isover building advices_1
TRANSCRIPT
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Comfort
ConcursulIsover 2007
Isover BuildingAdvices
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Sensation of Comfort
Different parameters affects a sensation ofa high comfort level inside a building
The ambient inside temperature
The temperature variations inside
The level of air-movements (draft) insideThe sensation of air freshness
The noise level in and betweenrooms/houses
The level of light inside
We want to live in a warm (or cool in thesummer), silent and safe building
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Typical Comfort issues
Sensation of cold from surfaces(walls/windows/floors)
Cold draft because of air-movements
Noise from inside the house or from our
neighboursWindows feel cold and there is often acondensation on them
In corners I see a start of mold growth
There is a bad smell in my house
The energy bill for heating is rising...
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Theoretical descriptions
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Theoretical descriptions
Thermal Comfort
Indoor air quality
Thermal performances and minimized heat flowTransmission losses
Thermal bridges
Air and wind tightness
Moisture ManagementAcoustics
Ventilation
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Thermal Comfort
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Definition of comfort
Comfort requirements have been takenaccordance with EN ISO 7730 (1995)
Thermal predicted mean vote (PMV) in accordance
with FANGERIdem for Ventilation and air renewal
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Building and climate
Summer WinterWinter S rin Autumn
Temperature
Inside temp.Good
building
Inside temp.Poor buildingInside temp.Poor building
External
temperature
External
temperature
Source: Dr Claude-Alain Roulet, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland (Hope project)
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The thermal requirements for indoor climatedepends on activity and clothing
Metabolicactiv
itylevel
Hard work = 4.0 metWalking = 3.0 metSitting = 1.0 metSleeping = 0,7 met
Naked = 0 cloSummer clothing = 0.5cloCorrect indoor suit = 1 cloOutdoor clothing = 1.5clo
Examples:1. For an activity level of 1.2 and
clothing at 1.0, the optimumoperative temperature is atapproximately 22C
2. For an activity level of 2,0 andclothing at 0.5, the optimumoperative temperature is atapproximately 21C
2
1
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Thermal requirements
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Thermal comfort requirements for indoorclimate depends on ambient surface temperatures
Requirements of maximalallowable asymmetrical radianttemperatures
To understand the comfort requestsof asymmetrical radiant temperaturesgiven by ISO 7730, we can see in
figure 2 that these requirements areoutside of the accepted limits if 4% ofthe occupants are unsatisfied.
Examples: Occupants are more sensitive to variation in a warm/heated
ceiling than for a warm/heated wall/partition wall
Occupants are more sensitive to variation in a cold wall/windowthan for a cold ceiling
PMV[%]ofunsatisfie
doccupants
Asymmetrical radiant temperature [C]
warmw
allorpartit
ionwa
ll
cold
ceiling
cold
wall
orcold
win
dow
Warm
/heate
dceiling
COMFORTZONE
1
2
4
5
810
20
30
40
6080
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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Climatic conditions requirements inwintertime (season of heating)
In winter, for a light workmainly in a seated positionwith clothing 1 clo (One layerof clothing) and activity 1,2(Sitting/working in an office)met (according to EN ISO7730) the conditionsaccording to the table shouldbe met:
A.B.
C.
3: 19-26C
1. T= 19-24C
2. T< 3C
A. between high and low for warm ceilings: 4C(the maximal allowable difference of surfacetemperature between the floor and theceiling)
B. between two sides of cold partitions: 10 C(the maximal allowable difference of surfacetemperature between an external wall orwindow and an internal wall)
C. between two sides of warm partitions: 20 C(the maximal allowable difference of surfacetemperature between an inside wall to otherinside vertical surfaces like a heated wall)
4.asymmetry ofmaximal radianttemperature :
between 19 et 26 C3.temperature offloor
lower to 3 C2.difference of airtemperaturebetween 0,1 and1,1 m above floor(height of theankles and thehead)
between 19 et 24 C1.understoodambienttemperature is
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Climatic conditions requirements in thesummertime
In summer, for anaccomplished light workmainly in a seated positionwith clothing 0,5 clo andactivity 1,2 met (accordingto EN ISO 7730) theconditions according tothe table should be met:
A. for cold partitions: 10 C(maximal allowable difference of surfacetemperature between a cooling wall and aninternal wall)
B. for cold ceilings: 13 C(maximal allowable difference of surfacetemperature between the floor and thecooling ceiling.)
C. for warm ceilings: 5 C(the maximal allowable difference of surfacetemperature should not be higher than 5C
between the floor and the ceiling heated bysun radiation temperature increase)
3. asymmetryof maximalradianttemperature :
lower than 3 C2.difference of airtemperaturebetween 0,1 and1,1 m above floor(height of theankles and thehead)
between 23,5 et 26,5 C1.understood
ambienttemperature is
B,CA. 1. T= 23.5-26.5C2. T< 3C
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Ventilation and air renewal requirementsin accordance with EN ISO 7730
Air flow conditions during wintertime
Average speed of air lower than 0,15 m/s
Air flow conditions during summertime
Average speed of air lower than 0,20 m/s
The figure gives the average maximum air speedpermitting to avoid that more than 20% of theoccupants complains about draft, as a functionof the ambient temperature and the degree ofturbulence.
The conditions are satisfactory when the pointrepresenting the ambient conditions is situatedbelow the corresponding curve. Its to beunderstood that the other comfort conditions,
especially the ambient temperature, arerespected.
1.
2.
Examples1. for a temperature of 21C the airspeed can be maximum
~0.13m/s to get 100% satisfied occupants
2. for a temperature of 23C and an airspeed of ~0.17 m/s, only50% of the occupants are satisfied
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ComfortIndoor Air Quality
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Ventilation and air renewal requirementsin accordance with EN ISO 7730
eCC
GV
max
min
Air renewalMinimum air exchanges of outside air
The minimum air exchanges of outside air must in principle be determined so that theconcentrations in pollutants don't pass the maximum allowable values:
WhereVmin = minimum air exchanges of outside air in m3/hG = emission of impurities in kg/h, l/h or for gas m3/h, or olf for odoursCmax = maximal allowable concentration of the considered pollutant in kg/m3,
ppm for gas, or pol for odoursCe = pollutant considered concentration of outside air in kg/m3, ppm for gas,
or pol for odours
In presence of several sources of pollutants, we take the biggest one for the calculated
air exchange for every source.An outside air exchange about 15 m3 per hour and per person (zone non-smokers) isnecessary of the point of hygienic view. This air exchange limits the concentration incarbon dioxide to 0,15% or 1500 ppm.
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Thermal performances
Minimized Heat flow
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0
50
100
150200
250
300
350
400
Completelyinsufficient
thermal
protection
Insufficientthermal
protection
Low EnergyBuildings
Isover MultiConfort House
Householdelectricity
Ventilation
Electricity
Hot Water
Heating
Comparison of Buildings
En
ergyconsumptioninkWh/ma
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Comparison of Buildings I
1.5 liters4-5 liters15-10 liters30-25 liters
Energy consumption inliters heating oil persquare meter and year
Lowest-energybuildings(essentialparameter of therequirementprofile to be metby PassiveHouses)
Low-energybuildings
InsufficientthermalprotectionThermalrenovation isclearly worth thetrouble (typical ofresidentialbuildingsconstructed in the50ies and 70ies ofthe last century)
Completelyinsufficientthermal protectionStructurallyquestionable, costof heating no longereconomical (typicalof rural structures,buildings datingfrom the early yearsof the so-calledGrnderzeit or from1945 to 1970
Building standard
The HEDGFA value (heatenergy demand related
to the gross floor area)serves as a help toassess the thermalquality of a building -NORM B 8110-5(prestandard).
kWh/ma
< 15kWh/ma
50-40kWh/ma
150-100kWh/ma
300-250
Heat energy demandGross floor area(HEDGFA) in kWh/mafor a characteristic lengthof 1mHeating degree days (HDD) =3400 Kd
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Comparison of Buildings II
0.80 W/mK
Triple glazingspecial frame
1.10 W/mK
Double glazingthermo
2.6 W/mK
Double glazing
5.10 W/mK
Single glazing
Windows
0.12 W/mK
30 cm
0.25 W/mK
20 cm
0.40 W/mK
7 cm
1.0 W/mK
2 cm
Floors to ground
0.10 W/mK
40 cm
0.15 W/mK
30 cm
0.22 W/mK
22 cm
0.90 W/mK
4 cm
Roof
0.10 W/mK
34 cm
0.20 W/mK
16 cm
0.40 W/mK
6 cm
1.30 W/mK
0 cm
Exterior wall(massive wall of 25 cm)
U-value and insulation ( =40 mW/m.K) thicknessConstruction
kWh/ma
< 15
kWh/ma
50-40
kWh/ma
150-100
kWh/ma
300-250
Heat energy demand
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1.5 liters4-5 liters15-10 liters30-25 liters
Energy consumption inliters heating oil persquare meter and year
2 kg/ma
10 kg/ma
30 kg/ma
60 kg/maCO2 emission
kWh/ma< 15
kWh/ma50-40
kWh/ma150-100
kWh/ma300-250
Heat energy demandGross floor area
(HEDGFA) in kWh/ma fora characteristic length of1mHeating degree days (HDD) = 3400Kd
Comparison of Buildings III
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Schematic description of the past and futurenet energy demand of a single-family house
0
15
3045
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
Annualenergyconsumption(kWh/ma)
Heatenergydemand
Internal thermalsources
Solar gains
Transmissionlosses
Ventilation
165
180
195
0
15
3045
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
Annualenergyconsumption(kWh/ma)
Heat energydemand
Recovery ofventilation losses
Internal thermalsources
Solar gains
Transmission
Ventilation
165
180
195
Passive house
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Typical Energy losses in a single familyhouse
30% Roof
Walls25%Windows/Openings
Thermalbridges
10% Ground 10%
10%
15% Airrenewal
Summer
Winter
Principle ofinsulation
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Transmission losses
In a house the transmission lossesdepends on the nature and the insulationcapacity of each surface between theinside and the outside
Roof
Wall
FloorWindows/openings
High transmission losses are a result ofpoor insulation and means
higher energy use (=higher cost forheating and more pollution)
decreased thermal comfort anda higher risk for condensation and moldgrowth inside the building
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Thermal bridgesDefinition
A thermal bridge is the part of a building envelope where heat is
transferred at a much higher rate than the surrounding area.Two types:
Punctual thermal bridges: in W/KLinear thermal bridges : in W/mK
Where do they occur?In constructions there are always risks for thermal bridges*coming from
The structure of the buildingThe joints between the building parts (Windows, doorsetc.)
In order to minimize these thermal bridges, special attention hasto be put on
the choice of the components/materials in theconstructionthe detailing work around openingsthe design/insulation of the building structure joints
ConsequencesLess comfortLoss of heat => Higher energy costsRisk of condensation and mold growth
*) bridges leading the cold from the outside to the inside in the winteror the heat from outside to inside in the summer
The challenge is to design a building whichhas as few thermal bridges as possible inorder to optimize the comfort, keeping theheat inside the building and minimizing therisk of mold growth
OK !
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Thermal bridges, U
*) bridges leading the cold from the outside to the inside in the winteror the heat from outside to inside in the summer
The challenge is to design a
building which has as fewthermal bridges as possiblein order to keep the heat or
cold inside the building
Example:
If the window below is 1 m* 0.8 m with a -value of 0.012 W/mC in the structure
around the window U = (0.8*2+1*2)*0.012/(1*0.8) = 0.054
U= *L/A = Linear Thermal loss(W/mC)
L=Length (m)A= Area (m2)
x
y
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Ventilation and Air leaks
In a building you need a ventilation system tokeep a good indoor air climate
Renewal of airEvacuation of humidity etc.
The ventilation means that heated air goesout of the building and that cold air comes in
There are normally air leaks in the buildingenvelope causing unwanted ex- andinfiltration of air
Joints between building partsThe air-tightness in the insulations systemis not guaranteedThe windows are not air-tight etc.
The air-leaks causes worse performance ofthe insulation- and ventilation systemControlling the air leaks and the air flowmeans an improvement of the comfort butalso better energy efficiency of the building
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Air and wind tightness
Wind Wind
The envelope must be
made air-tight in order toguaranteea sensation of high comfortand avoid draft, high speed ofair and shift in temperaturedue to in- and ex-filtration ofairan optimized function of the
ventilation equipmentminimize the risk ofcondensation in theconstruction
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Air tightnessThe air-tightness is measured by a measuring the air changes per hourwith a pressure diff. of 50 Pa (Blower door test ISO 9772 EN 13829).
Blower door test
Smoke test to indicate leaks
Measuring with Anemometer(Wind speed and direction)
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Moisture management
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Safe Storage Capacity Wetting Wetting
Drying
Condensation
air convection vapor diffusion
Rain
absorption
penetration
DrainageAir convectionEvaporation-Diffusion John Straube 2001
Dynamic heat and moisture transfer
Keeping the Moisture balance
Built-inmoisture
Source: Fraunhofer Institute, Holzkirchen/Germany
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John Straube 2001
Safe Storage Capacity WettingWetting
DryingTo avoid damage evaluatehygrothermal loads duringdesign process!
Dynamic heat and moisture transfer
Make sure that the design
Source: Fraunhofer Institute, Holzkirchen/Germany
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Moisture management
There are three types of moisturetransmissions:
1.Convective air transmission loss
2.Water vapor transmission by diffusion
3.Capillary moisture transport
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Moisture management
Making sure the building moisturelevel is in balance
Good ventilation is essential:Change of air and evacuation ofthe moisture with the ventilationsystem
Short time openings of the
windows enables a moisturebalances
Warm air can hold more water vaporthan cold air:
As can be seen in the right figurecondensation (at RH* 100%)occurs at 5C. However the
absolute water vapor content islower in this volume than at atemperature of 20C => warm aircan hold more water vapor
*) RH= Relative humidity
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Critical surface temperature
The critical places for surface humidity aregeometrical and constructive thermalbridges, like corner, stored supports etc.The construction has to be designed in away that
at no surface a condensation can appearthe risk of contamination through mould
growth doesn't exist There is a high level of insulation,
thermal bridges are minimized and thewindows have a high quality
If short-term appearance of condensationat the surface should occur, theconstruction element should be designedso that damages can not occur (i.e. awindow with temporary condensation must be
able to accept the condensation until this isdried out without damage on the surface.)
In order to avoid the risk of mould growth,the relative humidity of the surfaces nearan air layer should never be higher than 80percent for a period of 60 days (or a tempof 13C or 8 days and a temp of 20C)
ei
esiRsif
>= 0,75
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Interstitial condensation
Proof that this is not the case: at the end of the summer there is no
condensation in the constructionelements
the accumulated quantity ofcondensation during the condensationperiod in the adjoining layers thefollowing values doesn't exceed:
1. 3% (absolute difference between theoriginal (17% nominal) and the maxlevel) of the mass for wood and woodenmaterials
2. 1% of volume for insulation materials3. 800 g/m2 for porous building materials
with capillary moisture transmissioneffect (i.e. concrete or bricks) 800 g/m2Porous materials withcapillary moist. Transm.
1 % of volumeInsulation
3 % of massWood
Max allowedaccumulated quantity of
the original
Material
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No drying out towards
the outside(Winter)Water proof membrane
(or i.e. Metal roof)
Air- and Vaportight barrier
Leakage in
Vapor and airbarrier
No drying out towards
the inside(Summer)
Trapped Moisture that cant get out
Diffusion Problem(Example taken from EMPA/Switzerland)
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Winte
r
Summ
er
Diffusion problems cont.
Room temperature 21 C
Summer situation
Outside-Temperature 33 C
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Acoustics
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We only can learn whatwe can hear
Speech dominates themajority of learning situations.The quality of a room'sacoustics can therefore help
determine whether teaching issuccessful or not.Furthermore the indoorenvironment of all workplacesmust help ensure that people
feel bothmentally and physicallyhealthy.
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DefinitionsSound absorption
The Reverberation time, T60is defined as
the time it takes for thesound level to decrease by
60 dB after the soundsource has been switchedoff. A sound source that emits a sound level of 100 dB is switchedoff at t=0.5 sec.
The reverberation time is the time it takes for the sound level todecrease 60 dB (the sound level is then 40 dB). The soundlevel in this example is stabilised at the background noise
level of 30 dB.
The sound propagation in rooms is differentfrom the sound propagation in free field. Soundin rooms is reflected from hard surfaces andcan negatively influence the room acoustics.
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Sound reduction
To enjoy privacy and speech audibilityin a room, the sound reduction index(DnT,w) of the partition wall should behigher than 55 dB in apartmentbuildings
Effectiveness of Sound Reduction (DnT,w)between rooms.
In several European countries thesound insulation requirementbetween rooms of differentapartments is DnT,w= 55 dB.
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Impact sound reduction ( Lw)
Sound is not onlytransferred by the air butalso by the structure
between floors and roomsBuilding structure design isgiving the result as regardsto impact noise- separatingthe floor from the structureis an important factor toreduce the nuisance fromimpact noise
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Isover BuildingDesign recommendations
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Thermal comfort- Wintergeneral recommendations
In order to maximize the thermal comfort in acold/medium cold climate:
a high level of an air-tight thermal insulation solutionis necessary to keep the cold outside and the warmair inside the building
a well designed ventilation system is required inorder to renew the air and evacuate humidity
The outgoing air should be used to heat theincoming fresh and filtered air
The size-, quality-, surface-area- and the placing ofthe window in the building is highly effecting thecomfort and special attention has to be put to this inthe design stage
The orientation of the windows should be towardsthe south and west in order to use the solar energyduring the winterA ground heat exchanger is an opportunity to pre-heat the ingoing air hence improving the comfort
pipe must resist to ground pressure, soil acidity, air- and gas-tight(water vapor, radon) and be smooth, to make cleaning easy)
In a light structure building it is preferred to use aheating floor, if a heating source is needed
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Thermal comfort- Summergeneral recommendations
In order to maximize summer comfort in a warm climate:
a high level of thermal insulation is necessary to keep the heat outside andthe cold air inside the buildinga well designed ventilation system (and/or opening of windows) is needed inorder to cool the building during the night time
the size, orientation and the placement of the window surface in the buildingis highly effecting the comfort and should be controlled
a good protection (shadings) against sun radiation through windows isnecessary and these should be installed outside the building
the energy labeling for the inside equipment for cooking, cooling/freezing,lighting, TV etc. should be at the lowest possible level and switch of thestandby on the equipment
behavior/activity of occupants is highly effecting the summer comfort
activities like cooking, lighting, watching TV etc. must be controlled
closing the outside blinds in front of the window is necessary duringday-time
a ground heat exchanger is an opportunity to cool the ingoing air andimprove the comfort
pipe must resist to ground pressure, soil acidity, air- and gas-tight(water vapor, radon) and be smooth, to make cleaning easy)
In a light structure building it is preferred to use a heating floor, if a heatingsource is needed. This floor could be used as a cooling floor in the summerand the heat should then be recuperated, i.e. for hot tap wateradditional internal heat storage mass, e.g. floors, external walls, partitionsand ceilings can be achieved by extra layers) of plaster-board (with PCM,Phase Changing Material)
The solar energy should be used to heat the tap water to the highestpossible extent
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Isover recommendation for optimalcomfort and low energy consumption
0.80W/mK
Triple glazingspecial frame
1.10W/mK
Doubleglazingthermo
2.60 W/mKDouble glazing
5.10 W/mKSingle glazing
Windows
0.12W/mK
30 cm
0.25W/mK
20 cm
0.40 W/mK
7 cm
1.0 W/mK
2 cm
Floors to ground
0.10W/mK
40 cm
0.15W/mK
30 cm
0.22 W/mK
22 cm
0.90 W/mK
4 cm
Roof
0.10W/mK
34 cm
0.20W/mK
16 cm
0.40 W/mK
6 cm
1.30 W/mK
0 cm
Exterior wall(massive wall of 25cm)
U-value and insulation ( =40 mW/m.K) thicknessConstruction
kWh/ma
< 15
kWh/ma
50-40
kWh/ma
150-100
kWh/ma
300-250
Heat energy demand
0
1530
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
An
nualenergyconsumption(kWh/ma)
Heat energydemand
Recovery ofventilation losses
Internal thermal
sources
Solar gains
Transmission
Ventilation
165
180
195
0
1530
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
An
nualenergyconsumption(kWh/ma)
Heat energydemand
Recovery ofventilation losses
Internal thermal
sources
Solar gains
Transmission
Ventilation
165
180
195
Passive house
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Recommended minimum Thermalperformances per building part
The energy consumption target for thebuilding envelope should be at leastequal or lower than 60 kWh/m2.y fornet energy consumption (Heating,ventilation and hot water supply) whichgives the recommended U-values as inthe table on the right for the differentbuilding elements
U-values in the table are put withoutspecial concerns to climate and areconsidered typical for a medium/coldclimateIt is assumed that the inertia needed inthe summer is coming from the floatingfloor or the ground floor
An additional inertia of the building
could be achieved with extra plasterboard, possibly containing PhaseChanging Material (PCM)
U < 0,06Thermal bridges
STRUCTURE
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Air tightness recommendationThe air-tightness of a building should be < 0.7 (one) air change per hourwith a pressure diff. of 50 Pa (Blower door test ISO 9772 EN 13829)
Special attention should be put on insulation and air-tight joints aroundwindows/openings to minimize the risk of leaks
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The sustainable solution toguarantee the air- and wind tightness
Fixation of anindependent air-tightness
layer/vapor retarderon the insideof the building
Making sure that there is noair-leakage around ducts etc.
Taping the overlapbetween to sheets of thevapor retarder
Guaranteeing theair-tightness betweenthe roof and the wall bygluing the connection
Making sure that there is noair-leakage between the wallstructure and theground element.
Assuring the air-tightnessand minimization of thethermal bridge betweenthe roof and windowelement
Making sure that there is noair-leakage between the walland window/doors/openings.