issn 2320 -5083 journal of international · action – a case study of chitradurga district...

Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary

ISSN 2320 -5083

A Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, Monthly, Open Access, Online Research Journal

Impact Factor – 1.393

VOLUME 1 ISSUE 9 OCTOBER 2013

A GLOBAL SOCIETY FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

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Editorial Board

Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D Curriculum Developer, American College of Technology, Missouri, USA.

Er.Chandramohan, M.S System Specialist - OGP ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.

Dr. S.K. Singh Chief Scientist Advanced Materials Technology Department Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. Jake M. Laguador Director, Research and Statistics Center, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Philippines.

Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D Dean. Faculty of Law, Karnatak University Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD, FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kashmir, India

Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS Research Officer State Institute of Health & Family Welfare Jaipur, India

Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.

Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram, Memorial College, SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia, West Bengal. India

Dr. S.Raja Ph.D Research Associate, Madras Research Center of CMFR , Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Chennai, India

Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D, Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management Rajkot, India.

Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT Highway Engineer, Infrastructure, Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE Sanda Maican, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia Professor, Graduate School & College of Education, Arts and Sciences Lyceum of the Philippines University Philippines Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana Senior Scientist Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) Hyderabad, A.P, India PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S Head - Department of Anatomy, Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India. Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD, Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology Government Medical College, Srinagar, India. Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D Officiating Principal Army Inst. Of Education New Delhi, India Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D Associate Professor, Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science Research (On Deputation}, Department of Economics, Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India M. Suresh Kumar, PHD Assistant Manager, Godrej Security Solution, India. Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D Assistant Professor, Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work, S.V.University, Tirupati, India.

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.393, Volume 1, Issue 9, October 2013

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ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF TRIBAL WOMEN THROUGH VOLUNTARY ACTION – A CASE STUDY OF CHITRADURGA DISTRICT

DR.K.SIVACHITHAPPA*

TRIVENI YADAV.T**

*Assistant Professor, Dept. of Economics, University of Mysore PG Centre, Mandya, India **Research Scholar, DOS in Economics, University of Mysore, Mysore, India

ABSTRACT

In India the state policies have significantly influenced to formation of voluntary

organisations and their activities. The government sponsored and aided programmes provided

financial assistance to NGOs either as grants/ as matching grants to support the

implementation of social development projects. In the Sixth Five Years plan the government

identified new area in which NGOs as new actor could participate in development. The

Seventh Five Years Plan envisioned a more active role of NGOs as primary actors in the

efforts towards self-reliant communities. With the increasing role of NGOs in development

activities, now attracted professionals from various other sectors and capacities are being

built in support area such as financial management, resource, mobilization, human resources,

leadership development, governance procedures and practices and institutional development.

An attempt is made in this paper to study the role of NGOs in economic empowerment of

tribal women in Chitradurga district.

KEYWORDS: NGOs, Empowerment and Tribes.

INTRODUCTION

Voluntary organisations are organizations that work in many different fields, but the

term is generally associated with those seeking social transformation and improvements in

quality of life. Developmental NGOs are the most highly visible sector, and includes both

international and local organizations, as well as those working in humanitarian emergency

sector. Many are associated with international aid and voluntary donation, but there are also

NGOs that choose not to take funds from donors and try to generate funding in other ways,

such as selling handicrafts or charging for services.

As a result of our intervention over these years, more and more women are coming

forward to register their complaints with the police or the concerned authorities. Local leaders

are involved in the settlement of cases and the counseling being given is women centric.

Utmost care is given to bring the husband and wife together again in all the cases, and it is


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noted that in most of the cases involving local leaders counseling in women centric. Most of

the families are living together. Awareness on gender discrimination and violence at GP

level. Large number of women is coming forward to register cases. Hence it is a tool in

helping woman empowering process.

Chitradurga District of Karnataka State consists of 6 administrative blocks with a

geographical area of 770,702 Ha., and a population of 1.5 million. It is one of the well known

districts of the State of Karnataka. The district's popularity however, is based on its historical

importance; the developmental scenario of the district trails that of other districts due to

recurrent droughts and low rainfall.

Since 1982, MYRADA in partnership with DWHH, initiated interventions to improve

and stabilise the livelihoods of the people living in this district. MYRADA successfully

pioneered the pro-poor and pro-women Self Help Affinity Group (SAG) approach for

empowerment through management of savings and credit leading to interventions for change

in the family and society, in two administrative blocks (Holalkere and Challakere) of the

district till 1999. During this period Myrada also supported several other initiatives taken by

intermediary organisations like small NGOs, Banks and Government. This support took the

form of raising financial resources, training, establishing linkages etc. Networking did not

stop with intermediary institutions; it also included community based organisations, mainly

SAGs and Watershed Management Groups. This networking of CBOs was supported by an

Apex Institution called SPIN (SHG Promoting Institutions Network) which monitored and

supported the CBOs. The District Approach Strategy emerged in 1999 and was officially

adopted in 2001. Again, with the support of DWHH, MYRADA was able to up-scale its

proven interventions and social structures on a district-wide basis through a strategic

institutional network. The network of the intermediary organisations functioned within the

framework, concept and strategy of the District Approach.

Objectives of the Study

The study has following objectives;

1. To study the role of voluntary organizations in economic empowerment of tribal

women in Chitradurga district

2. To analyse the impact of MYRADA on socio-economic development of tribal women

and their standard of living.


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Methodology

The study is mainly based on the primary source of data. The primary data has been

collected from Chitradurga district of Karnataka State. A sample of 100 respondents has been

selected for the field study to gather the primary information through standard questionnaire.

The sample has been selected on simple random sampling basis.

Case Study Area

Chitradurga district is an administrative district of Karnataka state in southern India.

The city of Chitradurga is the district headquarters. Chitradurga gets its name from

Chitrakaldurga, an umbrella-shaped lofty hill found there. Tradition dates Chitradurga

District to the period of the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The whole district lies in the valley

of the Vedavati River, with the Tungabhadra River flowing in the northwest. During the

British times it was named Chitaldroog. The district was practically ruled by all the well

known dynasties that ruled Karnataka.

According to the 2011 census Chitradurga district has a population of 1,660,378,

roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking

of 297th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 197

inhabitants per square kilometre (510 /sq mi) .Its population growth rate over the decade

2001–2011 was 9.39%. Chitradurga has a sex ratio of 969 females for every 1000 males, and

a literacy rate of 73.82%.

The district is hilly, with lots of forts and villages. The district is bounded by Tumkur

District to the southeast and south, Chikmagalur District to the southwest, Davanagere

District to the west, Bellary District to the north, and Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh

state to the east. Davanagere District was formerly part of Chitradurga. The district is divided

into taluks, namely Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Hosadurga, Holalkere, Challakere and

Molakalmuru. It is rich in mineral deposits, including gold prospecting at Halekal, Kotemardi

or Bedimaradi, etc., and open cast copper mines at Ingaldhal. An attempt is made here to

analyse the socio-economic profile of the sample respondents in the study area.


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Table – 1 Age Dimension

Sl. No. Age Frequency Percent

1. 15 – 25 24 24

2. 26 – 35 48 48

3. 36 – 45 13 13

4. 46 – 55 09 09

5. Above 56 06 06

Total 100 100

Source: Field Study.

Graph – 1 Age Dimension

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

15 – 25 26 – 35 36 – 45 46 – 55 Above 56

Frequency Percent

The above table gives the information about the age dimension of the sample. It is

revealed from the table that there are 24 respondents, out of 100 belongs to age group in 15 to

25, 48 respondents are the age range between 26 to 35, 13 members are belongs to the age

group of 36 to 45, 09 respondents are the age between 46 to 55 and there are only 06

respondents are above 56 years. In this table clearly shows that age of 26 to 35. Age

dimension of the sample is quiet high.

Table – 2 Place Dimension

Sl. No. Place Frequency Percent

1. Urban 17 17

2. Rural 83 83

Total 100 100



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The above table shows the Place Dimension of the Sample. It is revealed that there

are 17 respondents out of the 100, they are belongs to Urban People, 83 people’s are belongs

to Rural Area. Therefore, there is more rural people participation in the case study area.

Table – 3 Education Dimension

Sl. No. Education Frequency Percent

1. Illiterate 21 21

2. Primary School 44 44

3 Higher Secondary 30 30

4 Graduation/ PG 04 04

Total 100 100


Graph – 2 Education Dimension

Frequency

Percent0

20

40

60

IlliteratePrimary School

Higher Secondary Graduatipn/PG

2144

30

4

2144

30

4

Frequency Percent

The above table gives the information about the Education dimension of samples in

the study area. It is revealed that 21 respondents are illiterate, 44 of the respondents studied

primary education, 30 of the respondents are studied Higher Secondary and 04 of them have

studied Graduation. Therefore Education is not a constraint of Training Programmes.


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Table – 4 Caste details of the Respondents

Sl. No. Caste Frequency Percent

1. Kadu Golla 22 22

2. Kadu Kuruba 13 13

3. Beda 48 48

4. Halakki 17 17

Total 100 100


The table gives the information about caste dimension of the samples in the study

area. It is revealed that 22 respondents are belongs to Kadu Golla, 13 respondents belongs to

Kadu Kuruba, 48 respondents belongs to Beda, and 17 respondents belongs to Halakki

category. Above the study reveals that the majority of the respondents are belongs to Beda

community that is 48%.

Table – 5 Family Types of Respondents

Sl. No. Family Type Frequency Percent

1. Nuclear 82 82

2. Joint 18 18

Total 100 100


Above table gives the information about Family Dimension of the samples in the

study area. It is revealed that 82 percent of the families belong to Nuclear family; remaining

18 percent of the family belongs to Joint Family.

Table – 6 Incomes of the Respondents

Sl. No. Income of the Family Frequency Percent

1. Below Rs.50,000 47 47

2. Rs.51,000 to 70,000 36 36

3. Rs.71,000 to 1 lakh 10 10

4 Above Rs.1 lakh 07 07

Total 100 100



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The above table gives the information about the Income of the Samples in the study

area. It is reveled that there are 47 respondents belongs to Rs.50,000 per year. Out of 100

respondents, 36 respondents comes under the Income Group of Rs.51,000 to 70,000 and 10

respondents are under the income group of Rs.71,000 to Rs.1 lakh and only 07 respondents

are in the income group of above one lakh rupees.

Table – 7 Savings of the Respondents

Sl. No. Savings Frequency Percent

1. Yes 77 77

2. No 33 33

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about the savings of samples in study area. It is

revealed that out of 100 respondents 77% of respondents having savings motivation habit

from their income and only the 33 percent of the respondents are not having savings habits

from their income.

Table –8 Debt details of the Respondents

Sl. No. Debt Frequency Percent

1. Yes 76 76

2. No 24 24

Total 100 100

Source: Filed Study.

The above table gives the information about the Debt details of sample respondents in

the study area. It is revealed that 76% of respondents have dept and the out of 100

respondents only 24 respondents in the study they are not having any debt. It is revealed

from the table that majority of the families are belongs to one kind of debt. This is the main

reason for obtaining the assistance from the voluntary organizations.

Table – 9 Land Holding of the Respondents

Sl. No. Land Holding Frequency Percent

1. Yes 27 27

2. No 73 73

Total 100 100



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The above table shows that, land holding of samples in the case study area. It is

revealed that there are 27 respondents out of the 100 respondents are holding land. The lands

of their holdings are from half acres to five acres, 73 respondents have not holding land, and

they are agricultural labourers and land less labourers.

Table – 10 Trade Activities of Respondents

Sl. No. Trade Frequency Percent

1. AEC 31 31

2. Agarabathi 03 03

3. Banana Fiber 34 19

4. Soft Toys 19 19

5. Tailoring 04 04

Total 100 100


The above table shows that Trade activities of samples in the study area. It is

revealed that 34 percent of respondents have trained the trade of Banana Fiber, 31 percent of

the respondents have the training in AEC trade, 19 percent of the respondents undergone to

soft toys making, 4 percent of the respondents have training in Tailoring and only 3 percent

of the respondents have trained in Agarbathi activity.

Table – 11Information about the Course Dimension

Sl. No. Information about the Course Frequency Percent

1. Media 08 08

2. Vikasana 11 11

3. Pamphlets 0 0

4. Friends 55 55

5. Trainees 20 20

6. Literally Programme Officer 06 06

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about the course of samples in the study area.

It is revealed that 08 members got information about the course by media, 11 members from

Vikasana, 55 members from friends, 20 members from trainees and 06 members got

information from continuing education programme/ Literacy programme officers, and it is

noted here is none of the respondents not obtained information from pamphlets.


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Table – 12 Reasons for Joining the Course

Sl. No. Reasons for Joining the Course Frequency Percent

1. To get a job 45 45

2. To set up own unit 13 13

3. For certificate 12 12

4. For Future Purpose 30 30

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about reasons for joining the course. It is

revealed that out of 100 respondents 45 respondents opined that they have joined the course

to get a job, 13 members opined that to setup own unit, 12 respondents observed that for

certificate only and 30 respondents opined that for future purpose they joined the course.

Table – 13 Opinions about Course

Sl. No. Opinion about Course Frequency Percent

1. Too long 23 23

2. Normal 70 70

3. Too short 07 07

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about course of sample in the study area. It is

revealed that 23 respondents are of opinion that the training course is too long, 70

respondents’ opined that it was normal and only 7 respondents opined training was too short.

Table – 14 Venue of Training

Sl. No. Venue of Training Frequency Percent

1. Convenient 81 81

2. Not Convenient 19 19

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about the venue of training of samples in the

case study area. It is revealed that 81 percent of the people said that the venue of training is

convenient and only 19 members opined that the venue of training is not convenient.


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Table – 15 Qualities of Materials/ Equipments

Sl. No. Materials/ Equipments Frequency Percent

1. Adequate 33 33

2. Average 57 57

3. Inadequate 10 10

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about Quality of Materials in the study area. It

is revealed that 33 respondents observed that the Quality of Materials/Equipments was given

by trainer is adequate and 57 respondents opined that it was average in quality and only 10

respondents opinioned that it was inadequate.

Table – 16 Trainer Performances

Sl. No. Trainer Performance Frequency Percent

1. Satisfactory 37 37

2. Average 53 53

3. Not Satisfactory 10 10

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about trainer performance in the study area. It

is revealed that out of 100 respondents, 37 respondents are satisfied with the trainer

performance, 53 respondents says that trainer performance was average and 10 percent of

respondents opined that the trainers performance is not satisfactory.

Table – 17 Trainers Opinion about the Training Programme

Sl. No. Training Programme Frequency Percent

1. Strongly disagree 00 00

2. Disagree 04 04

3. Agree 68 68

4. Strongly Agree 28 28

Total 100 100



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The above table gives the information about Trainers Opinion about the Training

Programme. It is revealed that 68 respondents agree that training programme is good. And

28 respondents are strongly agree, 04 respondents disagree and non-of the respondents

strongly disagree.

Table – 18 Examination at the end of the Course

Sl. No. Examination Frequency Percent

1. Yes 82 82

2. No 18 18

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about the examination at the end of the course.

It is revealed that 82 percent of respondents they have faced the examination after the training

programme and only 18 percent of the respondents they haven’t undergone to any

examination due to some personal problems.

Table –19 Received Certificates from MYRADA

Sl. No. Received Certificate Frequency Percent

1. Yes 88 88

2. No 12 12

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about the respondents received certificates

from MYRADA. It reveals that 82 respondents they have received certificate from

MYRADA. Only 12 respondents they haven’t received certificate from the MYRADA.

Table – 20 Registered Training Certificate in the Employment Office

Sl. No. Frequency Percent

1. Yes 81 81

2. No 19 19

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about the respondent’s registered training

certificate in the employment office. It is revealed that 81 percent of the respondents they


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have registered their certificate in employment office. Only 19 percent of the respondents are

not registered their certificate in Employment Office.

Table –21 Obtained Employment of Sample

Sl. No. Obtained Employment Frequency Percent

1. Yes 100 100

2. No 0 0

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about the employment opportunities for the

trainee after completion of the training. It is revealed from the table that out of 100

respondents all the respondents got employment after the training. It clearly indicates that

training has positively affected on the sample respondents in the study area.

Table – 22 Type of Employment of Sample

Sl. No. Type of Employment Frequency Percent

1. Full Time 80 80

2. Part Time 17 17

3. Self Employment 03 03

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about the type of employment. It is revealed

from the table that 80 percent of respondents have obtained full time employment, 17 percent

of respondents have obtained part time employment and only 03 percent of respondents have

got self employed.

Table – 23 Guidance of Sample Respondents

Sl. No. Guidance Frequency Percent

1. Placement 90 33

2. Bank Loan 02 02

3. Materials 08 08

4. Marketing 00 00

5. Others 00 00

Total 100 100



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The above table gives the information about type of guidance for respondents have

received from MYRADA after competition of training programme. It is revealed that 90

percent of respondents have got placement. And 02 percent of respondents have got Bank

Loan, 08 percent of the respondents got guidance from the MYRADA.

Table – 24 Problem faced during Training Programme

Sl. No. Facing Problems Frequency Percent

1. Yes 14 14

2. No 86 86

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about problems faced by the respondents

during the training programmes. It is revealed that 14 percent of the respondents have faced

problem during the training programme, 86 percent of the respondents have not faced any

problems during the training programme.

Table – 25 Start Self Employment based on the Training

Sl. No. Self Employment Frequency Percent

1. Yes 02 02

2. No 98 98

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about start self employment based on their

training. It is revealed from the table that only 02 respondents they have started self

employment based on their training and 98 respondents they haven’t started any self

employment from their training due to they have got placement through MYRADA.

Table –26 Source of Investment

Sl. No. Source of Investment Frequency Percent

1. Own Money 01 01

2. Banks 01 01

3. Money Lender 0 0

4. Any other 0 0

Total 02 02



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The above table gives the information about the source of investment. It is revealed

from the table that only 2 respondents started self employment. Only one respondent have

invested own money and respondent borrow money from the bank.

Table – 27 Satisfied earned Income

Sl. No. Satisfied earned Income Frequency Percent

1. Satisfactory 78 78

2. Not satisfactory 22 22

Total 100 100


The above table shows the information about the respondents what they have earned

income from the activity. It is revealed from the table that 78 percent have satisfactory from

what they have spending income for their payment of loan and Installment, 37 respondents

they have spent their income for Household consumption, 21 of the respondents spent their

income for asset purchased and 14 respondents they spent their income for different issues.

Table – 28 Cooperation from the Family during the Training

Sl. No. Cooperation Frequency Percent

1. High 18 18

2. Moderate 74 74

3. Low 08 08

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about the cooperation received from the family

during the training. It is revealed that 18 percent of the respondents have got highly

cooperation from their family, 74 respondents have got moderately cooperation from their

family during their training programme and only 8 percent of the respondents have got low

level of cooperation from their family.

Table – 29 Decision making

Sl. No. Decision Making Frequency Percent

1. Yes 81 81

2. No 19 19

Total 100 100



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The above table gives the information about decision making in the family. It is

revealed that 81 percent of the respondents have involved in decision making in their family

matters only 19 percent of the respondents haven’t involved decision making in their family.

Table – 30 Standard of Living after Training

Sl. No. Standard of Living Frequency Percent

1. Improvement in food in take 27 27

2. Better Clothing 22 22

3. Children Education 27 27

4. Health 18 18

5. Any other 11 11

Total 100 100


The above table gives the information about standard of living after training. It is

revealed that there are 27 respondents says that after the training their improvement in food

intake, 22 respondents are having better clothing, 27 respondents utilize the amount for their

children education 18 respondents having better health and 11 respondents gave many

reasons after their training their standard of living has been improved.

Major Findings of the Study

1. The financial status of the MYRADA for last four years the audited balance of the

MYRADA was Rs.13,24,593.00 and in the year 2008-09, it has been increased to

Rs.18,34,362/- and at the end of 2011 December the total balance was Rs.17,50,077

only.

2. Out of 100 respondents under study all of them belong to female category only.

Because MYRADA concentrated only female beneficiaries.

3. Out of 100 respondents majority belongs to age group of 26-35 years, and 24 percent

of the respondents belongs to 15-25 age groups and 13 percent of the respondents

belong to 34-45 age group, 9 percent of the respondents belongs to 46-55 age group

and only 6 percent of the respondents belongs to above 56 age group.

4. Out of 100 respondents of majority belongs to rural area, that is 83 percent and only

17 percent of the respondents belongs to urban side.

5. Out of 100 respondents majority of the respondents have studied primary school, that

is 44 percent 30 percent of the respondents have studied Higher Secondary, 21 percent


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of the respondents have not studied, and only 4 percent of the respondents have done

their Gradational PG.

6. Out of 100 respondents majority of the respondents were obtained information about

MYRADA from friends that is 55 percent, 20 percent of the respondents were

obtained a information from trainees, 11 percent of the respondents were obtained

information from media, and 06 percent of the respondents were obtained information

from literary programme officer.

7. Out of 100 respondents 78 percent of the respondents were satisfied with earned

income from the MYRADA activity, 22 percent of the respondents were not satisfied

with earned income from this MYRADA activity. And MYRADA training activity is

considered as one of the important and effective activity in order to empower the

women and communication.

8. Out of the 100 respondents, 37 percent of the respondents were spent money to

household consumption, 22 percent of the respondents were spent money to payment

of money, 21 percent of the respondents were spent money to asset purchased, 14

percent of the respondents were gave reasons that they have spend to other purpose,

and 06 percent of the respondents have spent money to payment of loan interest.

9. Out of respondents, 74 percent of the respondents were get a moderate co-operation

from the family during the training period, 18 percent of the respondents were get a

high and only 8 percent of the respondent were get a low co-operation from the family

during the training period.

10. Out of 100 respondents, majority of the respondents were participated in decision

making, that is 81 percent, and only 19 percent of the respondents have not

participated in decision making process.

11. Out of 100 respondents 100 out of 100 percent of the respondents are enjoying good

life style after the training and also standard of living is improved.

Suggestions

1. In practice there is not an easy short-run goal relating to the main dimensions of legal

and political space and NGO strategy and Government strategy vis-à-vis each other

out there are indeed many ways of working patiently towards this and with an

effective and gradual manner.


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2. There is also a strong need for NGOs to accept becoming politically neutral and not

use their platform for political banner. NGOs should remain non-political even

through they perform acts affecting the local power structure.

3. The movements towards the twenty first century, NGOs are being called upon to take

a greater role in National Development, Success in taking up the challenges of

development in countries like Nepal will therefore, depends to a large extent, on the

emergence of a strong NGO sector.

4. The acts on local self-government require NGOs to enter into agreements with the

Village Development Committee (VDCs) and District Development Committee

(DDCs) prior to implementing programmes. There is a strong risk that politician may

use this provision to hamper NGO activity if they perceive the NGO as a threat to

their power base.

5. Specific mechanisms for cooperation between local political structure and NGOs

should be developed and tested in the field in a few pilot areas. Following this, NGO workers and local political leaders need to be trained on these mechanisms on a large scale.

6. Specific methods and procedures for co-operation between sectoral extension

agencies of the government and NGOs should be developed and tested in the field.

Presently, in most sectors, governmental polices are too general on this issue. They

state the need to co-operate with NGOs, but do not specify how approach this collaboration.

7. Local political structures and line agencies should be in a position to recognize and

work together with unregistered NGOs and users group. If not the widest section of

local organizations would be by passed.

Conclusion

Voluntary organizations have attained legitimacy and credibility largely due to

liberalization policies. But the cooperation with the government has to take place in the very

same environment which has some of the policies that go against the poor. Hence here is

need for NGOs to play a dual role; collaborate with the Government critically and oppose

policies of the government which are anti-poor. NGOs and their people’s organizations can

play this dual role only when they succeed in self-help promoting. This includes the

formation of target group organization building capacity of the poor and leadership among

them. Finally the NGOs sector is increasingly pursuing the financial intermediation as one of

the effective, tools in meeting their social agenda. In this contest, the government, both at the

centre and the states have an equally important role to play in creating conductive policy

environment for the growth of the NGO sector as future micro-finance institution.


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