island biogeography. o colonization - arrival –float –fly –swim –be carried –wind (seeds,...
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Island BiogeographyIsland Biogeography
Island BiogeographyIsland Biogeography
o Colonization - arrivalColonization - arrival– floatfloat– flyfly– swimswim– be carriedbe carried– wind (seeds, spores)wind (seeds, spores)
Surtsey (1963)Surtsey (1963)
25 miles from Iceland25 miles from Iceland QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Plant colonization - SurtseyPlant colonization - Surtsey
Krakatau (1833)Krakatau (1833)
Colonization - KrakatauColonization - Krakatau
anak Krakatau
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Characteristics of Island Characteristics of Island SpeciesSpecies
o Good dispersal abilityGood dispersal ability
o Flock loving animalsFlock loving animals
o Prefer fresh water, mangroves, Prefer fresh water, mangroves, secondary forest on the mainlandsecondary forest on the mainland
o High ecological flexibilityHigh ecological flexibility
Maquire Maquire (Ecol. Monog. 33:161-185)(Ecol. Monog. 33:161-185)
o Placed bowls of nutrient solution at various Placed bowls of nutrient solution at various distances and heights from a pond.distances and heights from a pond.
o Some bowls increased, then decreased in one Some bowls increased, then decreased in one species as others moved in. species as others moved in.
o The number of The number of newnew species/unit time species/unit time decreased with time. They finally reached an decreased with time. They finally reached an equilibrium state.equilibrium state.
o Different bowls had different species Different bowls had different species assemblages.assemblages.
MacArthur and WilsonMacArthur and Wilson
As species As species , there are more , there are more species which could go extinct. species which could go extinct.
As species As species , the , the probablility of arrival of probablility of arrival of new species new species
EE
II
# of Species is a dynamic # of Species is a dynamic equilibriumequilibrium
High
LowNumber of species on island
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Enclosing the “island”Enclosing the “island”
Simberloff - equilibriumSimberloff - equilibrium
Size relationshipsSize relationships
o If same If same distance from distance from mainland, mainland, immigration immigration should be the should be the samesame
E large
I
E small
Number of Species
Rate
S S
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Small Islands - high turnover Small Islands - high turnover raterate
o Microtus pennsylvanicusMicrotus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole) (meadow vole)
o Clethrionomys gapperi Clethrionomys gapperi (red-backed vole)(red-backed vole)
o 12 red-backed voles introduced to Rock Island12 red-backed voles introduced to Rock Island
– rapidly displaced meadow vole in small rapidly displaced meadow vole in small woodlandwoodland
– population never > 30population never > 30
– went extinct in 3 yearswent extinct in 3 years
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Red backed voleRed backed vole
Meadow voleMeadow vole
100
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Area (square miles)
Nu
mb
er o
f am
ph
ibia
n a
nd
rep
tile
sp
ecie
s
10
SABA MONTSERRAT CUBA
Hispaniola
Puerto Rico
Jamaica
Cuba
Montserrat
Saba
Redonda
Inland IslandsInland Islands
Mountain tops in New GuineaMountain tops in New Guinea
Species/Area relationshipsSpecies/Area relationships
Slope of regression line relating S to AS = CAz
Area
Constant, gives number of species when A = 1
# of species
For most islands z falls between .24-.34
For areas of the mainland z is between .12-.17
Species/Area CurveSpecies/Area Curve
Nonequilibrium theoryNonequilibrium theory
o Suggested by Suggested by LawlorLawlor
o Non-flying Non-flying mammals mammals have not come have not come to equilibrium to equilibrium on oceanic on oceanic islandsislands
Text fig. 24.21Text fig. 24.21
Relationship to DistanceRelationship to Distance
o Extinction is not Extinction is not likely to be likely to be affected by affected by remotenessremoteness
I near
I farE
S S
Rate
100
50
25
12.5
6.25
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Distance from New Guinea (kilometers)
Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s (p
erc
enta
ge
of
sam
ple
stu
die
d)
NEW GUINEA
MacArthur-Wilson model MacArthur-Wilson model predictionspredictions
o Number of species should remain Number of species should remain constant over timeconstant over time
o Some species should become extinct over Some species should become extinct over timetime
o Extinctions balanced by immigrationsExtinctions balanced by immigrationso Turnover rate of species should vary with Turnover rate of species should vary with
island area and distance from a source of island area and distance from a source of immigrantsimmigrants
Assembly rulesAssembly rules
o Worked out by Jared DiamondWorked out by Jared Diamond
o Three sets of rules determining the Three sets of rules determining the species mix on an islandspecies mix on an island
– Incidence functionsIncidence functions
– Compatibility rulesCompatibility rules
– Combination rulesCombination rules
Incidence FunctionsIncidence Functions
o Incidence functions place species into 3 Incidence functions place species into 3 groups:groups:
– Species only on species rich islands. Species only on species rich islands.
– Tramps - on species rich islands and Tramps - on species rich islands and with lower probability on species poor with lower probability on species poor islands.islands.
– Super tramps - only on species poor Super tramps - only on species poor islands.islands.
Compatibility rulesCompatibility rules
o Built from mutually exclusive ranges of Built from mutually exclusive ranges of pairs of species.pairs of species.
o Certain closely related species cannot Certain closely related species cannot co-exist.co-exist.
Combination rulesCombination ruleso Based on diffuse competition rather than Based on diffuse competition rather than
direct.direct.o Prevents certain groups of species from co-Prevents certain groups of species from co-
existing.existing.o Calculates the probability of a given Calculates the probability of a given
combination being found together on an combination being found together on an island of a given size island of a given size
o The only stochastic part is the order of The only stochastic part is the order of arrival of the first colonists. arrival of the first colonists.
Example: CubaExample: Cuba
Banana quitBanana quit