issn 2185 - 3231 pen...pen september 2012 1 september 2012 volume 3, number 6 pen public engagement...
TRANSCRIPT
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1PEN September 2012
September 2012
Volume 3, Number 6
PENPublic Engagement with Nano-based Emerging TechnologiesN E W S L E T T E R
ISSN 2185 - 3231
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2 PEN Stember 2012
Table of Contents
æéšç§åŠçç§åŠç 究費æ°åŠè¡é å
ãçç©å€æ§æ§ãèŠç¯ãšããé©æ°çæææè¡ã éå§ã«ããã£ãŠ âŠâŠâŠ 3
é£èŒ çç©èŠç¯å·¥åŠ 第åäºå ãã©ã¯ã¿ã«æ¥é€ã ïŒçç©ããåŠã¶ãã® ïŒ âŠ 7
é£èŒ çç©èŠç¯å·¥åŠ 第åäžå çç©èŠç¯é£è¡ã®åŠçãš
ãã€ãªãã¡ãã£ã¯ã¹ âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 18
æµ·å€åå âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 30
éåœã®ãããã¯ãããžãŒã®ç 究éçºããã©ããŒã¢ãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 33
åœå åå âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 37
Cutting-Edge Technologies
ãã¬ã¹ãªãªãŒã¹ãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 42
è±èµã¬ããŒããã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 57
å°æ¹Ÿ ITRI ãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 79
éåœ NNPC ãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 83
éåœç§åŠæè¡æ¿çåå âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 85
PE ãããã©ã€ã³ãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 89
ãã€ãªãã¡ãã£ã¯ã¹ç 究äŒãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 94
ã€ãã³ãæ¡å âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 98
ç·šéåŸèš âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 101
Food for Thought é«ãç§åŠæè¡ç 究éçºããã³ã·ã£ã«ãšäœè¿·ããåœé競äºå âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 55
Column æ§é è²ããã€é³¥ â¥ãã¢ãªãã âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 36
Column ãããªãã ããã³ã«ã¯ãŠãœ âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ 88
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org/UHI_Canopy.pdf
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ãæ ã«æããšãã«ã®ãŒãæ¶è²»ãã矜ã°ããé£è¡ã§ãããã
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å³ 1ãWing tip paths relative to the body for a variety of flyers, as indicated by the arrows. (a) albatross, fast gait; ïŒbïŒ
pigeon, slow gait; (c) horseshoe bat, fast flight; (d) horseshoe bat, slow gait; (e) blow fly; (f) locust; (g) June beetle; (h) fruit
fly. Adopted from Alexander, (Alexander, 2002).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
-
19PEN September 2012
å³ 2ãSchematic of hover ing
f l a p p i n g w i n g k i n e m a t i c s : a
s y m m e t r i c h o v e r i n g a n d b
asymmetric hovering (Norberg,
1990).
ïŒsymmetric hoveringïŒãšé察称ãããªã³ã°ïŒasymmetric
hoveringïŒãšã® 2 çš®é¡ã®ã¢ãŒããããã察称ãããªã³ã°
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ïŒaïŒ ïŒbïŒ
å³ 3ãMass versus reduced frequency
for birds and insects (Shyy et al. 2007).
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20 PEN Stember 2012
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ã®ãŒãå·§ã¿ã«å©çšããã®ã§ãã [8]ã
2.3 幟äœåŠçžäŒŒåãšã¹ã±ãŒãªã³ã°
幟äœåŠçžäŒŒåïŒGeometric similarityïŒã¯ãæ £æ§åãéåã
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ã¯éåžžã«æå¹ã§ãããTennekes[9] ã¯ãå³ 4 ã® The Great
Flight Diagram ã«ç€ºãããããã«ãæè«ãé³¥ããé£è¡æ©ã«
è³ã£ãŠãããã®å·¡èªé床ãééåã³ç¿Œè·éã®é¢ä¿ãèæ ®ã
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å³ 4ãRelationship between wing loading,
weight and cruising speed. The shaded region
indicates the expanded parametric range
surrounding the projected size, speed and
weight for MAV. Adopted from Tennekes
(Tennekes, 1996).
-
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yaw è§Î³ãšå®çŸ©ããããŸãç¿Œäœçœ®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã¯çŸœã°ããé¢
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ã ysp 軞㚠yw 軞ã®çŸœã°ããé¢ã«å°åœ±ãã ywâ 軞ã®ãªãè§
ãšãé¢å éåè§ïŒelevation angle ΞïŒã翌軞 yw ãšçŸœã°ã
ãé¢å 軞 ywâ ã®éã® zw 軞ãŸããã®å転ãšãè¿ãè§ïŒangle
of attack αïŒãç¿Œ yw ãŸããã®å転ïŒfeatheringïŒãšãã
ããå®çŸ©ããã
å³ 5ãPectoralis power as a function of flight velocity. Comparative mass-specific pectoralis power as a function of flight velocity in cockatiels, doves and magpies. Bird silhouettes are shown to scale, digitized from video (Tobalske et al., 2003) .
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23PEN September 2012
3.2 幟äœåŠã¢ããªã³ã°ïŒMorphological modelingïŒ
æè«ã¯çŸœã°ããã§èªéãæ¯ããäžåãã®æåãšååãã®æš
é²åãåæã«çºçãã ãã®çŸœã¯éåžžäœéã®æ°ããŒã»ã³ã
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éåãããªãè¶ é«åŒ·åºŠãæãããã®ã§ãããå³ 7 ã®äžã®äœ
é· 5cm ãããã®å€§åæè«ãã¹ãºã¡ã¬ïŒHawkmothïŒã®çŸœ
圢æ ãå éšæ§é ã矜ã°ããé£è¡ã® 3 ã€ã®éåã瀺ããè¡šé¢
ã®éºç²ãèœãšããæè«ã®çŸœã矜ã®ä»ãæ ¹ããæŸå°ç·ç¶ã«äŒž
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å 幟äœåŠåœ¢ç¶ã¢ããªã³ã°ãèšç®ååŠæ Œåçæçã®è«žææ³ã
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è«ãé³¥ã®ç¿Œã»èŽäœã® 3 次å 幟äœåœ¢ç¶ãæ¥åè¿äŒŒãšãã埮
å幟äœåŠææ³ãšæ§é æ Œåçææ³ãšè€éãªåœ¢ç¶ãšçŸœã°ãã
éåãæããå€ç©äœã·ã¹ãã ã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããéè€æ Œåæ³ã
å°å ¥ãã [4, 5]ãå³ 7 ã«ãªã¢ãªã¹ãã£ãã¯ãªç¿ŒèŽäœåœ¢ç¶ã
ãã€ã¹ãºã¡ã¬ïŒhawkmothã Agrius convolvuliïŒãããããïŒhoneybeeã Apis melliferaïŒåã³ã·ã§ãŠãžã§ãŠããšïŒfruitflyã
Drosophila melanogasterïŒã®å¹ŸäœåŠã¢ãã«åã³èšç®æ Œåã瀺ãã
3.3 éååŠã¢ããªã³ã°ïŒKinematic modeling)
é£ç¿æè«ã¯ãäž»ã«ç¿ ã®çŸœã°ããéåã§é£ãã§ãããå€ãã®
æè«ã¯ãããããšã®ããã«ïŒå¯Ÿã®ç¿ ããã£ãŠãããããªã
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ãããæè«ã®çŸœã°ããåšæ³¢æ°ã¯å€§æµ 20 ããæ倧 1000Hz
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äž¡è ã®å¢çã¯çŽ 80Hz ãšèŠãããŠããã
å³ 6ãDefinitions (a) of the wing-fixed system (xw, yw, zw), the body-fixed system (xb, yb, zb), and the global system (X, Y,
Z); the stroke plane angle η and the body angle Ï ; the angles of pitch β , roll Ï , and yaw γ with respect to the body-
fixed system. (b) Wing position parameters within the stroke plane: the wingtip path, the positional angle Ï , the elevation
angle Ξ , and the angle of attack α . (Liu, 2009)
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24 PEN Stember 2012
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圢ããåçæ Œåçæãçµ±åãããŠã矜ã°ããã«ããèªç±é£
è¡ãåçŸå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãã [4]ãå³ 8 ã¯ã¹ãºã¡ã¬ãããã
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ã°ããé¢è§ãèŽäœè§åã³ã¢ã¹ãã¯ãæ¯ããããŠãããã«ã
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ãã ãã空æ°ã®åç²æ§ä¿æ°ã 1.5 à 10-5 m2sec-1 ãšããã
çç©çŸœã°ããé£è¡ã®ååŠã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãè¡ãéã«ãå
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ç¡æ¬¡å åšæ³¢æ°ïŒReynolds number and reduced frequencyïŒ
ã¯ãã䜿çšããããéåžžéæ¢é£è¡ã«å¯ŸããŠã¬ã€ãã«ãºæ°ã¯
åŒïŒ6ïŒã®ããã«å®çŸ©ããããšãã§ããã
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ããã§ã¯ã代衚é·ã Lref ãå¹³åç¿ŒåŒŠé· cm ãšã代衚é床Urefã Uref= Ï RïŒãã ããR ã¯ç¿Œé·ããÏã¯ç¿Œå¹³åè§é床ãÏ =2 Ίf ãΊã¯çŸœã°ããæ¯å¹ ãf ã¯çŸœã°ããåšæ³¢æ°ïŒãšããããããããŸãéæ¢é£è¡æã®ç¡æ¬¡å åšæ³¢æ°ã¯åŒïŒ7ïŒã®
ããã«å®çŸ©ãããã
ããããããããããããããããããããããããïŒ7ïŒ)
å³ 7 Morphological models and computational grids: a) hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli, honeybee, Apis mellifera, and fruitfly,
Drosophia melanogaster (Liu and Aono, 2009); (b) A hawkmoth and its wings without scales.
å³ 8 Hovering wing kinematics: a) hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli, b) honeybee, Apis mellifera, and c) fruitfly, Drosophia
melanogaster (Liu and Aono, 2009)
ïŒaïŒ ïŒbïŒ
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矜ã°ããé£è¡ã«ããèŠããã clap-and-flingãç¿Œã®æ¥éãª
å転ã«ããè¿ãè§ãå¢å€§ããã pitch-up rotationãå転å
ã®ç¿ŒãééããåŸã«ã§ããåŸæµãæç²ãã wake-capture ã
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çžæžŠã倧ããªåããããã leading-edge vortices ãªã©ãã
ã [4, 5, 6, 12]ã
4.1ïŒååŠã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã解ãæããæè«èŠç¯é£è¡ã®ãã€ãªã¡ã«ããºã
éæ¢é£è¡ã¯ããããæè«ã«èŠ³æž¬ãããŠããæè«ã®ç¹æã§ã
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æ°ã«ãã£ãŠç¹åŸŽã¥ãããããå³ 9 ã¯äžè¿°ã® 3 çš®é¡ã®æè«
è¿åã®æžŠæ§é ïŒaïŒhawkmothãRe=6300ïŒ bïŒhoneybee,
Re=1000, cïŒfruitfly, Re=134ïŒãå³ 10 ã¯åŸæµæ§é åã³äž
åãã®ãžã§ããæµãïŒdownwashïŒããããã瀺ãã3 çš®
è¡š 1 A summary of stroke plane angles, aspect ratio, Reynolds numbers, and reduced frequencies for three insects
(hawkmoth, honeybee, and fruitfly) (Liu and Aono, 2009).
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銬è¹æžŠïŒa pair of horseshoe vorticesïŒã圢æããããã
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26 PEN Stember 2012
å³ 9ãVortex structures in terms of leading-edge vortex (LEV), trailing-edge vortex (TEV), wing tip vortex (TV), downstroke
vortex ring (DVR), and upstroke vortex ring (UVR) about a hovering insect: a) hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli, b) honeybee,
Apis mellifera, and c) fruitfly, Drosophia melanogaster. Note that magnitude of iso-vorticity surfaces is 0.6 and color of iso-
vorticity surfaces is normalized by helicity density. (Liu and Aono, 2009)
å³ 10ãDownwash wake topologies about a hovering insect: a) hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli, b) honeybee, Apis mellifera,
and c) fruitfly, Drosophia melanogaster (Liu and Aono, 2009)
-
27PEN September 2012
å³ 11 Time courses of vertical force
coefficient over a flapping cycle:
a) hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli,
b) honeybee, Apis mellifera, and c)
fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaste.
Orange and blue lines indicate
vertical force acting on two wings
and body, respectively (Liu and
Aono, 2009).
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