lYi.k] ?kkV xksyfNu vkfn dks fnu esa vU; yksd nsorkvksa dh Hkk¡fr gh iwtkiwtu ijEijk

tkrk gSA HkDr tu <ksy&uxkM+ksa o fu”kk.k ds lkFk bPNk iwjh gksus ij cfy ds fy, cdjk ykrs gSa] dgha vBokj Hkh izpfyr gSAfnu ds le; gksus okyh iwtk esa HkDrtu efUnj esa elk.k dh iwtk vpZuk Qwy] crklk] fn;k&/kwi vkfn ls djrs gSaA fQj iwMhf[kpM+h vkfn cuk;k tkrk gS] mlds mijkUr cfy okys cdjs dks yk;k tkrk gS] ftles dqN cw¡ns ikuh dh Mkydj yk;k tkrkgS ;fn og vius “kjhj dk ikuh >Vddj fxjk, rks ekuk tkrk gS fd nsork us cfy Lohdkj dj yh gS] rHkh efUnj esa ykdj mlcdjs dh cfy nh tkrh gS] cdjs dh xnZu dVrs gh mlds eq¡g esa mldh iw¡N dkVdj Mky nh tkrh gS] cdjs dk flj o vkxs dh,d Vkax nsork dks p<+k;h tkrh gS] ftls efUnj dk iqtkjh ys tkrk gS] ckdh cpk gqvk Hkkx idkdj eafnj esa gh [kk fy;k tkrkgS] elk.k ds eafnj ls cpk gqvk dqN Hkh ?kj ugha yk;k tkrk gSA uk gh nwljksa ds ?kjksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS] efUnj esa gh [kk;k of[kyk;k tkrk gSA

Maxfj;k xaxkjke elk.k ds jkf= iwtu ds lEcU/k esa crkrs gS fd bls jkf= 10 cts ls 3 cts rd ds chp gh iwtk tkrk gSAelk.k ds bl jkf= iwtu esa iwtk nsus okys O;fDr ds ?kj ls ,d vkVs dk iqryk cukdj ys tk;k tkrk gS vkSj ftl Hkh unh]xk<+&x/ksjs esa mldk okl gks ogha ij pwYgk tyk;k tkrk gS] pwYgs ds ikl gh ,d x<~<k cuk;k tkrk gS] elk.k ds fy, pwYgsa esaik¡p iwfM;k¡ ,d rjQ ls ryh gqbZ cukbZ tkrh gSa] rFkk lkr izdkj ds vukt] ek¡l pkoy dh f[kpM+h cdjs o eqxZs dk jDr mudsiSjksa ds [kqjZ] vkfn leLr lkexzh ml x<~<s esa Mky nh tkrh gS] vkSj x<~<k cUn djds] txfj;k] Maxfj;k ;k iwtu djus okykO;fDr xq: cudj dgrk gS fd vc rqEgsa nhn~&/keZ ns fn;k x;k gS] rqEgkjk rkj.k gks pqdk gS] vkSj elk.k Hkh vius opu vuqlkjml O;fDr dks izHkkfor ugha djrk gSA dqekÅ¡ esa iq=h ds fookg mijkUr Hkh elk.k iwtu dh ijEijk izpfyr gS] bl iwtu esa13

lEiw.kZ O;; llqjky i{k }kjk ogu fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq iwtk ek;ds ls dh tkrh gSA ;g iwtk Hkh mijksDr nh xbZ jk=h iwtUkfof/k ds leku gh gksrh gSA bl iwtk ds mijkUr rhu fnu rd elk.k iwtu dh xbZ L=h dks ?kj ls ckgj ugha fudyuk gksrk gSA;g Hkh ekU;rk gS fd iqf=;ksa ds fookg mijkUr llqjky i{k }kjk elk.k dks nh tkus okyh ;g iwtk elk.k dks csVh dh ojnk;h¼ojnku½ ds :i esa nh tkrh gSA dqekÅ¡uh lekt esa iq= izkfIr ds fy, tgk¡ dbZ nso eafnjksa esa vkt Hkh eUur ek¡xh tkrh gS] vkSjiq= ds tUe ds Ik”pkr~ lEcfU/kr nsorkvksa dks cdjs dh cfy nh tkrh gSA ogha] ;gk¡ iq=h ds tUe ij [kq”kh trk;h tkrh gS fdUrqdksbZ Hkh iq=h dks ojnku :i esa ugha ek¡xrk gSA vRk% iq=h dk tUe ;gk¡ ^elk.k^ dk ojnku ekuk tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gSdU;knku ds Ik”pkr~ llqjky i{k dks elk.k dks iwtk nsuh gksrh gSA ;g cjnk;h elk.k iwtu lHkh oxksZa ,oa tkfr;ksa ds }kjkfd;k tkrk gSA vius {ks= ds elk.k dks gh ;g iwtk nh tkrh gSA ftu {ks=ksa esa elk.k ds efUnj vkfn ugha gS ogk¡ bl izFkk dk,oa iwtk dk izpyu ugha ds leku gSA

dqekÅ¡uh laLd`fr esa ,d vksj tgk¡ nsoh&nsorkvksa dks iwtus dh ijEijk dk izpyu cgqr vf/kd gS ogha elk.k iwtu dhijEijk Hkh ;gk¡ dh laLd`fr dk vfHkUu vax gS ;gk¡ elk.k dks nks Lo:iksa esa iwtk tkrk gS] nso Lo:i o {kfr igq¡pkus okyh cqjh“kfDr nksuksa gh :iksa esa ;g elk.k iwtu ijEijk xzkeh.k vapyksa esa vf/kd gS] “kgjh {ks=ksa esa bldk izpyu de gks jgk gSA

lUnHkZ ,oa ikn fVIif.k;k¡ &

1- lk/kuk&elk.k dks o mldh “kfDr;ksa dks o”k esa dj ijkftr djukA2- lk{kkRdkj] jke izlkn] tks”kh ikyM+h] ckxs”oj mez & 58 o’kZ] vxLr@08@2016 ¼txfj;sa½A3- ,Vfdalu] ¼2003½] fgeky;u xtsfV;j] xUFk & 2] Hkkx & 2] vuqoknd izdk”k Fkify;ky] i`0 &547-4- ik.Ms] cnzhnRr] ¼1937½ dqekÅ¡ dk bfrgkl] vYeksM+k cqd fMiks] vYeksM+k] i`0& 661-5- jkgqy] lkad`R;k;u] dqekÅ¡ ifjp;] Kkuksn; izdk”ku] cukjl] i`0 & 177-6- fu”kk.k & fu”kk.k fot; irk[kk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g lQsn vkSj yky jax dk gksrk gS dqekÅ¡ esa bls efUnj esa

iwtk ds fy, o fookgksa ds volj ij /ot ds rjg Qgjkrs gq, ys tk;k tkrk gS] ftldk izpyu /khjs&/khjs de gks jgk gS]“kgjh {ks=ksa esa ;g lekIr gh gks pqdk gSA

7- vBokj& lkr cdjs vkkSj ,d HkSalk dh cfy] efUnjksa esa <ksy&uxkM+ksa ds lkFk nh tkrh gS] mls vB~Bokj dgk tkrk gSA







8- lk{kkRdkj] eksgu jke] xzke& vkxj] ckxs”oj] mez & 62 o’kZ] vxLr @ 11@2015 ¼Maxfj;s½]9- lk{kkRdkj] puj jke] cM+xjh] ckxs”oj] mez 72 o’kZ] vxLr @11@2016 ¼Maxfj;s] iqtkjh½-10- lk{kkRdkj] jes”k pUnz ik.Ms] tkxs”oj] vYeksM+k] mez & 58 o’kZ] tqykbZ @12@2015] ¼Maxfj;s½]11- gkd & tksj ls fpYykrs gq, ^g~okV^ ln`”k /ofu yksdnsork }kjk fudkyh tkrh gS ftls dqekÅ¡uh lekt esa ^gkd^ dgk

tkrk gSA12- rqdk& ek¡l&pkoy ¼mM+n nky pkoy½ dks nsork }kjk izsrkRek ls izHkkfor O;fDr] utj o fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fifM+r

O;fDr ds psgjs o flj ij rhu ckj Qsaduk rqdk dgk tkrk gSA13- lk{kkRdkj] xaxkjke] f>jkSyh] ckxs”oj] mez & 52 o’kZ] vxLr@8@2016] ¼Maxfj;s½]14- fp= la[;k 1 lSe.kh elk.k efUnj f”kyk] ckxs”ojA L=ksr nhi pUnz] ckxs”ojA15- fp= la[;k 2 lSe.kh elk.k efUnj eas ohj LrEHk esa yxs dkys jax ds fu”kk.k] L=ksr nhi pUnz] ckxs”ojA








Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 89 - 91

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 89 -

ABSTRACT

dyk ds Hkkjrh;dj.k dk ;qx & xqIr;qx

xqIrdyk jk’Vªh; vuqHkwfr;ksa] Hkkoksa vkSj vkn'kksZa ds lkFk&lkFk /kkfeZd vkUnksyuksa ,oa vk/;kfRed rRoksa dhlQy lajf{kdk ds :i esa fodflr gq;h tku iM+rh gSA bl ;qx esa czká.k] ckS) ,oa tSu /keksZa ds iwoZ Kkr nsoksa dksuohu :i iznku fd;k x;k ,oa vusd uohu nsoksa dks vkdkjkRed vfHkO;fDr nsdj :ikf;r djus ds vuqieiz;kl fd;s x;sA Hkkjrh; dyk ds bfrgkl dk izknqHkkZo flU/kq?kkVh lH;rk ls gksrk gS fdUrq mlds i”pkr~ bl{ks= esa ,d “kwU;rk dk cks/k gksrk gSA flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk ,oa ekS;Z;qx ds e/; dh vof/k dks Hkkjrh; dyk dsbfrgkl dk va/kdkj ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA blds i”pkr~ ekS;Z ;qx esa bls iuius ,oa Qyus&Qwyus dk O;kidokrkoj.k izkIr gqvkA xqIr ;qx esa o`gÙkj Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlls Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk laidZ ,oa izHkkoHkkjr ds ckgj ;Fkk nf{k.kiwohZ; ,f”k;kbZ ns'kksa ;Fkk ckyh] cksfuZ;ks] pEik tkok] lqek=k] eyk;k] L;ke bR;kfn esaLFkkfir gks x;kA bl ;qx esa rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr fons”kh izHkko ls xzflr dyk dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj mlsuohu ,oa O;kid Lo:i iznku djuk fof”k"V miyfC/k ,oa ljkguh; iz;kl FkkA




xqIrdky dykvksa ,oa laLd`fr ds fodkl dk dky gSA xqIrdyk jk’Vªh; vuqHkwfr;ksa] Hkkoksa vkSj vkn'kksZa ds lkFk&lkFk/kkfeZd vkUnksyuksa ,oa vk/;kfRed rRoksa dh lQy lajf{kdk ds :i esa fodflr gq;h tku iM+rh gSA bl ;qx esa czká.k] ckS) ,oatSu /keksZa ds iwoZ Kkr nsoksa dks uohu :i iznku fd;k x;k ,oa vusd uohu nsoksa dks vkdkjkRed vfHkO;fDr nsdj :ikf;rdjus ds vuqie iz;kl fd;s x;sA blh ds ifj.kke Lo:i eafnj fuekZ.k dyk ds :i esa LFkkiR; dyk] ewfrZdyk ,oa fp=dykdk fodkl gqvkA ;gh dyk/kkjk dkykUrj esa vius peksZRd'kZ rd igqaphA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij Hkys gh bl dyk dks fofo/k oxksZa esafoHkkftr fd;k x;k gks rFkkfi bldk jk'Vªh; :i esa fodkl ljkguh; gSA blls iwoZ Hkkjrh; dyk bZjkuh] ;wukuh] jkseu izHkkols vkPNkfnr FkhA mldk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj uohu izHkkoksRiknd :i iznku djus dh izfØ;k dk v/;;u vR;Ur mi;ksxhgksxkA

Hkkjrh; dyk ds bfrgkl dk izknqHkkZo flU/kq?kkVh lH;rk ls gksrk gS fdUrq mlds i”pkr~ bl {ks= esa ,d “kwU;rk dk cks/kgksrk gSA flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk ,oa ekS;Z;qx ds e/; dh vof/k dks Hkkjrh; dyk ds bfrgkl dk va/kdkj ;qx ekuk tkrk gSAblds i”pkr~ ekS;Z ;qx esa bls iuius ,oa Qyus&Qwyus dk O;kid okrkoj.k izkIr gqvkA ekS;Z “kkldksa us dyk dks laj{k.k nsdjblds fodkl esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kA ekS;Z dky ls iwoZ dh Hkkjr dh dyk dk bfrgkl Hkk’kk dh n`f’V ls ,d lkns i`’B vkSjiqjkrRo dh n`f’V ls ,d [kkyh vyekjh dh Hkkafr gSA tcfd ekS;Zdkyhu dyk rks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS] lglk izcy vkosx ls1

bfrgkl ds jaxeap ij Nk x;h] ;g ckr ml dyk dh izfof/k rFkk mlesa iz;qDr lkexzh nksuksa esa gh Li’V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAbl dyk esa ewy lkexzh ds :i esa cyq, iRFkj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k rFkk cM+h n{krk ls mldh fo”kkydk; f”kykvksa dks dkVdjfofHkUu :iksa esa <kyk x;k vkSj mUgsa fpduk djds ekuks ekS;Z njckj ds oSHko dks izfrfcfEcr djus ds fy, ped iSnk dh x;hA2

v”kksd dh N=Nk;k esa dyk dh fo”ks’k mUufr gq;hA ikVfyiq= ds jktizklkn dh HkO;rk vR;Ur n”kZuh; FkhA Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;3

dyk ekS;Z dky esa fdruh Åaph Fkh] blds lHkk Hkou ds vo”ks’kksa ls bldk vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA uxj fuekZ.k ;k4

jktizklkn] xqQk,sa] Lrwi] LraHk] ewfrZ ,oa yksd dyk ds :i esa rhozxfr ls bldk foLrkj gksrk x;kA phuh ;k=h Qkg~;ku dk rksfopkj Fkk fd ikVfyiq= ds jktizklkn ekuo d`fr ugha oju~ nsoksa }kjk fufeZr gSaA Hkkjrh; LFkkiR; dyk ekS;Z dky esa fdruhÅaph Fkh] bl lHkk Hkou ds vo”ks’kksa ls bldk vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekS;Z ;qxhu LraHk vizfre gSaA ,sls fo”kkydk;5

ik’kk.k [k.Mksa dks dkVdj lkQ djds] muds lqUnj xksy LraHk cukuk] mls niZ.k dh rjg ,slk pedk nsuk fd vk/kqfud feL=h

'kqDyk vks>kizk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx]MkWa- Hkxor lgk; 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;

Xokfy;j] e/; izns”k] Hkkjr



‘kqDyk vks>k




Hkh ml ij foLe;&foeqX/k jg tk;sa] dfBu ,oa uktqd dk;Z FkkA ekS;Z ;qx ls iwoZ LFkkiR; ds {ks= esa ydM+h dk iz;ksx vf/kd6

gksrk Fkk] ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd ekS;Z ;qx ds iwoZ ds fuekZ.k u’V gks x;sA ;g ;qx ik’kk.k ds O;kid ,oa dykRed iz;ksx dk ;qx gSAekS;Z ;qx esa ftl O;kid dyk dk foLrkj gqvk] mldh ,d izeq[k fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd bleas Hkkjrh;rk ds LFkku ij fons”kh

rRo dk izHkko vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Liwuj] ek”kZy] fugkj jatu js bR;kfn bfrgkldkjksa us fofo/k rdksZa ds vk/kkj ij bldhiqf"V Hkh dh gSA bl ;qx dh dyk ij bZjkuh ,oa ;wukuh izHkko Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i bldk Hkkjrh;rRo yqIr lk izrhr gksrk gSA MkW- Liwuj us fo”kky dejksa ds Åij dh vksj irys gksrs gq;s [kaHkksa dh rqyuk nkj;cgq }kjk fufeZriklhZiksfyl ds ^'kr[kaHkh gkWy* ls dh gSA ekS;Z lezkVksa ds if”peh ,f”k;k ds ns”kksa ds lkFk lakLd`frd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd laca/kFks ftlds dkj.k bZjkuh izHkko muds dyk {ks= ij iM+rk gh x;kA dyk foospdksa us v”kksd ds [akHksnkj Hkouksa dks bZjkuh 'kSyh dkekuk gSA LraHkkas dh 'kSyh ij Hkh bZjkuh ,oa ;wukuh izHkko gSA LraHkkas dh pednkj ikWfy”k ,oa f”k[kjksa dh lTtk Hkh mUgha dh nsugSA bu fonsf”k;ksa ls lh[kh x;h dyk fof/k dks Hkh Hkkjrh; dykdkjksa us vius <ax ls vius jax esa jax fn;kA blh ns”kh ,oa fons”khrRo dk lfEeJ.k ekS;Z ;qxhu LFkkiR; gSA Liwuj us rks ikVfyiq= ds jktHkou dks Qkjl ds jktegy dk izfr:i dgk gSAmuds erkuqlkj LraHkksa ds izeq[k yEcs Hkkx] ?k.Vkdkj 'kh"kZ ,oa pednkj ikWfy”k Qkjlh izHkko dk gh ifj.kke gSA ;g dykfons”kh izHkko ls vkPNkfnr jgh blesa Hkkjrh;rk dh deh vuqHko dh x;hA

ekS;ZÙkj ;qx esa Hkh fo'ks"kdj dq"kk.k dky esa ewfrZf”kYi ds {ks= esa izFke bZ-iw- esa xka/kkj 'kSyh dk fodkl gqvk ftlij Li"Vr%;wukuh izHkko Fkk blh dkj.k bls Hkkjrh;&;ou 'kSyh ;k bUMks&xzhd 'kSyh dk Hkh uke fn;k tkrk gSA ftleas dyk dhfo"k;oLrq rks ckS) lkfgR; ij vk/kkfjr Fkh fdarq dyk dk :i ,oa rduhd ;wukuh&jkseu FkkA cq) dh vkd`fr blesa ;wukuhnsork viksyks ls feyrh&tqyrh FkhA dyk fo”ks"kKksa dk vuqkeu gS fd bUgsa cukus okys dykdkj Hkh lhfj;k vFkok fldUnfj;kds gh jgs gksxsaA blh dkj.k os mldh vkRek esa izos”k u dj lds] ,oa dyk esa ;kfU=drk vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Hkkjrh; vkn”kksZadh LokHkkfod vk/;kfRedrk dk blesa vHkko gSA ;g 'kSyh pkSFkh 'krkCnh rd izpyu esa jghA blesa Hkkjrh;rk ,oa Hkkjrh;vuqHkwfr dh rUe;rk dh dHkh vuqHko dh x;h dfu"d ds dyk dk dyk ij bldk cgqr xaHkhj izHkko iM+k D;ksafd iwtk dhHkkouk us mu mPprj Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;fRro iznku dh ftuesa leLr egrh dyk ds ewy ik;s tkrs gSaA fdUrq blesa fons”kh rRo7

iz/kku cuk jgkA blh le; eFkqjk dyk ds ek/;e dks cq)] egkohj vkSj fgUnw nsorkvksa dh izfrekvksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk rFkkvk/kqfud bfrgkldkj ewfrZ fuekZ.k dk izkjaHk ,oa mn~Hko eFkqjk ds ns”kh dykdkjksa }kjk gh ekurs gSA dqN bfrgkldkj rks bls8

xka/kkj dyk ds iwoZ dk ekurs gSA eFkqjk ds f”kfYi;ksa us vkxs tkus okys ;qxksa ds fy;s cgqr dqN ekSfyd jpuk dj fn[kkbZ fdUrq9

xqIr ;qx ds iwoZ ;g xka/kkj 'kSyh ds fons”kh izHkko ds ek;ktky ls Lo;a dks cpk u ldhAxqIrdky esa ewfrZdyk fodkl ds pje f”k[kj rd igqap x;hA dbZ fo}ku rks blh ds dkj.k xqIr ;qx dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr

dk Lo.kZ;qx dgrs gSaA bldk izlkj laiw.kZ ns”k esa gqvkA bl ;qx dh ewfrZdyk xkU/kkj 'kSyh ds izHkko ls loZFkk eqDr gSA izfl)bfrgkldkj Ogh-,-fLEkFk ds 'kCnksa esa& ^^;g vius vk/;kfRed fopkjksa ds lkFk iw.kZ laokfnrk j[krs gq;s ewfrZ fuekZ.k dh fo”kq)Hkkjrh; izfrHkk dh pje ifjf.kfr dks izdV djrk gSA** ;gh Hkkjrh; rRo ;gka n”kZuh; gSA bldky esa eFkqjk 'kSyh dk lokZf/kdfoLrkj gqvk ftlesa ckS) ds lkFk tSu ,oa fgUnw /keZ ds dFkkudksa ds vk/kkj ij fuekZ.k gqvkA fons”kh izHkkoksa ,oa y{k.kksa dkHkkjrh;dj.k bl ;qx dh izeq[k fo”ks"krk gSA

xqIr ;qx esa LFkkiR; dyk dk Hkkjrh;dj.k Hkh fof”k"V miyfC/k jghA bl ;qx ds okLrqdkjksa us viuh vko”;drkvksa ,oavo/kkj.kkvksa ds vuq:i LFkkiR; dyk dk fodkl fd;kA bl ;qx esa LFkkiR; dyk fons”kh izHkko ls iw.kZr% eqDr gks x;hAlkSnU;Z vkSj vyadj.k dh n`f"V ls Hkh fons”kh izHkkoksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.k fd;k x;kA bl ;qx eas eafnj fuekZ.k dyk ds :i esaLFkkiR; dh fo'kq) Hkkjrh; 'kSyh dk tUe gqvk ,oa dkykUrj esa mlh ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; 'kSyh vkdkj xzg.k djrh gSA blle; l`tukRed mRlkg vkSj mlds ihNs izp.M /kkfeZd mRlkg dh ftl ygj us ns”k dks vkIykfor fd;k Fkk] mldk loksZÙke:i okLrqdh; fØ;k”khyrk esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftlus fgUnw eafnjksa dks tUe fn;kA izkjaHk esa eafnjkas dh Nrsa likV gksrh FkhaA10

loZizFke nsox<+ ds n”kkorkj eafnj esa f”k[kj cuk;k x;k ,oa rHkh ls izkjaHk gqbZ f”k[kj cuus dh ijEijk vkt Hkh fon~;eku gS]11

tks fo'kq) Hkkjrh; 'kSyh dk i;kZ; cu x;hA cgqr de Lekjdkas esa nsox<+ ds eafnj tSlh dkjhxjh nf”kZr gksrh gS rFkk bldhewfrZdyk esa ifjiDork vkSj ifj"d`fr gSA eafnj fuekZ.k 'kSyh us LFkkiR; dyk dks Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa ds vuq:i i`Fkd12

fo”ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr cuk;k ;Fkk pcwrjs ij fuekZ.k] lhf<+;ka] f”k[kj] xHkZx`g esa ewfrZ] xHkZx`g ds le{k e.Mi] iznf{k.kkiFk] [kEHkksa;k LraHkkas Ikj csycwVs ,oa fp=dkjh bR;kfnA bl 'kSyh esa iwoZ ;qxhu LFkkiR; dyk ds bZjkuh ,oa ;wukuh rRoksa ds fy;s dksbZ LFkkuugha FkkA ;g fo'kq) Hkkjrh; 'kSyh Fkh rFkk xqIr ;qx dyk ds fo'kq) Hkkjrh;dj.k dk ;qx FkkA dkykUrj esa rqdhZ vkØe.k ,oa


rqdhZ 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk Hkkjr esa bLykeh 'kSyh izfo"V gq;hA mlds izfrjks/k esa Hkkjrh; dyk dh tks ns”kh 'kSyh mlle; mifLFkr Fkh og blh xqIr ;qx eas tUeh eafnj 'kSyh dk fodflr :i Fkh ,oa fo'kq) Hkkjrh; FkhA e/;;qxhu eqfLye ;qx esa;gh 'kSyh Hkkjrh; dyk ds vk/kkjHkwr izfreku ds :i esa LFkkfir gks x;hA

xqIr ;qx esa o`gÙkj Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlls Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk laidZ ,oa izHkko Hkkjr ds ckgj ;Fkk nf{k.kiwohZ;,f”k;kbZ ns'kksa ;Fkk ckyh] cksfuZ;ks] pEik tkok] lqek=k] eyk;k] L;ke bR;kfn esa LFkkfir gks x;kA mu leLr izns”kksa dks ftu ijHkkjrh;ksa us jktuhfrd] O;kikfjd vFkok lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls viuk izHkko LFkkfir fd;k] o`gÙkj Hkkjr dgk tkrk gSA bu ns”kksaesa Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh; dyk dh ;gh 'kSyh igqaph tks blds fo'kq) Hkkjrh; rRoska] y{k.kksa ds dkj.k ljkgh x;hA Hkkjrh;dyk txr esa ;gh xqIr ;qx dk izeq[k vonku gS vU;Fkk vkt Hkh ns”k esa dyk dk ogh fefJr Lo:i fn[kkbZ nsrk ftlesa dqNHkkjrh;] dqN bZjkuh] ;wukuh ,oa vU; ns”kksa dh dykvksa dk izHkko fefJr :i esa lfEefyr FkkA ;gh rRo jk"Vªh; vkoj.k /kkj.kdjus esa ck/kd curk jgrkA xqIr dyk Hkkjrh; dyk ds loZJs"B :i dk izfrfuf/k gSA Hkkjr esa ;g bruh izk.koku ,oa izHkkfo".kqFkh fd lgt gh ;g fons”kksa esa QSy x;hA bl cM+h miyfC/k dk dkj.k ,d Hkkjrh; rRo Fkk tks fd xqIr ;qx dh nsu FkkA13

egkdfo dkfynkl dh jpukvksa esa xqIr ;qx dh le`f) dh Li"V >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA O;kikj ds O;kid foLrkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i xqIr ;qx esa Hkkjr Lo.kZ ls bl rjg ifjiw.kZ ,oa ifjIykfor jgk ekuks i`Foh dk vfrfjDr Lo.kZ vkSj dqcsj ds dks"k dk HkhLo.kZ vkdk”k ls fxjdj xqIrksa ls 'kkflr Hkkjr Hkwfe esa ,d= gks x;k gksA ;gh lEiUurk ;gka dykvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d14

cuhA vkRefo”okl ds lkFk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa dyk us fons”kkas dh cgqr lh ckrsa vaxhdkj Hkh dj yh] fdarq ;g vo”; /;kuj[kk x;k fd blls mudh Hkkjrh;rk u"V u gksA bl ;qx esa Hkkjr dh ewyHkwr Hkkjrh;rk dks iw.kZr% le>k x;k] iq"V fd;k x;krFkk mls ifjekftZr ,oa fpjLFkk;h :i essa O;Dr fd;k x;k rkfd vkxs vkus okys ih<+h ds le{k ,d vkn”kZ izLrqr fd;k tkldsA bl ;qx esa rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr fons”kh izHkko ls xzflr dyk dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj mls uohu ,oa O;kid Lo:i15

iznku djuk fof”k"V miyfC/k ,oa ljkguh; iz;kl FkkA

lanHkZ xzaFk %&

1- xks[kys ch-th] izkphu Hkkjr] i`"B Øekad 1862- xks[kys ch-th] ,uf”k,UV bf.M;k] i`"B Øekad 1833- fLeFk Ogh-,-] v”kksdk] i`"B Øekad 1354- flag Ogh-ih-] Hkkjrh; dyk dks fcgkj dh nsu] i`"B Øekad 535- mik/;k;] Hkxor 'kj.k] xqIrdky dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`"B Øekad 156- Hk.Mkjdj] v”kksd] Ik`"B Øekad 157- gEÝh fØlel] cqf)Te] i`"B Øekad 2098- jkWfYkUlu] , 'kksVZ dYpjy fgLVªh] i`"B Øekad 1019- js fugkj jatu] fn ,t vkWQ bEihfj;y ;wfuVh] i`"B Ø 52410- vxzoky oklqnso 'kj.k] okdkVd] xqIr ;qx] i`"B Øekad 47311- etwenkj vkj-lh] ,uf”k,UV bf.M;k] i`"B Øekad 48912- czkmu ilhZ] bf.M;u vkfdZVSDpj] i`"B Øekad 6113- vxzoky oh-,l] okdkVd] xqIr ;qx] i`"B Øekad 49314- ikUFkjh] Hkkjr dk Lo.kZ ;qx] i`"B Øekad 45315- xks[kys ch-th] izkphu Hkkjr] i`"B Øekad 74



‘kqDyk vks>k





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 92 - 95

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 92 -

ABSTRACT

mÙkjk[k.M ds dqek¡Å e.My esaoS”.ko vorkjokn o jkeHkfDr ‘kk[kk esa lEcU/k

fuokl djus okyh vf/kdka”k turk fgUnw /keZ dks ekurh gSA dqek¡Å esa izpfyr lcls egRoiw.kZ fgUnwlEiznk; oS’.ko lEiznk; gSA ;gk¡ ij oS’.ko eafnjksa dh la[;k “kSo eafnjksa dh vis{kk de gSA mRrjk[k.M+ esacnzhukFk tSlk fo[;kr oS’.ko eafnj gS ftldh [;kfr lEiw.kZ Hkkjro’kZ esa gSA dqek¡Å esa “kSo lEiznk; dslkFk&lkFk oS’.ko lEiznk; Hkh ,d izfl) lEiznk; FkkA egkHkkjr esa fo[;kr vorkj ij”kqjke Hkh gSA tenfXuuked czkgzk.k ds iq= ds :Ik esa Hkxoku~ fo’.kq us ij”kqjkeorkj fy;kA jkekorkj esa mudk xoZ pw.kZ gqvk vkSj os ouesa riL;k ds fy, pys x;sA eFkqjk ds jktk dal ds vR;kpkjksa ls iztk dh j{kk djus ds fy, olqnso rFkk nsodhds iq= :Ik esa Hkxoku~ fo’.kq dk d`’.kkorkj gqvkA d`’.k tks jke ds gh leku yksdfiz; gSA vorkjokn dhifjdYiuk Hkh oS’.ko /keZ dk ,d vkSj ewyHkwr RkRo gSA okYehfd jkek;.k ds e/;orhZ ik¡p dk.Mksa esa jke ,degkiq:’k gSaA vkSj izFke rFkk vfUre dk.M esa os fo’.kq ds vorkj :Ik esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA orZeku ;qx esa oS’.ko /keZds vUrxZr jke dh mikluk Hkh Ik;kZIr {ks= esa QSyh gqbZ gSA




dqek¡Å esa orZeku dky esa vusd /keksZa dks ekuus okys yksx fuokl djrs gSaA ;gk¡ izpfyr izeq[k /keZ fgUnw] eqlyeku] ckS)]bZlkbZ] flD[k gSaA ;gk¡ fuokl djus okyh vf/kdka”k turk fgUnw /keZ dks ekurh gSA dqek¡Å esa izpfyr lcls egRoiw.kZ fgUnwlEiznk; oS’.ko lEiznk; gSA ;gk¡ ij oS’.ko eafnjksa dh la[;k “kSo eafnjksa dh vis{kk de gSA mRrjk[k.M+ esa cnzhukFk tSlkfo[;kr oS’.ko eafnj gS ftldh [;kfr lEiw.kZ Hkkjro’kZ esa gSA1

cnzhukFk ds vfrfjDr vkfn cnzh] Hkfo’; cnzh] o`) cnzh] nso iz;kx dk j|qukFk eafnj] mRrjdk”kh esa ij”kqjke ,oa fo”oukFkeafnj] ckxs”oj dk os.khek/ko eafnj vkfn izeq[k oS'.ko eafnj mRrjk[k.M esa fLFkr gSA dqek¡Å esa “kSo lEiznk; ds lkFk&lkFkoS’.ko lEiznk; Hkh ,d izfl) lEiznk; FkkA dR;wjh dkyhu vusd “kkldksa us oS’.ko eafnjksa dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk eafnjksa dksvxzgkj Hkwfenku esa nhA dR;wjh oa”k ds laLFkkid olUru nso }kjk u`flag eafnj dks fuekZ.k fd;k x;k rFkk oS’.koksa dks “kj.ks”ojuked xzke nku esa fn;k x;kA pan jktk Kku pan us dR;wj ?kkVh esa ,d cnzhukFk eafnj dh LFkkiuk dhA bllss ;g Kkr gksrk gSfd pan dky esa oS’.koksa dks lEeku dh n`f’V ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk rFkk iztk esa oS’.ko lEiznk; dk vPNk izHkko FkkA iaokj oa”k dsjktkvksa esa Hkh oS’.ko lEiznk; dks izksRlkgu fn;k rFkk oS’.ko eafnjksa dks Hkwfe nku esa nhA2

dqek¡Å dk lEcU/k gS mlds fo’k; esa oS’.ko /keZ dk lEcU/k oS’.ko erkuq;k;h nf{k.kkR; czkgkz.kksa dk vkxeu pUnksa ds “kkludky esa gqvkA bUgh dh izsj.kk ls ;gk¡ ij dfri; oS’.ko eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;k FkkA bUgha czkgkz.kksa dks budk iqtkjh Hkhfu;qfDr fd;k x;k FkkA dqek¡Å ds iwohZ ,oa iwoksZRrjh {ks=ksa esa izkIr e/;dkyhu oS’.ko nsoky;ksa o fo’.kq dh ewfrZ;ksa ls rFkk pUnksadh LFkkukUrfjr jkt/kkuh vYeksM+k esa LFkkfir fo’.kq ls lEc} nsoky;ksa ls Hkh gksrh gSSA Hkxoku fo’.kq rFkk muds vU;re Jhjkels lEc} nsoky;ksa dh miq;ZDr lwfp;ksa rFkk mudh iwtk vpZuk dh yksdfiz;rk dks ns[krs gq, Li’V gS fd mRrjk[k.M esa oS’.kolEiznk; dk izHkko dqek¡Å eaMy dh vis{kk x<+oky eaMy ij vf/kd jgkA3

dqek¡Å esa fo”.kq ds fofHkUu vorkjksa ls lEc) nsoky; &

fo’.kq ds 24 vorkjksa esa vU; va”kkorkjksa esa ls ;s vorkj] ftudh lRRkk mRrjk[k.M esa ik;h tkrh gS os gSa&ij”kqjke rFkknRkk=s; dks lefiZr nsoky; nsoyx<+ esa ik;k tkrk gSA budks lefiZr nsoky;ksa ds vykok vU; nsoky;ksa esa Hkh ik”oZnsorkvksa4

ds :Ik esa budh fLFkfr ik;h tkrh gSA tks”kheB ds oklqnso eafnj dks ;gk¡ dk izkphure oS’.ko eafnj ekuk tkrk gSA fo’.kq ds

pUædkUrk vk;kZ“kks/k Nk=k] bfrgkl foHkkx]

,e0ch0jktdh; LukdksRrj egkfo|ky;gY}kuh] uSuhrky] mÙkjk[k.M



pUnzdkark vk;kZ

mÙkjk[k.M ds dqek ¡Å e.My es ao S ”.ko vorkjokn o jkeHkfDr ‘kk[kk es a lEcU/k



okeukorkj dk ,dek= vadu bl :Ik esas dk”khiqj ls izkIr ewfrZ esas fn[krk gSaA vorkjokn ,d vk/kkjHkwr oS’.koh; fl}kUr gS]tks Hkxor ukjk;.k ds uk;d nsork oklqnso d`’.k ds lkFk ,dhdj.k ls fodflr gqvk izrhr gksrk gSaA bl ,dhdj.k dsQyLo:Ik d`’.k ukjk;.k ds vorkj ekus tkrs FksA _Xosn esa fo’.kq us vusd vorkj /kkj.k fd;sA Hkxon~xhrk] ftlesa blfl}kUr dk izkFkfed foospu gS] ftlesa Li’V gS fd Hkxoku n`’Vtuksa ds uk”k rFkk lk/kqtuksa dk m)kj djrs gSA

yksdfiz; nsorkvksa esa tSls ojkg] u`flag] oklqnso d`’.k] vkfn dks ,d gh Hkxoku ds fofHkUu tUeksa ds :Ik esa ekU;rk nsdjmUgsa ,d lkFk lekfo’V dj fn;k tk,A ”kriFk czkgzk.k esa ojkg dk mYys[k gS] ftlus izy;Ik;ksf/k ty ls iqFoh dks ÅijmBk;k FkkA vkSj ml ojkg dks ogk¡ iztkifr czgzkk dk gh :Ik crk;k x;k gSA ujflag dks ewyr% vyx nsork ekuk tkrk FkkAftldh dYiuk nSoh “kfDr ewfrZ ds :Ik esa dh xbZ FkhA ujflag feFkd dk cht:Ik ,d flag nsork dh iwtk esa fo|eku FkkA5

ujflag Hkxoku fouk;dksa dh gh rjg Hk;kog nsork jgk gksxk] ftlds dzks/k dks “kfer j[kus ds fy, mls izlUu j[kukvko”;d FkkA jksxksa ds mipkj ds fy, vkSj foifRk;ksa ds vkxeu dks jksdus ds fy, ujflag L=ksr ,oa ujflag ea= dks izHkkodkjhcrk;k x;k gSA ujflag dh iwtk bZloh lu~ dh izkjafHkd lfn;ksa ds nkSjku dkQh yksdfiz; FkhA6

fo’.kq dk okeu vorkj _Xosn esa of.kZr fo’.kq ds rhu dneksa ds o`rkUr dk rFkk dqN yksdfiz; dFkkvksa dk o.kZu gqvk gSAcfy uked nSR; jktk us laiw.kZ lalkj dks thr fy;k vkSj nsorkvksa dks Hk;Hkhr dj fn;kA Hkxoku fo’.kq us okeu dk :Ik /kkj.kdj mlls nku ds :Ik /kkj.k dj mlls nku ds :Ik esa rhu dne i`Foh dh ;kpuk dhA jktk cfy ;g ckr eku x;k vkSj rcfo’.kq us viuk fojkV :Ik /kkj.k dj rhu gh dneksa esa laiw.kZ lalkj uki fy;k vkSj ml nSR; dks ikrkyyksd Hkst fn;kALdUnxqIRk dk twukx<+ vfHkys[k fo’.kq ds okeu vorkj dh Lrqfr ls izkajEHk gksrk gSA

egkHkkjr esa fo[;kr vorkj ij”kqjke Hkh gSA os ,d egku ohj iq:’k ds :Ik esa fpf=r gSa] ftUgksaus iwjs bDdhl ckj {kf=;ksadk lagkj fd;kA tenfXu uked czkgzk.k ds iq= ds :Ik esa Hkxoku~ fo’.kq us ij”kqjkeorkj fy;kA jkekorkj esa mudk xoZ pw.kZgqvk vkSj os ou esa riL;k ds fy, pys x;sA eFkqjk ds jktk dal ds vR;kpkjksa ls iztk dh j{kk djus ds fy, olqnso rFkk nsodhds iq= :Ik esa Hkxoku~ fo’.kq dk d`’.kkorkj gqvkA d`’.k tks jke ds gh leku yksdfiz; gSA mUgksaus vusd vykSfdd peRdkjfn[kk;s rFkk dal] tjkla/k] f”k”kqiky vkfn dk o/k fd;kA7

dqek¡Å eaMy ls izkIr izeq[k oS’.ko nsoky; vkSj izfrek;sa Hkh vf/kd la[;k esa gSaaaA tks bl izdkj gS&y{eh eafnj vYeksMk[kkl] cStukFk] ukjk;.kdkyh] eqjyheuksgj vYeksMk [kkl] lR;ukjk;.k eafnj vYeksMk [kkl] os.khek/ko eafnj ckxs”oj]ewyukjk;.k eafnj iqaxjkÅ] y{eh eafnj f=us=s”oj&yexM+k] fo’.kq eafnj [kawV&egk:nzs”oj] cnzhukFk eafnj }kjkgkV] ukjk;.keafnj dkluh&fiFkkSjkx<+] y{ehukjk;.kk eafnj fiFkkSjkx<+] ukjk;.k eafnj n;ky] ddksZV] lkye] fo’.kq eafnj xaxksyhgkV]cnzhukFk ds vkB eafnj gS pkj dqek¡Å esa vkSj pkj x<+oky esa gSaA8

ik”oZnsork ds :Ik esa fo’.kq dh izfrek,a o n”kkorkj iV~V fuEufyf[kr gSaA prqHkZt fo’.kq izfrek,¡ ;gk¡ vofLFkr gSa&ckxukFk ckxs”oj] pafMdk eafnj ikrkyHkqous”oj] ckys”oj eafnj pEikor] ikous”oj eafnj iHkkÅ] c;kyk eafnj fiFkkSjkx<+A“ks’k”kk;h fo’.kq izfrek;sa bl izdkj gSa&f=us=s”oj eafnj ceu&lq;ky] ckxukFk eafnj ckxs”oj] fo’.kq jkeeafnj xaxksyhgkV]dihuk eqgYyk ukSyk vYeksM+k] gj|kS eafnj fiFkkSjkx<+] ds izkax.k ifjlj esa Hkh ,d “ks’k”kk;h ukjk;.kewfrZ FkhA y{ehukjk;.kizfrek,sa bl izdkj gSa&f=us=s”oj eafnj ceu&lq;ky] gj|kS eafnj fiFkkSjkx<+] ds ifjlj esa ,d o`{k ds uhps y{ehukjk;.k dh 2QhV Å¡ph ewfrZ gSA9

n”kkorkj eas ;gk¡ ds izeq[k nsoky;ksa esa ,dy ewfrZ;ksa ds vfrfjDr fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa ds fun”kZd n”kkorkj iV~V Hkh ik;stkrs gSA buesa ls dkfluh ds nsoky; esa fLFkr n”kkorkj ewfrZ dks mRrjk[k.M dh loksZRd`’V izfrek ekuk gSA dqek¡Å esa Hkhnsoky;ksa ds vfrfjDr ty okfi;ksa ukSyksa esa Hkh ty nsork ds :Ik esa fo’.kq dh izfrek,¡ ns[kh tkrh gSaA Hkxoku~ fo’.kq ds dwekZorkjls lEc} ekus tkus ds dkj.k ;s izfrek,¡ dqek¡Å ds iwohZ {ks=ksa esa vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSaA blesa ;s dfri; mYys[kuh; gSa&pkSlkykdk ukSyk yksgk|kV dkuhdksV dk ukSyk nsoh/kwjk euekaMsxk¡o dk ukSyk] MwxjklsBh dk ukxukSyk pEikor ,dgfFk;k ukSykpEikor] dihuk ukSyk vYeksM+k vkfn esa gSaA10

bu ukSyksa ij LFkkfir izfrekvksa esa fo’.kq dks ;k rks prqHkqZth LFkkud eqnzk esa vFkok “ks’k”kk;h eqnzk esa LFkkfir gfjr izLrjfufeZr “ks’k”kk;h izfrek esa Hkxoku~ fo’.kq dks nka;h ls cka;h vksj ysVs gq,] flj ds uhps j[ks gq, gkFk esa i| rFkk vU; gkFkksa esa “ka[k]pdz ,oa xnk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSaA lkFk esa fdjhV&eqdqV] d.kZ&dqaMy ,dkoyh] xzsos;d] cktwcUn] dad.k] es[kyk] dfVlw= vkSjouekyk ls vyad`r fn[kk;k x;k gSA budk cka;k iSj ?kqVus ls eqM+k rFkk nka;k y{eh ds vax esa “kksfHkr gSA ukfHkdey ijdwpZ/kkjh f}eq[kh czãk dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA eLrd ij “ks’kukx ds Q.kksa dk QSyko gSaA fo’.kq dks ,d fof”k’V “kfDr ds :Ik esa


ekuk tkus dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSaA _Xosn esa fo’.kq ds iz”kfLr ls lEcfU/kr ik¡p lwDr gSaA fo’.kq ds :iksa dk Li’V fodklegkHkkjr esa fn[kk;h nsus yxrk gSA egkHkkjr dk izkjEHk gh uj&ukjk;.k ds Lej.k ls gksrk gSA oS’.ko lEiznk; ftls dgk11

tkrk gS] fd fLFkfr Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] rFkk ftlds mikL;nso dks oklqnso dgk tkrk gS] fd fLFkfr Hkh vfr izkphu dky lsfeyus yxrh gSA rSRkhjh; vkj.;d esa ukjk;.k ,oa oklqnso esa fo’.kq dh ,drk dks izLrqr djus okyh *fo’.kqxk;=h* esa mldhLrqfr bl izdkj dh tkrh gS&**ukjk;.kk; fon~egs oklqnsok; /khefgA rUuks fo’.kq izpksn;kr~AA

fo’.kq oklqnso dh ‘kksaM'kksipkj iwtk dk izkjfEHkd :Ik gesa loZizFke fo’.kq/keZlw= esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bZlk ls N%lkS o’kZiwoZ ds rFkk f}rh; “krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds vkl&ikl ds vusd xzaFkksa ,oa vfHkys[kksa esa fo’.kq rFkk muds vorkjksa ls lEc} vusdlanHkksZ dk mYys[k ik;k tkrk gSaA oklqnso dh vkjk/kuk ds :Ik esa oS’.ko lEiznk; dk loZizFke lkfgR;d lUnHkZ ikf.kfu ds ,d12

lw= **oklqnsoktqZukH;ka oqat** esa ik;k tkrk gSA ftlesa oaqt izR;; ds ;ksx ls **oklqnso dh vkjk/kuk ds :Ik esa oS’.ko lEiznk; dkloZizFke lkfgR;d lUnHkZ ikf.kfu ds ,d lw= **oklqnsoktqZukH;ka oqat** esa ik;k tkrk gSA ftlesa oqta izR;; ds ;ksx ls **oklqnsoHkfDrjL; oklqnsod **in dh flf} dh x;h gSaaA eFkqjk f”kykys[k esa dgk x;k gS fd olq uked O;fDr us *egkLFkku *esa Hkxokuoklqnso ds ,d prq%”kky eafnj] rksj.k vkSj osfndk dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA blds vfrfjDr 200 bZ0iw0 ds osluxj ds f”kykys[k dsvuqlkj ;ou “kkld gsfy;ksMksjl ds }kjk nsokf/knso oklqnso dh izfr'Bk ,oa izlkj Fkk fd fons”kh&fo/kehZ Hkh bldh vksjvkd`’V gks jgs FksaA Hkkxor lEiznk; ds vUrZxr HkfDr rFkk mikluk dks Kku ,oa ;ksx dh vis{kk vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSAdkykUrj esa oS’.ko ijEijk ds vuq;k;h vkpk;ksZ dh viuh&viuh fopkj/kkjkvksa ds izHkkokUrxZr blesa dbZ milEiznk; vfLrRoesa vk x;s FkasA 13

Okjkg iqjk.k esa gesa 10 vorkjksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSaA ftuesa ls Åij mYysf[kr 6 vorkjksa ds vykok eRL;] dweZ] cq) vkSjdfYd vkrs gSa ftUgsa vkxs pydj Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA izkphudky ls gh Hkkjr ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa ;g lEiznk; fdlh u fdlh:Ik esa izHkko”kkyh jgk gSaA oS’.ko lk/kuk rhu ukeksa ls izpfyr gSA ukjk;.k /keZ] oklqnso /keZ] Hkkxor /keZ]+ _Xosn fo’.kq dksizdk”k vkSj gSaA vkxs pydj egkdkO; ,oa iqjk.kksa ds le; fo’.kq f=fodze oke dk vfuok;Z lEcU/k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd fo’.kqHkxoku us vius rhu ixksa }kjk rhu yksdksa dks ekik FkkA14

**bUnz fo’.kq fopzdes =srk fun;s ineAEkw<+eL; ikalqjsA**

Hkxoku fo’.kq ds rhu dze dk lEcU/k txr~ ds rhu yksdksa i`Foh] vUrfj{k rFkk vkdk”k ls gSA euq’; muds nks inksa dks ns[kldrk gSa ijUrq r`rh; in mldh n`f’V ls ckgj gSA ikSjkf.kd HkfDrewyd /kekZs esa oS’.ko /keZ vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g ,d ,slkvkfLrd /keZ gS] ftlesa fo’.kq gh ije vkjk/; gSA oS’.ko /keZ esa fo’.kq dh egRrk rFkk loZJs’Brk izfrikfnr dh xbZ gSaaA bl /keZds tkuk tkrk gSaA ftl ije mikL; oklqnso dks dsUnz ekudj Hkkxor /keZ vFkok /keZ fodflr gqvkA Hkkxor /keZ dk Ik;kZIrizpkj gks pqdk FkkA15

oS’.ko /keZ Hkkjr ds if”pksRrj Hkkx esa QSy pqdk FkkA oS’.ko /keZ dk lokZf/kd mUu;u xqIr ;qx esa gqvk FkkA xqIroa”kh; jktkLoa; dks *ije Hkkxor *dgrs FksA xqqIrdkyhu fofHkUu f”kykys[kksa] ewfrZ;ksa] rkezi= vfHkys[kksa vkfn esa oS’.ko /keZ dk foLr`ro.kZu fd;k x;k gSaA fo’.kq ,d oSfnd nso gSSA muds fo}kuksa us _Xosn esa fo’.kq ds Lo:Ik dks lw;Z ds :Ik esa Lohdkj fd;kA”kriFk czkã.k ls gh okeu fo’.kq dh dFkk Hkh izkIr gksrh gSa ftlesas fo’.kq dks vn~Hkqr “kfDr ls lEiUu dj fn;k x;k gSaA vkj.;drFkk mifu’kn~dky esa fo’.kq dk egRo vkSj vf/kd c<+kA eS=h mifu’kn~ esa vUu dks] txr ds /kkjd fo’.kq dk Lo:Ik dgk x;k16

gSSA osnkssa rFkk czkgk.k xzaFkksa essa fo’.kq ds ftu rhu fo”kky inksa dk o.kZu FkkA muds lkFk vusdkusd dFkk,¡ tqM+us yxhAvorkjokn &

vorkjokn dh ifjdYiuk Hkh oS’.ko /keZ dk ,d vkSj ewyHkwr RkRo gSA ;g fl}kUr lEHkor% Hkkxor oklqnso ukjk;.k dslkFk oklqnso d`’.k dk rknkE; dj fn, tkus ds dkj.k izpfyr gqvk vkSj vR;Ur “kh/kzrk iwoZd ckS)/keZ esa Hkh xzg.k dj fy;kx;kA egkHkkjr ds ukjk.kh; [k.M ukjk;.k ;k fo’.kq ds vorkjksa dk mYys[k gSaA fo’.kq ds nl vorkj ekus x;s gSA eRL;] dweZ]okjkg] u`flag] okeu] ij”kqjke] jkeorkj] d`’.k] cq)] dfYd vkfnA HkfDr] vfgalk] vorkjokn vkfn eq[; fl)kUrksa dks xzg.kdjds fodflr gq,A oS’.ko /keZ ds pje mikL; fo’.kq ukjk;.k] oklqnso d`’.k FksA fdUrq vorkjokn dh ifjdYiuk esab{okdqoa”kh jke Hkh fo’.kq ds vorkj :Ik esa i`Foh ij vk;sA okYehfd jkek;.k ds e/;orhZ ik¡p dk.Mksa esa jke ,d egkiq:’k gSaA17

vkSj izFke rFkk vfUre dk.M esa os fo’.kq ds vorkj :Ik esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA orZeku ;qx esa oS’.ko /keZ ds vUrxZr jke dh miklukHkh Ik;kZIr {ks= esa QSyh gqbZ gSA



pUnzdkark vk;kZ



lanHkZ

1& ”kekZ]Mh0Mh0&2015] mrjk[k.M dk lkekftd ,oa lkaiznkf;d bfrgkl] vafdr izdk”ku] ihyhdksBh] gY}kuh uSuhrky]i`0 l0 500&504

2& fo|kyadkj] lR;dsrq &2007] izkphu Hkkjr dk /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd thou izdk”ku Jh ljLorh lnu] i`0 l093&96

3& tk;loky] lqohjk&1996] oS’.ko /keZ dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] ”;ke fcgkjh jk; xzaFk f”kYih] i`0l0 15&254& xks;y] izHkk izhfr&2008] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj tks/kiqj] jktLFkku] i`0l0 30&355& iaokj flag Hkxr&2007] mRrjk[k.M laxzgky; n”kZu vksesxk ifCyds”ku] i`0 l0 212&2156& Mcjky] f”koizlkn&mrjk[k.M laxzgky; n”kZu] vksesxk ifCyds”ku] i`0l0 25&327& mfu;ky] gsek&2005] dqek¡Å ds izfl) eafnj r{kf”kyk izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`0l0 25&338& cywuh] fnus”kpUnz&2001] mrjk[k.M laLd`fr] yksdthou] bfrgkl iqjkrRo] cjsyh] i`0l0 62&679& ik.Ms] cnzhnRr&1937] dqek¡Å dk bfrgkl] vYeksM+k i`0l086&9310& jk;] dkSys”oj&2002] izkphu Hkkjr esa /keZ fdrkc egy] ljksftuh uk;Mw] bykgkckn] i`0l0 25&2911& ”kekZ] ”;ke&2004] izkphu Hkkjrh; dyk okLrqdyk ,oa ewfrZdyk] fjlpZ ifCyds”kUl] t;iqji`0l042&4612& xqIrk] ekfudyky&2007] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk bfrgkl] lkfgR; jRuky;] dkuiqj i`0l035&42




pUnzdkark vk;kZ





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 96 - 99

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 96 -

ABSTRACT

fgeky;h jkT; mÙkjk[kaM % iyk;u ls vfHk’kIr¼vFkZ] dkj.k o laHkkfor mipkjkRed fodYi½

xkaoksa ls “kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u iwoZ dh Hkkafr vkt Hkh cnLrwj tkjh gSA “kgjksa dh rqyuk esa xkaoksa esa 5 izfr”krHkh cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gSA vkt Hkh xkao f”k{kk] LokLF;] vkthfodk fctyh] ikuh] ifjogu tSlh ewyHkwrlqfo/kkvksa ls fiNMk gqvk gSA LFkkuh; lalk/kuks dk iz;ksx dj vFkZO;LFkk dks c<k;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj iyk;udh leL;k dk laHkkfor fodYi ;s cu ldrk gSA igkM esa lekIr gks pqds jkstxkj dks u, fljs ls LFkkfir djusdh t:jh igy gksuh pkfg,A ty&fo|qr ifj;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k o izHkko] voSKkfud lMdksa dk fuekZ.k]vkinkvksa ds ekuoh; dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij oS”fod ifjn`”; esa jkT; ij i<us okys izHkko o jkT; dh iquZokl ,oaIk;kZoj.k uhfr uk dsoy cuk;h tk,sa cfYd mls /kjkry ij ykxw Hkh fd;k tk;sA iyk;u dh fLFkfr Hkkjrh;lqj{kk O;oLFkk ds fy, Hkh Hk;kog cu ldrh gSA vr% iyk;u tSlh egRoiw.kZ leL;k ij dsUnz] jkT; o gekjhftEesnkjh egRoiw.kZ gSA uhfr mRrjk[kaM jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko”;d gS] vkSj jkT; vfLrRo ds fy, HkhA




iyk;uiyk;u dksbZ vke leL;k ugha gS vkSj uk gh vkt dh leL;k gSA xkaoksa ls “kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u iwoZ dh Hkkafr vkt Hkh

cnLrwj tkjh gSA vrhr esa mxz vR;kpkj ls ihfMr btjkby ds fuokfl;ksa us fgtjr dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk vkSj os vU;= tkdjcl x,sa FksaA xka/kh th us vkRelEeku dh j{kk ds fy, 1928 esa ckjnksyh ds LkR;kxzfg;ksa dks] 1935 esa dsaFkk ds gfjtuksa dks rFkk1939 esa yEcMh foV~Byx< ,os twukx< dh turk dks fgtjr ds lk/ku dks viukusa dh lykg nh FkhA ;gka ij ,d “kCnfgTkjr iz;ksx gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS vius LFkk;h o ijEijkxr fuokl LFkku dks LosPNk ls NksMdj vU; fdlh bykds esa cltkukA fganh ds izfl) dFkkdkj eqa”kh izsepUnz us vius izfl) miU;kl xksnku esa yxHkx 85 o’kZ iwoZ xkao NksMdj “kgj tkus dhleL;k dks mBk;k Fkk ftldh ppkZ vkt ge dj jgs gSA1

Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk esa tkfr ,d ,slk dkjd gS tks iyk;u dk dkj.k cu jgk gSA dbZ Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa fo”ks’kdjxkaoksa esa tkfrxr Hkkouk ds dkj.k viekfuRo dh Hkkouk dk frjLdkj dj o [kki iapk;rksa tSls lkekftd foHkktd dkjdrRoksa ds vekuoh; vkns”kksa ds dkj.k dbZ yksx xkaoksa ls “kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u dj jgs gSA mRrjk[kaM Hkh bl O;oLFkk ds izHkkols vNwrk ugha gSA f”k{kk] LokLF; o vkthfodk tSlh cqfu;knh Lkqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko&iwoZ jk’Vªifr ,oa felkby eSu MkW0 ,ihtsvCnqy dyke dgk djrs Fksa fd “kgjksa dks xkaoksa esa ys tkdj gh xzkeh.k iyk;u ij jksd yxk;h tk ldrh gSA bl rF; fd2

ihNs ;g Hkh ,d dVq LkR; tqMk gqvk gS fd “kgjksa dh rqyuk esa xkaoksa esa 5 izfr”kr Hkh cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gSA vkt Hkhxkao f”k{kk] LokLF;] vkthfodk fctyh] ikuh] ifjogu tSlh ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa ls fiNMk gqvk gSA

Ikyk;u ds izdkj &Ø lqjf{kr iyk;u & blds varZxr O;fDr vius xkao ls nwj tkrk gS jksth jksVh ds fy, ijUrq mldk HkkokRed yxko vius

xkao&*?kj ls cuk jgrk gSA tSls mRrjk[kaM es jgus okys usikyh etnwjAØ vlqjf{kr iyk;u & ;g og iyk;u gS ftlesa O;fDr ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa ds vHkko es axkaoks dks iw.kZr;k ifjR;Dr dj nsrk

gSA mRrjk[kaM easa ;g leL;k izpaM :Ik /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSAmRrjk[kaM vkSj iyk;u&

dl gksyks mRrjk[kaM dk gksyh jkt/kkuhjkx&ckxh ;ks vkt djyk vkiq.kh euekuh

lanhi dqekj]“kks/kkFkhZ ¼bfrgkl½

Mh0 ,l0 ch0 ifjljdqek¡Å fo”ofo|ky;] uSuhrky



lanhi dqekj

fgeky;h jkT; mRrjk[k aM % iyk;u ls vfHk’kIr¼vFk Z] dkj.k o laHkkfor mipjkRed fodYi½



;ks ckrkSd [kqyh&[kqykl xSjlS.k d:yksge yMrs jS;k Hkqyh ge yMrs jS;kA

mRrjk[kaM ds tudfo fxjh”k frokjh fxnkZ dh ;s iafDr;k vkt jkT; cuus ds 16 o’kZ ckn Hkh izklafxd gSA ftuvis{kkvksa o iyk;u dh leL;kvks dks ysdj ;s jkT; cuk Fkk mldks ;gka ds jktusrkvks us iwoZ dh rjg misf{kr gh j[kk gqvk gSAigkM dk ikuh vkSj tokuh igkM ds dke ugha vkrh ;s dgkor mRrjk[kaM ds nqHkkZX; dk ifjpk;d gSA ioZrh; i`Fkd jkT;cuus ds ckn iyk;u dh ;s dgkuh cnLrwj tkjh gSA mRrjk[kaM jkT; xBu ds ckn bu 15 lkyksa esa rhu gtkj igkMh xkaoksa esayxHkx 40 Qhlnh iyk;u gqvk gSA gkykafd fodkl ds uke ij bu lkyksa esa ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa yxHkx 15 gtkj djksM :Ik;s [kpZgq, gSA blds ckotwn xkaoksa dk [kkyh gksuk Fke ugha ldk gSA gseorh uanu cgqxq.kk dsanzh; fo”ofo|ky; Jhuxj dh izksQslj3

MkW0 fdju Maxoky iq”k ,aM iqy F;ksjh dk ftdz djrs gq, dgrh gS fd lekt dk LoHkko csgrj lqfo/kkvksa dh vksj xeu dkgksrk gSA vkthfodk] lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa vkSj f”k{kk&LokLF;&;krk;kr dh miyC/krk ds fy, lekt esa iyk;u dh izo`fRr ikbZtkrh gSA ;gh igkM+h xkaoksa esa Hkh gks jgk gSA fjVk;MZ [kaM fodkl vf/kdkjh ds-ds- Fkify;ky lq[k& lqfo/kkvksa esa deh dks ghiyk;u dk dkj.k ugha ekurs gSSA HkkbZ&HkkbZ ds chp ds [ksr edku jkLrsa ds >xMsa dbZ ckj brus vkxsa c< tkrs gS fd l{keO;fDr jkst dh >d>d ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, xkao dks vyfonk dgrs gSA4

dsanz ljdkj ds us”kuy losZ vkWxsZukbts”ku ¼,u,l,lvksa½ dh fjiksVZ ekbxzs”ku bu bafM;k esa ;g fnypLi rF;lkeus vk;k Fkk fd mRrjk[kaM esa xkaoksa esa gh ugha cfYd “kgjksa esa Hkh iyk;u gks jgk gSA ekbxzs”ku bu bafM;k fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcdmRrjk[kaM esa izfr gtkj yksxksa ij “kgjksa esa 486 yksx iyk;u dj jgsa gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g rknkn 344 O;fDr izfrgtkj gSA blesa cMk fgLlk mu yksxksa dk gS tks jkstxkjk dh ryk”k esa viuk xkao “kgj NksM jgs gSA “kgjks esa izfr gtkj iq:’kksaesa 397 rks izfr gtkj efgykvksa esa 597 iyk;u dj jgh gSA tcfd xkaoks es rLohj ;g gS fd izfr gtkj iq:’kksa esa 151 vkSj izfrgtkj efgykvks esa 539 efgyk,sa xkaoksa ls iyk;u dj jgh gSAa5

ljdkjh vkadMk ds vuqlkj igkfM;ksa dh iyk;u dh nj 2000&2010] 86 izfr”kr gks xbZ gSA ikSMh x<oky]fiFkkSjkx<] peksyh] ckxs”oj vkSj vYeksMk ftyksa esa iyk;u lcls T;knk ns[kk x;k gSA ,d djksM ls T;knk vkcknh okysa6

mRrjk[kaM esa fodkl dh okg; dYiuk rks lQy gS] ysfdu Hkhrj ls [kks[kyh gSA Ik;ZVu LFky vkSj vfr fof”k’V “kgj txexgS] ysfdu lwnwj dk igkMh {ks= va/kdkj esa Mwck gSA lwcsa ds 13 esa ls 11 ftyks esa iyk;u gqvk gSA “kgjh bykdksa esa rdjhcu 9Qhlnh vkSj xzkeh.k bykdksa esa rdjhcu 19 Qhlnh iyk;u gqvk gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] xkaoksa esa 69 Qhlnhtula[;k jg x;h gS tks 2001 es 74 Qhlnh FkhA vYeksMk vkSj ikSMh x<oky esa o izfr”kr dh tula[;k o`f) gqbZ-1.73 -1.51

gSA ckafd igkMh ftyksa peksyh] :nziz;kx] fiFkkSjkx< vkSj ckxs”oj dh vkcknh 5 Qhlnh ls Hkh de jQrkj ls cMh gSA tcfd7

ns”k dh vkcknh c<usa dk vkSlr 17 Qhlnh gSA mRrjk[kaM ds eSnkuh ftyksa Å/keflag uxj dh vkcknh gfj}kj dh33.40

33.16 32nsgjknwu dh uSuhrky dh 25 Qhln dh jQrkj ls c<h gSA ;kfu dqy feykdj vcrd 35 Qhlnh ls T;knk vkcknhjkT; NksM pqdh gSA

vxj d`f’k vkSj Ik”kqikyu ls fdlh igkMh xzkeh.k dh vk; dk vanktk yxk,sa] rks ge ikrs gS fd ;g ?kVdj 6374 :0esa gh jg tkrh gSA ;kfu gkykr ;s gS fd igkM ds gj xzkeh.k dks gj ekg 531 : esa xqtkjk djuk iM jgk gSA bls fodkl dhfoMacuk gh dfg, fd djhc 9 Qhlnh dh fodkl nkSj ls nkSM jgsa jkT; esa igkM ds djhc 32 yk[k 89 gtkj xzkeh.k 17 :0jkst esa xqtkjk djus dks etcwj gSA LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dh ckr djs rks eSnku esa bejtsalh esa MkWDVj rd igqpus dk le; 4 ?kaVk48 feuV gSA rks nwljh rjQ ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa ;gka ds yksxksa dk vuqikr Hkh jkT; cuus ds ckn rsth ls fxjk gSA8

vFkZ”kkL=h MkW0 e`xs”k ikaMs; dgrs gS dqekÅa ls 1930 esa ukSdjh ds fy, iyk;u “kq: gqvkA QkSt esa HkrhZ ds fy, yksxckgj tkus yxsaA ckn esa QkSt HkrhZ ds fy, yksx ckgj tkus yxsaA ml le; baVjehfM,V rd dh “kS{kf.kd laLFkk,sa vYeksMkuSuhrky esa FkhA ;gka ls mPp f”k{kk ds fy, bykgkckn vkSj y[kuÅa ds fy, iyk;u “kq: gqvkA vc ;gka Ldwy dkystksa dh la0c<h gS] ysfdu xq.koRrkiw.kZ f”k{kk uk gksus ds dkj.k iyk;u cknLrwj tkjh gSA ;gka iyk;u dh eq[; leL;k cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvkssadk vHkko gSA ;gh otg gS fd xSj vkckn xkaoksa dh la0 rsth ls c< jgh gSA igkM esa lfoZl lsDVj dk <kapk dkQh detksj gSAizkd`frd vkinkvksa us rks fLFkfr vksj xaHkhj dj nh gSA f”k{kd o lkfgR;dkj egs”k iqusBk dgrs gS xkaoks ls iyk;u ds ihNsavPNh f”k{kk ,d cMh otg gSA nwljk vFkZO;OkLFkk Hkh ,d cMk loky gS] xkaoks dks vHkh rd vkRefuHkZj ugha cuk;k x;kgSA vktknh ls igys dqekÅa ds yksx dksydRkk vkSj oekZ rd jkstxkj ds fy, tk;k djrs Fks] tcfd x<okyh jkstxkj ds fy,9

esajB] fnYyh iatkc tk;k djrs FksA ysfdu ;g tkuk vLFkk;h Fkk vkSj bu yksxksa dk ifjokj vius xkao esa jgdj gh vkthfodkdekrk FkkA 1980 rd jkstxkj ds fy, mRRkjk[kafM;ksa dk vius xkaoksa ls ukrk ugha VwVk FkkA ysfdu vc lsokfuo`r gksus okyhih<h “kgjh {ks=ksa esa jgus dh vH;Lr gksus yxh gSA


mRrjk[kaM esa xzkeh.k laLd`fr dk vk/kkj lewg thou yxHkx lekIr lk gks x;k gSA vkilh lg;ksx] lkSgknzZ yxkrkjde gksrk tk jgk gSA vk/kqfudrk ds vkbZus esa igkMh lekt tks lkaLd`frd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd :Ik ls ,d nwljs ls tqMk Fkkoks uxjhdj.k vkSj vk/kqfudrk dh nkSM es dgh ihNs NwV x;k gSA d`f’k ea=ky; ds vkadMksa ds vuqlkj 2001 esa 769944 gsDVs;jd`f’k Hkwfe esa gh [ksrh gksrh Fkh tks ?kVdj 2014&15 esa 701030 gsDVs;j fleV x;h gSA vc vf/kdka”k xkaoksa es d`f’k dh txgeujsxk ls yksx 50 fnu dke djdsa 7500 :0 dek ysrs gSA [kk| lqj{kk ;kstuk ds varZxr lLrh njks esa vukt miyC/k gks tkjgk gS rks d`f’kdeZ ls igkM dk d`’kd cpus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA blds vfrfjDr taxyks ds fouk”k ds dkj.k taxyh tkuojksadk d`f’k Qlyksa dks uqdlku igqapkuk Hkh ,d cMk dkjd d`f’k o xkao ls iyk;u djus dk gSA

,d djksM dh vkcknh okys bl ioZrh; jkT; esa ioZrh; {ks= esa 60 yk[k dh vkcknh gS vkSj yxHkx 30 yk[k ls T;knkmRrjk[kaMh ns”k vkSj fons”k esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij fuokl djrs gSA laHkor%- iyk;u djus okys {ks=ks esa ;g ns”k esa lcls vkxs gSAmRrjk[kaM cuus ds ckn vdsys fiFkkSjkx< ftysa ls yXkHkx 17 gtkj ifjokj iyk;u dj pqds gSA bues als vf/kdka”k gY+}kuh ;krjkbZ ds bykdksa esa cl x,s gSA

iyk;u ls lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd leL;k,s arks iSnk gks gh jgh gSA iyk;u us ioZrh; {ks=ksa dkjktuSfrd izfrfuf/kRo rks de gh dj fn;k gS vkSj turk ds lkFk usrk Hkh ;gka iyk;u ls nks ns”kksa dh lhekvksa ij cls blizns”k ds fy, lqj{kk dk ladV iSnk gksus ugh yxsxhA lcls nq[kn ;g gS fd lhekorhZ {ks=ksa ls gh lcls vf/kd iyk;u gks jgk gSD;ksafd fodkl dh fdj.ksa lcls de mUgha txgksa ij igqap jgh gSA10

iyk;u ds egRoiw.kZ dkj.kksa es ls ,d gS ;gka fd vkfFkZd fLFkfrA 1972&73 esa mRrjk[kaM dh vkfFkZd leL;kvkssa ij“kks/k v/;srk jkeizlkn /;kuh us fy[kk&mRrjk[kaM {ks= esa tula[;k fojy ,oa fc[kjh gqbZ gSA ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa dh deh gS]D;ksafd lEHkkx esa vf/kdrj Hkkx esa _rqvksa esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh vFkok fyad lMdksa dh lqfo/kk vHkh Hkh miyC/k ugha gSAfo|qr] flapkbZ ,oa foi.ku vkfn dh lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gSA bl {ks= esa LoPN is;ty dh lqfo/kk miyC/k ugh gSA bl {ks= esa11

vkS|ksfxdj.k dh /kheh xfr Qyks|ku] Ik;ZVu] ou ,oa [kfut laink dh miyC/krk {kerk dk iw.kZ mi;ksx u gksus ds dkj.kcsjkstxkjh rFkk vYi csjkstxkjh dh leL;k fo’ke gSA 1972&73 dh ;s fjiksVZ dekscs”k vkt Hkh ogh Lo:Ik /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSA12

Ms< n”kd esa mRrjk[kaM esa yk[kksa csjkstxkfj;ksa dh Vksyh esa ls egt 31145 yksxksa dks ljdkjh ukSdjh fey ldh gSAf”k{kk dh fLFkfr ;g gS fd igkM ds fo|ky;ksa es lEiw.kZ HkkSfrd o ekuoh; lalk/ku miyC/k ugha gSA igkM ds fy, vkt rddksbZ Hkh ;wfuoZflVh ugha [kksyh x;h gS tks okLrfod :Ik ls igkM ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lacaf/kr gksA ;gh fLFkfr LokLF; dh Hkh gSigkM esa LokLF; lqfo/kk,sa uke ek= dh gSA egt fgVks igkM js] esjk xkao esjk ns”k /ku ;kstuk ds b”rsgkj yxkus ls xkao vkcknugha gks ldrsA igkM esa NksVh vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ ugha yxk;h x;hA vkt ioZrh; {ks= dh ewy leL;k gS fodkl dh ;kstukvks13

dk izHkkoh uk gksukA ioZrh; {ks= ds fodkl dk ekWMy fof”k’V uk gksdj] eSnkuh bykdks ds fodkl dk ekWMy gSA ioZrh; {ks=dh d`f’k esa leqfpr e”khuhdj.k dk vHkko esa mRiknu ?kVrk tk jgk gS ifj.kker% [kk|kU; vkSj lHkh vko”;d oLrqvksa dkvk;kr c<rk tk jgk gSA euhvkMZj] eujsxk vkfn fofHkUu lzksrks ls gksus okyh vk; dk cgqr cMk fgLlk thou ;kiu dslalk/kuksa ds vk;kr ij O;; gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr ckgj ls gksus okyh vk; dk lkjk lkjk okil ckgj pyk vk tkrk gSA14

vkink Hkh iyk;u dk ,d dkj.k gSA 20 tqykbZ 2013 “kfuokj dks nsgjknwu ds uxj fuxe lHkkxkj es vkink dslcd] ljdkj dh ftEesnkjh vkSj loky turk ds fo’k; ij vk;ksftr lsfeukj es izfl) Ik;kZoj.kfon~ paMh izlkn HkV~Vfodkl dgrs gS& fgeky; nqfu;k dh Nr gSA fgeky;h {ks=ks esa /kjrh ds vanj lqjaxs cukdj ge /kjrh dks detksj dj jgs gStcfd /kjrh ds Åij vfu;ksftr lMdsa] ckWaa/k] voSKkfud o cMs fuekZ.k dj jgs gSSA ufn;ksa ds fdukjs vkink ls 70000 gsDVs;jls vf/kd tehu de gks pqdh gSA vdsys dsnkj?kkVh esa 10 gSyhdkIVj daifu;ka dk;Zjr gS] ftuds ntZuksa gsyhdkIVj vklekudk lhuk QkMrs gS] D;k blls dksbZ Ik;kZoj.kh; cnyko mPp lhekUr fgeky;h {ks=ks esa ugh jgsxk\ mRrjk[kaM jkT; esa 558ckW/k fuekZ.k/khu o izLrkfor gSA buesa ls vf/kdka”k cka/k Ik;kZoj.kh; n`f’V ls laosnu”khy fgeky;h ?kkfV;ksa esa gh cuk;s tkus gS ;kcu jgs gSA vdsys dsnkj?kkVh esa QkVkQ;wax vkSj flaxksyh HkVokMh ifj;kstuk cu pqdh gS tcfd jkeckMk gkbMªksikoj viusizkjafHkd pj.kksa esa gSA bu ifj;kstuk }kjk Mkys x, eycs vkSj ?kkVh esa vfu;ksftr LkMd fuekZ.k ds ckn lh/ks Mkys x, eycsa usunh ds ty Lrj dks 15 QhV rd Åij mBk fn;k gS ftlls ck< tSls gkykr mRiUu gks ldrs gSA vkSj Hk;kog vkink tSlhfLFkfr;ka O;fDr dks iyk;uoknh lksp j[kus dks etcwj dj jgh gSA15

iyk;u fu;a=.k laHkkfor fodYi o iz;kl&mRrjk[kaM es iyk;u dks jksdus ds fy, fVdkÅ fodkl ¼ ½ dh vo/kkj.kk dks viuk;s tkussustainable development

dk iz;kl gksuk pkfg,A ;s lalk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dk ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls uk flQZ orZeku dh vko”;drk,sa iwjh dh tk lds]cfYd ;g vkus okyh ihf<;ksa dh vko”;drkvksa dks Hkh iwjk djsA czaVySaM deh”ku us lcls igys ;g VeZ iz;ksx fd;k FkkA



lanhi dqekj



iyk;u dks jksdus ds fy, pdcanh ,d ojnku lkfcr gks ldrh gSA bldk mnkgj.k fgekapy izns”k gekjs lkeus gS tksmRrjk[kaM dh Hkkafr leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa okyk izns”k gSA xjhc dzkafr vfHk;ku ,d ,slk vfHk;ku gS] ftldk iz;kl gS fdmRrjk[kaM ds igkMh {ks=ksa dks pdcanh ds ek/;e ls ,dhd`r dj [ksrh O;oLFkk dks lq/kkjk tk ldsaA x.ks”k flag xjhc o dfiyMkscky tSls lektlsoh bl vkanksyu dks usr`Ro iznku dj jgs gSA t:jr gS ljdkjh laj{k.k vkSj igy dhA mRrjk[kaM esa xkao16

cpkvksa vkUnksyu ds iz.ksrk Ik;kZoj.kfon~ MkW0 vfuy tks”kh dgrs gS fd ns”k dh lEiUurk ds ihNs xkao dk cMk ;ksxnku gksrk gSvkSj xkao dh csgrjh ds fy, lalk/kuks ij vk/kkfjr vFkZO;OkLFkk gksuh pkfg,A blds rgr LFkkuh; mRikn dks vFkZO;oLFkk dslkFk tksMk tk ldrk gSA MkW- vfuy tks”kh vkSj mudh Vhe fo”ks’k :Ik ls mRrjk[kaM esa cMs iSekus ij dke dj jgh gsSA buyksxks us dqjhZ¼ ftls taxyh ?kkl Hkh dgrs gS½ ls QuhZpj cukus esa lQyrk izkIr dh gS] ;s QuhZpj mruk gh etcwr vkSj lqanjcurk gS ftruk dh ckal ls cuk QuhZpj gksrk gSA blds vykok ?kjkV okVj fey MsoyiesaV dh “kq:vkr dh ftlls ckn esafctyh ysus dk dke “kq: fd;kA MkW0 vfuy tks”kh dgrs gS fd cnzhukFk vkSj dsnkjukFk tSls rhFkZ LFkkuksa esa pkSykbZ vkSj dn~nwdk izlkn p<k;k tk;sa tSlk fd tEew ds dVjk es eDds ds yM~Mw cuk;s tkrs gS vkSj p<k;s tkrs gS D;ksfd bldh [ksrh ;gkalokZf/kd gksrh gSA vdsys ij[ky xkao dh lykuk vk; 40 yk[k :0 gSA17

bl izdkj LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj vFkZO;LFkk dks c<k;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj iyk;u dh leL;k dk laHkkforfodYi ;s cu ldrk gSA fodkl ds vfu;ksftr ekWMy o mPp fgeky;h {ks=ksa esa yxkrkj c<rh ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa dks fu;af=rdjuk t:jh gSA igkM esa lekIr gks pqds jkstxkj dks u, fljs ls LFkkfir djus dh t:jh igy gksuh pkfg,A ty&fo|qrifj;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k o izHkko] voSKkfud lMdksa dk fuekZ.k] vkinkvksa ds ekuoh; dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij oSf”od ifjn`”; esajkT; ij i<us okys izHkko o jkT; dh iquZokl ,oa Ik;kZoj.k uhfr uk dsoy cuk;h tk,sa cfYd mls /kjkry ij ykxw Hkh fd;ktk;sA phu o usiky dh varjkZ’Vªh; lhek ls tqMk gksus ds dkj.k lkefjd n`f’V ls Hkh ;g egRoiw.kZ gSA iyk;u dh fLFkfrHkkjrh; lqj{kk O;oLFkk ds fy, Hkh Hk;kog cu ldrh gSA vr% iyk;u tSlh egRoiw.kZ leL;k ij dsUnz] jkT; o gekjhftEesnkjh egRoiw.kZ gSA ,slh uhfr mRrjk[kaM jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vfrvko”;d gS] vkSj jkT; vfLrRo ds fy, HkhA

lanHkZ xzaFk&lwph1- http://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/node/47984

2- http://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/node/47984

3- http://www.opinionpost.in/uttrakhand-migration-mountain-villagers-helpless/

4- http://www.opinionpost.in/uttrakhand-migration-mountain-villagers-helpless/

5- http://defindia.org/igkMh&bykdksa&esa&fodkl&l@

6- https://uttrakhand.blogspot.com/2016/01/uttrakhand-ki-vimla-devi-pauri-garhwal.html?m=1

7- http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/sangam/blogs/migration-is-a-major-problem-of-uttrakhand-258883

8- http://defindia.org/igkMh&bykdksa&esa&fodkl&l@

9- http://www.thesundaypost.in/sundaypost_article.php?id=514

10- http://www.madhyahimalaya.com/editorial_details.php?id=2

11- /;kuh] jkeizlkn] x<oky fgeky; dh lEkL;k,sa ,oa fu;kstu ] dkys”oj izsl] dksV}kj] i`0&9212- /;kuh] jkeizlkn] x<oky fgeky; dh lEkL;k,sa ,oa fu;kstu ] dkys”oj izsl] dksV}kj] i`0&9313- http://epencephalon10.rssing.com/chan-628066/latest.php

14- https://dharmendrakumarshahi.wordpress.com/tag/lrr&fodkl&dh&laaHkkouk/

15- https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.538440582871874.1073741844.122568751125728&type=3

16- http://iamrawatji.blogspot.in/2016_03_01_archive.html?m=1

17- https://hindi.yourstory.com/read/4caaa21e92/environment-as-well-as-villages-in-the-himalayas-is-trying-

to-save-an-angel




lanhi dqekj





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 100-102

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 100 -

ABSTRACT

rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;k;sa^,d lekt'kkL=h; vè;;u*

orZeku esa vkèkqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k ds }kjk Hkkjr dk lkekftd laxBu ,oa lkekftd <k¡pk cgqr rsth lscny jgk gSA ;g lekt ifjorZu dks viuh èkkfeZd ekU;rkvksa ds dkj.k vkRelkr ugha dj ik jgk gS ftllslekt esa leL;kvksa dk tUe gks jgk gSA ;g leL;k iq#"kksa dh vis{kk fL=k;ksa ds fy, vfèkd gSA efgyk,sa buleL;kvksa ds lkFk viuk thou fuokZg djus ds fy, foo'k gSA fgUnw efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa eqfLye efgykvksadh leL;k vfèkd gS vkSj rykd ds i'pkr~ ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh xEHkhj :i èkkj.k dj ysrh gSA

eqfLye lekt esa rykd vR;Ur ToyUr leL;k gS vkSj ;g leL;k fnuksafnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA D;ksafdeqfLye lekt esa rykd ds i'pkr~ eqfLye efgyk ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk nkf;Ro mlds ifr ij ugha Mkyk tkrkijUrq ,slh fLFkfr esa rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgyk dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k mlds ekrk&firk djrs gSaA ftlls rykd'kqnkeqfLye efgyk dks vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd vkSj euksoSKkfud leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS buleL;kvksa dk lekèkku <w<+us dk iz;kl djuk gksxkA




orZeku esa vkèkqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds dkj.k Hkkjr dk lkekftd laxBu ,oa lkekftd <kapk cgqr dqN cny x;k gSAHkkjrh; lekt esa ifjokj dk laxBu L=h ,oa iq#"k ds leUo; ls jgrk gS ysfdu tc fookg&foPNsn vFkok rykd gks tkrk gSrks og ikfjokfjd fo?kVu dk :i le>k tkrk gSA rykd ;k fookg&foPNsn nksuksa i{kksa ds fy, vR;fèkd dfBukbZ;ka iSnk djnsrk gSA ^vkthou lkFk fuHkkus* ds ladYi ds dkj.k fookg vfo?kVuh; ekuk tkrk Fkk] vc ;g èkkj.kk èkhjs&èkhjs {kh.k gks jghgSA dgkor gS fd tksfM+;ka LoxZ esa curh gSa ysfdu mUgsa fuHkkuk ;gk¡ iM+rk gSA ekStwnk ifjos'k esa tgk¡ ikfjokfjd ftEesnkfj;ksaij O;olkf;d ,oa Hkksx&foyklh izo`fÙk Hkkjh iM+ jgh gSA ogk¡ fookg dks fuHkkuk fnu ij fnu eqf'dy gksrk tk jgk gSA Hkkjr esaU;kf;d rykd ds izpyu dh vk;q vfèkd iqjkuh ugha gSA igys fofèkd :i ls rykd ;kuh fookg&foPNsn 'kCn ;nkdnk ghlquk tkrk Fkk fd ,d iq#"k us nks fookg dj fy;s ;k mlus viuh iRuh dks NksM+ nwljk fookg dj fy;k] ysfdu lEcUèk foPNsnij dkuwuh eqgj yxkdj ;k Lohdkj djuk lquus esa de gh vkrk FkkA tc fookg gksus dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj dkj.k cnys rcfookg foPNsn dh nj Hkh c<+us yxhA vkt Hkkjr dh lHkh fofèkd iz.kkfy;ksa esa fookg&foPNsn ds vfèkdkj dks lfEefyr djfn;k x;k gS] fdUrq dkuwuksa esa fofHkUurk,a ,oa L=h&iq#"kksa dks ysdj vlekurk,a ikbZ tkrh gSaA

fookg&foPNsn ds i'pkr~ L=h rFkk iq#"k nksuksa ds lkekftd] ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd o ekufld Lrj ij izHkko iM+rk gSAfookg dh tks Hkwfedk lkekftd Lrj ij ekuh tkrh gS] rykd ds dkj.k mldh egÙkk lekIr gksrh utj vkrh gSA lkFk ghthou ds oSokfgd Lrj dk egRo o mís'; tks lekt esa tqM+rk gS og Hkh lekIr gksrk gSA lkFk gh euq"; esa dqN ghuHkkouk Hkhfookg ds izfr mRiUu gksrh gSA fookg&foPNsn ds ckn iq#"k ,oa L=h ij ^rykd'kqnk* dk èkCck yx tkrk gS ftlls muesaekufld ruko c<+rk gSA fookg&foPNsn dk izHkko iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa efgykvksa ds thou ij vfèkd iM+rk gSA rykd'kqnk L=hdks lekt esa lEekuiwoZd in izkIr ugha gksrk gS] vkSj L=h dks vlEeku tud ;gk¡ rd fd vuSfrd thou O;rhr djus ds fy,Hkh ckè; fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh iquZfookg ¼nwljs fookg½ esa lkekftd izfr"Bk dks cuk;s j[kuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA rykd gksusds i'pkr~ efgyk dks lkekU; thou O;rhr djus esa dfBukbZ;ka mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA

rykd'kqnk L=h dh xqtkjk HkÙks dh ftEesnkjh ,d rjg ls mlds ek¡&cki ij Mky nh tkrh gSA gekjs lekt eas vkt tgk¡vkSjr dks lEifÙk esa cjkcjh dk vfèkdkj izkIr gS ijUrq ogk¡ ij mls vius ekrk&firk ;k vU; lxs lEcfUèk;ksa ds Åij fuHkZjjguk iM+rk gSA

èkkfeZd vkèkkjksa ij eqfLye lekt esa rykd ds i'pkr~ eqfLye efgyk ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk nkf;Ro mlds ifr ij ugha

vatw oktis;hlgk;d çoDrk]

xxZ ih-th- dkWyst]yDlj] gfj}kj



vatw oktis;h

rykd'k qnk e qfLye efgykvks a dh leL;k;s a^,d lekt'kkL=h; vè;;u*



Mkyk tkrkA ijUrq ,slh fLFkfr esa mlds vius ekrk&firk gh mldk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrs gSaA ftlls eqfLye rykd'kqnk L=h dksvusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA

eqfLye rykd Hkkjrh; lekt eas ,d my>k gqvk fo"k; gSA rykd ds lkFk&lkFk rykd ds i'pkr~ dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ HkheqfLye lekt esa tfVy leL;kvksa dks tUe ns jgh gSaA

eqfLye lekt esa fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr ,oa rykd ds i'pkr~ mudh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa euksoSKkfud leL;k,¡ lekt dslkeus dksbZ fodjky :i ysa bu leL;kvksa dk lekèkku lekt dks <wa<uk gkssxkA

rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa ls lEcfUèkr ^lkfgR; losZ{k.k* fd;k x;k gSAizks- ts-,u- pkSèkjh] oh0 dqIiqLokeh] izks0 nkeys] iQksusLdk ,oa iksFku vkfn ds rykd ls lEcfUèkr dqN 'kksèk xzUFkksa dk

vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA ^vkWiQVj Mk;okslZ* uked iqLrd tks fd fofy;e ts- xqMs }kjk fyf[kr gSA ftlesa vesfjdk lslEcfUèkr rykd dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gS vkSj ftlesa crk;k x;k gS fd rykd ds i'pkr~ efgyk ^Vªksek* ¼VwVu½ eglwl djrhgSA

izks0 ts-,u- pkSèkjh }kjk fyf[kr ^Mk;okslZ bu lkslk;Vh* esa ge ikrs gSa fd ftls ,MtsLVesUV dgrs gSa og ifr&iRuh dseè; dSls vkrk gSA

vè;;u ds mís';· rykd ds i'pkr~ eqfLye efgykvksa ds lkekftd] ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd ,oa euksoSKkfud thou dh leL;kvksa dks tkuukA· eqfLye L=h ds rykd] Hkj.k&iks"k.k] ifr dh lEifÙk esa vfèkdkj] cPpksa ds vfèkdkj ls tqM+h u;s dkuwuh O;oLFkk bl lanHkZ

esa fdruh liQy gks ikbZ gS vkSj muesa fdu lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk gSA· rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqM+h ikfjokfjd] vnkyrksa xSj jktdh; laLFkkvksa ¼ ½ ,oa efgykNGO

laxBuksa dks bl leL;k dks gy djus esa fdruh liQyrk izkIr gqbZA

'kksèk izjpuk %&lkekftd 'kksèk ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] ftlesa lEiw.kZ vè;;u dks O;ofLFkr djuk rFkk mls lgh fn'kk nsus dh vko';drk

gksrh gSA blds fy, ,d O;ofLFkr izk:i dk fuekZ.k djuk vko';d gksrk gS] tks leL;k mís'; ,oa midYiuk ds vuq:i gksAvuqlaèkku izkjEHk djus ls igys blh lUnHkZ esa mldh tks :ijs[kk cukbZ tkrh gS mls 'kksèk izjpuk dgrs gSaA

'kksèk izjpuk eq[;r;k rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS& vUos"k.krkRed] o.kZukRed vFkok funkukRed ,oa iz;ksxkRedAx<+oky e.My dk ;g gfj}kj tuin ftldk {ks=Qy 2360 oxZ fdeh0 rFkk tula[;k 1444213 O;fDr gSa ftlesa iq#"k

773173 rFkk 671040 efgyk;sa gSaA ;gk¡ dk tu?kuRo 612 O;fDr izfr oxZ fdeh0 gS rFkk fyaxkuqikr 865@1000 gSA gfj}kjdh dqy lk{kjrk 64-60 gSA tuin gfj}kj esa 3 rglhy gSaA

fun'kZu dk pquko %fun'kZu fdlh cM+h la[;k dk NksVk izfr:i gSA vè;;u ds fy, ;g vko';d le>k x;k fd rykd'kqnk efgykvksa esa ls

,d bdkbZ ds :i esa bruk cM+k fun'kZu fy;k tk, tks lkaf[;dh :i ls lgh gks vkSj izfrfufèk fun'kZu gksA blds fy, 200mÙkjnkrkvksa dk pquko fd;k tk;sxkA rykd'kqnk 200 eqfLye efgykvksa dks ^Luks ckWfyax rduhdh* (Snow Balling

Technique) ;k ^tky rduhdh* ls mÙkjnkrk ds :i esa ysuk lkaf[;dh n`f"V ls mfpr gSA ;g bl rjg leLr rykd'kqnkeqfLye efgykvksa esa ls 200 efgykvksa dks vè;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSA

rF;ksa dk ladyu %rF;ksa ds ladyu ds fy, izkFkfed o }Srh;d lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed lkexzh izkIr djus ds fy,

voyksdu] iz'ukoyh vuqlwph ,oa lk{kkRdkj vkfn ekè;eksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA }Srh;d lkexzh dk ladyu iqLrdksa] lEcfUèkrys[kksa] 'kksèk xzUFkksa] i=k&if=dkvksa ds ekè;e ls fd;k x;k gSA

fun'kZu &200 rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfe ds ifjn`'; ds vUrxZr vk;q lajpuk

dh n`f"V ls 15&25 vk;q lewg dh 54 27-0 25&35 vk;q lewg dh 90 45-0 35&45 vk;q lewg dh 36 18-0 45&55( %) ( %) ( %)

vk;q lewg dh 14 7-0 55&65 vk;q lewg dh 06 3-0 dh rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgyk,a lwpuknkrk gSA( %) ( %)

lkekftd leL;k;sabl vè;;u esa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA lk{kkRdkj esa ;g ckrrykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh lkekftd leL;kvksa


lkeus vkbZ fd rykd'kqnk efgykvksa esa lkekftd vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA vkl&iM+kslh o fj'rsnkj efgyk dsckjs esa rjg&rjg dh ckrsa djus yxrs gSa vkSj mls lUnsg dh n`f"V ls ns[kuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA mlds cPpksa dk O;fDrRo fo?kfVrgks tkrk gS vkSj muesa ls dqN cky vijkèkh Hkh cu tkrs gSaA 14-5 efgykvksa us cqjk vkSj 10 us cgqr cqjk O;ogkj ifjtuksa dk% %

muds izfr crk;kA rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dks pkjnhokjh ls ckgj dke djus ij ifjtuksa dks ,rjkt gksrk gSA vfèkdrjeqfLye efgykvksa us crk;k fd rykd ds i'pkr~ mudh lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa izfr"Bk esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS] ?kj esa Hkh mudhfLFkfr ukSdj tSls gks xbZ gS vkSj og vius ,oa cPpksa ds Hkfo"; dks ysdj fpfUrr jgrh gSA

vkfFkZd leL;k,sa%rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dks vius iwoZ ifr ls cgqr de eqvkotk@xqtkjk HkÙkk fey jgk gS mudh la[;k ek=k 64

( %) ( %)32-0 gS] 'ks"k 136 68-0 rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dks vius iwoZ ifr;ksa ls rykd ds i'pkr~ fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZxqtkjk HkÙkk mUgsa o muds cPpksa dks ugha fey jgk gSA dqN efgyk,a ?kjksa esa gh NksVk eksVk dke djds viuk xqtkjk dj jgh gS:f<+okfnr ds dkj.k os ?kj ls ckgj dke djus ds fy, ugha tk ldrh gSa] blfy, mUgsa viuh nSfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dsfy, nwljksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA

euksoSKkfud leL;k;sa %rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgyk mÙkjnkrkvksa ls yEch ckrphr ds ckn ;g rF; lkeus vk;k fd rykd ds i'pkr~ muds

LokLF; ds lkFk vusd ekufld leL;k,a Hkh mRiUu gks xbZ gSaA tSls&fMizs'ku] Lej.k 'kfDr detksj gksuk] vfunzk] ewPNkZ vkukizkjEHk gks x;k gS vkSj mUgsa blds fy, fujUrj nokb;ksa dk lsou djuk iM+rk gSA os Lo;a dks vdsyk eglwl djrh gSA

rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgyk dks rykd ds i'pkr~ ekufld ruko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS og vius dks vkfFkZd :i lsdetksj vkSj lkekftd :i ls vdsyk eglwl djrh gSa rukoxzLr jgus ds dkj.k og ekufld jksxksa dk f'kdkj gks tkrh gSaA

137 69-5 efgyk fMizs'ku dh f'kdkj gks xbZ] 18 ¼9-0 ½ eqfLye efgykvksa esa ekfld èkeZ eas vfu;ferrk ikbZ xbZ] 20( %) %

¼10-0 ½ eqfLye efgyk,a yEch chekjh ¼{k; jksxksa½ ls xzLr ikbZ xbZ] 12 ¼6-0 ½ eqfLye efgykvksa us crk;k fd rykd ds ckn% %

mudh Lej.k'kfDr detksj gks xbZ og oLrqvksa dks j[kus ds ckn Hkwy tkrh gSa] ogha 10 ¼5-0 ½ uhan u vkus dh leL;k ls%

ijs'kku gS& 3 ¼1-5 ½ rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dks ewPNkZ vkuk fexhZ@pDdj vkuk tSls ekufld jksxksa dk f'kdkj gq;haA%

rykd ds i'pkr~ mUgsa bu chekfj;ksa us ?ksj fy;k ftlls mudk LokLF; Hkh fxjus yxkA

fu"d"kZ· ^^rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa ds rykd ds dkj.k muds thou dh leL;kvksa esa lhèkk lEcUèk ik;k tkrk gSA· bLykeh 'kjh;r ds fu;eksa us rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh lkekftd leL;kvksa dks c<+k fn;k gSA· eqfLye lekt esa rykd dh ljy O;oLFkk gksus ds dkj.k eqfLye rykd'kqnk fL=;ksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+h gSA· rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgykvksa dh mez vkSj cPpksa dh la[;k ftruh vfèkd gksxh mudh leL;k;sa Hkh vfèkd gksxhA

lUnHkZ&lwph1- vgen] bfEr;kt ¼1985½ % QSfeyh fduf'ki ,.M eSfjt vesZx eqfLye bu bafM;k] euksgj ifCyds'ku] U;w nsgyh2- pkSèkjh] ts-,u- ¼1988½ % fMokslZ bu bafM;u lkslkbVh % , lksf'k;ksykWftdy LVMh vkWiQ eSfjt fMlfØI'ku ,.M jksy

,MtLVesaV] fizUVosy ifCyds'kUl@:ik cqd t;iqj3- eqgEen vgen [kk¡ cuke 'kkgckuks csxe] fØfeuy vihy ua- 103@1981] fu.kZ; 23-4-1985 lqizhe dksVZ] fØfeuy yk

tujy ¼1985½ i`- 875&8864- ekSnwnh] ekSykuk vrqy vkyk % ^inkZ* ¼mnwZ½] vaxzsth vuqokn ^^inkZ ,.M n LVsVl vkWiQ owesu bu bLyke** }kjk vy valkjh]

eksfgr ifCyds'kUl] U;w nsgyh ¼izFke Hkkjrh; iqueqZnz.k 1999½5- dqjku ,oa gnhl % nSfud laLdj.k fgUnh esa miyCèk] Vhdk O;k[;k lfgr6- vUlkjh eksgEen ;qlqiQ % eqfLye fofèk ls fookg esa ukjh dh izfLFkfr 259I

7- [kku vCnqy vtht % eqfLye lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr y?kq 'kksèk izcUèk] i`- 22



vatw oktis;hInternational Refereed & Blind Peer-Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal

rykd'k qnk e qfLye efgykvks a dh leL;k;s a^,d lekt'kkL=h; vè;;u*



Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 103 - 106

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 103 -

ABSTRACT

vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; dk l’kfDrdj.k % ,d lektoSKkfud v/;;u

lkekU;r% mu tkfr;ksa dks vuqlwfpr ekuk tkrk gS tks ?k`f.kr is”kksa ds }kjk viuh thfodk vftZr djrh gSaAbUgha dkj.kksa ls bUgsa vLi`”; Hkh dgk x;kA bl leqnk; ds O;fDr;ksa dks ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk x;kvkSj fuEure Lrj dk thou O;rhr djus ds fy;s ck/; fd;k x;kA rFkkdfFkr nfyrksa dh fot; ls vius i{k esavkdzked tkrh; jktuhfr dk mn; gksrk gS rks tula[;k ds tkrh; vk/kkj ij /kzqohdj.k dh laHkkouk ls bUdkjugha fd;k tk ldrkA nfyrksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds nkoksa dh ?kVuk ls mRd`’Vrk ds neu dk jkLrk ugha [kqyukpkfg,] blls bl leqnk; ds yksxksa ds lgh fodkl dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksuk pkfg,A lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frdfodkl ls jfgr jktuhfrd lÙkk dh izkfIr ls fud`’Vre izdkj dh rkuk”kkgh dks tUe fey ldrk gSA ;gvko”;d gS fd lÙkk/kkjh bu viw.kZ dk;ksZa dks iwjk djus dh vksj /;ku nsa rHkh nfyrksa ds mRFkku vFkok vH;qn;dks ,d LFkk;h okLrfodrk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA




fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dk leqfpr fodkl rFkk ml jk’Vª esa lkekftd U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk] rc lQy gks ldrh gSA tc lekt dsoafpr rcdksa dks lekt dh eq[;/kkjk esa “kkfey fd;k tk;A vktknh ds ckn loZizFke gekjs d.kZ/kkjksa us vius lekt esa ekStwnblh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd foHkktu dh [kkbZ dks ikVus dh igy dh rFkk oafpr oxksaZ dks lekt esalekurk ds lkFk thus dk vf/kdkj feys blds fy, lafo/kkfud lfgr dbZ vge izko/kku fd;s x;s] ftlls fd ;g leqnk; HkhLo;a dks l”kDÙk djus ds fy, tkx:d gks vkSj lekt dh eq[;/kkjk esa “kkfey gks tk;sA

lkekU;r% mu tkfr;ksa dks vuqlwfpr ekuk tkrk gS tks ?k`f.kr is”kksa ds }kjk viuh thfodk vftZr djrh gSaA bUgha dkj.kksals bUgsa vLi`”; Hkh dgk x;kA vLi`”;rk dk lEcU/k ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk dh /kkj.kk ls gSA fgUnw lekt esa dqN dk;ksZa dksifo= rFkk dqN dks vifo= le>k tkrk jgk gSA euq’; ;k i”kq&i{kh ds “kjhj ls fudys gq, inkFkZ dks vifo= ekuk x;k gSA,slh n”kk esa bu inkFkkZsa ls lEcfU/kr O;olk;ksa dks vifo= le>k x;kA vr% ,sls O;olk; djus okys yksxksa dks vLi`”; dgkx;kA ijUrq vLi`”;rk ds fu/kkZj.k dk ;g loZekU; vk/kkj ugha gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd vuwlqfpr tkfr;ksa esa ,slh Hkhtkfr;ka gSA tks ?k`f.kr O;olk;ksa esa yxh gqbZ ugha gSa ijUrq fQj Hkh mUgas ijEijkxr :i esa vLi`”; ekuk tkrk gSA

oLrqr% Hkkjrh; lekt esa bl leqnk; ds O;fDr;ksa dks ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk x;k vkSj fuEure Lrj dk thouO;rhr djus ds fy;s ck/; fd;k x;kA gekjh lkekftd O;oLFkk bu yksxksa ij /kkfeZd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrdfu;ksZX;rk,a ykn nha ftlds dkj.k bu yksxksa dks thou dh lc izdkj dh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr jguk iM+kA ekuo&ekuo dschp HksnHkko vkSj Åap&uhp dh fdruh Åaph nhokj [kM+h dh tk ldrh gS bldk Toyar mnkgj.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa NwvkNwrds :i esa Li’Vr% ns[kus dks feyrk gSA nfyrksa& “kksf’krksa dk lSdM+kas&gtkjksa o’kksZa rd “kks’k.k gksrk jgk vkSj bUgsa lkekftd U;k;ls oafpr j[kk x;kA fu%lnsg Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk esa nfyrksa&”kksf’krksa ij yknh xbZ fu;ksZX;rk,a gh mudh izeq[kleL;k,a gSaA Le`fr;ksa] iqjk.kksa rFkk /keZxzUFkksa esa “kksf’krksa&ihfM+rksa ;k nfyrksa dh fu;ksZX;rkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA bufu;kZsX;rkvksa ds dkj.k gh bl leqnk; ds izfr vusd dqjhfr;ka vfLrRo esa vkbZa ftUgksus nfyrksa dh fLFkfr dks n;uh; cukfn;kA ;g nkSj mUgsa otZukvksa esa dSn djus dk FkkA mUgsa ?kj dh nsgjh ds Hkhrj dj fn;k x;kA Qyr% f”k{kk lfgr thou dsvU; {ks=ksa esa og mYys[kuh; izxfr ugha dj ik;sA oä xqtj tkrk gS] exj oä ds ?kko ugha Hkjrs gSaA

fczfV”kdky ds nkSjku Hkh budh fLFkfr es lq/kkj ugha vk;kA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd vaxzstksa dk edln Hkkjr esagqdwer djuk Fkk] u fd lekt esa lq/kkj ykuk vFkok nfyrksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur”khy cukukA ;g lp gS fd Lok/khurkvkanksyu ds nkSjku bl leqnk; esa ,d ubZ psruk vkbZ vkSj leqnk; ds dqN yksxksa us vius Åij yxh fu;ksZX;rkvksa dh nsgyhtdks yka?kk] fdarq bl oxZ esa eq[;r% ogh yksx Fks ftudh ikfjokfjd i`’BHkwfe ;k rks dqN mUur Fkh] vFkok ftUgsa Lok/khurk

uezrk oekZ]izoDrk lekt”kkL=]

lkjukFk cksf/klRo egkfo|ky;]okjk.klh] m0iz0



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vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; dk l’kfDrdj.k %,d lektoSKkfud v/;;u



vkanksyu ds usrkvksa o lekt lq/kkjdksa dk lkfu/; izkIr FkkA bl leqnk; dk ,d cM+k oxZ vHkh Hkh misf{kr gh Fkk vkSj mldhfLFkfr esa dksbZ fo”ks’k lq/kkj ugha gqvk FkkA

lu~ 1935 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us vLi`”; tkfr;ksa dks dqN lqfo/kk,s nsus ds fy;s ,d vuqlwph rS;kj dh ftuesa yxHkx 429tkfr;ka vkbZ vkSj ftuesa yxHkx 5&6 djksM+ yksx vkrs gSA bl izdkj bu tkfr;ksa dks lwph esa lfEefyr fd;s tkus ds dkj.k ;stkfr;ka vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka dgykus yxhaA

orZeku Ifjn`”; esa vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; dh gdhdr D;k gSA ;g tkuus ds fy, bl leqnk; dk ,d lektoSKkfudfo”ys’k.k vko”;d gSA dgus dks rks fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds fuekZ.k esa mlds lHkh ukxfjdksa dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA vkSj ;gHkwfedk os izHkkoh <+x ls rHkh fuHkk ldrs gSa tc mUgsa Hkh lekt esa cjkcjh dk ntkZ izkIr gks vkSj rc os bl Hkwfedk dks fuHkkus esl”kDä gksaxsaA ,d mUur lekt ,oa izxfr”khy jk’Vª ds fuekZ.k ds fy, gh vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; ds l”kfädj.k dhvko”;drk eglwl dh xbZA bl leqnk; ds l”kfädj.k dks ge lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd vlekurkvksa ls iSnk gqbZleL;kvksa ,oa fjfDfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds izHkkoh mik; ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa esa og lekt o jk’Vª dsizfr vius vonku ls viuh mikns;rk dks lqfuf”pr dj jgk gS rFkkfi vkt Hkh og fofHkUu Lrjksa ij HksnHkko vkSj vlekurkdk f”kdkj gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ns”k dh vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds uofuekZ.k gsrq bl leqnk; ds l”kfädj.k dh vko”;drkiM+hA

tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij l’kfDrdj.k %Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e&1935 esa loZizFke *vuqlwfpr tkfr* “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk tcfd lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn

341 eas ^vuqlwfpr tkfr* “kCn dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSaA ;g ,d fo’ke tkrh; lewg gS] ftlesa 542 tkrh; lewg gS] vkfFkZd,oa lkekftd izfr’Bk dh n`f’V ls ;s yxHkx ,d tSlh gSaA buesa 81-28 izfr”kr yksx xkWaoksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj mudk izeq[k vk;L=ksr d`f’k gSA Lora=rk ds le; ns”k eas vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh la[;k 5-17 djksM+ Fkh] tks c<+dj 1981 esa 10-47 djksM+ FkhAizfr”kr dh n`f’V ls 1991 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;kWa 16-48 izfr”kr Fkh] tks 1981 dh rqyuk esa 32-0 izfr”kr vf/kd FkhA 2001 esavuqlwfpr tkfr;kW 16-2 izfr”kr Fkh] tks 1991 dh rqyuk esa 20-54 izfr”kr vf/kd FkhA 2011 ds vafre tux.kuk fjiksVZ dsvuqlkj ns”k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 20]13]78]086 ¼20-137 djksM+½ gS] vkt ns”k dh dqy vkcknh esa vuqlwfprtkfr;ksa dh la[;k djhc 16-6 izfr”kr gSA bUgha vk/kkjksa ij bl leqnk; dk Hkkjr esa fuokZpu es Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, iathdj.k]ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,a ,oa ljdkj }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh NwV dks izkIr djus gsrw vk/kkj la[;k] Hkkjr ds foÙkh; lekos”ku esaHkkxhnkjh ,oa ljdkjh vuqnkuksa dks izkIr djus gsrw cSadksa esa [kkrk] [kk|ku vf/kdkj ds rgr jk”ku dkMksZa dk forj.k bR;kfn,slh dbZ ewyHkwr lqfo/kk;sa gS tks ljdkj bl leqnk; gsrw bldh tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA

f’k{kk ds vk/kkj ij l’kfDrdj.k %· vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, eSfVªdksÙkj Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk %

bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; eSfVªdksÙkj ;k ek/;fedksÙkj Lrj ij i<+us okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, foÙkh;lgk;rk iznku djuk gS] rkfd os viuh f”k{kk iwjh dj ldsaA

· lQkbZ rFkk LokLF; dh n`f’V ls tksf[ke okys O;olk;ksa esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa ds cPpksa ds fy, eSfVªdiwoZ Nk=o`fÙk %bl ;kstuk ds rgr foÙkh; lgk;rk fuEufyf[kr y{; lewgksa vFkkZr~ ¼1½ “kq'd “kkSpky;ksaa ds Ldsosatj ¼2½ VSulZ ¼3½

¶ys;lZ rFkk ¼4½ dwM+k chuus okyksa ds cPpksa ds fy, eSfVªdiwoZ f”k{kk ds fy, iznku dh tkrh gSA· d{kk vkSj esa v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, eSfVªd&iwoZ Nk=o`fÙk %IX X

bl ;kstuk ds rgrk oha vkSj oha d{kkvksa esa i<+us okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds ekrk&firk dks f”k{kk ds fy,IX X

lgk;rk nsuk rkfd chp esa gh i<+kbZ NksM+us fo”ks’kdj izkFkfed ls ek/;fed Lrj ds chp gksus okyh bl ?kVuk dks de ls defd;k tk lds] vkSj eSfVªd iwoZ Lrj ds oha vkSj oha d{kk ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks csgrj cukuk rkfd osIX X

csgrj dj ldsa vkSj f”k{kk ds eSfVªdksÙkj Lrj ij vkxs c<+us ds volj dks c<+k;k tk ldsA· vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, jk’Vªh; Qsyksf”ki %

bl ;kstuk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, vuqla/kku v/;;u ftlds QyLo:i ,efQy] ih,pMh rFkkfo”ofo|ky;ksa] vuqla/kku laLFkkvksa rFkk oSKkfud laLFkkvksa esa led{k vuqla/kku mikf/k gkfly dh tk lds] ds fy, foÙkh;lgk;rk iznku djus dh O;oLFkk gSA

· vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, jk’Vªh; vksojlht %bl ;kstuk esa jk’Vªh; vksojlht Nk=o`fÙk ls vfHkizsr mu pqfuank vuqlwfpr tkfr] foeqDä] ?kqeUrw] v)Z?kqeUrw

tutkfr;ksa] Hkwfeghu d`f’k Jkfedksa vkSj ikjaifjd nLrdkjksa ds Nk=ksa dks v/;;u ds fof”k’V {ks=ksa esa fons”k esa LukrdksÙkj vkSj


ih,Mh dk;Zdzeksa ds fy, lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA· ckcw txthou jke Nk=kokl ;kstuk %

bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; fefMy Ldwyksa] mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk fo”ofo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujÙkvuqlwfpr tkfr ds ckyd vkSj ckfydkvksa ds fy, Nk=kokl lqfo/kk,a eqgS;k djkuk gSA

· vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fy, fu%”kqYd dksfpax %bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] deZpkjh p;u vk;ksx] jsyos HkrhZ cksMksaZ rFkk jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa] }kjklapkfyr lewg d vkSj [k dh ijh{kkvksa ds fy,] cSadksa chek daifu;ksa rFkk lkoZtfud {ks= midzeksa }kjk lapkfyr vkfQljxzsM ijh{kkvksa] bathfu;jh] esfMdy] rFkk O;kolkf;d ikB~;dzeksa esa izos”k gsrq izeq[k izos”k ijh{kkvksa ds fy, xq.koÙkk iw.kZdksfpax iznku djukA

· vuqlwfpr tkfr Nk=ksa ds Nk=ksa ds fy, *mRd`’V f”k{kk* dh Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk %bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; vuqlwfpr tkfr Nk=ksa esa 12oha d{kk ds vkxs v/;;u djus ds fy, iw.kZ foÙkh; lgk;rk nsdjf”k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

lkekftd laj{k.k ds vk/kkj ij l’kfDrdj.k %· flfoy vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1955

Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 17 ds vuqlj.k esa] vLi`”;rk ¼vijk/k½ vf/kfu;e] 1955 vf/kfu;fer fd;k x;k Fkk vkSjbls 8-5-1955 dks vf/klwfpr fd;k x;kA blesa la”kks/ku djds o’kZ 1976 esa bldk uke cnydj **flfoy vf/kdkj laj{k.kvf/kfu;e] 1955** j[k fn;k x;kA blesa vLi`”;rk dh izFkk ds laca/k esa naM ds izko/kku gSaA

· vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989] fnukad 30-1-1990 ls izHkkoh gqvkA blfo/kk;u dk iz;kstu vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo:) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa lsbrj O;fDr;ksa }kjk vijk/kksa ds d`R; dks jksduk] ,sls vijk/kksa ds fopkj.k ds fy,] fo”ks’k U;k;y;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk vkSjvR;kpkj ihfM+rksa dks jkgr ,oa iquokZl iznku djuk gSA

laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds }kjk l’kfDrdj.k %Ø vuqPNsn 15& /keZ] ewyoa”k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUe&LFkku ds vk/kkj ij foHksn dk izfr'ks/k AØ vuqPNsn 16& yksd fu;kstu ds fo’k; ij volj dh lerkAØ vuqPNsn 17& vLi`”;rk dk varAØ vuqPNsn 46& vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr vkSj vU; nqcZy oxksaZ ds f”k{kk vkSj vFkZ lac/kh fgrksa dh vfHko`f)AØ vuqPNsn 51d¼M+½& ¼ewy dÙkZO;½ Hkkjr ds lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djsa tks /keZ]

Hkk’kk vkSj izns”k ;k oxZ ij vk/kkfjr lHkh HksnHkko ls ijs gks] ,slh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djs tks fL=;ksa ds lEeku ds fo:) gSAØ vuqPNsn 243?k- & LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k

¼1½ izR;sd iapk;r essa &¼d½ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr jgsaxsA

Ø vuqPNsn 243 u- & LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.kizR;sd uxjikfydkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr jgsaxsA

Ø vuqPNsn 330& yksd lHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k ds ckjs esa fo”ks’kmica/kA

Ø vuqPNsn 332& jkT;ksa dh fo/kku lHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k dsckjs esa fo”ks’k mica/kA

Ø vuqPNsn 334& LFkkuksa ds vkj{k.k vkSj fo”ks’k izfrfuf/kRo dk 60 o’kZ ds i”pkr~ u jgukAØ vuqPNsn 335& lsokvksa vkSj inks ads fy, vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds nkos ds ckjs esa fo”ks’k mica/kAØ vuqPNsn 338& jk’Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk ,oa dÙkZO;ksa ds ckjs esa mica/kA



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vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij l’kDähdj.k %· vuqlwfpr tkfr mi&;kstuk ¼,llh,lih½ ds fy, fo”ks’k dsanzh; lgk;rk ¼,llh,½ %

,d dsanzh; {ks= dh Ldhe gS ftls 1980 esa vkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk ftlds rgr jkT;ksa@la?k jkT; {ks=ksa ds fy, mudhvuqlwfpr tkfr mi&;kstuk ds ;kstd ds :i esa 100 izfr”kr vuwnku fn;k tkrk gSA blesa eq[; tksj Lo fu;kstu ;kizf”k{k.k ds tfj, mUgsa xjhch js[kk ls Åij ykus ds fy, vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ij gSA

· jk’Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr foÙk ,oa fodkl fuxe ¼,u,l,QMhlh½ %,u,l,QMhlh dk izeq[k mn~ns”; nksgjh xjhch js[kk ls uhps jg jgs lHkh vuqlwfpr tkfr ifjokjksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl dsfy, ¼bl le; 98]000 :i;s izfr o'kZ xzkeh.k {ks= ds fy, rFkk 1]20]000 :i;s izfr o'kZ “kgjh {ks= ds fy,½ mUgsa fj;k;rh_.kksa ds :i esa foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djuk gS vkSj yf{kr lewg ds ;qodksa dks dkS”ky izf”k{k.k iznku djuk gS A

vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; dks l”kDä djus gsrq fd;s x;s lHkh iz;kl dh lkFkZdrk rHkh fl) gks ldrh gS tc gekjk lektviuh ladh.kZ ekufldrk esa ifjoZru yk;s vkSj tkfr] /keZ] fyax] ds vk/kkj “kks’k.k djuk can djsaA vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk;ds l”kDähdj.k gsrq “kklu Lrj ij fu.kZ; fu’i{k :i ls fy, tkus pkfg,] tkrh; fcUnw fof/k ds “kklu ,oa lHkh ds fy, U;k;ds fl)kUrksa ds v/khu jguk pkfg,A ;fn rFkkdfFkr nfyrksa dh fot; ls vius i{k esa vkdzked tkrh; jktuhfr dk mn;gksrk gS rks tula[;k ds tkrh; vk/kkj ij /kzqohdj.k dh laHkkouk ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA nfyrksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds nkoksadh ?kVuk ls mRd`’Vrk ds neu dk jkLrk ugha [kqyuk pkfg,] blls bl leqnk; ds yksxksa ds lgh fodkl dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksukpkfg,A lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkl ls jfgr jktuhfrd lÙkk dh izkfIr ls fud`’Vre izdkj dh rkuk”kkgh dks tUe feyldrk gSA blfy, ;g vko”;d gS fd lÙkk/kkjh bu viw.kZ dk;ksZa dks iwjk djus dh vksj /;ku nsa rHkh nfyrksa ds mRFkku vFkokvH;qn; dks ,d LFkk;h okLrfodrk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

lUnHkZ lwwph &1- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 20112- mik/;k; t; t; jke] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] bykgkckn] lsUVªy ykW ,tsUlh] 20113- ijekj rkjk ]vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fgrksa ds fy, MkW0 vEcsMdj dh Hkwfedk] t;iqj] ifCyds”ku Ldhe] 19994- flag lanhi ]Hkkjr esa nfyr vkUnksyu] t;iqj] bf”kdk ifCyf”kax gkml] 20135- lkekftd ,oa vf/kdkfjrk foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj] vuqlwfpr tkfr dY;k.k ;kstuk,a



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Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 107 - 113

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 107 -

ABSTRACT

mRrjk[k.M ds ifjizs{; esa ekr`Ro e`R;q Lrj dkfo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u ¼15&49 o"kZ½

WHO ds ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa izfr o"kZ 5]29]000 efgyk,a izlo ds nkSjku gksusokyh ijs'kkfu;ksa ds dkj.k e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA lc&lgkju vÝhdk esa izR;sd pkj esa ls ,d efgyk e`R;qdks izkIr gks tkrh gS] tcfd fodflr ns'kksa esa izR;sd 4]000 esa ls ,d efgyk e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA fo'o esa5 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds 20-0 izfr'kr cPps flQZ blfy, dqiks"k.k ;k vLoLFkrk ls xzLr gS D;ksafd muds tUe nsusokyh ekrk gh 'kkjhfjd :i ls vLoLF; rFkk dqiksf"kr gksrh gSA nf{k.kh ,f'k;k esa izfro"kZ yxHkx 1]99]000ekr`Ro e`R;q gks tkrh gS vkSj ftldk dqy 74-0 izfr'kr flQZ Hkkjr esa gksrh gSA “Save the Children” }kjk fo'odh ekrkvksa dh fLFkfr ij rS;kj dh x;h fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dks nqfu;k ds 80 de fodflr ns'kksa esa 76okWLFkku feyk gSA bl ekeys esa Hkkjr dbZ vÝhdh ns'kksa ls ihNs gS] lkFk gh Hkkjr esa izfr 140 efgyk esa ls 1 eghykdks izlo ds le; ejus dk tksf[ke jgrk gSA

% xHkkZoLFkk] eke`Ro o e`R;qnj ¼mÙkjk[k.M jkT; ds lUnHkZ esa½Adh&oMZ




l`f"V esa ftldk tUe gqvk gS] mldh e`R;q Hkh fuf'pr gSA e`R;q ,d vuSfPNd lR; gS] bl rjg tSfodh; n`f"V ls e`R;qdk vk'k; ml 'kjhj dh u'ojrk ls gS ftldk thfor tUe gqvk Fkk ;fn e`R;q nh?kkZ;q ds mijkUr gksrh gS rks LokHkkfod izrhrgksrh gSA ijUrq ;fn ;g le; ls iwoZ gksrh gS rks blds dbZ dkj.k gksrs gSa] tSls& chekjh] nq?kZVuk ;k lkekU; LokLF; Lrj esaâkl vkfnA blh lUnHkZ esa orZeku le; esa jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij ekr`Ro e`R;qnj ,d xaHkhj fo"k; dk :i/kkj.k dj pqdk gSA fiNys vusd n'kdksa ls dsoy mudh iztuurk lEcU/kh rF;ksa ij gh /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k x;k Fkk ftldsvUrxZr efgyk LokLF; ds lEcU/k esa cgqr gh fleVh gq;h /kkj.kk,a fo|eku gks x;h FkhA ekrkvksa ds LokLF; dk lEcU/k f'k'kq dsLokLF; esa lq/kkj ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gS vkSj vkt ;g rF; Hkh Li"V gks pqdk gS fd LoLF; ekrk gh LoLF; f'k'kq dh tuuh gksrhgS vkSj LoLF; f'k'kq gh Hkfo"; esa ns'k dk ukxfjd cu dj ns'k dh ckxMksj laHkky ldrs gSaA blfy, uhfr fu;kstdksa rFkkfu/kkZjdksa }kjk ekr`Ro LokLF; dh vksj csgrj iz;kl djuk vko';d gks x;k Fkk] D;ksafd Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esaizR;sd euq"; pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr /keZ dk gks] L=h gks ;k iq:"k gks] csgrj LokLF; izR;sd euq"; dk vf/kdkj gSA fQj ;gkaL=h rFkk iq:"k ds LokLF; ds fy, brus HksnHkko dSls LFkkfir gq, gSa ftuesa fL=;ksa ds LokLF; ds izfr ykijokgh Li"V :i ls>ydus yxhA vusd uhfr;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k ds ckotwn Hkh muds LokLF; rFkk mudh e`R;q nj dks fu;fU=r ugha fd;k tk ldrkgSA Þekr`Ro e`R;qnj ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;fn fdlh efgyk dh e`R;q xHkkZoLFkk esa ;k xHkkZoLFkk ds ckn 42 fnu vFkkZr N% g¶rksads vUnj gks tkrh gS vkSj e`R;q dk dkj.k xHkkZoLFkk ;k fQj cPps ds tUe ls tqM+k gks] nq?kZVuk ;k ?kVuk vkfn ds dkj.k u gqvkgks] ekr`Ro e`R;q dgykrh gSßA ekr`Ro e`R;q dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS] izR;{k&vojks/kd] ftlds vUrxZr xHkkZoLFkklEcU/kh leL;k,sa] xyr mipkj] laØe.k rFkk vU; izlo lEcU/kh leL;k;sa] rFkk nwljh vizR;{k&vojks/kd] esa tSls igys lsfdlh chekjh ls xzLr gksus ij xHkkZoLFkk ;k izlo ds le; e`R;qA ekr`Ro e`R;q ds lEcU/k esa ;g Hkh rF; egRoiw.kZ gS fd tgka ijekr`Ro e`R;qnj vf/kd ik;h tkrh gS] ogka f'k'kq e`R;qnj Hkh vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ekr`Ro e`R;q ds lgh dkj.kksa dks Kkrdjus ds ckn gh mudks izR;{k rFkk ijks{k :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ges'kk gh lgh dkj.kksa dk Kkr gks ikukvlEHko gksrk gSA [kklrkSj ij ,slh ijs'kkuh rc vf/kd mRiUu gksrh gS tcfd izlwfr dk;Z ?kj ij gh djk;k tkrk gS u fdLokLF; dsUnzksa esaA ekr`Ro e`R;q dh /kkj.kk ls tqM+k dksbZ Hkh dkj.k gks] mls ds vUrxZr gh fy;k tkrk gS] bl /kkj.kk dsICD-10

vuqlkj xHkkZoLFkk esa gqbZ eqR;q dks ÞxHkkZoLFkk lEcU/kh e`R;qß ds vUrxZr gh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] pkgs og e`R;q nq?kZVuk ;k?kVuk ls tqM+h gqbZ gksA vU; oSdfYid ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vuqlkj] ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd xHkkZoLFkk ls tqM+h e`R;q dh eki fuf'pr

euksjek 'kekZizoDrk ¼LofoRr iksf"kr½

ch0,l0,e0 ih0th0 dkWyst]:M+dh ¼gfj}kj½



euksjek ‘kekZ

mRrjk[k.M ds ifjiz s{; es a ekr`Ro e`R;q Lrj dkfo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u ¼15&49 o"k Z½



Hkh ugha gksrh gS] D;ksafd mldk dksbZ esfMdy lfVZfQdsV~ Hkh ugha gksrk gS fd okLro esa e`R;q dk dkj.k D;k gS] vkSj dkSu lh e`R;qds vUrxZr ;g e`R;q vkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ekr`Ro e`R;q ds losZs ds nkSjku ;fn fdlh efgyk dh e`R;q gks pqdh gks rksvf/kdrj mls ekr`Ro e`R;q dh Js.kh esa gh crk;k tkrk gSA xHkkZoLFkk ds le; dh ijs'kkfu;ka gksa] izlwfr ds le; dh gksa ;k fQjmlds 42 fnu ds ckn dk le; gks] vk/kqfud] mPp Lrjh; ,oa uohu VSDuksykWth gksus ds ckotwn Hkh ekrkvksa dh e`R;q dks Vkykugha tk jgk gSA

Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa ;g {kksHkuh; O;aX; ,oa dVk{k gS fd ;gka ij efgykvksa dks nsoh dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gS] mudk iwtufd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq tc ckr efgykvksa ds LokLF; ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gS] rc mUgha efgykvksa dks njfdukj dj fn;k tkrk gSAekr`Ro izkIr djus dh laosnu'khy ifjfLFkfr esa mu ij FkksM+k Hkh /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k osa thou Hkj ds fy, ;krks vLoLFkrk dk f'kdkj jgrh gS ;k fQj rM+irs gq;s e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrh gS] vkSj blh otg ls Hkkjr esa izR;sd o"kZ yxHkx1 yk[k efgykvksa dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA o"kZ 2004 esa oSf'od :i ls Hkkjr esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj ,oa f'k'kq e`R;qnj dk Lrj lclsvf/kd vkadk x;k Fkk] tcfd vU; {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr yxkrkj fodkl ds iFk ij rhoz xfr ls fØ;k'khy FkkA ekr`Ro e`R;qnj og gSftldh x.kuk esa lUrkuksRiknu vk;q oxZ vFkkZr~ 15&49 o"kZ ds vk;q oxZ esa f'k'kq tUe vFkok izlo ds dkj.k e`R;q dks izkIr gksusokyh fL=;ksa ds dqy tula[;k ij vuqikr Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dks LokLF; lqj{kk iz.kkyh dk Lrj tkuusds fy, Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekr`Ro e`R;qnj izfr 1]00]000 tUe ij ekrkvksa dh e`R;q dh la[;k gksrh gSA tSls& }kjkUNO

2]000 vkWdM+ksa ij vHkh rd esa izfr 1 yk[k tUe ij 2]000 ekr`Ro e`R;q vkadh xbZ gS tks fd oSf'od Lrj ij vHkhSirra Leona

rd lcls vf/kd gSA nwljs LFkku ij vQxkfuLrku dk uke vkrk gS tgka ekr`Ro e`R;qnj izfr 1 yk[k tUe ij 1]900 gS] tcfdpkM+ esa 1]700 gSA tcfd ,sls Hkh ns'k gSa tgka ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dk Lrj 1 gS] tSls& vk;jySaM vkfnA Hkkjr esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj vusdns'kksa ls fuEu gS] fQj Hkh vesfjdk rFkk baXyS.M tSls ns'kksa ls 300 xq.kk vf/kd gS] ftldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd yxHkx vk/ks lsT;knk fL=;ka izlo dk;Z ?kj ij gh djkrh gS] lkFk gh lqyHk fpfdRlh; lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko Hkh gSA ekr`Ro e`R;qnj esa fo'o esaHkkjr dk Lrj cgqr Åapk gS tgkWa lEiw.kZ fo'o dh ekr`Ro nj dh 1@5 Hkkx e`R;q gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj o"kZ 2001 esaizfr 10]000 izlo ij dqy 301 ekr`Ro e`R;qnj Fkh tks o"kZ 1991 esa dqy 398 Fkh o"kZ 2007&09 vkadMks ds vuqlkj dqy 212e`R;qnj gks x;h Fkh tks ekr`Ro e`R;q Lrj esa vkus okyh fxjkoV dks O;Dr djrh gSA ekr`Ro e`R;qnj vf/kd gksuk Hkh fyax vuqikresa efgykvksa dk iq:"kksa dh vis{kk de gksus dk izeq[k dkj.k gSA ds ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj nf{k.kh ,f'k;k esa izfro"kZWHO

yxHkx 1]99]000 ekr`Ro e`R;q gks tkrh gS vkSj ftldk dqy 74-0 izfr'kr flQZ Hkkjr esa gh gksrh gSAblh Ja`[kyk ds vUrxZr okf"kZd LokLF; fjiksZV o"kZ 2010&11 ds losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh dqy ekr`Ro

e`R;qnj izfr 1]00]000 izlo ij 212 gS ftlesa mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dqy 188 gSA fo'o ds 194 ns'kksa ds vUrxZro"kZ 1990 ls o"kZ 2015 rd ds fuf'pr le; esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dks ,d frgkbZ rd de djus ds fy, pyk;s tk jgs dk;ZØeMDG-5 NRHMds vUrxZr Hkkjr eas jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku }kjk ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dks izR;sd 1]00]000 ij izlo ij 100rd igaqpkus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd 1]000 izlo ij flQZ ,d ekr`Ro e`R;qA nksuksa gh dk;ZØeksa dk dk;Zfodkl ds iFk ij vxzlj rks gS ijUrq cgqr gh /kheh xfr ds lkFk] ftlds dkj.k o"kZ 2017 es Hkh bu y{;ksa dks iwjk dj ikukeqf'dy gS] cfYd bu y{;ksa ds utnhd igqWapuk Hkh vlaHko gSA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dk 41-0 izfr'kr Hkkx eas9-EAG

gh vkadk x;k gSA dqy ekr`Ro e`R;q dh yxHkx 2@3 e`R;q mRrjizns'k] e/;izns'k] fcgkj] >kj[kaM] mMhlk] NRrhlx<+]jktLFkku] mRrjk[k.M rFkk vklke jkT;ksa ds 25 {ks=ksa esa gh tkrh gSA mRrjk[kaaM jkT; jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ftuesa9-EAG

mRrjk[kaM esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj lcls de rFkk vle esa lcls vf/kd gSAWHO ds vuqlkj fodflr ns'kksa esa izfr 20]000 izlo ij ,d ekr`Ro e`R;q dh vk'kadk cuh jgrh gS tcfd

fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa izfr 10 izlo ij ,d ekr`Ro e`R;q fuf'pr gksrh gs ftlesa *Hkkjr* esa izR;sd ,d ?kaVs ds Hkhrj yxHkx 6efgykvksa dh e`R;q xHkkZoLFkk ls ysdj izLko ds 42 fnu ds Hkhrj gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~ 10 feuV esa Hkkjr dks ,d ekr`Ro e`R;q dklkeuk djuk iMrk gSA

ekr`Ro e`R;q tSls nq%[kn ,oa xaHkhj rF; fo'ks"k rkSj ij fu/kZu rFkk xzkeh.k oxZ esa T;knk ek=k esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaD;ksafd ogak tUe rFkk e`R;q ds iathdj.k ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh Hkh ugha gksrh gSA blfy, iathdj.k ds egRo ls osa vufHkK gksrsgSa vkSj vkaWxuokM+h dsUnz ;k LokLF; midsUnz tkdj osa tUe ,oa e`R;q dk iathdj.k djkuk vko';d gh ugha le>rs gSa ftldkj.k e`R;q lEcfU/kr 'kq) ,oa lEiw.kZ vkadMksa dh miyC/krk ugha gks ikrh gS vkSj ;gh eq[; dkj.k mRrjk[k.M esa Hkh O;kid:i ls fo|eku gS D;ksafd mRrjk[k.M jkT; dk yxHkx 80-0 izfr'kr Hkkx xzkeh.k gS] tgka jkstxkj] f'k{kk rFkk ewyHkwr fpfdRlklqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gS] ftuds dkj.ko'k e`R;qnj lEcU/kh vkadM+ksa dk Hkh iw.kZ:i ls vHkko jgrk gSA blhfy, uhfr fu;kstdksa,oa lapkydksa }kjk jkT; ds Lrj ds vkadMksa dks gh tuinh; uhfr;ksa ds lapkyu esas mi;ksx eas yk;k tkrk FkkA jkT;ksa dsEAG


okf"kZd LokLF; losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g r; fd;k x;k fd ekr`Ro e`R;q ds vkadMksa dks jkfT;d Lrj ij izLrqr djus dslkFk&lkFk jkT;ksa ds e.Myksa ds Lrj ij Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tk;sxkA

mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dk fo'ys"k.k ¼15&49 o"kZ½mRrjk[k.M jkT; nks e.Myksa esa caVk gS& x<+oky e.My ,oa dqekWÅ e.MyA okf"kZd LokLF; losZ{k.k o"kZ 2010&11 ds

vuqlkj mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dqy 188 gS] rFkk x<+oky e.My ds vUrxZr dqy 190 ekr`Ro e`R;qnj gS] tcfddqekWÅ e.My ds vUrxZr dqy 183 ekr`Ro e`R;qnj gSA mRrjk[k.M jkT; rFkk mlds e.Myksa ds vUrxZr ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dkLrj oSls rks lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh ekr`Ro e`R;qnj ls dkQh de gS ijUrq ds fu/kkZfjr y{; izfr ,d yk[k izloksa ij 100MDG-5

ekr`Ro e`R;qnj ls cgqr vf/kd gSA mRrjk[kaM jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj vf/kd gksus ds vusd dkj.k fo|ekku gSA tSls mRrjk[k.MjkT; dh yxHkx 80-0 izfr'kr tul[a;k dk xzkeh.k gksuk ml ij vf/kdrj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk ioZrh; {ks= gksuk tgka ewyHkwrlq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk rks vHkko gS dh lkFk gh f'k{kk jkstxkj ,oa fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa ds {ks= esa Hkh vf/kd fiNM+k gqvk gS bldsvykok vusd lkekftd dqjhfr;ka Hkh fo|eku gS] ftuesa efgykvksa dk fiNM+kiu muds ifjokjtu rFkk lekt }kjk ghefgykvksa dks cpiu ls izkIr gksuk vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA okf"kZd LokLF; losZ{k.k o"kZ 2010&11 ds vuqlkj mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa15 o"kZ ls 19 o"kZ dh NksVh vk;q ds e/; esa ekr`Ro Hkkj lgu djus okyh cgqr vf/kd efgyk;sa gS tSls mRrjk[k.M jkT; dsvYeksM+k tuin esa 15 o"kZ ls 19 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp ekr`Ro Hkkj xzg.k djus okyh efgyk,a 33-0 izfr'kr rd fo|eku gS]tcfd mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds gh m/keflag uxj esa tuin esa 15 o"kZ ls 19 o"kZ dh vk;q ds e/; ekr`Ro Hkkj lgu djus okyhefgyk;sa 50-0 izfr'kr rd fo|eku gS mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds ckdh 11 tuinksa esa 33-0 izfr'kr ls ysdj 50-0 izfr'kr ds chp gh,slh efgyk;as fo|eku gS tks 15 ls 19 o"kZ dh ekg ds e/; gh ekr`Ro Hkkj lgu djus ds fygkt ls cgqr NksVh vkSj vifjiDovoLFkk esa gksrh gS blh vk;q esa yMfd;ka u gh rks 'kkjhfjd :i ls vkSj u gh ekufld :i ls iwjh rjg fodflr gks ikrh gS ,slseas vf/kd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk cks> mUgs e`R;q dh vksj Bhd mlh izdkj /kdsyrk gS] tSls dPph feV~Vh dk crZuA ;fn ml crZu dksvkx esa idk;s fcuk gh iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS rks og iz;ksx djus ij tYnh gh [kjkc gks tk;sxk ;k fQj gYdh lh ykijokgh lsfc[kj tk;sxk mlh izdkj ekr`Ro Hkkj mBkus ds fy, Hkh ifjiDo gksuk vko';d gS ftlls og Loa; dks rFkk vius f'k'kq dsthou dks Hkyh Hkkfr laHkky ldsA de vk;q esa fookg] ml ij ekr`Ro Hkkj] bruk gh dkQh ugha dh mu vifjiDo yMfd;ksa dksfpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa ls Hkh nwj dj muds rFkk muds gksus okys f'k'kq ds thou ds lkFk Hkh f[kyokM+ fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd vktHkh mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds ioZrh; ;k eSnkuh nksuks gh izdkj ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa izlo dk;Z dks iw.kZ :i ls izkd`frd dk;Z ekuktkrk gSA tgka vk/kqfud fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugh gS blfy, vkt Hkh yxHkx vk/ks izlo dk;Z ?kjij gh djk;s tkrs gS ftlesa vk/ks ls vf/kd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds vUrZxr gksrs gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh izlo dk;Z ?kj ij gh rFkkiqjkus rkSj&rjhdks ds vuqlkj xkWo dh cqtqxZ vizf'kf{kr nkbZ ds }kjk muds dqN nks pkj dk<+ksa ;k uqL[kksa ds vk/kkj ij lEiUudjk;s tkrs gS tgka lQkbZ o LoPNrk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugh gksrkA tgka ekrk rFkk f'k'kq nksuksa ij gh laØe.k dh ekj bl gnrd cuh jgrh gS fd mUgsa vius thou ls gh gkFk /kksuk iM+rk gs ,slh voLFkkvksa ds mRiUu gksus ds ckn xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fpfdRlklqfo/kk izkIr djus gsrq dne vkxs ugha c<+rs gS] vFkkZr~ ekrkvksa rFkk muds f'k'kqvksa ds izfr ykijokgh Li"V :i ls utj vkrh gSlkFk gh muds thou dk ewY; HkhA

UNICEF ds vuqlkj] Þekrkvksa dk LokLF; ,oa thou] vkSj muds uotkr f'k'kq dk LokLF; ,oa thou ,d nwljs lstqMs+ gksrs gSaA blfy, vusd vojks/kksa ,oa tksf[keksa ds ckotwn Hkh ekrkvksa ds thou dh j{kk djuh pkfg,] tks muds uotkrf'k'kqvksa ds fy, Hkh ykHknk;d gksrh gSßA

ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djus okys eq[; dkjd&

ØekadØekadØekadØekad dkj.kdkj.kdkj.kdkj.k U;wure~U;wure~U;wure~U;wure~ izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'krvf/kdre~vf/kdre~vf/kdre~vf/kdre~izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr

mRrjk[k.MmRrjk[k.MmRrjk[k.MmRrjk[k.MjkT;jkT;jkT;jkT;

1izlo iwoZ de ls de rhu fpfdfRl;ns[kHkky ¼,0,u0lh0½

34-00 fVgjh x<oky 74-8 nsgjknwu 53-00

2izlo iwoZ fVVusl dk ,d izfrj{k.kVhdk yxokuk

6 -4 :nziz;kx 93-1 nsgjknwu 83-6

3xHkkZoLFkk esa vk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dhxksfy;ksa dk lsou

5- 4 :nziz;kx 24- 5 nsgjknwu 14-9

4 lqjf{kr izlo izkIr djus okyh efgyk,a 43-1 fVgjh x<oky 75-8 uSuhrky 57-005 izlo iwoZ iw.kZ fpfdfRl; ns[kHkky 3-7 :nziz;kx 22 -7 nsgjknwu 11-1

lzksr % okf"kZd LokLF; losZ{k.k 2010&11 ds vuqlkj



euksjek ‘kekZ




LokLF; vk/kkfjr ekuo fodkl esa fo"kerkvksa dk HkkSxksfyd oxhZdj.k&mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ de ls de rhu ckj izkIr djus okyh efgyk,a v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.MANC

jkT; esa izlo iwoZ de ls de rhu ckj izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa dks tuinh; Lrj ij rhu oxksZ esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;kANC

gSA ¼ns[ksa ekufp= la0% 5-3-1½fo"kerk dk fuEu Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ de ls de rhu ckj

ANC izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa fuEu Lrj ds vUrxZr uSuhrky ,oa nsgjknwu tuin vkrs gSAfo"kerk dk e/;e~ Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ de ls de rhu ckj

ANC izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa e/;e~ Lrj ds vUrxZr vYeksM+k] peksyh] ckxs'oj] ikSM+h x<+oky] pEikor] fiFkkSjkx<+]m/keflag uxj ,oa gfj}kj tuin vkrs gSA

fo"kerk dk mPp Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ de ls de rhu ckjANC izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa mPp Lrj ds vUrxZr fVgjh x<+oky] mRrjdk'kh ,oa :nziz;kx tuin vkrs gSA

mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa vk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dh xksfy;ka izkIr djus okyh efgyk,a&v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa vk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dh xksfy;ka izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa dks tuinh;

Lrj ij rhu oxksZ esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ¼ns[ksa ekufp= la0% 5-3-2½

fo"kerk dk fuEu Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa vk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dhxksfy;ka izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa fuEu Lrj ds vUrxZr uSuhrky] vYeksM+k ,oa nsgjknwu tuin vkrs gSA

fo"kerk dk e/;e~ Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa mRrjk[k.M jkT; esavk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dh xksfy;ka izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa e/;e~ Lrj ds vUrxZr ckxs'oj] ikSM+h x<+oky] pEikor]fiFkkSjkx<+ ,oa m/keflag uxj tuin vkrs gSA

fo"kerk dk mPp Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa mRrjk[k.M jkT; esavk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dh xksfy;ka izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa mPp Lrj ds vUrxZr fVgjh x<+oky] mRrjdk'kh] gfj}kj]peksyh ,oa :nziz;kx tuin vkrs gSA

mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa fVV~usl VkWDlkbM izfrj{kk Vhdk izkIr djus okyh efgyk,a&v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa fVV~usl VkWDlkbM izfrj{kk Vhdk izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa dks tuinh;



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Lrj ij rhu oxksZ esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ¼ns[ksa ekufp= la0% 5-3-3½fo"kerk dk fuEu Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa fVV~usl VkWDlkbM izfrj{kk

Vhdk izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa fuEu Lrj ds vUrxZr uSuhrky] vYeksM+k] pEikor] ikSM+h x<+oky ,oa nsgjknwu tuin vkrsgSA

fo"kerk dk e/;e~ Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa fVV~usl VkWDlkbM izfrj{kkVhdk izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa e/;e~ Lrj ds vUrxZr ckxs'oj] m/keflag uxj] fiFkkSjkx<] gfj}kj] mRrjdk'kh ,oa tuinvkrs gSA

fo"kerk dk mPp Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa fVV~usl VkWDlkbM izfrj{kkVhdk izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa mPp Lrj ds vUrxZr :nziz;kx ,oa fVgjh x<+oky tuin vkrs gSA

mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa lqjf{kr izlo djkus okyh efgyk,a&v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa lqjf{kr izlo djkus okyh efgykvksa dks tuinh; Lrj ij rhu oxksZ esa iznf'kZr

fd;k x;k gSA ¼ns[ksa ekufp= la0% 5-3-4½fo"kerk dk fuEu Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa lqjf{kr izlo djkus okyh

efgykvksa esa fuEu Lrj ds vUrxZr pEikor] m/keflag uxj] nsgjknwu ,oa uSuhrky tuin vkrs gSAfo"kerk dk e/;e~ Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa lqjf{kr izlo djkus okyh

efgykvksa esa e/;e~ Lrj ds vUrxZr gfj}kj] mRrjdk'kh] peksyh] ikSM+h x<+oky] vYeksM+k ,oa fiFkkSjkx<+ tuin vkrs gSAfo"kerk dk mPp Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa lqjf{kr izlo djkus okyh

efgykvksa esa mPp Lrj ds vUrxZr fVgjh x<+oky] ckxs'oj ,oa :nziz;kx tuin vkrs gSA

mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ iw.kZ fpfdfRl; ns[kHkky izkIr djus okyh efgyk,a&v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ fpfdfRl; ns[kHkky izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa dks tuinh; Lrj ij

rhu oxksZ esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSAfo"kerk dk fuEu Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ iw.kZ fpfdfRl;

ns[kHkky izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esa fuEu Lrj ds vUrxZr vYeksM+k] uSuhrky ,oa nsgjknwu tuin vkrs gSAfo"kerk dk e/;e~ Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ iw.kZ fpfdfRl;



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ns[kHkky izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esaa e/;e~ Lrj ds vUrxZr m/keflag uxj] ikSM+h x<+oky] pEikor] ckxs'oj ,oa gfj}kjtuin vkrs gSA

fo"kerk dk mPp Lrjh; {ks= & v/;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa izlo iwoZ iw.kZ fpfdfRl;ns[kHkky izkIr djus okyh efgykvksa esaa mPp Lrj ds vUrxZr :nziz;kx] peksyh] fVgjh x<+oky ,oa mRrjdk'kh tuin vkrs gSA

fu"d"kZ &izLrqr v/;;u ds vUrxZr ekuo fodkl ds LokLF; lwpd ds :i esa mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;qnj dks fy;k x;k gS

ftldk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad Kkr djus gsrq tuinh; Lrj ij ekr`Ro e`R;qnj ds vkWdMs+a miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k ekr`Roe`R;q ls lEcfU/kr dqN izeq[k dkj.kksa dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gS] tSls& xHkZorh efgyk dks de ls de rhu ckj izlo iwoZfpfdfRl; ijh{k.k] xHkkZoLFkk esa de ls de ,d fVV~usl dk izfrj{kk Vhdk] xHkkZoLFkk esa vk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dh xksfy;ka]lqjf{kr izloA ekr`Ro e`R;q lwpdkad Kkr djus gsrq mijksDr lwpdksa ds vf/kdre~ rFkk U;wure~ ewY;ksa dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;kgSA ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa LokLF; lwpd ekr`Ro e`R;q dk lwpdkad 0-600 gS vkSj tksmRrjk[k.M jkT; ds ekuo fodkl lwpdkad 0-490 ls dqN vf/kd gSA v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ekr`Ro e`R;qnj ds vUrxZrmRrjk[k.M jkT; ds fVgjh x<+oky] gfj}kj] mRrjdk'kh] ikSM+h x<+oky rFkk :nziz;kx vkfn tuinks dh fLFkfr fparktud gSAtgka tkx:drk QSykus ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd :i ls lqn`<+ LokLF; lacU/kh uhfr;ksa ds lapkyu dh vo';drk gSA

izLrqr v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ekr`Ro e`R;q ds vUrxZr o"kZ 2005&06 ,oa o"kZ 2010&11 ds vkWdM+ksa dh rqyukNFHS-3 AHS

djus ij esa] ekr`Ro LokLF; lEcU/kh vfHklwpd tSls izloiwoZ rhu izkIr djuk dqy 44-9 izfr'kr Fkk] tcfdNFHS-3 ANC

AHS NFHS-3o"kZ 2010&11 esa dqy 53-3 izfr'kr gSA o"kZ 2005&06 esa] xHkkZoLFkk esa vk;ju&Qksfyd ,flM dk lsou dqy26-4 izfr'kr Fkk] tcfd o"kZ 2010&11 esa dqy 14-9 izfr'kr gSAAHS

blh izdkj] fVV~usl VkWDlkbM dk izfrj{kk Vhdk izkIr djus esa o"kZ 2005&06 esa dqy 68-5 izfr'kr efgyk,a Fkh]NFHS-3

tcfd o"kZ 2010&11 esa dqy 83-6 izfr'kr efgyk,a 'kkfey gSA ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd] xHkkZoLFkk esa vk;ju&QksfydAHS

,flM dk lsou djus esa yxHkx 11-5 izfr'kr dh deh vk;h gSAoYMZ cSad ¼o"kZ 1994½ ds vuqlkj] Þefgykvksa ds cnrj LokLF; ds dkj.k rFkk ifj.kke dks tkuus ds fy, muds lEiw.kZ

thou pØ dks /;ku esa j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ,sls dkSu&dkSu ls rF; gksrs gSa tks efgykvksadks muds thou esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij fofHkUu izdkj ls leL;k;sa mRiUu djrs gSa] rkfd mu leL;kvksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tkldsÞA

uhfr fu;kstdksa rFkk fu/kkZjdksa ds }kjk bl leL;k dh vksj ;wa rks yxkrkj /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlds



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QyLo:i vusd v/;;u rFkk losZ{k.k izkjEHk fd;s x;s gS vkSj dqiks"k.k ds izeq[k dkj.k dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSANFHS }kjk fd;s x;s losZ{k.kks esa ;g rF; mtkxj fd;k x;k fd dqiks"k.k fdlh ,d dkj.k ls ugha gksrk gS cfYd vusd dkj.kksadk feyk&tqyk ifj.kke gksrk gS vkSj cgqvk;keh leL;kvksa ls f?kj dj gh viuk Hk;adj Lo:i /kkj.k djrk gSA bu leL;kvksaesa dqN izeq[k leL;k;sa gS] tSls& xjhch] Ø;&'kfDr {kerk] LokLF; lqj{kk] iks"k.k ds izfr vKkurk] LokLF; lEcU/kh f'k{kk dkvHkko] efgyk vf'k{kk rFkk lkekftd ifjos'k vkfnA varr% ekuo fodkl dh izfØ;k dks n`f"Vxr j[ks fcuk vkfFkZd fodkl dhladYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd vkfFkZd fodkl dk y{; ,oa lk/ku flQZ euq"; gh gSA vr% ekuo fodkl dhvuns[kh dj vkfFkZd fodkl dh ladYiuk dks ewrZ :i nsuk lEHko ugha gSA ds vuqlkj] oSf'od :i ls Hkkjr dh fLFkfrUNDP

lUrks"ktud ugha gS] ;gka ij ekuo fodkl ds {ks= esa xgurk iwoZd fopkj djus dh vko';drk gSA fo'o esa Hkkjr dk Lrj rHkhÅ¡pk gks ldrk gS tcfd Hkkjr ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa ekuo fodkl dk Lrj Å¡pk gksA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa izfr o"kZ 5]29]000efgyk,a izlo ds nkSjku gksus okyh ijs'kkfu;ksa ds dkj.k e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA lc&lgkju vÝhdk esa izR;sd pkj esa ls ,defgyk e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrh gS] tcfd fodflr ns'kksa esa izR;sd 4]000 esa ls ,d efgyk e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA fo'o esa 5o"kZ ls de vk;q ds 20-0 izfr'kr cPps flQZ blfy, dqiks"k.k ;k vLoLFkrk ls xzLr gS D;ksafd muds tUe nsus okyh ekrk gh'kkjhfjd :i ls vLoLF; rFkk dqiksf"kr gksrh gSA

OgkbV fjcu vyk;al QkWj lsQ enjgqM ds vuqlkj] xHkZ/kkj.k ;k izlo lEcU/kh tfVyrk ds dkj.k izR;sd lkr feuV esa,d Hkkjrh; efgyk ekSr ds eq¡g esa lek tkrh gSA lkFk gh ekr`Ro lEcU/kh tfVyrk ds dkj.k gj lky ejus okyh 5 yk[k lsvf/kd efgykvksa esa ls 78]000 efgyk,a Hkkjrh; gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd bu e`R;q dks izkIr gksus okyh 78]000efgykvksa esa ls dqy 75-0 izfr'kr efgykvksa dks FkksM+s ls iz;kl ls cpk;k Hkh tk ldrk gS] ijUrq 'kk;n thou vkSj e`R;q dk QdZle>us ds fy, vHkh iz;kl gksus ckdh gSA

REFERENCES:� National Family Health Survey-, 1992-93. 1998-99. 2005-06.� Abhilasha: Preventing Maternal Mortality, Issue-9 Feb., 2007 RRC-VHAI New Shelter for MNGO's and FNGO's.� Maternal Mortality in 2005, Estimated Developed by WHO UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank.� Pilot Study for the Computation of MMR and IMR 2004-05.� Maternal Health Situation in India: A Case Study Kranti S. Vora, Dileep V. Mavalankar et al. Journal Health

Population Nutrition 2009, 27(2):184-201.� Innovations and Challenges in Reducing Maternal Mortality in Tamilnadu India. Padmanaban P., Raman P.S.,

Mavalankar D.V. Jounal Health Population nutrition 2009, 27 (2):202-19.� Ambpali Hastkargha Evom Hastshilp Vikas Swavlambi Sahkari Samiti Ltd.- “MMR, IMR in Selected Villages in 5

District of Bihar:- Patna, Nalanda, Kangaria, Saharsa and Rohtas, 2009. Magazine (Monthly).� NRHM Report 2011-12.� AHS Report 2010-11.



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Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 114 - 117

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 114 -

ABSTRACT

miHkksDrk vf/kdkj % miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vfHkdj.k @ laLFkk,¡

miHkksDrk ls rkRi;Z gS tks O;fDr oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gS rFkk lsokvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gS os lHkh miHkksDrkdh Js.kh esa vkrs gS] ge esa ls izR;sd O;fDr fdlh u fdlh :i esa miHkksDrk gh gS orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa pkgs ogvehj gks ;k xjhc O;fDr [kkus ihus rFkk jgus lgus dh phtksa dks iz;ksx fd;s fcuk thfor ugha jg ldrk gS] bulHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa gsrq mls /ku pqdkuk iM+rk gS] dksbZ miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq dks [kjhnrk gS] rks mlds cnysaesa og /ku pqdkrk gSa ;fn og oLrq [kjkc fudysa ;k mlesa feykoV gks rks mls uqdlku gks tkrk gS bl uqdlkudh {kfriwfrZ fd;k tkuk vko”;d gSA miHkksDrk dks viuh f”kdk;rksa ds lek/kku gsrq ftyk] jkT; ,oa jk’Vªh;Lrj ij lapkfyr gksus okys fopkj fuokj.k eapksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ftls bl “kks/k i= esa Li’V fd;kx;k gSaA miHkksDrk dks bu fuokj.k eapksa dh tkudkjh ,oa bu eapksa esa f”kdk;r fuokj.k dh izfØ;k] “kqYd ,oafu;e dkuwuksa dks miHkksDrkvksa rd fu%”kqYd igqpkuk pkfg,] RkFkk fuokj.k eapksa esa “kh?kz gh “kh?kz leL;kvksa dkfuokj.k gksuk pkfg,A rHkh miHkksDrk viuh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh {kfriwfrZ gsrq bu eapksa dk lgkjk ysxkA




miHkksDrk vf/kdkj dks ifjHkkf’kr djus ls iwoZ miHkksDrk dks le>uk vko”;d gS miHkksDrk dkSu gS ;fn ;g Li’V gkstkrk gS rks miHkksDrk ds vf/kdkjksa ds lEcU/k esa ppkZ djuk vkSj vf/kd ljy gks tkrk gSA miHkksDrk dks dbZ izdkj lsifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq lk/kkj.k “kCnksa esa miHkksDrk ls rkRi;Z gS tks O;fDr oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs gS rFkk lsokvksa dkiz;ksx djrs gS os lHkh miHkksDrk dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS] lsokvksa ls rkRi;Z O;fDr;ksa dk ikuh] VsyhQksu vkSj fctyh tSlh lqfo/kkvksadk iz;ksx djus ls gSaA

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 ds vuqlkj miHkksDrk dks fuEu ifjHkk’kk ls Li’V fd;k x;k gSA Þgj og O;fDrmiHkksDrk gS tks vius mi;ksx ds fy, leku vFkok lsok,¡ [kjhnrk gS ;k fdlh oLrq dks HkkM+s esa iz;ksx djrk gS ftlds cnys esaog /ku pqdkrk gS ;k pqdkus dk ok;nk djrk gSAÞ vFkkZr~ mijksDr ifjHkk’kk ls ;g fu’d’kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ge esa lsizR;sd O;fDr fdlh u fdlh :i esa miHkksDrk gh gS orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa pkgs og vehj O;fDr gks ;k xjhc O;fDr [kkus ihusrFkk jgus lgus dh phtksa dks iz;ksx fd;s fcuk thfor ugha jg ldrk gS] bu lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa gsrq mls /ku pqdkukiM+rk gS] dksbZ miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq dks [kjhnrk gS ]rks mlds cnysa esa og /ku pqdkrk gSa ;fn og oLrq [kjkc fudysa ;k mlesafeykoV gks rks mls uqdlku gks tkrk gS bl uqdlku dh {kfriwfrZ fd;k tkuk vko”;d gSA blh rjg dksbZ O;fDr fdlh lsokdk ykHk mBkrk gS tSls lQj gsrq cl esa tkuk] MkDVjh bykt gsrq MkDVj ds ikl tkuk bR;kfn rks og bl gsrq /ku pqdkrk gS;fn jsy ;k cl esa fdjk;s dks pqdkus ds i”pkr~ bls lqfo/kk,¡ iznku ugha gks ikrh gS bl gsrq dkuwu esa {kfriwfrZ dk izko/kku gksrkgSaA bl lHkh leL;kvksa ds {kfriwfrZ gsrq ftl dkuwu dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS mls miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 dgk x;kgS tks orZeku esa miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 2002 ds :i esa la”kksf/kr gks x;k gSA

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 ,oa 2002 dks miHkksDrk rHkh le>k ldrk gS tc rd mls miHkksDrk ds D;k vf/kdkj gSbldh le> u gks tk;sA

miHkksDrk vf/kdkj &miHkksDrk vf/kdkj dks la;qDrjk’Vª ds jk’Vªifr tkWu ,Q dSusMh us fnuk¡d 15 ekpZ 1962 dks miHkksDrk laj{k.k ij ,d

fo/ks;d is”k fd;k] ftlesa lcls igys miHkksDrk vf/kdkj dks ifjHkkf’kr djus gsrq ekU;rk iznku dh] bl fo/ks;d esa fuEu pkjvf/kdkjksa] miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kdkj] miHkksDrk dks lwpuk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj] miHkksDrk dks pquko djus dk vf/kdkj]

nhid dqekj VEVk]vfl0 izksQslj]

vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx],l0 ,l0 ts0 ifjlj] vYeksM+k



nhid dqekj VEVk

miHkk sDrk vf/kdkj % miHkk sDrk fookn fuokj.kvfHkdj.k @ laLFkk, ¡



miHkksDrk dh lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj “kkfey FksA

vesfjdh dkaxzsl ds }kjk blesa pkj vfrfjDr vf/kdkjksa dks tksM+k x;k&¼1½ miHkksDrk f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj¼2½ miHkksDrk {kfr iwfrZ dk vf/kdkj¼3½ miHkksDrk LoPN okrkoj.k dk vf/kdkj¼4½ ewyHkwr vko”;drk,¡ tSls Hkkstu oL= vkSj vkokl izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj

miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks foLrkfjr :i nsus gsrq 1911 esa dydÙkk esa gksuh okyh cSBd esa cfg’dkj ds vf/kdkj dks HkhmiHkksDrk vf/kdkjksa esa “kkfey dj fd;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~ miHkksDrk ds D;k vf/kdkj gS bls foLrkjiwoZd fuEuor~ le>k tkldrk gS&¼1½ %& izR;sd miHkksDrk dks lsokvksa ,oa oLrqvksa ds ewY;ksa] vkdkj ,oa vkd`fr dks tkuus dk vf/kdkj gSAp;u dk vf/kdkj

rkfd og oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk pquko xq.koÙkk ,oa izfr;ksxh ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dj ldsaA¼2½ %& ;fn miHkksDrk f”kf{kr gksxk rks og oLrqvksa esa ewY; foHksn ,oa xq.koÙkk esa foHksn djmiHkksDrk f’k{k.k dk vf/kdkj

ldrk gS vFkkZr~ miHkksDrk dks f”kf{kr dj bl izdkj ls rS;kj fd;k tk, rkfd os vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa lj{k.k dkuwuksa lsifjfpr gks lds vkSj bu dkuwuksa dk iz;ksx dk ldsaA

¼3½ %& bl vf/kdkj ds rgr~ fdlh Hkh miHkksDrk dk ;fn “kks’k.k gksrk gS rks mls lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj gSaAlquokbZ dk vf/kdkj¼4½ %& fdlh Hkh miHkksDrk dks lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkj gS rkfd og oLrq ds ewY; ek=k] “kq)rk]lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkj

xq.koÙkk ;k lgh ls irk yxk ldsaA¼5½ %& fdlh Hkh miHkksDrk dks ;fn fdlh oLrq ,oa lsok ds mi;ksx esa dksbZ uqdlku gqvk gks{kfriwfrZ izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj

rks og U;k;kf;d O;oLFkk ds rgr mfpr U;k; ikus dk gdnkj gS lkFk gh {kfriwfrZ dks izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjh Hkh gSA¼6½ %& ;fn dksbZ miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq ;k lsokvksa ls vlUrq’B gS ;k mlds fgr izHkkfor gks jgs gS rks mlscfg”dkj dk vf/kdkj

mu oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk cfgdkj djus dk vf/kdkj gSA¼7½ %& blds rgr miHkksDrk ds mu mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa ls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj gS tks muds thou ,oalqj{kk dk vf/kdkj

lEifÙk dks gkfu igq¡pk ldrs gSA¼8½ %& izR;sd miHkksDrk dks viuh ewyHkwr vko”;drk dks iwjk djus dk vf/kdkj gS vFkkZr~ewyHkwr vko’;drkvksa dk vf/kdkj

miHkksDrkvksa dh jksVh] diM+k] edku] tSlh ewyHkwr vko”;drkvksa rd igq¡p gksuh pkfg,A

miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lajf{kr djus gsrq miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 dks cuk;k x;k ftldk la”kksf/kr :imiHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 2002 gSA bu vf/kfu;eksa esa miHkksDrkvksa gsrq dkuwuksa dk ftdz ,oa fn”kk funsZ”kksa dks fn;k x;k gSftuds ek/;e ls miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSa vkSj bu vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k gsrq miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.kvfHkdj.kksa@laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k x;k gS miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e esa mYysf[kr ;s vf/kdj.k@laLFkk,a fuEuor~ gSA

ftyk miHkksDrk fuokj.k Qksje (District Consumer Desputes Redressed Forum) –

;g Qksje mu oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY;ksa dh {kfriwfrZ gsrq gksrk gS] ftlesa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ewY; 20 yk[k :i;s lsde gks] bl Qksje esa ogh O;fDr f”kdk;r ntZ dj ldrk gS tks ml {ks= esa fuokl djrk gks rFkk O;kikj djrk gks bl eap esa{kfriwfrZ f”kdk;r ntZ djus dk “kqYd fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS tks fuEuor~ gS&

¼1½ ,d yk[k rd & 100 :i;s ¼Qhl½¼2½ ,d yk[k ls ik¡p yk[k rd & 200 :i;s ¼Qhl½¼3½ ik¡p yk[k ls nl yk[k rd & 400 :i;s ¼Qhl½¼4½ nl ls chl yk[k rd & 500 :i;s ¼Qhl½

ftyk miHkksDrk fuokj.k Qksje ds }kjk f’kdk;r Lohdkj djus dh izfØ;k %&f”kdk;rksa dks Lohdkj djus gsrq fuEu nks izfØ;kvksa dks viuk;k tkrk gSA

¼1½ oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa esa ,slh =qfV dk gksuk tks tkap ,oa ijh{k.k ds fcuk lEHko ugha gS & ;fn oLrq esa =qfV gksrh gS rks,d i{k f”kdk;r djrk gS ftyk eap nwljs i{k dks bldh ,d izfrfyfi Hkstrk gS nwljs i{k dks ;g eap 30 fnu ds vUnj viusi{k dks is”k djus dks dgrk gS vkSj mls ftyk eap 15 fnu dk vfrfjDr le; Hkh iznku dj ldrk gSaA

;fn nwljk i{k yxk;s x;s vkjksiksa dks vLohdkj djrk gS ;k fu/kkZfjr frfFk rd viuk i{k is”k ugha djrk gS rks ftyk eap


dks ml uewus dks lhy djus dk o tkap gsrq Hkstus dk vf/kdkj gSA ;g iz;ksx”kkyk bl uewus dh tk¡p dh fjiksVZ 45 fnu dsvUnj bl Qksje dks Hkstrh gS f”kdk;rdÙkkZ }kjk uewuk ijh{k.k gsrq “kqYd tek fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fjiksVZ dh ,d izfrfyfinwljs i{k dks Hksth tkrh gSaA ;fn izfroknh i{k blls lger ugha gksrk gS rks og fyf[kr :i esa viuh vlgefr dks tek djldrk gaSA

¼2½ oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa esa ,slh =qfV gksuk ftlesa tkap dh vko”;drk uk gks %& ,slh =qfViw.kZ oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ekeysesa ftudh tkap dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh mlesa ftyk eap f”kdk;r dh ,d izfrfyfi lh/ks nwljs i{k dks Hkst nsrk gSA ;fnizfroknh i{k fu/kkZfjr le; esa vius lk{; izdV ugha djrk gS rks ftyk eap miyC/k lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh fu.kZ; ns ldrkgS] ;fn f”kdk;rdÙkkZ [kqn lquokbZ esa mifLFkr ugha gksrk gS rks ekeyk [kkfjt djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh ftyk eap dks gSa] ftyk eaplquokbZ dk gj lEHko iz;kl djrk gS vkSj rhu ekg ds Hkhrj fu.kZ; ysus dk iz;kl djrk gSA

jkT; miHkksDrk fuokj.k vk;ksxjkT; miHkksDrk vk;ksx essa mu f”kdk;rksa dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh {kfriwfrZ 20 yk[k ls 01

djksM+ :Ik;s rd gksrh gS ;g vk;ksx jkT; vk;ksx ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vk;ksx ftyk eap esa yfEcr ekeyksa dhlquokbZ gsrq mUgsa vius ikl eaxk ldrk gS ;fn fdlh miHkksDrk ds lkFk ftys Lrj ij dksbZ vU;k; o xyr fu.kZ; gqvk gks rksf”kdk;r drkZ ds vuqjks/k ij mlds ekeys dks ,d ftys ls nwljs ftys ds vk;ksx esa LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk gSA

f”kdk;rksa ds fuiVkjs dh izfØ;k ,oa ‘kqYd %&bl vk;ksx esa f”kdk;rdrkZ mlh rjhds ls f”kdk;r dj ldrk gS ftl izdkj og ftyk eap esa f”kdk;r djrk gS vkSj

fuiVkjs gsrq Hkh ogh izfØ;k viukbZ tkrh gS tks ftyk eap viukrk gS ;fn f”kdk;drkZ bl vk;ksx ds fuxZ; ls vlarq’V gksrk gSrks og jk’Vªh; vk;ksx esa 30 ¼rhl½ fnu ds vUnj vihy dj ldrk gS f”kdk;r] izkFkZuk i=] gsrq vyx&vyx “kqYd dkfu/kkZj.k gksrk gS tks fuEuor~ gS&

¼1½ oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dk ewY; 20 yk[k ls 50 yk[k rd & 2]000 :Ik;s¼2½ oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dk ewY; 50 yk[k ls 1 djksM+ & 4]000 :Ik;s

jk”Vªh; miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vk;ksx (National consumer dispute redressed commission)

;g vk;ksx mu f”kdk;rksa ij fopkj djrk gS ftl oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh {kwfriwfrZ 01 djksM+ :i;s ls vf/kd gks] ;gk¡ ijmu ekeyksa esa Hkh fopkj gksrk gS ;fn fdlh ekeys esa jkT; vk;ksx us viuh “kfDr dk nq:i;ksx dj fu.kZ; fn;k gks] ;fn dksbZf”kdk;r drkZ vius ekeys dks ,d jkT; vk;ksx ls nwljs vk;ksx esa LFkkukUrfjr djokuk pkgrk gS rks og izkFkZuk i= ds ek/;els ,u0 lh0 Mh0 vkj0 lh0 esa vkosnu dk ldrk gS jk’Vªh; miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vk;ksx ¼,u0lh0Mh0vkj0lh0½ mlsLFkkukUrfjr dj ldrh gSaA

f”kdk;r ds fuiVkjk djus dh izfd;k ftyk miHkksDrk fuokj.k eap ds leku gS jk’Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; ds fo:} lqizhedksVZ esa vihy dh tk ldrh gS ;g vihy 20 fnu ds Hkhrj gksuh pkfg,A jk’Vªh; vk;ksx esa 01 djksM+ ls vf/kd dh {kfriwfrZ gsrq5000 :Ik;s “kqYd dk izko/kku gaS

fu”d”kZ ,oa lq>ko &mijksDr v/;;u ls ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd izR;sd og O;fDr miHkksDrk gS tks viuh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ

gsrq oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrk gS vkSj mlds cnys /ku pqdkrk gS rFkk fdjk;sa@ HkkM+s esa oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS ftlds cnys esa Hkhog /ku pqdkrk gS izR;sd O;fDr dks vkt bl izfr;ksfxrk ds nkSj esa feykoV] =qfViw.kZ oLrqvksa rFkk udyh oLrqvksa] fuEuxq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa] /kks[kk nsus okys foKkiuksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh tkudkjh gksxh rks og dkQh gn rd bu leL;kvksa lsmcj ldrk gSA miHkksDrk ds vf/kdkjksa dks bl “kks/k i= esa le>k;k x;k gS miHkksDrk dks bu vf/kdkjksa ls voxr gksuk pkfg,]izR;sd O;fDr dks bldh tkudkjh lekpkj i=ksa uqDdM+] ukVdksa ,oa ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls nh tk ldrh gS rks fd izR;sdmiHkksDrk blls :c: gks ldsA

miHkksDrk dks viuh f”kdk;rksa ds lek/kku gsrq ftyk] jkT; ,oa jk’Vªh; Lrj ij lapkfyr gksus okys fopkj fuokj.k eapksa dhHkh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ftls bl “kks/k i= esa Li’V fd;k x;k gSaA miHkksDrk dks bu fuokj.k eapksa dh tkudkjh ,oa bu eapksaesa f”kdk;r fuokj.k dh izfØ;k] “kqYd ,oa fu;e dkuwuksa dks miHkksDrkvksa rd fu%”kqYd igqpkuk pkfg,] RkFkk fuokj.k eapksa esa“kh?kz gh “kh?kz leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k gksuk pkfg,A rHkh miHkksDrk viuh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh {kfriwfrZ gsrq bu eapksa dk lgkjkysxkA



nhid dqekj VEVk




lUnHkZ1- fcloky riu % ekuokf/kdkj] ts.Mj ,oa Ik;kZoj.k ] fook ifCyds”ku] 2014 i`’B la[;k ¼161&162½2- ogh i`’B la[;k ¼170&173½3- miHkksDrkvkaas ds fy, cuk, x;s dkuwu dk laf{kIr fooj.k ljy dkuwuh Kkuekyk&04] m)f/kZr mRrjk[k.M jkT; fof/kd

lsok izkf/kdj.k uSuhrky] mPp U;k;ky; ifjlj] i`’B ¼1&2½4- Consumer protectionAct. 1986.

5- www.wikipedia.org.in

6- www.consumer right.org.in

7- www.ncdrc.nic.in

8- Shiva Prakashan, P and S Raj Mohan (2001): Consumer Empowerment: Right and Responsibilities New Delhi, Kanishka

publication.

9- Ghosh P.K and Kapoor, G.K (1984), Business and society, New Delhi S.chand and Sons.



nhid dqekj VEVk





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 118 - 120

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 118 -

ABSTRACT

euqLe`fr esa of.kZr Ik;kZoj.kh; vkpkjeuq”; o izd`fr ds lEcU/kksa dh vo/kkj.kk orZeku lanHkZ esa

Ik;kZoj.k izd`fr ,oa euq’; dk lEcU/k rHkh ls gS tcls l`f’V dk vH;qn; gqvkA bl izdkj euq’; ,oa izd`frdk lEcU/k ;qxksa dk vVwV lEcU/k gSA euq’; ,oa izd`fr ,d nwljs dh iwjd gSaA izd`fr fcuk euq’; ds viw.kZ gSAosnksa esa dgk x;k gS fd euq’; viuh fnup;kZ ;fn izd`fr ds vuqlkj ugha pyk,xk rHkh og nq%[k dk Hkkxh gksxkA

;FkksDre~& Þjfo”pUnzks ?kuk% o`{kk% u|ksxko”; lTtuk%,rs ijksidkjk; ;qxs nsosu fufeZrkAAÞ

izd`fr lnSo euq’; ds thou dh eaxy dkeuk djrh gSA vkt leLr fo”o ftl Ik;kZoj.k “kq)rk dh ckrdj jgk gS mlls gekjk ns”k iwoZ ls gh ifjfpr gSA laLd`r Hkk’kk ds osn] iqjk.k] Le`fr xzUFkksa vkfn esa izd`fr ,oaekuo ds izxk<+ lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bZ”ojh; l`f’V euq’; ds fcuk viw.kZ gSA mlh izdkj euq’; Hkh izd`frds fcuk viw.kZ gSA gekjs _f’k;ksa eqfu;ksa us Hkh izd`fr ds lkfu/; esa jgdj KkuktZu fd;k ,oa “kq)rk dk thouft;kA ogha vkpkj&O;ogkj tu lkekU; ds fy, crk;s x;sA

gekjh laLd`fr esa ikS/kk jksi.k ,oa o`{k laj{k.k dh lqnh?kZ ijEijk jgh gSA o`{kksa dh iwtk izd`fr ds izfr vknjizdV djus dk ek/;e gSA ftlds dkj.k vkt rd izd`fr dk lUrqyu cuk gqvk gSA bl izdkj dgk tk ldrkgS fd euq’; izd`fr ds lkfu/; esa gh iyk c<+k gSA izd`fr ds laj{k.k ls gh ekuo dk fodkl laHko gSA fdUrq ;fnle; jgrs euq’; izd`fr dh egRrk ugha le>sxk] rks blds Hk;kog ifj.kke ds fy, Hkh rS;kj jguk gksxkA

–Key Words osn] iqjk.k] euqLe`fr] Ik;kZoj.k] vo/kkj.kk] xhrk] vfHkKku “kdqUrye~ A




ÞlosZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k%losZ Hknzkf.k Ik”;Urq ek df”pr~ nq[k HkkXHkosr~AÞ

euq’; ,oa izd`fr dk lEcU/k tcls l`f’V dk izknqHkkZo gqvk] rHkh ls izkjEHk gks x;k Fkk] euq’; dh Ik;kZoj.kh; le> ,oaizd`fr ij fuHkZjrk dk Kku gesa osn] iqjk.k] Le`fr xzUFkksa dk v/;;u djus ij Kkr gks tkrk gSA ftl izdkj Hkwe.My dk fuekZ.ki`Foh] ty] rst] ok;q] vkdk”k rRoksa ls gqvk gS mlh izdkj euq’; dk “kjhj Hkh iaprRoksa ls fufeZr gSA euq’; ds lexz fodkl dsfy, izd`fr ,oa euq’; dk lketL; furkar vfuok;Z gSA

Þizd`fr iq:’kkReda txrÞ ;g /;s; okD; gS gekjs osnksa esa dgk x;k gS fd euq’; viuh fnup;kZ izd`fr ds vuqlkj ughapyk;sxk rHkh og nq%[k dk Hkkxh gksxkA

osnksa esa euq’; ,oa Ik;kZoj.kh; psruk ij fo”kn :Ik ls izdk”k Mkyk x;k gS ftrus Hkh nsork gS pkgs og vfXu] ok;q] bUnzitZU;] muls euq’; dk lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS fd os iw.kZ :Ik ls ekuoek= dk dY;k.k djsaA

_Xosn esa ;K dh egRrk bl izdkj crkbZ xbZ gS &Þiz|kok ;KS% i`fFkoh _rko`/kk egh Lrq’ksfonFks’kq izpsrlkAnsos fe;sZ nsoiq=s lqnalls rFkk f?k;k ok;kf.k izHkw’kr%AAÞ

_Xosn 1%159-1bu ea=ksa ds v/;;u ls Kkr gkksrk gS fd izkphu oSfnd dky esa Hkh Ik;kZoj.k lEcU/kh psruk fo|eku jgh gSA bZ”oj }kjk

jfpr l`f’V dk loksZRre izk.kh euq’; gSA izd`fr }kjk lkjs migkj mls izkIr gSaA ml le; ;K&izfØ;k }kjk ;k nso Lrqfr okysLrks=ksa }kjk Hkh |kok i`fFkoh ds laj{k.k dh ckr lkeus vkrh gSA euq’; ;K blfy, djrs Fks fd ,d rks ;K ifo= ,oa Js’Bre

xkxhZ uSuokyizoDrk laLd`r

jk0ck0b0dk0 nsoiz;kxfVgjh x<+oky] mÙkjk[k.M



xkxhZ uSuoky

euqLe`fr es a of.k Zr Ik;k Zoj.kh; vkpkjeuq”; o izd`fr ds lEcU/kk s a dh vo/kkj.kk orZeku lanHk Z e s a



deZ gS ,oa “kkafr LFkkiuk djus esa lgk;d gSA ;s ;K Hkh Ik;kZoj.k “kq)rk ds izfr tkx:d djus okys gksrs FksA ;K djus esaiz;qDr gou lkexzh dh lqxU/k ,oa ea=ksa }kjk okrkoj.k dks “kkUr ,oa ifo= cukdj Hkh Ik;kZoj.k “kq) gksrk FkkA

orZeku le; esa oSKkfud Hkh bl rF; ls iw.kZ :Ik ls lger gSA iznw’k.k ds uk”k esa ;K dk /kaqvk lgk;d gksxkA _Xosn esai`Foh] ouLifr] unh lHkh ls izkf.k ek= dh HkykbZ dh ckr dgh xbZ gS &

;Fkk & LrkseklLRok fopkfj.kh izfr ‘;seUR;DrqfHk%Aiz;;kokta u gs’kUra is:eL;L;tqZfuAA

_Xosn 5-84-2bl ea= ds ek/;e ls Hkh Lrksrk Hkwfe dh Lrqfr djrs gq;s dgrs gSa fd ;g i`Foh rst;qDr gS] es?k dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk gSA

vFkkZr~ i`Foh esa ty xzg.k djus dh {kerk gS ,oa rHkh moZjk “kfDr ls izkf.k;ksa dk ikyu iks’k.k gksrk gSA /kjrh vius cy ls gho`{k ,oa ukuk izdkj dh ouLifr;ksa dks /kkj.k djrh gSA vkt orZeku le; esa Ik;kZoj.k dh j{kk ,oa Hkwfe j{kk dh ckrsa gesa ;glkspus ij foo”k djrh gSa fd ;s ckrsa gekjs _f’k eqfu lgLkzksa o’kksZa iwoZ dg x;s FksA ;fn /kjrh ds fonksgu dks jksdk u x;k rks gesamlds nq’ifj.kke lgus ds fy, rS;kj jguk gksxkA blh izdkj ouLifr dks Hkh thounk;d vkS’kf/k rqY; ekuk x;k gSA dgktkrk gS fd izd`fr esa ,slh dksbZ Hkh ouLifr ugha gS tks vkS’k/kh; xq.kksa ls jfgr gks] ÞukLR;ewyeukS’k/ke~Þ ijUrq euq’; us yksHk dso”khHkwr gksdj fodkl ds uke ij ouLifr ,oa o`{kksa dk fouk”k fd;k gSA _Xosn esa _f’k ouLifr dks nsoh dgdj lEcksf/krfd;k x;k gSA

unh ty dh /kkjk dks Hkh thou dk vk/kkj oSfnd dky ls gh ekuk tkrk jgk gSSA euq’; ds thou] Ik”kq&i{kh ouLifr dkvf/kdkj ty gh gSA ty dk ,d uke Ik; Hkh gS D;ksafd ftl izdkj i; tks fd nw/k dk Ik;kZ; Hkh gS] ls f”k”kq dk fodkl gksrk gSmlh izdkj ty ls HkhA

ufn;ksa dks ekr`Lo:Ik ekuk x;k gSA ekrk lUrku ds fgr dh dkeuk djrh gSA mlh izdkj unh HkhA1- ekrk Hkwfe% iq=ks·i`fFkO;kÞ2- ÞvfrØE; u xPNfre:r%Þ3- ^vkse~ |kS “kkafr vUrfj{k “kkfUr% i`Foh “kkafr]

>ki% “kkafr] vkS’k/k;% “kkfUr ouLir;% “kkfUr]czge “kkafr] loZ”kkafr “kkafrjso “kkafr lkek “kkafrjsf/kÞ

bu laiw.kZ ea=ksa ds ek/;e ls _f’k eqfu;ksa us Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA o`{kksa dh egÙkk bl izdkj crkbZxbZ gS &

Þn”kdwiklek okih] n”kokihlweks ân%AAÞn”kânle% iq=% n”kiq=lek nzqe%AAÞ

,d o`{k dk egRo n”k iq=ksa ds leku gSA vkt ds lanHkZ esa ;g ckr vkSj vf/kd izklafxd gks tkrh gS tks fopkj eaFkuIk;kZoj.k ds lEcU/k esa fo”o Lrj ij gks jgs gSa og rF; gekjs xzUFkksa esa izkphudky ls fo|eku gSaA

Hkkjr dh _ laLd`fr o`{k iwtd jgh gSA ;gk¡ o`{kksa esa nsoRo dh vo/kkj.kk ,oa iwT; ekuk x;k gSA o`{kksa ds izfr vxk/kf’kvuqjkx ,oa iwT;Hkko “kk;n gh dgha feysA

xhrk esa Hkxoku Jhd`’.k us dgk gS fd ^isM+ksa esa eSa ihiy dk isM+ g¡w &v”oRFkloZo`{kk.kka*Hkxor~ xhrk ds lkrosa v/;k; ds prqFkZ “yksd esa Hkxoku dgrs gSa fd &

ÞHkwfejkiks·udks ok;q% joa euks cqf)jso pvgadkjbrh;a esa fHkUuk izd`frj’V/kkAA

l`f’V ds laiw.kZ rRo& i`Foh] ty] vfXu ok;q] vkdk”k lHkh rRo Hkxoku ls ;qDr gSaA fdUrq ;fn euq’; }kjk buls NsM+NkM+gq;h rks fouk”k gh fuf”pr gSA

bl izdkj xhrk esa ;K dh egRrk] o’kkZ dh egRrk ,oa Ik”kq&if{k;ksa vkfn lcdks l`f’V ds fy, vko”;d crk;k x;k gSAeuq’; ,oa izd`fr ds lEcU/k dks dfo dkfynkl }kjk jfpr ukVd vfHkKku “kkdqUrye~ esa Hkh “kdqUryk ds ifr x`g xeu

osyk ij fpf=r fd;k x;k gS& Þ”kdqUryk ds fo;ksx esa ogk¡ mifLFkr lHkh ouLifr] ikni vkfJe ds Ik”kq i{kh lc vJq cgk jgsagSaS blls ;g ckr fl) gksrh gS fd euq’; ,oa izd`fr nksuksa esa ?kfu’B lEcU/k jgk gSA

izfl) Le`fr xzUFk euqLe`fr esa Hkh izd`fr] ouLifr dh egRrk crkbZ xbZ gSA euq us Hkh ;Kksa dks fu;fer :Ik ls djkus dksdgk mlds ihNs mn~ns”; Fkk fd ;K /kkfeZd gksus ds lkFk&lkFk oSKkfud n`f’V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSaA os okrkoj.k esa “kq)rk ykrs


gSa ,oa v”kqf) dks nwj djrs gSaA ;K /kwe ok;qe.My esa tkdj o`f’V djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaAeuq us o`{kksa esa psrurk dks Lohdkjk gSA mUgsa Hkh lq[k&nq%[k Hkko vuqHkwr gksrs gSaA o`{kksa dh psrurk vkUrfjd gksrh gSA ^ty

dk egRo Hkh euqLe`fr esa crk;k x;k gSA ty esa Hkh vkse~ vnE;k sue%* ls cfy dk Hkkx Mkyuk pkfg,A blh izdkj vkse~ouLifrE; ue%* dgdj ouLifr ds lehi cfy j[kuh pkfg,A bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ty] ouLifr] ok;q i`Foh bulseuq'; dk lEcU/k ikSjkf.kd dky ls pyk vk jgk gSA ty ds fcuk l`f'V dh dYiuk O;FkZ gSA ty dh egRrk bl izdkj crkbZxbZ gS & ^xaxs p ;equspSo xksnkojh ljLofr

ueZnk flU/kq dkosjh tysfLeu lfUuf/k dq:A*

mn~ns’; &bl “kh’kZd ij v/;;u djus dk ew[; mn~ns”; ;g Fkk fd orZeku le; esa laiw.kZ ekuo lekt fdlh u fdlh :Ik ls

Ik;kZoj.k dh leL;k ls xzflr gSA oSKkfud bl lEcU/k esa fofHkUu lykg ,oa lq>ko ns jgs gSa] fdUrq eSa ;g ekurh g¡w fd gekjhHkkjrh; laLd`fr ;fn vius oSHko”kkyh Lo:Ik esa ykSV vk;s] ik”pkR;hdj.k dks R;kxdj rks blds ykHkdkjh ifj.kke gesa fn[kkbZnsaxsA fodkl ,oa vk/kqfudrk dh gksM+ esa geus Lo;a vius iSjksa esa dqYgkM+h ekjh gSA tc taxy vkSj tehu dk vfoosdghu iz;ksxfd;k gS mlh ds nq’ifj.kke ge loZ= ns[k jgs gSaA pkgs HkwdEi gks] ck< gks ;k dsnkjukFk vkink gks] ;s lHkh euq’; dh izd`fr dslkFk NsM+NkM+ ds urhts gSaA

gekjh izkphu oSHko”kkyh ,oa Kku&foKku ls ;qDr xzUFkksa] osn] iqjk.k] xhrk Le`fr xzUFk bu lc dk fo’kn v/;;u ;k gekjsuhfr&fu;arkvksa }kjk bu xzUFkksa dh eq[; ckrsa tu ekul dks le>k;h tk;s arks dkQh gn rd ge Ik;kZoj.k dh leL;k ls eqDrgks ldrs gSa ,oa vkus okyh lUrfr dks izd`fr ,oa euq’; ds fe=rkiw.kZ O;ogkj ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk vewY; migkj ns ldrsgSaA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph&1- _d lwDr laxzg% ¼gfjnRr “kkL=h½2- _Xosn ;qokvksa ds fy, ¼izos”k lDlsuk½ _Xosn & 5-84-23- Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk 7@44- izkd`frd vkink izca/ku ¼r:.k pUnsy½



xkxhZ uSuoky

euqLe`fr es a of.k Zr Ik;k Zoj.kh; vkpkjeuq”; o izd`fr ds lEcU/kk s a dh vo/kkj.kk orZeku lanHk Z e s a




Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 121 - 124

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 121 -

ABSTRACT

^^v¡èksjs esa** ds cgkus mtkys ds fy, la?k"kZ

eqfäcksèk th dk viuk çFke dkO; laxzg Þpk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<+k gSÞ( tks muds thou esa çdkf'kr ugha gks ik;kFkkß ijUrq bldh ,d ukVdh; dfork ^^v¡èksjs esa** us ^fganh u;h dfork* ds u;s çfreku gh LFkkfir dj fn;sA bldfork us lekt dks oks vkbZuk fn[kk;k] ftldh Hk;kog dYiuk 'kghn Hkxr flag vkSj lqHkk"k pUæ cksl us igysls dj nh Fkh yxHkx 100 o"kksZa esa bruh O;kid ,oa lekt ds leLr vkèkkjksa dks Nwrh gqbZ vkSj bruh fytfythO;oLFkk dks mtkxj djus okyh dksbZ Hkh dfork u rks fy[kh x;h gS vkSj u gh dksbZ dfoO;oLFkk ds çfr brukØfUrdkjh fopkjksa dk mn~?kks"k dj ldrk gSA rHkh rks eqfäcksèkth us Lo;a gh dgk dh orZeku lekt py ughaldrk iw¡th ls tqM+k ân; cny ugha ldrkA bl dfork ds ekè;e ls ,oa tkx:d ikBd gksdj] bl dforkdk lekt ds }kjk dqN Hkh ^th* fy;k tk;s rks ge lekt dks dqN lkFkZdrk çnku dj ldrs gSaA




u;h dfork ds ç[kj fpUrd] tuekul ds nnZ dk ,glkl viuh dforkvksa ds ekè;e ls] ,d laosnukRed vfHkO;fä ds:Ik esa] viuh mifLFkfr xtkuu ekèko eqfä cksèk] vkt 13&11&16 dks yxHkx 100 o"kZ ¼iw.kZ gks pqds muds tUe ls½ ds ckn Hkhmruh gh çHkko'kkyh gSaA

vkt ls 52 o"kZ igys dbZ fnuksa rd vpsrkoLFkk esa jgus ds ckn vLirky esa mUgksaus viuk 'kjhj R;kx fn;k FkkA vYi vk;q¼yxHkx 47 lky dh mez½ esa eqfäcksèk th dk viuk çFke dkO; laxzg Þ Þ( tks muds thou esa çdkf'kr ugha gkspk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<+k gSik;k FkkßA ijUrq bldh ,d ukVdh; dfork us ^fganh u;h dfork* ds u;s çfreku gh LFkkfir dj fn;sA bl^^v¡èksjs esa**dfork us lekt dks oks vkbZuk fn[kk;k] ftldh Hk;kog dYiuk 'kghn Hkxr flag vkSj lqHkk"k pUæ cksl us igys ls dj nh Fkhfd Hkkjr dks vkt+knh nks rjg dh tekr ls fnykuh gksxh( ,d og tks xksjs vaxzst gSa nwljh mu dkys vaxzstksa ls ftUgksaus lÙkk dhnykyh dh gksA egÙoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd vkt+knh vkt lafoèkku ds rgr rks fey x;h gS ijUrq pkgs og xksnku ds lkgwdkj]tehankj] iwathifr;ksa ls gks] ;g v¡èksjs ds mu v¡èksjs dejs okys nykyksa ls vHkh rd ugha feyh gSA

esjk viuk fparu gS dh lR; lkoZHkkSfed gksrk gS mlds fy, dksbZ vyx LFkku fuèkkZfjr ugha gksrkA dguk u gksxk fdeqfä cksèk th dh ,d lnh ds cgkus mudh dkyt;h dfork Þv¡èksjs esaß ds lanHkZ esa de ls de ge dqN ,slh ckrsa dj ys] dqN,slk djus dh dksf'k'k djsa] ftlls eqfäcksèkth ds çfr ;g gekjh ¼ge lcdh½ J)katfy gh ugha cfYd drZO;fu"Bk Hkh çekf.krgks ldsA

tgk¡ rd esa le>rk gw¡ fd ;fn ge eqfä cksèk th dh dfork ^v¡èksjs esa* ds dSuokl dks ml esa fufgr ;FkkFkZ ,oa lekt dsçR;sd igyw dks vkbZuk esa mldh 'kDy ds :i esa ns[k ldw¡ rks ekuoewY; dh lkFkZdrk ge tku ldrs gSaA Mkå ukeoj flag dhfdrkc Þdfork ds u;s çfrekuÞ esa ^^v¡èksjs esaß dfork dk çkjEHk ;gk¡ ls djrs gSa &

Þblfy, eSa gj xyh esavkSj gj lM+d ij>kad >kad ns[krk gw¡Agj ,d psgjkçR;sd xfrfofèkçR;sd pfj=o gj ,d vkRek dk bfrgklgj ,d ns'k ok jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr

vthr flag,lks0 çksQslj]

jktdh; egkfo|ky;]yDlj] gfj}kj



vthr flag

^^v¡èk sj s e s a ** ds cgkusmtkys ds fy, la?k"k Z



çR;sd ekuoh; LokuqHkwfr vkn'kZfoosd&çfrfØ;k] fØ;kxr ifj.kfr !![kkstrk gw¡ iBkj] igkM+ vkSj leqUnjtgk¡ feyk lds eq>sesjh og [kksbZ gqbZije vfHkO;fä vfuokj]vkRe lEHkok A

^v¡èksjs esa* dfork dh ;s vafre iafä;k¡ ml vfLerk ;k vkbMsafVVh dh [kkst dh vksj ladsr djrh gS tks vkèkqfud ekuo dhlcls Toyar leL;k gSaA fulansg bl dfork dk ewYkdF; gS ÞvfLerk dh [kkstßA dfork ds u;s çfreku Mkå ukeoj flag;|fi ;g Hkh dgrs gSa dh :ekuh leh{kd bls vkè;kfRerk ;k jgL;okn ls lEi`ä djrs gSaA

eq>s flQZ ;gha dguk gS] tks dfo lekt dh fo"ke ,oa foiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vkadyu bruh lw{erk ds lkFk dj pqdk gS]mldh –f"V xyh] lM+d] çR;sd ekuo ¼og tks lekt ds 'kks"k.k dh çfØ;k esa viuh fx) n`f"V yxk;s gq, gSa½ ij gS] [kkstchu;gha rd tkjh ugha gS cfYd mlds ckn mlds pfj= ds bfrgkl dh] foosd ds }kjk] ekuoh; laosnuk;s ls dh tk jgh gksxhAvkb;s dchj ds 'kCnksa esa &

Þdchj [kM+k ckt+kj esafy, yqdkBh gkFktks ?kj tkjk vkiukpys gekjs lkFkß

blds iwoZ ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd &vjs bu nksgksa us jkg u ikbZif.Mr viuh djs c<kbZxkxj Nqvu u nsboS';k ds iSjksa rj ykSVs;g ns[kks dks fganqvkbZ

dkdj ikFkj tksM+djefLtn ybZ cuk;srk¡ p<+ eqYyk ckax nsD;k cgjk gqvk [kqnk;A

vkb;s ns[ksa nks egku –’Vk dh ut+j esa vkf[kj D;k okLrfodrk gS\ tgk¡ eqfäcksèkth dks gj xyh] lM+d] jktuhfr esa"kMîa= gh "kMîa= ut+j vkrk gS ogha dchj dks rks nksuksa dkses tSls mudh vkSykn gks og Hkh fudEeh fudy x;h gksA blfy,nksuksa ml vkRekfHkO;fä dh [kkst dh vksj tkrs gSa fd tgk¡ ,d iRFkj] igkM+] leqUnj dks yka?kus dh ckr djrk gS vkSj nwljkviuk ?kj Hkh tykus ds fy, rS;kj gS edln] mns'; ,d gh gSA

okLrfodrk dk lk{kkRdkj le; ;qx ds vuqlkj gksrk gS ;g nhxj ckr gS fd dksbZ èkeZ tkfr ds vkèkkj ij lekt dksfoHkkftr ;k xUnk dj jgk gks] rks dksbZ csbZekuh "kM+;a= ls O;oLFkk dks rgl uglA

eqfä cksèk dk ;g nnZ bl dfork esa ckj& ckj çdkf'kr gksrk gS og dgrs gSa&ÞmnjE;fj cu vukRe cu x;sHkwrksa dh 'kknh eSa dukr ls ru x;sfdlh O;fHkpkjh ds cu x;s fcLrjÞ'kk;n fganh lkfgR; esa bruh bZekunkjh vkSj çekf.kd vuqefr ds lkFk 'kCnksa dks likVc;kuh ds lkFk j[kus dk lkgl

fdlh nwljs dfo us ugha fd;k gksxkA ckr bruh gh ugha dSls djsa dksbZ bl dfork dh leh{kk ;k foospuk[ tgk¡ çR;sd 'kCnvkSj ml 'kCn dk vFkZ Lo;a Hkh ;g dgus yxs &

vc rd D;k fd;kthou D;k ft;k !!cgqr cgqr T;knk fy;k]


fn;k cgqr cgqr deej x;k ns'k] vjs thfor jg x;s rqeA

blds ckn D;k jg tkrk gS\ 'kk;n eqfä cksèk vfLerk dks [kkst ugha jgs Fks] u gh og vfLerk ij dksbZ ladV eglwl djjgs FksA og lhèks&lhèks ;g dg jgs Fks] lc dqN [kRe dj fn;k rwus dqN cpk gh ugha gSA

'kk;n bUgh fujk'kk ds chp ,d mEehn dh fdju Hkh tUe ysrh gS 'kk;n nsf[k;s &feVVh ds yksa<s ds HkhrjHkfä dh vfXu dk mæsdHkM+dus yx x;kèkwy ds d.k esaHk;kud osx ls py iM+s gok esanknk dk lksaVk Hkh djrk gS nkoa isapukprk gS gok esaxxu esa ukp jgh dDdk dh ykBh;gk¡ rd fd cPpsa dh isis Hkh mMrhrst ls ygjkrh ?kwerh gS gok esaLysViêh,d ,d okLrq ;k ,d ,d çk.kkfXu ce gS;s ijekL= gS] ç{ks;kLr gS] ;e gS;g dFkk ugha gS ;g lc lp gS gk¡ HkbZA

D;k ;g bl rF; ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gS dh eqfäcksèk iwjh dh iwjh O;oLFkk dks igpku lds Fks vkSj ml O;oLFkk dks dSlsifjofrZr fd;k tk;s blds fujkdj.k ds mik; Hkh tku lds FksA çfl) dfo vkykspd Mkå v'kksd cktis;h ;g dgrs gSa dheqfäcksèk xk¡èkh ds fopkjksa ls Hkh çHkkfor FksA fgUnqLrku nSfud 20@11@16 esa Mkå v'kksd cktis;h us fy[kk gS ¼,d lnh dseqfäcksèk½&Þvius lkfgR; vkSj fopkjksa ds ekè;e ls eqfä cksèk us ekDlZoknh –f"V dks xk¡èkhoknh var%dj.k ls ifjofèkZr djus dhdfo us ps"Bk dhA ijUrq esjk ekuuk gS dh tgk¡ xk¡èkh fo'kq) vfgalk ij fo'okl djrs Fks ogha ij eqfä cksèk us cPpksa dh isis]dDdk dh ykBh dks ijek.kq vL= rd cuk MkykA

v'kksd cktis;h vkxs fy[krs gSa fd fganh vkèkqfudrk esa lhèks budkj dh ijaijk jgha gS Hkys mruh rh[kh vkSj fujarj ughaftruh eqfäcksèk ds ;gk¡ gqbZA mudk Lohdkj u djus dk vkSj budkj djus dk ,d rjg ls [kqn eq[rkj gks tkrk gSA

eqfäcksèk dh ;g dfork flQZ ,d 'kCnksa dh c;kuckth ugha gS cfYd ;g dfork ;g Hkh fl) djrh gS dh ns'k dks vktkngq, yxHkx 15 o"kZ gks pqds gSa ijUrq D;k cnyko gqvk \ flQZ vaxzstksa ls vktkn gksuk gekjh eqDdEcy rLohj ugha gS ;g vkbukfn[kkuk rks vkbus ij èkwy lk gSA vkt Hkh ;gha O;oLFkk dgha u dgha gekjs 'kks"k.k dk ewy vkèkkj cuh gqbZ gSA

lc pqi] lkfgfR;d pqi vkSj dfotu fuokZdfpUrd] f'kYidkj vkSj urZd pqi gSamuds [;ky ls ;g lc xi gSaek= fd}arhckSfèkd oxZ gS Øhrnklfdjk; ds fopkjksa dk mnHkklcM+s&cM+s psgjksa ij L;kfg;ka iqr x;huiqald J)klM+d ds uhps dh xVj esa Nqi x;hdgha vkx yx x;h] dgha xksfy;ka py x;hAdScyjhdkys&dkys ?kksM+ksa ij [kkdh fefyVªh Mªslpsgjksa dk vkèkk Hkkx flUnwjh xs#vkvkèkk Hkkx dksyrkjh HksjkSo



vthr flag



vkcnkj !!daèks ls dej rDd dkjrwlh csy gS frjNkÛ Û Û Û Û ÛduZy] fczxsfM;j] tujy] ek'kZymuds fp= lekpkj i=ksa esa Nis Fksmuds ys[k ns[ks Fks

Û Û Û Û Û Ûvk;s dbZ çdk.M] vkykspd] fopkjdtxexkrs dfoj.keaf= Hkh] m|ksxifr vkSj fo}ku;gk¡ rd fd 'kgj dk gR;kjk dq[;krMksekth mLrkncurk gS cycugk; gk;!!

fu"d"kZ &yxHkx 100 o"kksZa esa bruh O;kid ,oa lekt ds leLr vkèkkjksa dks Nwrh gqbZ vkSj bruh fytfyth O;oLFkk dks mtkxj

djus okyh dksbZ Hkh dfork u rks fy[kh x;h gS vkSj u gh dksbZ dfoO;oLFkk ds çfr bruk ØfUrdkjh fopkjksa dk mn~?kks"k djldrk gSA rHkh rks eqfäcksèkth us Lo;a gh dgk dh orZeku lekt py ugha ldrk iw¡th ls tqM+k ân; cny ugha ldrkAokLrfod :i esa ;g ckr dfork esa dgus dk lkgl 'kk;n eqfäcksèk tSlk egku n`’Vk gh dj ldrk FkkA bl lnh ds blegku dfo dks bl dfork ds ekè;e ls ,oa tkx:d ikBd gksdj] bl dfork dk lekt ds }kjk dqN Hkh ^th* fy;k tk;s rksge lekt dks dqN lkFkZdrk çnku dj ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ xzUFk &1- v¡èksjs esa ¼eqfäcksèkth½A2- dfork ds u;s çfreku Mkå ukeoj flagA3- nSfud fgUnqLrku] fnukad 13@11@16A




vthr flag





Issue : 4, Year : 3

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 125 - 128

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 125 -

ABSTRACT

EFFECT OF YOGA PACKAGEON LUNGS FUNCTION

The Present study aimed to find out effect of yoga Package (Gomukhasana,Simhasana,Shavasana, Dhanurasana, Makarasana, Matsyasana, Bhujangasana,Nadishodhan Pranayam, Suryabhedi Pranayam, Bhastrika and Ujjai Pranayama , JalandharBandha, Kunjal and Jal Neti ) on lungs functioning in which MVV, FVV, FEV, PEFR wereobserved by medspiror. The study conducted at Bhrahmvarchas Research Institute ShantiKunj, Haridwar over 15 students age rang was 20-30 years studying in DSVV , Shanti KunjHaridwar, Uttrakhand, duration of the study was 45 days and the package taken 45 minutesin a day. The result shows that the yoga package caused significant change on lungsfunctioning.

: Yoga Package , Lungs Function.Key words




izLrkouk &orZeku le; esa euq’; vUnj ls [kks[kyk 'kfDrghu gksdj jksx 'kksd esa Mwck nq%[ke; thou th jgk gSA LokLF; ladV bl

dnj gkoh gS fd iwjk lekt :X.k gksdj vusdksa izdkj dh chekfj;ksa ls xzLr gSA vkt vizkd`frd ,oe~ vLr&O;Lr thoup;kZdk gh ifj.kke vlk/; jksxksa ds :Ik esa lkeus utj vk jgk gSA ik'pkR; thou 'kSyh o nwf’kr okrkoj.k ds dkj.k reke rjg ds'kkjhfjd ,oe~ ekufld jksxksa ds lkFk dke lEcfU/kr fodkjksa ds Hkkj gesa Nsyus iM+ jgs gSa- ,slh leL;kvksa esa e/kqesg] fny dsjksx] eksVkik] mPp jDrpki] vYlj] dCt] ruko] volkn] vLFkek] nek] dSUlj vkfn izeq[k gSA fpfdRld bUgsa thou'kSyh dsjksx dgrs gS] tks ewyr% [kkuiku ls ysdj vkpj.k O;ogkj dh fod`fr;ksa esa iuirs gSA Hkkstu esa vk;h fod`fr rFkk jgu lgudk Bhd u gksuk] xyr rjhds ls Lokl ysuk o ;kSfxd fØ;kvksa dk u viukuk gh vlk/; jksxksa dks tUe nsus dh eq[; HkwfedkfuHkkrk gSaA ;fn O;fDr ;ksx fo/kk dk lgkjk ys ,oe~~ thou esa ;ksx ds vaxksa dks viuk, rks LoLFk] izlUu thou O;rhr djrs gq,viuk ,oa ifjokj o lekt dk dY;k.k dj ldrk gSA vkSj iq:’kkFkZ prq’V~; /keZ] vFkZ] dke o eks{k dh izkfIr dj lqj nqyZHkekuo thou dk lkFkZd mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA ;ksxkH;kl ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, 'osrk'orjksifu’kn esa dgkx;k gS fd &

^^u rL; jksxks u tjk u e`R;q%A izkIrL; ;ksxkfXue;a 'kjhje~AA&'osrk'orjksifu’kn~ 2&12

vFkkZr~ ;ksx&lk/kuk ds }kjk ;ksxkfXue; 'kjhj izkIr gks tkus ij ml ;ksxh ds 'kjhj esa u rks dksbZ jksx gksrk gS u cq<+kikvkrk gS vkSj u mldh vdky e`R;q gh gksrh gS vkSj mldh viuh bPNk ds fCkuk ml ;ksxh dk 'kjhj u’V ugha gks ldrk gSA

;ksx dk izeq[k vax vklu gS] dsoy vklu dk gh vH;kl dqN le; rd fd;k tk, rks blls jDr dh 'kqf+) vf/kd gksxhAQsQM+s LoLFk gksaxs rFkk QsQM+ksa dks QSyus vkSj fldqM+us dk iw.kZ volj feysxk] ftlls vf/kdkf/kd 'kq) ok;q QsQM+ksa es Hkj ldsvkSj jDr dh 'kqf) Hkh vf/kd gksA vklu gekjs lw{e xzfUFk;ksa ij izHkko Mkydj mls fØ;k'khy cuk nsrs gSaA ftuls jl jDr esafeyrk gS o gekjk 'kjhj jksxeqDr gks tkrk gSA gekjk efLr’d pSrU; cuk jgrk gSA /kkj.kk 'kfDr dks LQwfrZ feyrh gSAvk/;kfRed izo`fRRk;k¡ tkxzr gksrh gSaA xksj{k lafgrk esa xksj{kukFk th vklu ds lEcU/k esa dgrs gSa fd ^^vklusu :tks gfUr**vFkkZr~ vklu ls jksxksa dk uk'k gksrk gSA ?ksj.M _f’k us Hkh vklu fu;fer djus dh lykg nh gS- D;ksafd vkluksa }kjk gekjk'kjhj n`<+ gksrk gS& **vklusu~ Hkosn~n`<+e~^^ A &?ksj.M lfgrk 1&10

Dayanand PrasadAssistant Professor,Department of Yoga & Health,D.S.V.V. Shanti Kunj, Haridwar

Gyan Prakash singhPh.D. Research Fellow,

Human Consciousness & Yogic Science,D.S.V.V. , shanti kunj Haridwar



Dayanand Prasad & Gyan Prakash Singh




Ikzk.kk;ke ds fu;fer vH;kl ,oe~ Øec) vH;kl ls ukfM+;ka] izk.k vkSj pØ 'kq) ,oe~ tkxzr gksrs gSaA lgh fof/k lsizk.kk;ke djus ls eu Hkh 'kkUr gksrk gSA O;fDr 'kkfUr] lUrqyu vkSj lkeatL; dk vuqHko djrk gSA O;fDr dh ekufld 'kfDrc<+rh gS] fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk]Ekukscy ,oe~ izk.k'kfDr c<+rh gS] ftlls vusd izdkj ds 'kkjhfjd o ekufld jksx nwj gksrs gSaA

Ikzk.kk;ke ds vH;klh lk/kd dh 'kjhjLFk leLr ukfM+;ka 'kq)] fueZy gksrh gSa ,oe~ tBjkfXu iznhIr gks tkrh gSA “olulEcU/kh rdyhQsa nwj gksrh gSa] lkFk gh 'kjhj dks fo'ks’k :Ik ls izHkkfor djus okyh vUr%Lkzkoh xzfUFk;ka lqpk: :Ik ls dk;Z djusyxrh gSaA egk;ksx foKku ds vuqlkj eyksa ls Hkjh gqgZ ukfM+;ksa esa izk.kok;q vo#) jgrh gS] ,sls vojks/kksa dh fLFkfr esa izk.kk;kedSls lQy gks \ blfy, loZizFke ukM+h'kks/ku izk.kk;ke rr~Ik'pkr~ vU; izk.kk;ke djuk pkfg,A

Lokeh fujatukuUn ljLorh Hkk’;dkj ?ksj.M lafgrk 1997 ds vuqlkj tkyaU/kj cU/k ls 'okl uyh cUn gks tkrh gS vkSjxzhok esa fLFkr fofHkUUk vaxks ij ncko iM+rk gSaA fo'ks’kr% Fkk;jkbM xzfUFk dh ekfy'k gksrh gS rFkk mldh dk;Z {kerk c<+rh gSAd.B dk mn~hiu Fkk;jkbM ds dk;ksZ esa larqyu ykus rFkk p;kip; dks fu;fer djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSaA cPPkksa ds leqfpr'kkjhfjd fodkl ds fy, Hkh tkyU/kj cU/k dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gSA

bl ca/k ls xys esa gksusokyh chekfj;k¡ ugha gksrh gSA Vkafly vkfn chekfj;ksa dks nwj djrk gSA d.B lqjhyk gks tkrk gSA&ftUny] Mk+W jkds'k] 2002

?ksj.M+ lafgrk 1@38&39 esa dqaty dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS rFkk gBiznhfidk 2@26 esa Hkh bldk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk x;kgS fd ukM+h lewgksa ij fu;a=.k ikdj lk/kd&x.k viku ok;q dks Åij mBkdj d.Buyh esa ykdj] mnj fLFkr inkFkksZa dk oeudjrs gSa] ftls gB;ksx ds tkudkj xtdj.kh] dqaty ;k oeu /kkSfr dgrs gSaA

bldh fof/k fuEu izdkj ls gS& izkr%dky fuR; deksZa ls fuo`r gksdj nks <kbZ yhVj uedhu xquxquk m’.k ty ysdjdkxklu esa cSBdj ,d lkFk tYnh ls ih yhft;sA mlds i'pkr~ lh/ks [kM+s gksdj dfVHkkx ls vkxs >qddj nkfgus gkFk dhrtZuh vkSj e/;ek dks xys esa vf/kd ls vf/kd vUnj Mkyrs gSaA uk[kwu NksVs rFkk lkQ jgus pkfg,A d.B ds Hkhrj tks NksVhthHk gS mls nck nsus ij mnj dk ty oeu dh rjg ckgj vk tkrk gSA ,d gh ckj esa lkjk ty ckgj ugha fudy tkrk gSfdUrq dbZ ckj eq¡g esa vaxqyh Mkydj oeu ds }kjk fudky fn;k tkrk gSA bls [kkyh isV djuk pkfg,A vH;kl ds 20 feuVckn rd vUu xzg.k ugha djuk pkfg,A nek] isV ds uklwj] gn;&fodkj o gfuZ;k esa bls ugha djuk pkfg, ,oa fpfdRld lslykg ysuh pkfg,A

dqaty fØ;k ls d.B ds fodkj nwj gks tkrk gSA vkek'k; esa tes gq, fo’kkDr inkFkZ oeu ds lkFk fu’dkflr gks tkrk gS]ftlls vUu iz.kkyh ,oa vkek'k; fueZy gksrs gSaaA vfXu iznhIr gksrh gSA Hkw[k c<+rh gSA vUu esa :fp mRiUu gksrh gSA mnj'kwydk 'keu gksrk gSA isV dh xSl 'kkUr gksrh gSA gB iznhfidk esa dgk x;k gS fd /kkSfr fØ;k ds QyLo:i [kk¡lh] nek] frYyh]dq’B rFkk vU; chlksa izdkj ds dQ lac/kh jksx nwj gks tkrs gSaA ;g mPp vEyh;rk ,oa vLFkek ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA ;s mnkuizk.k dks lcy cukrk gS tks vLFkek ,oa czksadkbfVl ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA

ty usfr esa ty ls ukfldk jU/kzksa dks /kks;k tkrk gSA blds fy, ,d VksaVh okyk yksVk gksrk gSS] ftldh VksaVh fo'ks’k izdkjls cuh jgrh gS] rkfd og ukfldk fNnz esa HkyhHkkfr te tk, vkSj ty ml ukfldk {ks= ls ckgj u fudy ldsA tyusfr dhfØ;k djrs le; yksVs essa uedhu xquxquk ty Hkjdj mRdVklu esa cSBdj VksaVh ds vxzHkkx dks ,d ukfldk fNnz esa yxk djnwljh rjQ >qd tkus ij ikuh vius vki gh nwljs rjQ fxjus yxrk gSaA vkSj fQj nwljh rjQ ls bl fØ;k dks djrs gSA ;ghusfr fØ;k gSA /;ku ;g j[krs gSa fd bl fØ;k dks dj ysus ds Ik'pkr~ ukfldk fNnzksa esa 'ks’k cps ty dks Hkh fudky nsrs gSa]mlds fy, [kM+s gksdj dfVHkkx ls FkksM+k vkxs dsk >qd dj nksuksa gksFkksa dks ?kqVuksa ij j[kdj eqag dks nk;sa] ck;sa djrs gq, nksuksaukfldk fNnzksa ls 'okl ckgj rsth ls fudkyrs gSaA blls ukfldk jU/kzksa esa fLFkr ty iw.kZr;k ckgj fudy tkrk gSA tyusfrizfrfnu izkr%dky esa djuk mi;qDr jgrk gSA

usfr fØ;k bldk 'kkL=h; uke gSA bldk vk/kqfud oSKkfud uke gS & bZ-,u-Vh- ds;j fØ;k vFkkZr dku] ukd] vkSj xysls lEcU/k fØ;kA bl fØ;k ls xys dh Hkh lQkbZ gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ ok.kh ls lacaf/kr tks ukfM+;k¡ gSa] os Hkh mRrsftr ,oa izHkkforgksrh gS rFkk blls ok.kh esa Li’Vrk vk tkrh gSA dku] vkW[k] vkSj xys dh vusd chekfj;ksa tSls & vusd izdkj ds cgjsiufudV n`f’Vnks’k] xys dh dkSM+h dk c<+uk] 'ys’ek f>Yyh rFkk ,fMukS;M dh o`f) vkfn nks’kksa ds fuokj.k esa enn djrk gSA ;gfexhZ ;k viLekj] mUekn] fo{ksi] vR;f/kd flj nnZ] vfu;af=r Øks/k vkfn fodkjksa ij vPNk izHkko Mkyrk gSA lqLrh nwj djrktxh ykrk gS] ftlls 'kjhj rFkk efLr’d esa gYdk iu vkrk gSA tyusfr ls dQ iz/kku jksxksa dk fuokj.k gksrk gS] tSls&lnhZ] tqdke] 'okl jksx] nek] fo’ke Toj] fueksfu;k vkfn esa ykHknk;d fl) gksrh gSa] blds fu;fer vH;kl ls bu jksxksa dsgksus dh laHkkouk Hkh ugha jgrhA gB;ksx iznhidk esa blds ykHkksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd usfr diky dk 'kks/kudjus okyh] fnO;n~`f’V iznku djus okyh gSA


iwoZ esa gq, 'kks/k v/;;u&MkW- Vh0 ds0 chjk] 2007 us vius 'kks/k i= esa dgk fd izk.kk;ke] dikyHkkfr o dqEHkd bR;kfn fØ;k,Wa 'olu laLFkku ds

jksxksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh gS vkSj ;s QsQM+ksa dh fØ;k'khyrk c<+krh gSaA fot; dqekj falag] 2007 us ,d v/;;u esa ik;k fd ukM+h'kks/ku izk.kk;ke ls ,e0oh0lh0 c<+rk gS tks fd ;g n'kkZrk gS fd QsQM+s dh fØ;k vPNh gks xbZ gS] tks fd QsQM+ss ds jksxksa dksde djus ,oea 'kjhj dh thouh'kfDr dks c<+kus ds fy, t:jh gSA ts0 ,e0 lkSeu HkxoUr] ,e0 Hkksys ,oe~ ,e0 oh0 1981}kjk vLFkek ds jksfx;ksa ij ‘kV~deZ ds mijkUr fuEu ?kVdksa gheksXyksfcu] vkj0ch0lh0] MCY;w0ch0lh0] ew= ijh{k.k ,oeaQsQM+ksa ds ijh{k.k ij lkFkZd izHkko ns[kk x;kA Vh0 ds0 csjk vkj0 ,l0 yksykxzs,oe~ us 40 [kks&[kks f[kykfM+;ksa] ds Åij rhuekg ds izk.kk;ke ds iz;kl dk izHkko ns[kk ,oea ik;k fd mu ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA ih0 oh0 deZcydj ,oa ,e0 oh0Hkksys 1987 us dikyHkkafr dk izHkko QsQM+ksa dh fØ;k'khyrk ij ns[kk vkSj ik;k x;k fd 5 feuV dikyHkkafr nSfud djus lsQsQM+ksa dh fØ;k'khyrk c<+ tkrh gSA ,e0 ,e0 xksjs 1982 us vLFkek ds jksfx;ksa ds QsQM+ksa dh {kerk o ân; xfr dk dqN;kSfxd vH;klksa }kjk ldkjkRed izHkko ik;k x;kA M+kW0 ds0 dqekj 2007 ds vuqlkj 'okal] iz'okl ls vusdkusd jksxksa dks lk/kktk ldrk gsSaA 'okal] iz'okal dk lek;kstu QsQM+kssa dh fØ;k'khyrk dks rks c<+krk gh gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g ekufld jksxksa dsfy, ,d vpwd jlk;u gSaA ,e0 oh0 Hkksys 1987 us vius iz;ksx esa crk;k fd 'kjhj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh 'okuxfr] ukM+h 'kqf)vkSj izk.k'kqf) dks le>k tk ldrk gSaA 'oluxfr dk lgh gksuk izkf.kd lfØ;rk vkSj vkarfjd vaxksa ds Bhd izdkj ls dk;Zdjus gsrq vko';d gSA izk.kk;ke dk U;wjks&lkbdksykWthdy n~`f’V ls Qk;nsean mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj eukSnSfgdlUrqyu dks cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gSA x.ks'k 'kadj 2006 foHkkxk/;{k ;ksx foHkkx lkxj fo0fo0 dgrs gSa fd izk.kk;ke ls 'olulaLFkku izHkkfor gksrk gSA cUn iM+s ok;q dks'k [kqyrs gSaA 'olu laLFkku LoPN gksrk gSA QsQM+ksa dh {kerk c<+rh gSA QsQM+ksa oân; lEcU/kh lkjh dh lkjh ekWlisf”k;ksa dh izk.kk;ke ls elkt gksrh gS o ,d csgrj jDr dk lapkj 'kjhj dh vksj gksrk gSaA,p0 vkj0 ukxsUnz,oe~ vkj ukxjRuk 1986 us vLFkek ds 570 jksfx;ksa dks 3 ls 5 ekg rd ;ksx dh dqN fØ;kvksa vklu]izk.kk;ke] /;ku] ‘kV~deZ dk vH;kl djk;k vkSj ik;k fd bu fØ;kvksa dk izHkko ij lkFkZd iM+rk gSA t;oP.E.F.R. F.V.C.

fd'ku larks’kh ¼2006½ 120 iz;ksT;aksa] vk;q lhek 14 ls 17 o’kZ dks(Effect of Pranayam on Selected Resrpiratory Variables)

dqN ;kSfxd vH;klksa tSls&vkluksa] izk.kk;ke ¼dikyHkkafr] vuqyksse foykse½ vkfn dk vH;kl djk;k rFkk ik;k fd bu vH;klksals ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA lehj bZ0 HkkxhjFkhVital Capacity Respiratory Rate, Breath Holding Capacity (Effect of

Kapalbhati on Vital Capacity and Breath Holding Capacity) us 40 iz;ksT;ksa vk;q lhek 18 & 21 o’kZ dks 30 fnu rddikyHkkafr dk vH;kl djk;k x;k rFkk ik;k fd bldk izHkko ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gS rFkk blesaVital Capacity Breath

Holding Capicity Yoga for Respiratory DisordersHkh c<+rh gSA M+kW0 Vh0 ds0 chjk 2007 us 'kh’kZd ij eksjkjth nslkbZjk’V~h; ;ksx laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh esa 'kks/k i= izLrqr fd;k ftlesa ik;k x;k fd izk.kk;ke] dikyHkkafr o dqEHkd bR;kfn fØ;k,a'olu laLFkku ds jksxksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh gSa vkSj ;s QsQM+ksa dh fØ;k'khyrk dks c<+krk gSA ds0 gsx ljLorh] le'ksj] t; JhlqUnje~ lh us dqN ;kSfxd vH;klksa(2006) (Rate of Yoga Vidya Pranic Healing in the Improvement of Lungs Function)

izk.kk;ke o /;ku dks 15 fnu rd fu;fer iq:’k izk;ksT;ksa dks djk;k vkSj ik;k fd blesa (F.V.C., M.V.V., P.E.F.R., S.V.C.)

O;kid :Ik ls c<+rk gSA t; fd'ku larks’kh 2006 us 120 izk;ksT;ksa](Effect of Pranayama on Selected respiratory variable)

vk;qlhek 14 ls 17 o’kZ dks dqN ;kSfxd vH;kl tSls & izk.kk;ke] dikyHkkfr] vuqykse&foykse dk vH;kl djk;k x;k rFkkik;k x;k fd bu vH;klksa ls ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSAVital Capacity, Respiratory Rate, Breath Holding Capacity

'kks/kfof/k &izLrqr 'kks/k gsrq ds }kjk 15 yksxksa dk p;u dj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kPurposive Sampling Pre-Post Research Design

rFkk ds fofHkUu ekidk dks ekius gsrq dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA lsEiy dksaLungs Function FVC, MVV, FEV , PEFR, MedspirorI

p;u nso laLd`fr fo'ofo|ky; 'kkfUrdqWUt gfj}kj ls 15 dh la[;k esa 20&30 mez lhek ds vUrxZr iq:’k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fy;kx;kA ftUgsa izfrfnu 45 feuV rd 45 fnuksa rd ;kSfxd vH;kl djk, x,A ;kSfxd vH;kl ds vUrxZr xkseq[kklu] flagklu]Hkqtaxklu] ukM+h'kks/ku izk.kk;ke] lw;ZHksnu izk.kk;ke] HkfL=dk o mTTkk;h izk.kk;ke] tkyU/kj cU/k] dqaty o ty usfr dksfu;fer vH;kl esa yk;k x;kA

ifj.kke & FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

Table 1RESEARCH

DESIGNMean Sd SE D t

Significancelevel

Pre 2.97 0.500.43 2.23 0.05

Post 3.93 1.72






RESEARCHDESIGN

Mean Sd SE D tSignificance

levelPre 5.26 1.90

0.39 4.99 0.01Post 7.19 1.44

RESEARCHDESIGN


level

Pre 2.58 1.360.46 2.25 0.05

Post 3.61 2.06

RESEARCHDESIGN


levelPre 121 6.13

4.44 2.96 0.05Post 134 18.85

MVV (Maximum Ventilation Volume)

Table-2

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1st Second)

Table-3

PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate)

Table 4

ifj.kkeksa dh foospuk&lkj.kh 1& Lrj ij ifj.kkeksa dks iznf”kZr djrk gS] ftlds vUrxZr gS rFkk gSAFVC Pre Mean=2.97 Post Mean = 3.97

rFkk gS tks ij ,d lkFkZd varj fl) djrk gSAt-value= 2.23 0.05 Significance level

lkj.kh 2& Lrj ij ifj.kkeksa dks iznf”kZr djrk gS] ftlds vUrxZr gS rFkk gSA rFkkMVV Pre Mean=121 Post Mean = 134

t value= 2.96 0.05 Significance levelgS tks ij ,d lkFkZd varj fl) djrk gSAlkj.kh 3& Lrj ij ifj.kkeksa dks iznf”kZr djrk gS] ftlds vUrxZr gS rFkk gSAFEV Pre Mean=2.58 Post Mean= 3.611

rFkk gS tks ij ,d lkFkZd varj fl) djrk gSAt value= 2.25 0.05 Significance level

lkj.kh 4& Lrj ij ifj.kkeksa dks iznf”kZr djrk gS] ftlds vUrxZr gS rFkk gSAPEFR Pre Mean=5.26 Post Mean= 7.19

rFkk gS tks ij ,d lkFkZd varj fl) djrk gSAt value= 4.99 0.01Significance level

fu"d"kZ &mijksDr “kks/k v/;;u ds ifj.kke lkj.kh ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ls ;g fofnr gksrk gS fd ds vUrxZrLungs Funtion Test

MVV, FVC, FEV PEFR1 ,oa ds ifj.kke lkFkZd fn“kk esa izkIr gq, gSa] tks ;g fl) djrk gS fd ;ksx ds iSdst ftlds vUrxZrfu/kkZfjr vklu] izk.kk;ke] ca/k] eqnzk] usfr o dqaty vkfn ds lfEefyr vH;kl ls mijksDr ekiuh esa lkFkZd izHkko iM+k] tks ;gfl) djrk gS fd ;ksx ds iSdst ds vH;kl ls QsQM+s dh dk;Z {kerk c<+rh gS rFkk QsQM+ksa ls lacaf/kr jksx nwj gksrs gSaA

bl “kks/k fu’d’kZ ifj.kke dks ;fn yM+dksa ds lkFk&lkFk yM+fd;ksa ;k fL=;ksa ds djk;sa tk, rks ifj.kkeLungs Funtion Test

vkSj Hkh lkFkZd izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

laUnHkZ xzUFk &� ljLorh Lokeh fujatukuUn ljLorh] ?ksj.M lafgrk 1997 fcgkj ;ksx Hkkjrh xaxk n'kZu eqxsj i`0 18 A� HkxoUr ts0 ,e0 ] lkSeu ,0] Hkksys ,e0 oh 1981 ;ksx ehekalk i`0 12 dSoY;/kke yksukoykA� M.M. Gore 1982 Effect of yoga training on some pulmonary Function in asthemetics Y.M. 04, vol 20.

� Kumar Dr. K. Power of breath nature wealth val. 6 page 21-26 April-june 2007. Shankar Ganesh, Pranayamafor Health and Happyness – yoga vigyana vol.1 July-Sep 2006 pg. no.56-66 MDNIY, New Delhi.

� Santoshi Jai Kishan, Effect of Pranayama of Sellected Respiratory variables 5 International Conference Dec.th

28-31,2006 pg. no. 6 kaivalya Dham Lonawala.







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