islamic heartlands ◊religion and society sunni consolidation ◊madrasah: more like tutors than a...
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ISLAMIC HEARTLANDSISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
◊ Religion and Society• Sunni Consolidation
◊ Madrasah: More like tutors than a university• One teacher certifies student• Stipends (money) and facilities provided
◊ Worship by practice not belief (Orthopraxy)• Develops by 1000 A.D.• Discourages religious and social change• Increased conservatism
◊ Religion and Society• Sunni Consolidation
◊ Madrasah: More like tutors than a university• One teacher certifies student• Stipends (money) and facilities provided
◊ Worship by practice not belief (Orthopraxy)• Develops by 1000 A.D.• Discourages religious and social change• Increased conservatism
ISLAMIC HEARTLANDSISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
◊ Religion and Society• Sufi’s
◊ Spiritual and mystical Islam• Simplicity, humility, good life over mere
practice• Some ascetics, others devoted to God• Create brotherhoods and orders to spread
actual faith• Still exist today
◊ Religion and Society• Sufi’s
◊ Spiritual and mystical Islam• Simplicity, humility, good life over mere
practice• Some ascetics, others devoted to God• Create brotherhoods and orders to spread
actual faith• Still exist today
ISLAMIC HEARTLANDSISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
◊ Religion and Society• Shi’a Consolidation 10th – 12th Centuries
◊ Concentrated in Iran/Iraq, Lower Indus Valley• Ismaili’is (Seveners) recognize son of 6th Imam as
7th Imam• Revolutionaries control Eastern Arabia, Iraq, Syria
in 900’s◊ Dominant Group (Twelvers) believes in 12 Imams
descended through a different Son of the 6th Imam• The 12th was taken to heaven and will reemerge• This will be the Mahdi and will create a holy state
and bring Judgement day (still wait for this today)
◊ Religion and Society• Shi’a Consolidation 10th – 12th Centuries
◊ Concentrated in Iran/Iraq, Lower Indus Valley• Ismaili’is (Seveners) recognize son of 6th Imam as
7th Imam• Revolutionaries control Eastern Arabia, Iraq, Syria
in 900’s◊ Dominant Group (Twelvers) believes in 12 Imams
descended through a different Son of the 6th Imam• The 12th was taken to heaven and will reemerge• This will be the Mahdi and will create a holy state
and bring Judgement day (still wait for this today)
Regional IslamRegional Islam
◊ Spain/North Africa• Spain
◊ Moors (Ummayads) found state under Abd al Rahman at Cordoba Spain 756
◊ Cultural center of Western world for 200 years◊ Baths, gardens, commerce, Mosque/University
are earliest in the region (Europeans attend it)◊ Abd al Rathman III 912-61 is buffer between
Christians and Fatimids in North Africa◊ Upon his death Christian states rebel and
Toledo lost 1085
◊ Spain/North Africa• Spain
◊ Moors (Ummayads) found state under Abd al Rahman at Cordoba Spain 756
◊ Cultural center of Western world for 200 years◊ Baths, gardens, commerce, Mosque/University
are earliest in the region (Europeans attend it)◊ Abd al Rathman III 912-61 is buffer between
Christians and Fatimids in North Africa◊ Upon his death Christian states rebel and
Toledo lost 1085
Regional IslamRegional Islam
◊ Spain/North Africa• Spain
◊ Brief Reuinifcation of Islamic Spanish states under Berbers (Almoravids 1086)
• Persecute Arabized Christians and Jews• Sparks Reconquista
◊ 1147 Almohads defeat Berbers conquer Southern Spain
• Cultural revival to 1225
◊ Spain/North Africa• Spain
◊ Brief Reuinifcation of Islamic Spanish states under Berbers (Almoravids 1086)
• Persecute Arabized Christians and Jews• Sparks Reconquista
◊ 1147 Almohads defeat Berbers conquer Southern Spain
• Cultural revival to 1225
Western IslamWestern Islam
◊ Fatimids• Shi’ites descended from M’s daughter• Start in Tunisia then spread to Morocco< Sicily and
Egypt• Thus have 3 Khalif’s 10th-12th C.
◊ Offshoots: Druze – believe one of Fatimid Khalifs is divine (not really Muslims)
◊ Assassin order in Iran destroyed by Mongols in 1200’s
• Overall, fairly tolerant◊ Treat Jews and Coptic Christians well
◊ Fatimids• Shi’ites descended from M’s daughter• Start in Tunisia then spread to Morocco< Sicily and
Egypt• Thus have 3 Khalif’s 10th-12th C.
◊ Offshoots: Druze – believe one of Fatimid Khalifs is divine (not really Muslims)
◊ Assassin order in Iran destroyed by Mongols in 1200’s
• Overall, fairly tolerant◊ Treat Jews and Coptic Christians well
Western IslamWestern Islam
◊ Rise of Ayyubid Dynasty (Saladin)• Saladin defeats Fatimids in 1171• Is a general for Turkish general of Syria Nur al din• Seizes power when Nur dies and conquers Syria,
Palestine, Mesopotamia and Egypt• Short lived state and Mamluks seize Egpt and Mongols
get the rest by 1260
◊ Mamluks• Defeat the Fatimids and Saladin’s Empire• Successfully resist mongols in 1260• Ruler is a Sultan, orinally were Turk/Mongol slave
officers
◊ Rise of Ayyubid Dynasty (Saladin)• Saladin defeats Fatimids in 1171• Is a general for Turkish general of Syria Nur al din• Seizes power when Nur dies and conquers Syria,
Palestine, Mesopotamia and Egypt• Short lived state and Mamluks seize Egpt and Mongols
get the rest by 1260
◊ Mamluks• Defeat the Fatimids and Saladin’s Empire• Successfully resist mongols in 1260• Ruler is a Sultan, orinally were Turk/Mongol slave
officers
Western IslamWestern Islam
◊ Mamluk instability• Become Sultan by assassination, survival of the
fittest• Create as system of military fiefs with Sultan at the
top◊ Greatest Leader is Baybars 1260-77
• Drives out Crusaders• Revives Abbassid Dynasty to legitimate his rule• Golden Age after trade with east resumes 1300-40• Hurt by plague 1347-48• Finally absorbed by Ottomans and become provincial
governors
◊ Mamluk instability• Become Sultan by assassination, survival of the
fittest• Create as system of military fiefs with Sultan at the
top◊ Greatest Leader is Baybars 1260-77
• Drives out Crusaders• Revives Abbassid Dynasty to legitimate his rule• Golden Age after trade with east resumes 1300-40• Hurt by plague 1347-48• Finally absorbed by Ottomans and become provincial
governors
The Islamic EastThe Islamic East
◊ Abassids usurped by Sammanids 875-99 and Buyids 945-1055• Both are Shia• These groups in turn are overthrown by
former Turkic slave troops◊ Ghaznavids 998-1186
• Slave governor Subuktigan Revolts and seizes Afghanistan
• Greatest Ruler is Mahmud who has empire from Western Iran to Oxus and Indus Rivers
◊ Abassids usurped by Sammanids 875-99 and Buyids 945-1055• Both are Shia• These groups in turn are overthrown by
former Turkic slave troops◊ Ghaznavids 998-1186
• Slave governor Subuktigan Revolts and seizes Afghanistan
• Greatest Ruler is Mahmud who has empire from Western Iran to Oxus and Indus Rivers
The Islamic EastThe Islamic East
• Saljuk Turks◊ First Turkish Dynasty of Islam◊ Capture Baghdad and push into Asia Minor◊ Win the Battle of Manzikert 1071 and shatter
Byzantine Empire◊ Eventually replaced By Khwarizm 1194 (Basis for
Shah of Iran)◊ Abbasids briefly gain independence as Khwarizm
dynasty focuses to the east
• Saljuk Turks◊ First Turkish Dynasty of Islam◊ Capture Baghdad and push into Asia Minor◊ Win the Battle of Manzikert 1071 and shatter
Byzantine Empire◊ Eventually replaced By Khwarizm 1194 (Basis for
Shah of Iran)◊ Abbasids briefly gain independence as Khwarizm
dynasty focuses to the east
The Islamic EastThe Islamic East
• Mongols sweep aside almost all the old Dynasties◊ First arrive with Ghenghis Khan in 1219◊ Brief withdrawal as his sons fight over their
inheritance◊ Mongols reappear under his Grandson Hulaga
1256-65 and destroy Iran, seize Baghdad and kill the Khalif
• Only Christians are spared because Hulaga’s wife is Christian
• Civil War Hulaga v. his cousin Berke (a Muslim) weakens the attack
◊ Berke rules the Golden Horde and helps the Mamluks defeat Hulaga 1250
• Mongols sweep aside almost all the old Dynasties◊ First arrive with Ghenghis Khan in 1219◊ Brief withdrawal as his sons fight over their
inheritance◊ Mongols reappear under his Grandson Hulaga
1256-65 and destroy Iran, seize Baghdad and kill the Khalif
• Only Christians are spared because Hulaga’s wife is Christian
• Civil War Hulaga v. his cousin Berke (a Muslim) weakens the attack
◊ Berke rules the Golden Horde and helps the Mamluks defeat Hulaga 1250
The Islamic EastThe Islamic East
• Mongol civil war permanently splits Mongol Empire◊ Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan (China), Ilkans (Iran),
Central Asia (Chagatays)• Timurids and Turkomans
◊ Split weakens Mongols and Turko-Mongol tribe of Timur emerges from Central Asia
◊ Timur is Muslim convert but is interested only in conquest and war
◊ Iran falls 185, Syria 1395, N. India 1398, Asia Minor 1402
◊ Creates political chaos, death, disease, ruins
• Mongol civil war permanently splits Mongol Empire◊ Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan (China), Ilkans (Iran),
Central Asia (Chagatays)• Timurids and Turkomans
◊ Split weakens Mongols and Turko-Mongol tribe of Timur emerges from Central Asia
◊ Timur is Muslim convert but is interested only in conquest and war
◊ Iran falls 185, Syria 1395, N. India 1398, Asia Minor 1402
◊ Creates political chaos, death, disease, ruins
INDIA and ISLAMINDIA and ISLAM
◊ First Islamic contacts are Muslim merchants in South and West India (Early 700’s)• Warrior Class (Rajputs) resists Islamic
expansion• Disorganized and fail to keep Muslims
out• Eventually former Slave troops create
Sultanate of Delhi in N. India 1206-90
◊ First Islamic contacts are Muslim merchants in South and West India (Early 700’s)• Warrior Class (Rajputs) resists Islamic
expansion• Disorganized and fail to keep Muslims
out• Eventually former Slave troops create
Sultanate of Delhi in N. India 1206-90
Delhi SultanateDelhi Sultanate
◊ Unstable and repeatedly splits◊ Strongest state are Bahmanids
• Create Deccan Empire in central India• Religion and culture
◊ Ruling class are minority (Persianized Turks and Afghans
◊ Ghazis are warriors who force conversion◊ Sufis convert many low caste Hindu’s in the North◊ Rulers act like separate caste
• Urdu-Hindi language develops: combination of Rulers Persian Language plus Arabic and Hindu
◊ Unstable and repeatedly splits◊ Strongest state are Bahmanids
• Create Deccan Empire in central India• Religion and culture
◊ Ruling class are minority (Persianized Turks and Afghans
◊ Ghazis are warriors who force conversion◊ Sufis convert many low caste Hindu’s in the North◊ Rulers act like separate caste
• Urdu-Hindi language develops: combination of Rulers Persian Language plus Arabic and Hindu
The Great Islamic Empires: The Ottoman TurksThe Great Islamic Empires: The Ottoman Turks
The OttomansThe Ottomans
◊ 1402 reach Danube in Austria◊ Take Constantinople 1453 and control
Southeastern Europe by 1512
• Ottoman Order◊ Ruling Muslim Elite◊ Caliph of all Muslims◊ Princes are provincial governors◊ Fratricide to stabilize Gov’t
◊ 1402 reach Danube in Austria◊ Take Constantinople 1453 and control
Southeastern Europe by 1512
• Ottoman Order◊ Ruling Muslim Elite◊ Caliph of all Muslims◊ Princes are provincial governors◊ Fratricide to stabilize Gov’t
The OttomansThe Ottomans
◊ Church/State unity• Ulama made part of gov’t• Grand Mufti runs religion and works for Sultan• Sharia respected but Administrative Lawis
real legal system Qanun• Army controlled through nobles and slav
soldiers• Provincial slave levy of Christians (devshirme)
◊ Janissaries are slave boys converted to Islam and serve in Army and bureacracy
◊ Church/State unity• Ulama made part of gov’t• Grand Mufti runs religion and works for Sultan• Sharia respected but Administrative Lawis
real legal system Qanun• Army controlled through nobles and slav
soldiers• Provincial slave levy of Christians (devshirme)
◊ Janissaries are slave boys converted to Islam and serve in Army and bureacracy
The OttomansThe Ottomans
◊ Empire peaks 1560 then steady decline• Shi’ite Safavids seize eastern Territory• Two front war with Austrians and Persians• Too many Janissaries (too expensive) • Rely on mercenaries (fight for pay)• Inflation due to silver prices• Import too much• Population doubles creates unemployment• Nobles break away• Ulama becomes aristocratic elite controlled by
hereditary families
◊ Empire peaks 1560 then steady decline• Shi’ite Safavids seize eastern Territory• Two front war with Austrians and Persians• Too many Janissaries (too expensive) • Rely on mercenaries (fight for pay)• Inflation due to silver prices• Import too much• Population doubles creates unemployment• Nobles break away• Ulama becomes aristocratic elite controlled by
hereditary families
The OttomansThe Ottomans
◊ Defeated at Vienna 1683◊ Lose Hungary and Yugoslavia◊ Tr. of Karlowitz 1699 gives Hungary to Austria◊ Russia seizes Crimea 1774 and claims
protectorate over Orthodox Christians in Ottoman territory
◊ Never Industrialize, surrounded by enimies
◊ Defeated at Vienna 1683◊ Lose Hungary and Yugoslavia◊ Tr. of Karlowitz 1699 gives Hungary to Austria◊ Russia seizes Crimea 1774 and claims
protectorate over Orthodox Christians in Ottoman territory
◊ Never Industrialize, surrounded by enimies
Safavid Empire (Sunni Sufis from Azerbaijan)Safavid Empire (Sunni Sufis from Azerbaijan)
Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire
◊ Become aggressive Shi’ites in 1400’s• Claim descent from 7th Imam• 1501 Ismail defeats Sunni’s and
controls territory from Caucasus to Iraq and West Iran
• Seize East Iran 1512 from Uzbeks results in constant two front war Ottomans-Sfavids - Uzbeks
◊ Become aggressive Shi’ites in 1400’s• Claim descent from 7th Imam• 1501 Ismail defeats Sunni’s and
controls territory from Caucasus to Iraq and West Iran
• Seize East Iran 1512 from Uzbeks results in constant two front war Ottomans-Sfavids - Uzbeks
Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire
◊ 1514 lose Iraq to Ottomans and move capital east to Isfahan in Persia
◊ Abbas I: rigid Persian Shia bureaucracy
◊ Takes back Iraq◊ Trades with English and Dutch and
splits Islam
◊ 1514 lose Iraq to Ottomans and move capital east to Isfahan in Persia
◊ Abbas I: rigid Persian Shia bureaucracy
◊ Takes back Iraq◊ Trades with English and Dutch and
splits Islam
Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire
◊ Decline• 2 front wars• Huge split between rich and poor• Bigotry and religious persecution of
Shia Ulama◊ Rigid shi’ites only Ulama can lead until
13th Imam returns◊ Sunni revolts
◊ Decline• 2 front wars• Huge split between rich and poor• Bigotry and religious persecution of
Shia Ulama◊ Rigid shi’ites only Ulama can lead until
13th Imam returns◊ Sunni revolts
Mughal EmpireMughal Empire
Mughal EmpireMughal Empire
◊ Descendents of Tamerlane◊ Babar (Mongol) = Mughals◊ Rule from Himalayas to Deccan Plain◊ Akbar the Great
• 1556-1605• Uses Hindu officials, cancels head tax,
marries Hindu• Tries t fuse all religions into one and fails
◊ Descendents of Tamerlane◊ Babar (Mongol) = Mughals◊ Rule from Himalayas to Deccan Plain◊ Akbar the Great
• 1556-1605• Uses Hindu officials, cancels head tax,
marries Hindu• Tries t fuse all religions into one and fails
Mughal EmpireMughal Empire
◊ Wars, high taxes = decline 1605-1707
◊ Janhangir 1627 grave mistake and gives English trading post
◊ Shah Jahan bankrupts state (Taj Mahal)
◊ Tolerance ended and Sihks and Hindus resist
◊ Wars, high taxes = decline 1605-1707
◊ Janhangir 1627 grave mistake and gives English trading post
◊ Shah Jahan bankrupts state (Taj Mahal)
◊ Tolerance ended and Sihks and Hindus resist
SihksSihks
◊ Late 1500’s◊ Distinct Movement; neither Hindu
or Muslim◊ Persecuted by Akbar and create
militaristic traditions◊ Many uprisings
◊ Late 1500’s◊ Distinct Movement; neither Hindu
or Muslim◊ Persecuted by Akbar and create
militaristic traditions◊ Many uprisings
MarathasMarathas
◊ Hindu Nationalists◊ Leader Shivaji creates army◊ Seize much of India from Mughals but
accept Mughal Shah as leader◊ Combinatio of the Maratha Deccan
states, Persian attacks and French and British incursions lead to British takeove 1819 (Shah figurehead until 1858)
◊ Hindu Nationalists◊ Leader Shivaji creates army◊ Seize much of India from Mughals but
accept Mughal Shah as leader◊ Combinatio of the Maratha Deccan
states, Persian attacks and French and British incursions lead to British takeove 1819 (Shah figurehead until 1858)
Islamic Central AsiaIslamic Central Asia
◊ Uzbeks and Chagatays◊ Shia split leads to alliances with
non-Muslims◊ Hurts trade routes, islates region
◊ Uzbeks and Chagatays◊ Shia split leads to alliances with
non-Muslims◊ Hurts trade routes, islates region
Islam in the Southern RimIslam in the Southern Rim
Islam in the Southern RimIslam in the Southern Rim
◊ Starts with Muslim traders, conversion follows then conquest of coasts easier
◊ Fails in Buddhist Indochina◊ Seize Malaysia, Indonesia◊ Portuguese arrive 1498
• Non-Muslims help them and Europeans displace Muslims
• Use superior ships, terror and cultural split to win
• Cotrol Acheh, Indonesia coast of India but fail to convert Muslims
◊ Starts with Muslim traders, conversion follows then conquest of coasts easier
◊ Fails in Buddhist Indochina◊ Seize Malaysia, Indonesia◊ Portuguese arrive 1498
• Non-Muslims help them and Europeans displace Muslims
• Use superior ships, terror and cultural split to win
• Cotrol Acheh, Indonesia coast of India but fail to convert Muslims