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Page 1: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Islamic Contributions

Page 2: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Islamic Empire

• About 570 AD – Birth of Muhammad• About 610 AD – Muhammad’s first vision in a cave near Mecca; he begins to preach.

• 622 AD – Muhammad and followers flee to Medina 

• 630 AD – Mecca captured by Muslims• 632 AD – Death of Muhammad

Page 3: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Islamic Empire – Spain to India

Page 4: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

The Golden Age

• The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa (as well as Spain) and central Asia, gave rise to what some have called the “Golden Age of Islam.”

• Umayyad Caliphate, centered at Damascus and later at Córdoba.  

• Abbasid Caliphate, centered at Baghdad.

Page 5: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

House of Wisdom

• For us, an important aspect of this was the establishment of the “House of Wisdom” in Baghdad beginning in 762 by Caliph al‐Mansur.  He and his successors invited scholars and artists from many areas to this new “university.”  For the next half century, scholarship flourished here, particularly by comparison to the relatively impoverished Dark Ages in Europe.  

Page 6: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

House of Wisdom

• Written works from all over were collected and translated here, including those from the Greek and Roman empires and India.  Much of what we know about ancient Greek culture was preserved in this way.   

• We should note that Córdoba was also an important cultural and learning center of the Muslim world in medieval times.

Page 7: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibn Musa al‐Khwarizmi

• It was in this environment that a man known simply as Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibn Musa al‐Khwarizmi (meaning, “Muhammad, father of Ja’far and son of Musa, whose family is from Khwarizm”) lived and worked.  

Page 8: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibn Musa al‐Khwarizmi

• We know little of his life, except that he was born in about 780 and died in roughly 850 AD.  He was appointed First Astronomer and Head Librarian at the House of Wisdom.  He wrote several books:– four books on astronomy, including sundials and astrolabes

– a book on trigonometry, Zīj al‐Sindhind– two very influential books on algebra and arithmetic  

Page 9: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

al‐Kitāb al‐mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al‐jabrw’al‐muqābala

Perhaps the most important book was al‐Kitāb al‐mukhtaṣar fīḥisāb al‐jabr w’al‐muqābala or “The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing.”

Page 10: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

al‐Kitāb al‐mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al‐jabrw’al‐muqābala

• The term al‐jabr from which our modern word algebra is derived, is the act of removing negative terms from an equation by adding the same thing to both sides.  For example, 

becomes • And  al‐muqābala refers to bringing quantities of the same type to the same side of the equation (e.g. becomes  ).  

Page 11: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

al‐Kitāb al‐mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al‐jabrw’al‐muqābala

• The book dealt with the solution of linear and quadratic equations by reducing them to one of six standard forms using these processes.   

• Contains algebraic traditions, seemingly, from Mesopotamia, India, and Greece.  

Page 12: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

The Second Book

• The second book was a book explaining the Hindu positional number system, including the use of “0,” as well as arithmetic calculations in that system.  The original Arabic version of the book has not survived, so we have only a Latin translation, probably from the twelfth century.  

Page 13: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

The Second Book

• The Latin version was not titled, so it is known variously as Dixit Algorizmi (“So said Al‐Khwarismi”) or Liber Algorizmi (“The book of Al‐Khwarismi”).  From these names we get the word algorithm to describe any systematic process of doing arithmetic.  It introduced the decimal position system of numeration developed in India.

Page 14: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam

• Lived from about 850 – 930 AD• Wrote Kitāb fi al‐jabr wa al‐muqābala, or TheBook of Algebra, in which he acceptedirrational numbers, in the form of a squareroot or a fourth root, as both solutions and as coefficients in quadratic equations.  

• Also did work on indeterminant equations, and wrote a lost work on double false position, among many others.

Page 15: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Omar Khayyám

• Another Persian mathematician from this era was Ghiyās od‐DīnAbul‐Fatah Omār ibnIbrāhīm KhayyāmNishābūrī, or Omar Khayyam for short.  He lived from about 1040 to 1120 AD, and is known as a poet, mathematician, and astronomer.  

Page 16: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Omar Khayyám

• He wrote Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra in 1070.  In it he generalizes the geometric methods used in Greece for solving cubic equations by intersecting conics.  

Page 17: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Omar Khayyám

• First Persian mathematician to call the unknown shiy (meaning thing or something in Arabic) which was transliterated into  Spanish as xay and later shortened to x.  

• In the Islamic world, Pascal’s triangle is known as “Khayyam’s Triangle.”  

Page 18: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Omar Khayyám

• Wrote Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates in Euclid's Elements in 1077.  

• He did not try to prove Euclid’s fifth postulate, but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from "the principles of the Philosopher" (Aristotle): "Two convergent straight lines intersect and it is impossible for two convergent straight lines to diverge in the direction in which they converge."

Page 19: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Omar Khayyám

• He also studied what we now call Saccheriquadrilaterals (but which should probably be called Khayyám‐Saccheri quadrilaterals), and succeeded in deriving Euclid’s fifth postulate from his postulate. On the way, he proved many theorems of what is now hyperbolic geometry.  

Page 20: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Aside:  The RubaiyatTranslated by Edward FitzGerald (with a fair degree of editorial license).  

• The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor WitShall lure it back to cancel half a Line,Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.

• A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread‐‐and ThouBeside me singing in the Wilderness‐‐Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!

Page 21: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Aside2:  The Problem with Translations

• Literal Translation:• Signs of destiny have always beenThose hands inscribed both good and meanWhat was written, came from the unseenThough we tried without and worried within.

• FitzGerald:• The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,Moves on: nor all your Piety nor WitShall lure it back to cancel half a Line,Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it.

Page 22: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Aside2:  The Problem with Translations

• Edward Whinfield:• Give me a skin of wine, a crust of bread, A pittance bare, a book of verse to read; With thee, O love, to share my lowly roof, I would not take the Sultan's realm instead! 

• Arthur Talbot:• Give me a scroll of verse, a little wine, With half a loaf to fill thy needs and mine, And with the desert sand our resting place, For ne'er a Sultan's kingdom would we pine. 

Page 23: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Aside2:  The Problem with Translations

• FitzGerald:• A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread‐‐and ThouBeside me singing in the Wilderness‐‐Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!

• Wendy Cope:• Here with a Bag of Crisps beneath the Bough, A Can of Beer, a Radio ‐ and Thou Beside me half asleep in Brockwell Park; And Brockwell Park is Paradise enow. 

Page 24: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

OK, enough silliness.

• From the preface to Khayyam’s Algebra:

“In the name of God, gracious and merciful! Praise be to God, lord of all Worlds, a happy end to those who are pious, and ill‐will to none but the merciless.  May blessings repose upon the prophets, especially upon Mohammed and all his holy descendants.”

Page 25: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Nașīr al‐Dīn al‐Țūsī

• 1201 – 1274• In 1258, Mongols who had taken over Russia took over Baghdad.  

• al‐Țūsī continued to work under the new ruler Hulegu, grandson of Genghis Khan. 

Page 26: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Nașīr al‐Dīn al‐Țūsī

• First to treat trigonometry as a mathematical discipline separate from astronomy; developed plane and spherical geometry into a more sophisticated subject.

• Wrote Al‐risala al‐shafiya'an al‐shakk fi'l‐khutut al‐mutawaziya (Discussion Which Removes Doubt about Parallel Lines) (1250)

Page 27: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Nașīr al‐Dīn al‐Țūsī

• Wrote detailed critiques of the parallel postulate and of Omar Khayyám's attempted proof a century earlier. Nașīr al‐Dīn attempted to derive a proof of the parallel postulate by contradiction. He worked with the same (Saccheri) quadrilaterals and attempted to reach a contradiction from the hypotheses of the acute and obtuse angles.  

Page 28: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Ulugh Beg

• 1393 – 1449• Ruler and grandson of Tamerlane, whose ancestor married Ghengis Khan’s granddaughter.  

• He was also an astronomer and mathematician.  Very accurate catalogues of stars, trig tables.

Page 29: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Jamshid al‐Kashi

• ~1380 – 1429 AD • Astronomy, Trigonometry• Became a member of Ulugh Beg’s “House of Learning” or university.  His best work was likely done under Ulugh Beg’s support.

Page 30: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Jamshid al‐Kashi

• Wrote The Treatise on the Chord and Sine, in which he: – Provided the solution of a cubic equation (from 

Francois Viete) to find the sine of one degree accurate to about 12 decimal places. 

– Showed a method for extracting n‐th root of a number (similar to Horner’s method)

Page 31: Islamic Contributions - MathEdmathed.byu.edu/~williams/Classes/300Su2011/PPTs/Islam.pdfThe Golden Age • The birth of Islam and its subsequent spread through the Arabian Peninsula,

Jamshid al‐Kashi

• Wrote Miftah al‐hisab, or The Key of Arithmetic, containing:– The first systematic treatment of decimal fractions– Approximation of π correct to 9 sexagecimaldigits(16 decimal places), by circumscribing a circle by a polygon having sides. Best approximation for 200 years.

– Properties of binomial coefficients