isaac newton - observations on prophecy

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Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John

By Sir Isaac Newton (1733)

Courtesy of Historicism.com © 2004

www.historicism.com



Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John....................1By Sir Isaac Newton 1!""#............................................................................................. 1

PA$% 1................................................................................................................................ "Observations &pon the prophecies of Daniel....................................................................... "

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DANI),= AND O- %() SUBJ)'% O- %() P$OP()'4...................................101

PART 1

Observations upon the prophecies of Daniel

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODCTION CONCERNIN! THE CO"PI#ERS

O$ THE BOO%S O$ THE O#D TESTA"ENT.

WHEN Manasses set up a carved image in the

house of the ord! "2 Chronic#es $$%&! '! () and *ui#t

a#tars in the two courts of the house! to a## the host of

Heaven! and used enchantments and witchcraft! and

fami#iar spirits! and for his great wic+edness was

invaded *y the army of ,sserhadon -ing of ,ssyria!

and carried captive to a*y#on/ the *oo+ of the aw

was #ost ti## the eighteenth year of his grandson osiah.

1hen Hi#+iah "2 Chronic#es $4) the High riest! upon

repairing the 1emp#e! found it there% and the -ing

#amented that their fathers had not done after the words

of the *oo+! and commanded that it shou#d *e read tothe peop#e! and caused the peop#e to renew the ho#y

covenant with 3od. 1his is the *oo+ of the aw now

etant.



When 5hisha+ "2 Chronic#es 62%2! $! 4! 7! 8. 9 6&%$!

&! ') came out of Egypt and spoi#ed the temp#e! and

*rought udah into su*:ection to the monarchy of

Egypt! "which was in the fifth year of ;eho*oam) the

ews continued under great trou*#e for a*out twentyyears/ *eing without the true 3od! and without a

teaching riest! and with aw% and in those times there

was no peace to him that went out! nor to him that

came in! *ut great veations were upon a## the

inha*itants of the countries! and nation was destroyed

of nation! and city of city! for 3od did ve them with a##

adversity.

ut when 5hisha+"2 Chronic#es 64%6! '! (! 7! 8! 62)

was dead! and Egypt fe## into trou*#es! udah had <uiet

ten years/ and in that time ,sa *ui#t fenced cities in

udah! and got up an army of &70!000 men! with which!

in the 6&th year of his reign! he met and overcame

=erah the Ethiopian! who had con<uered Egypt and

y*ia! and 1rog#odytica! and came out with an army of

6!000!000 y*ians and Ethiopians! to recover the

countries con<uered *y 5esac. ,nd after this victory

,sa"2 Chronic#es 6&%$! 62! 6$! 6'! 67) dethroned his

mother for ido#atry! and he renewed the ,#tar! and

*rought new vesse#s of go#d and si#ver into the 1emp#e!

and he and the peop#e entered into a new covenant to

see+ the ord 3od of their fathers! upon pain of death

to those who worshiped other 3ods/ and his son

ehosaphat too+ away the high p#aces! and in the third

year of his reign sent some of his rinces! and of the

riests and evites! to teach in the cities of udah! and

taught the peop#e. 1his is that *oo+ of the aw which

was afterwards #ost in the reign of Manasses! and

found again in the reign of osiah! and therefore it was

written *efore the third year of ehosaphat.



1he same *oo+ of the aw was preserved and

handed down to posterity *y the 5amaritans! and

therefore was received *y the ten 1ri*es *efore their

captivity. >or when the ten 1ri*es"2 -ings 6(%2(! 27!

$2! $$) were captivated! a riest of the captivity wassent *ac+ to ethe#! *y order of the -ing of ,ssyria! to

instruct the new inha*itants of 5amaria! in the manner

of the God of the land / and the 5amaritans had the

entateuch from this riest! as containing the #aw or

manner of the God of the land ! which he was to teach

them. >or they persevered"2 -ings 6(%$4! 46) in the

re#igion which he taught them! :oining with it the worship

of their own 3ods/ and *y persevering in what they had

*een taught! they preserved this *oo+ of their aw inthe origina# character of the He*rews! whi#e the two

1ri*es! after their return from a*y#on! changed the

character to that of the Cha#dees! which they had

#earned at a*y#on.

,nd since the entateuch was received as the *oo+

of the aw! *oth *y the two 1ri*es and *y the ten

1ri*es! it fo##ows that they received it *efore they

*ecame divided into two -ingdoms. >or after the

division! they received not #aws from one another! *ut

continued at variance. udah cou#d not rec#aim ?srae#

from the sin of ero*oam! and ?srae# cou#d not *ring

udah to it. 1he entateuch therefore was the *oo+ of

the aw in the days of @avid and 5o#omon. 1he affairs

of the 1a*ernac#e and 1emp#e were ordered *y @avid

and 5o#omon! according to the aw of this *oo+/ and

@avid in the (7th sa#m! admonishing the peop#e to

give ear to the aw of 3od! means the aw of this

*oo+. >or in descri*ing how their forefathers +ept it not!

he <uotes many historica# things out of the *oo+s of

Eodus and Num*ers.



1he race of the -ings of Edom! *efore there reigned

any -ing over ?srae#! is set down in the *oo+ of

3enesis/ "3enesis $'%$6) and therefore that *oo+ was

not written entire#y in the form now etant! *efore the

reign of 5au#. 1he writer set down the race of those-ings ti## his own time! and therefore wrote *efore

@avid con<uered Edom. 1he entateuch is composed

of the aw and the history of 3odAs peop#e together/

and the history hath *een co##ected from severa# *oo+s!

such as were the history of the Creation composed *y

Moses! 3enesis 2%4/ the *oo+ of the generations of

,dam! 3enesis &%6/ and the *oo+ of the wars of the

ord! Num*ers 26%64. 1his *oo+ of wars contained

what was done at the ;edBsea! and in the :ourneying of ?srae# through the Wi#derness! and therefore was *egun

*y Moses. ,nd oshua might carry it on to the con<uest

of Canaan. >or oshua wrote some things in the *oo+

of the aw of 3od! oshua 24%2'! and therefore might

write his own wars in the *oo+ of wars! those *eing the

principa# wars of 3od. 1hese were pu*#ic *oo+s! and

therefore not written without the authority of Moses and

oshua. ,nd 5amue# had #eisure in the reign of 5au#! to

put them into the form of the *oo+s of Moses and

oshua now etant! inserting into the *oo+ of 3enesis!

the race of the -ings of Edom! unti# there reigned a

-ing in ?srae#.

1he *oo+ of the udges is a continued history of the

udges down to the death of 5ampson! and therefore

was compi#ed after his death! out of the ,cts of the

udges. 5evera# things in this *oo+ are said to *e done

when there was no King in Israel ! udges 6(%'! 67%6!

68%6! 26%2&/ and therefore this *oo+ was written after

the *eginning of the reign of 5au#. When it was written!

the e*usites dwe#t in erusa#em! udges 6%26/ and

therefore it was written *efore the eighth year of @avid!

2 5amue# &%7! and 6 Chronic#es 66%'. 1he *oo+s of



Moses! oshua! and udges! contain one continued

history! down from the Creation to the death of

5ampson. Where the entateuch ends! the *oo+ of

oshua *egins/ and where the *oo+ of oshua ends!

the *oo+ of udges *egins. 1herefore a## these *oo+shave *een composed out of the writings of Moses!

oshua! and other records! *y one and the same hand!

after the *eginning of the reign of 5au#! and *efore the

eighth year of @avid. ,nd 5amue# was a sacred writer!

6 5amue# 60%2&/ ac<uainted with the history of Moses

and the udges! 6 5amue# 62%7! 8! 60! 66! 62/ and had

#eisure in the reign of 5au#! and sufficient authority to

compose these *oo+s. He was a rophet! and :udged

?srae# a## the days of his #ife! and was in the greatestesteem with the peop#e/ and the aw *y which he was

to :udge the peop#e was not to *e pu*#ished *y #ess

authority than his own! the awBma+er *eing not inferior

to the :udge. ,nd the *oo+ of asher! which is <uoted in

the *oo+ of oshua! oshua 60%6$/ was in *eing at the

death of 5au#! 2 5amue# 6. 67.

,t the dedication of the 1emp#e of 5o#omon! when

the ,r+ was *rought into the most ho#y p#ace! there was

nothing in it *ut the two ta*#es! 6 -ings 7%8/ and

therefore when the hi#istines too+ the ,r+! they too+

out of it the *oo+ of the aw! and the go#den pot of

Manna! and ,aronAs ;od. ,nd this and other #osses in

the deso#ation of ?srae#! *y the con<uering hi#istines!

might give occasion to 5amue#! after some respite from

those enemies! to reco##ect the scattered writings of

Moses and oshua! and the records of the atriarchs

and udges! and compose them in the form now etant.

1he *oo+ of ;uth is a history of things done in the

days of the udges! and may *e #oo+ed upon as an

addition to the *oo+ of the udges! written *y the same

author! and at the same time. >or it was written after



the *irth of @avid! ;uth 4%6(! 22/ and not #ong after!

*ecause the history of oa and ;uth! the great

grandfather and great grandmother of @avid! and that

of their contemporaries! cou#d not we## *e remem*ered

a*ove two or three generations. ,nd since this *oo+derives the genea#ogy of @avid from oa and ;uth!

and omits @avidAs e#der *rothers and his sons/ it was

written in honor of @avid! after he was anointed -ing *y

5amue#! and *efore he had chi#dren in He*ron! and *y

conse<uence in the reign of 5au#.

?t proceeds not to the history of @avid! and therefore

seems to have *een written present#y after he was

anointed.

1hey :udge we## who ascri*e to 5amue# the *oo+s of

oshua! udges! and ;uth. 5amue# is a#so reputed the

author of the first *oo+ of 5amue#! ti## the time of his

death. 1he two *oo+s of 5amue# cite no authors! and

therefore seem to *e origina#s. 1hey *egin with his

genea#ogy! *irth and education! and might *e written

part#y in his #ifeBtime *y himse#f! or his discip#es therophets at Naioth in ;amah! 6 5amue# 68%67! 68! 20/

and part#y after his death *y the same discip#es.

1he *oo+s of the -ings cite other authors! as the

*oo+ of the ,cts of 5o#omon! the *oo+ of the

Chronic#es of the -ings of ?srae#! and the *oo+ of the

Chronic#es of the -ings of udah. 1he *oo+s of the

Chronic#es cite the *oo+ of 5amue# the 5eer! the *oo+

of Nathan the rophet! and the *oo+ of 3ad the 5eer!

for the ,cts of @avid/ the *oo+ of Nathan the rophet!

the rophecy of ,hi:ah the 5hi#onite! and the visions of

?ddo the 5eer! for the ,cts of 5o#omon/ the *oo+ of

5hema:ah the rophet! and the *oo+ of ?ddo the 5eer

concerning genea#ogies! for the ,cts of ;eho*oam and



,*i:ah/ the *oo+ of the -ings of udah and ?srae# for the

,cts of ,sa! oash! ,maiah! otham! ,ha! Hee+iah!

Manasseh! and osiah/ the *oo+ of Hanani the 5eer!

for the ,cts of ehosaphat/ and the visions of ?saiah for

the ,cts of Diah and Hee+iah.

1hese *oo+s were therefore co##ected out of the

historica# writings of the ancient 5eers and rophets.

,nd *ecause the *oo+s of the -ings and Chronic#es

<uote one another! they were written at one and the

same time. ,nd this time was after the return from the

a*y#onian captivity! *ecause they *ring down the

history of udah! and the genea#ogies of the -ings of

udah! and of the High riests! to that captivity. 1he

*oo+ of Era was origina##y a part of the *oo+ of

Chronic#es! and has *een divided from it.

>or it *egins with the two #ast verses of the *oo+s of

Chronic#es! and the first *oo+ of Esdras *egins with the

two #ast chapters thereof. Era was therefore the

compi#er of the *oo+s of -ings and Chronic#es! and

*rought down the history to his own time. He was aready 5cri*e in the aw of 3od/ and for assisting him in

this wor+ Nehemias founded a #i*rary! and gathered

together the Acts of the Kings and the Prophets, and of

David, and the Epistles of the Kings concerning the

holy gifts! 2 Macca*. 2%6$.

y the ,cts of @avid ? understand here the two *oo+s

of 5amue#! or at the #east the second *oo+. ut of the

,cts of the -ings! written from time to time *y the

prophets! he composed the *oo+s of the -ings of

udah and ?srae#! the Chronic#es of the -ings of udah!

and the Chronic#es of the -ings of ?srae#. ,nd in doing

this he :oined those ,cts together! in due order of time!

copying the very words of the authors! as is manifest



from hence! that the *oo+s of the -ings and Chronic#es

fre<uent#y agree with one another in words for many

sentences together. Where they agree in sense! there

they agree in words a#so. 5o the rophecies of ?saiah!

written at severa# times! he has co##ected into one *ody. ,nd the #i+e he did for those of eremiah! and the rest

of the rophets! down to the days of the second

1emp#e. 1he *oo+ of onah is the history of onah

written *y another hand. 1he *oo+ of @anie# is a

co##ection of papers written at severa# times. 1he si

#ast chapters contain rophecies written at severa#

times *y @anie# himse#f/ the si first are a co##ection of

historica# papers written *y others. 1he fourth chapter is

a decree of Ne*uchadnear. 1he first chapter waswritten after @anie#As death% for the author saith! that

@anie# continued to the first year of Cyrus/ that is! to his

first year over the ersians and Medes! and the third

year over a*y#on. ,nd! for the same reason! the fifth

and sith chapters were a#so written after his death. >or

they end with these words% So this @anie# prospered in

the reign of @arius! and in the reign of the ersian.

Fet these words might *e added *y the co##ector of

the papers! whom ? ta+e to *e Era.

1he sa#ms composed *y Moses! @avid! and others!

seem to have *een a#so co##ected *y Era into one

vo#ume. ? rec+on him the co##ector! *ecause in this

co##ection ? meet with sa#ms as #ate as the a*y#onian

captivity! *ut with none #ater.

,fter these things ,ntiochus Epiphanes spoi#ed the

1emp#e! commanded the ews to forsa+e the aw upon

pain of death! and caused the sacred *oo+s to *e *urnt

wherever they cou#d *e found% and in these trou*#es the

*oo+ of the Chronic#es of the -ings of ?srae# was



entire#y #ost. ut upon recovering from this oppression!

udas Macca*aeus gathered together a## those writings

that were to *e met with! 2 Macca*. 2%64/ and in

reducing them into order! part of the rophecies of

?saiah! or some other rophet! have *een added to theend of the rophecies of =echariah/ and the *oo+ of

Era has *een separated from the *oo+ of Chronic#es!

and set together in two different orders/ in one order in

the *oo+ of Era! received into the Canon! and in

another order in the first *oo+ of Esdras. ,fter the

;oman captivity! the ews for preserving their

traditions! put them in writing in their 1a#mud/ and for

preserving their scriptures! agreed upon an Edition! and

pointed it! and counted the #etters of every sort in every*oo+% and *y preserving on#y this Edition! the ancienter

various #ections! ecept what can *e discovered *y

means of the 5eptuagint Gersion! are now #ost/ and

such margina# notes! or other corruptions! as *y the

errors of the transcri*ers! *efore this Edition was made!

had crept into the tet! are now scarce to *e corrected.

1he ews *efore the ;oman captivity! distinguished

the sacred *oo+s into the aw! the rophets! and the

Hagiographa! or ho#y writings/ and read on#y the aw

and the rophets in their 5ynagogues. ,nd Christ and

his ,post#es #aid the stress of re#igion upon the aw and

the rophets! Matthew (%62/ 22%4/ u+e 6'%6'! 28! $6/

24%44/ ,cts 24%64/ 2'%22/ ;omans $%26. y the

Hagiographa they meant the historica# *oo+s ca##ed

oshua! udges! ;uth! 5amue#! -ings! Chronic#es!

Era! Nehemiah! and Esther! the *oo+ of o*! the

sa#ms! the *oo+s of 5o#omon! and the amentations.

1he 5amaritans read on#y the entateuch% and when

ehosaphat sent men to teach in the cities! they had

with them on#y the *oo+ of the aw/ for the rophecies

now etant were then written. ,nd upon the return from

the a*y#onian captivity! Era read on#y the *oo+ of the



aw to the peop#e! from morning to noon! on the first

day of the seventh month/ and from day to day in the

feast of 1a*ernac#es/ for he had not yet co##ected the

writings of the rophets into the vo#ume now etant/ *ut

instituted the reading of them after the co##ection wasmade. y reading the aw and the rophets in the

5ynagogues! those *oo+s have *een +ept freer from

corruption than the Hagiographa.

?n the infancy of the nation of ?srae#! when 3od had

given them a aw! and made a covenant with them to

*e their 3od if they wou#d +eep his commandments! he

sent rophets to them to rec#aim them! as often as they

revo#ted to the worship of other 3ods% and upon their

returning to him! they sometimes renewed the covenant

which they had *ro+en. 1hese rophets he continued

to send ti## the days of Era% *ut after their rophecies

were read in the 5ynagogues! those rophecies were

thought sufficient. >or if the peop#e wou#d not hear

Moses and the o#d rophets! they wou#d hear no new

ones! no not tho they should rise from the dead.

,t #ength when a new truth was to *e preached to the

3enti#es! name#y! that esus was the !hrist. 3od sent

new rophets and 1eachers% *ut after their writings

were a#so received and read in the 5ynagogues of the

Christians! rophecy ceased a second time. We have

Moses! the rophets! and ,post#es! and the words of

Christ himse#f/ and if we wi## not hear them! we sha## *e

more inecusa*#e than the ews. >or the rophets and

,post#es have foreto#d! that as ?srae# often revo#ted and*ra+e the covenant! and upon repentance renewed it/

so there shou#d *e a fa##ing away among the Christians!

soon after the days of the ,post#es/ and that in the

#atter days 3od wou#d destroy the impenitent revo#ters!

and ma+e a new covenant with his peop#e. ,nd the

giving ear to the rophets is a fundamenta# character of



the true Church. >or 3od has so ordered the

rophecies that in the #atter days the wise may

understand! *ut the wic+ed sha## do wic+ed#y! and none

of the wic+ed sha## understand! @anie# 62%8! 60.

1he authority of Emperors! -ings! and rinces! is

human. 1he authority of Counci#s! 5ynods! ishops!

and res*yters! is human. 1he authority of the

rophets is divine! and comprehends the sum of

re#igion! rec+oning Moses and the ,post#es among the

rophets/ and if an Angel from "eaven preach any

other gospel than what they have de#ivered! let him #e

accursed . 1heir writings contain the covenant *etween

3od and his peop#e! with instructions for +eeping this

covenant/ instances of 3odAs :udgments upon them

that *rea+ it% and predictions of things to come. Whi#e

the peop#e of 3od +eep the covenant! they continue to

*e his peop#e% when they *rea+ it they cease to *e his

peop#e or church! and *ecome the Synagogue of

Satan, who say they are ews and are not. ,nd no

power on earth is authoried to a#ter this covenant.

1he predictions of things to come re#ate to the state

of the Church in a## ages% and amongst the o#d

rophets! @anie# is most distinct in order of time! and

easiest to *e understood% and therefore in those things

which re#ate to the #ast times! he must *e made the +ey

to the rest.

CHAPTER &.

O$ THE PROPHETIC #AN!A!E.

>; understanding the rophecies! we are! in the

first p#ace! to ac<uaint ourse#ves with the figurative



#anguage of the rophets. 1his #anguage is ta+en from

the ana#ogy *etween the wor#d natura#! and an empire

or +ingdom considered as a wor#d po#itic.

,ccording#y! the who#e wor#d natura# consisting of

heaven and earth! signifies the who#e wor#d po#itic!

consisting of thrones and peop#e! or so much of it as is

considered in the rophecy% and the things in that wor#d

signify the ana#ogous things in this. >or the heavens!

and the things therein! signify thrones and dignities!

and those who en:oy them/ and the earth! with the

things thereon! the inferior peop#e/ and the #owest parts

of the earth! ca##ed Hades or He##! the #owest or most

misera*#e part of them. Whence ascending towards

heaven! and descending to the earth! are put for rising

and fa##ing in power and honor% rising out of the earth!

or waters! and fa##ing into them! for the rising up to any

dignity or dominion! out of the inferior state of the

peop#e! or fa##ing down from the same into that inferior

state/ descending into the #ower parts of the earth! for

descending to a very #ow and unhappy estate/ spea+ing

with a faint voice out of the dust! for *eing in a wea+

and #ow condition/ moving from one p#ace to another!

for trans#ation from one office! dignity! or dominion! to

another/ great earth<ua+es! and the sha+ing of heaven

and earth! for the sha+ing of +ingdoms! so as to distract

or overthrow them/ the creating a new heaven and

earth! and the passing away of an o#d one! or the

*eginning and end of the wor#d! for the rise and ruin of

the *ody po#itic signified there*y.

?n the heavens! the 5un and Moon are! *y

interpreters of dreams! put for the persons of -ings and

ueens/ *ut in sacred rophecy! which regards not

sing#e persons! the 5un is put for the who#e species

and race of -ings! in the +ingdom or +ingdoms of the

wor#d po#itic! shining with rega# power and g#ory/ the



Moon for the *ody of the common peop#e! considered

as the +ingAs wife/ the 5tars for su*ordinate rinces

and great men! or for ishops and ;u#ers of the peop#e

of 3od! when the 5un is Christ/ #ight for the g#ory! truth!

and +now#edge! wherewith great and good men shineand i##uminate others/ dar+ness for o*scurity of

condition! and for error! *#indness and ignorance/

dar+ening! smiting! or setting of the 5un! Moon! and

5tars! for the ceasing of a +ingdom! or for the

deso#ation thereof! proportiona# to the dar+ness/

dar+ening the 5un! turning the Moon into *#ood! and

fa##ing of the 5tars! for the same/ new Moons! for the

return of a dispersed peop#e into a *ody po#itic or

ecc#esiastic.

>ire and meteors refer to *oth heaven and earth! and

signify as fo##ows/ *urning any thing with fire! is put for

the consuming thereof *y war/ a conf#agration of the

earth! or turning a country into a #a+e of fire! for the

consumption of a +ingdom *y war/ the *eing in a

furnace! for the *eing in s#avery under another nation/

the ascending up of the smo+e of any *urning thing for

ever and ever! for the continuation of a con<uered

peop#e under the misery of perpetua# su*:ection and

s#avery/ the scorching heat of the sun! for veatious

wars! persecutions and trou*#es inf#icted *y the -ing/

riding on the c#ouds! for reigning over much peop#e/

covering the sun with a c#oud! or with smo+e! for

oppression of the -ing *y the armies of an enemy/

tempestuous winds! or the motion of c#ouds! for wars/

thunder! or the voice of a c#oud! for the voice of a

mu#titude/ a storm of thunder! #ightning! hai#! and

overf#owing rain! for a tempest of war descending from

the heavens and c#ouds po#itic!on the heads of their

enemies/ rain! if not immoderate! and dew! and #iving

water! for the graces and doctrines of the 5pirit/ and the

defect of rain! for spiritua# *arrenness.



?n the earth! the dry #and and congregated waters! as

a sea! a river! a f#ood! are put for the peop#e of severa#

regions! nations! and dominions/ em*ittering of waters!

for great aff#iction of the peop#e *y war and persecution/

turning things into *#ood! for the mystica# death of *odies po#itic! that is! for their disso#ution/ the

overf#owing of a sea or river! for the invasion of the

earth po#itic! *y the peop#e of the waters/ drying up of

waters! for the con<uest of their regions *y the earth/

fountains of waters for cities! the permanent heads of

rivers po#itic/ mountains and is#ands! for the cities of the

earth and sea po#itic! with the territories and dominions

*e#onging to those cities/ dens and roc+s of mountains!

for the temp#es of cities/ the hiding of men in thosedens and roc+s! for the shutting up of ?do#s in their

temp#es/ houses and ships! for fami#ies! assem*#ies!

and towns! in the earth and sea po#itic/ and a navy of

ships of war! for an army of that +ingdom which is

signified *y the sea.

,nima#s a#so and vegeta*#es are put for the peop#e

of severa# regions and conditions/ and particu#ar#y!

trees! her*s! and #and anima#s! for the peop#e of the

earth po#itic% f#ags! reeds! and fishes! for those of the

waters po#itic/ *irds and insects! for those of the po#itic

heaven and earth/ a forest for a +ingdom/ and a

wi#derness for a deso#ate and thin peop#e.

?f the wor#d po#itic! considered in prophecy! consists

of many +ingdoms! they are represented *y as many

parts of the wor#d natura#/ as the no*#est *y the ce#estia#frame! and then the Moon and C#ouds are put for the

common peop#e/ the #ess no*#e! *y the earth! sea! and

rivers! and *y the anima#s or vegeta*#es! or *ui#dings

therein/ and then the greater and more powerfu#

anima#s and ta##er trees! are put for -ings! rinces! and

No*#es.



,nd *ecause the who#e +ingdom is the *ody po#itic of

the -ing! therefore the 5un! or a 1ree! or a east! or

ird! or a Man! where*y the -ing is represented! is put

in a #arge signification for the who#e +ingdom/ and

severa# anima#s! as a ion! a ear! a eopard! a 3oat!according to their <ua#ities/ are put for severa#

+ingdoms and *odies po#itic/ and sacrificing of *easts!

for s#aughtering and con<uering of +ingdoms/ and

friendship *etween *easts! for peace *etween

+ingdoms. Fet sometimes vegeta*#es and anima#s are

*y certain epithets or circumstances! etended to other

signification/ as a 1ree! when ca##ed the tree of #ife or of

+now#edge/ and a east! when ca##ed the o#d serpent!

or worshiped.

When a east or Man is put for a +ingdom! his parts

and <ua#ities are put for the ana#ogous parts and

<ua#ities of the +ingdom/ as the head of a east! for the

great men who precede and govern/ the tai# for the

inferior peop#e! who fo##ow and are governed/ the

heads! if more than one! for the num*er of capita# parts!

or dynasties! or dominions in the +ingdom! whether

co##atera# or successive! with respect to the civi#

government/ the horns on any head! for the num*er of

+ingdoms in that head! with respect to mi#itary power/

seeing for understanding! and the eyes of men of

understanding and po#icy! and in matters of re#igion for!

ishops/ spea+ing! for ma+ing #aws/ the mouth! for a

#awBgiver! whether civi# or sacred/ the #oudness of the

voice! for might and power/ the faintness thereof! for

wea+ness/ eating and drin+ing! for ac<uiring what is

signified *y the things eaten and dran+/ the hairs of a

*east! or man! and the feathers of a *ird! for peop#e/

the wings! for the num*er of +ingdoms represented *y

the *east/ the arm of a man! for his power! or for any

peop#e wherein his strength and power consists/ his

feet! for the #owest of the peop#e! or for the #atter end of



the +ingdom/ the feet! nai#s! and teeth of *easts of

prey! for armies and s<uadrons of armies/ the *ones!

for strength! and for fortified p#aces/ the f#esh! for riches

and possessions/ and the days of their acting! for

years/ and when a tree is put for a +ingdom! its*ranches! #eaves! and fruit! signify as do the wings!

feathers! and food of a *ird or *east.

When a man is ta+en in a mystica# senses! his

<ua#ities are often signified *y his actions! and *y the

circumstances of things a*out him. 5o a ;u#er is

signified *y his riding on a *east/ a Warrior and

Con<ueror! *y his having a sword and *ow/ a potent

man! *y his gigantic stature/ a udge! *y weights and

measures/ a sentence of a*so#ution! or condemnation!

*y a white or a *#ac+ stone/ a new dignity! *y a new

name/ mora# or civi# <ua#ifications! *y garments/ honor

and g#ory! *y sp#endid appare#/ roya# dignity! *y purp#e

or scar#et! or *y a crown/ righteousness! *y white and

c#ean ro*es/ wic+edness! *y spotted and fi#thy

garments/ aff#iction! mourning! and humi#iation! *y

c#othing in sac+c#oth/ dishonor! shame! and want of

good wor+s! *y na+edness/ error and misery! *y

drin+ing a cup of his or her wine that causeth it/

propagating any re#igion for gain! *y eercising traffic

and merchandise with that peop#e whose re#igion it is/

worshiping or serving the fa#se 3ods of any nation! *y

committing adu#tery with their princes! or *y worshiping

them/ a Counci# of a +ingdom! *y its image/ ido#atry! *y

*#asphemy/ overthrow in war! *y a wound of man or

*east/ a dura*#e p#ague of war! *y a sore and pain/ the

aff#iction or persecution which a peop#e suffers in

#a*oring to *ring forth a new +ingdom! *y the pain of a

woman in #a*or to *ring forth a manBchi#d/ the

disso#ution of a *ody po#itic or ecc#esiastic! *y the death

of a man or *east/ and the reviva# of a disso#ved

dominion! *y the resurrection of the dead.



CHAPTER 3.

O$ THE 'ISION O$ THE I"A!E CO"POSED O$

$OR "ETA#S.

1HE rophecies of @anie# are a## of them re#ated to

one another! as if they were *ut severa# parts of one

genera# rophecy! given at severa# times. 1he first is

the easiest to *e understood! and every fo##owing

rophecy adds something new to the former. 1he first

was given in a dream to Ne*uchadnear! -ing of

a*y#on! in the second year of his reign/ *ut the -ing

forgetting his dream! it was given again to @anie# in adream! and *y him revea#ed to the -ing. ,nd there*y!

@anie# present#y *ecame famous for wisdom! and

revea#ing of secrets% insomuch that Ee+ie# his

contemporary! in the nineteenth year of

Ne*uchadnear! spa+e thus of him to the -ing of

1yre% Behold! saith he! thou art wiser than @anie#!

there is no secret that they can hide from

thee, Ee+ie# 27%$. ,nd the same Ee+ie#! in another

p#ace! :oins @anie# with Noah and o*! as most high inthe favor of 3od! Ee+ie# 64%64! 6'! 67! 20. ,nd in the

#ast year of e#shaar! the ueenBmother said of him

to the -ing%

eho#d there is a man in thy +ingdom! in whom is the

spirit of the ho#y gods/ and in the days of thy father!

#ight and understanding and wisdom! #i+e the wisdom of

the gods! was found in him/ whom the +ing

Ne*uchadnear thy father! the +ing! ? say! thy father

made master of the magicians! astro#ogers! Cha#deans

and soothsayers% forasmuch as an ece##ent spirit! and

+now#edge! and understanding! interpreting of dreams!

and shewing of hard sentences! and disso#ving of



dou*ts! were found in the same @anie#! whom the +ing

named e#teshaar! @anie# &%66! 62.

@anie# was in the greatest credit amongst the ews!

ti## the reign of the ;oman Emperor Hadrian% and to

re:ect his rophecies! is to re:ect the Christian re#igion.

>or this re#igion is founded upon his rophecy

concerning the Messiah.

Now in this vision of the ?mage composed of four

Meta#s! the foundation of a## @anie#As rophecies is #aid.

?t represents a *ody of four great nations! which shou#d

reign over the earth successive#y! vi. the peop#e of

a*y#onia! the ersians! the 3ree+s! and the ;omans.

,nd *y a stone cut out without hands! which fe## upon

the feet of the ?mage! and *ra+e a## the four Meta#s to

pieces! and became a great mountain, and filled

the whole earth; it further represents that a new

+ingdom shou#d arise! after the four! and con<uer a##

those nations! and grow very great! and #ast to the end

of a## ages.

1he head of the ?mage was of go#d! and signifies the

nations of a*y#onia! who reigned first! as @anie#

himse#f interprets. Thou art this head of gold, saith

he to Ne*uchadnear. 1hese nations reigned ti## Cyrus

con<uered a*y#on! and within a few months after that

con<uest revo#ted to the ersians! and set them up

a*ove the Medes. 1he *reast and arms of the ?mage

were of si#ver! and represent the ersians who reigned

net. 1he *e##y and thighs of the ?mage were of *rass!

and represent the 3ree+s! who! under the dominion of

,#eander the great! con<uered the ersians! and

reigned net after them. 1he #egs were of iron! and

represent the ;omans who reigned net after the

3ree+s! and *egan to con<uer them in the eighth year



of ,ntiochus Epiphanes. >or in that year they

con<uered erseus -ing of Macedon! the fundamenta#

+ingdom of the 3ree+s/ and from thence forward grew

into a mighty empire! and reigned with great power ti##

the days of 1heodosius the great. 1hen *y the incursionof many northern nations! they *ra+e into many sma##er

+ingdoms! which are represented *y the feet and toes

of the ?mage! composed part of iron! and part of c#ay.

>or then! saith @anie# the kingdom shall be divided

and there shall be in it of the strength of iron,

but they shall not cleave one to another.

And in the days of these Kings! saith @anie#!

shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which

shall never be destroyed and the kingdom shall

not be left to other people; but it shall break in

pieces, and consume all these kingdoms, and it

shall stand for ever. !orasmuch as thou sawest

that the stone was cut out of the mountains

without hands, and that it brake in pieces the

iron, the brass, the clay, the silver and the gold.

CHAPTER

O$ THE 'ISION O$ THE $OR BEASTS.

?N the net vision! which is of the four easts! the

rophecy of the four Empires is repeated! with severa#

new additions/ such as are the two wings of the ion!

the three ri*s in the mouth of the ear! the four wings

and four heads of the eopard! the e#even horns of the

fourth east! and the son of man coming in the c#ouds

of Heaven! to the ,ncient of @ays sitting in :udgment.



1he first east was #i+e a #ion! and had eag#eAs

wings! to denote the +ingdoms of a*y#onia and Media!

which overthrew the ,ssyrian Empire! and divided it

*etween them! and there*y *ecame considera*#e! and

grew into great Empires. ?n the former rophecy! theEmpire of a*y#onia was represented *y the head of

go#d/ in this *oth Empires are represented together *y

the two wings of the #ion. ,nd ? *ehe#d saith @anie#! ti##

the wings thereof were p#uc+ed! and it was #ifted up

from the earth! and made to stand upon the feet as a

man! and a manAs heart was given to it / that is! ti## it

was hum*#ed! and su*dued! and made to +now its

human state.

1he second east was #i+e a *ear! and represents

the Empire which reigned net after the a*y#onians!

that is! the Empire of the ersians. 1hy +ingdom is

divided! or *ro+en! saith @anie# to the #ast -ing of

a*y#on! and given to the Medes and ersians! @anie#

&%27. 1his east raised itse#f up on one side/ the

ersians *eing under the Medes at the fa## of a*y#on!

*ut present#y rising up a*ove them. ,nd it had three

ri*s in the mouth of it! *etween the teeth of it! to signify

the +ingdoms of 5ardes! a*y#on! and Egypt! which

were con<uered *y it! *ut did not *e#ong to its proper

*ody.

,nd it devoured much f#esh! the riches of those three

+ingdoms.1he third east was the +ingdom which

succeeded the ersians/ and this was the empire of the

3ree+s! @anie# 7%'! (! 20! 26. ?t was #i+e a eopard! tosignify its fierceness/ and had four heads and four

wings! to signify that it shou#d *ecome divided in four

+ingdoms! @anie# 7%22/ for i t continued in a monarchica#

form during the reign of ,#eander the great! and his

*rother ,ridaeus! and young sons ,#eander and

Hercu#es/ and then *ra+e into four +ingdoms! *y the



governors of provinces putting crowns on their own

heads! and *y mutua# consent reigning over the

provinces. Cassander reigned over Macedon! 3reece!

and Epirus/ ysimachus over 1hrace and ithynia/

to#emy over Egypt! y*ia! ,ra*ia! Coe#osyria! anda#estine/ and 5e#eucus over 5yria.

1he fourth east was the empire which succeeded

that of the 3ree+s! and this was the ;oman. 1his *east

was eceeding dreadfu# and terri*#e! and had great iron

teeth! and devoured and *ra+e in pieces! and stamped

the residue with its feet/ and such was the ;oman

Empire. ?t was #arger! stronger! and more formida*#e

and #asting than any of the former. ?t con<uered the

+ingdom of Macedon! with ?##yricum and Epirus! in the

eighth year of ,ntiochus Epiphanes! ,nno Na*onass.

&70/ and inherited that of ergamus! ,nno Na*onass.

'6&/ and con<uered that of 5yria! ,nno Na*onass. '(8!

and that of Egypt! ,nno Na*onass. (67. ,nd *y these

and other con<uests it *ecame greater and more

terri*#e than any of the three former easts. 1his

Empire continued in its greatness ti## the reign of

1heodosius the great/ and then *ra+e into ten

+ingdoms! represented *y the ten horns of this east/

and continued in a *ro+en form! ti## the ,ncient of days

sat in a throne #i+e fiery f#ame! and the :udgment was

set! and the *oo+s were opened! and the east was

s#ain and his *ody destroyed! and given to the *urning

f#ames/ and one #i+e the son of man came with the

c#ouds of heaven! and came to the ,ncient of days! and

received dominion over a## nations! and :udgment was

given to the saints of the most high! and the time came

that they possessed the +ingdom.

? *ehe#d! saith @anie#! ti## the east was s#ain! and his

*ody destroyed! and given to the *urning f#ames. ,s

concerning the rest of the easts! they had their



dominion ta+en away% yet their #ives were pro#onged for

a season and a time. ,nd therefore a## the four easts

are sti## a#ive! though the dominion of the three first *e

ta+en away. 1he nations of Cha#dea and ,ssyria are

sti## the first east. 1hose of Media and ersia are sti##the second east. 1hose of Macedon! 3reece and

1hrace! ,sia minor! 5yria and Egypt! are sti## the third.

,nd those of Europe! on this side 3reece! are sti## the

fourth. 5eeing therefore the *ody of the third east is

confined to the nations on this side the river Euphrates!

and the *ody of the fourth east is confined to the

nations on this side 3reece/ we are to #oo+ for a## the

four heads of the third east! among the nations on this

side of the river Euphrates/ and for a## the e#even hornsof the fourth east! among the nations on this side of

3reece. ,nd therefore! at the *rea+ing of the 3ree+

empire into four +ingdoms of the 3ree+s! we inc#ude no

part of the Cha#deans! Medes and ersians in those

+ingdoms! *ecause they *e#onged to the *odies of the

two first easts. Nor do we rec+on the 3ree+ empire

seated at Constantinop#e! among the horns of the

fourth east! *ecause it *e#onged to the *ody of the

third.

CHAPTER .

O$ THE %IN!DO"S REPRESENTED B* THE

$EET O$ THE I"A!E CO"POSED O$ IRON AND

C#A*.

@,C?, was a #arge country *ounded on the south *y

the @anu*e! on the east *y the Euine sea! on the

north *y the river Neister and the mountain Crapac! and

on the west *y the river 1i*esis! or 1eys! which

runssouthward into the @anu*e a #itt#e a*ove e#grade.

?t comprehended the countries now ca##ed 1ransy#vania!



Mo#davia! and Wa##achia! and theeastern part of the

upper Hungary. ?ts ancient inha*itants were ca##ed

3etae *y the 3ree+s! @aci *y the atins! and 3oths *y

themse#ves. ,#eander the great attac+ed them! and

1ra:an con<uered them! andreduced their country into arovince of the ;oman Empire% and there *y the

propagation of the 3ospe# among them was much

promoted.

1hey were composed of severa# 3othic nations!

ca##ed strogoths! Gisigoths!Ganda#s! 3epides!

om*ards! urgundians! ,#ans! 9c. who a## agreed in

their manners! and spa+e the same #anguage! as

rocopius represents.Whi#e they #ived under the

;omans! the 3oths or strogoths were seatedin the

eastern parts of @acia! the Ganda#s in the western part

upon the river1eys! where the rivers Maresh and

-eresh run unto it. 1he Gisigoths were *etween them.

1he 3epides! according to >ornandes! were upon

theGistu#a. 1he urgundians! a Ganda#ic nation! were

*etween the Gistu#a andthe southern fountain of the

;oristhenes! at some distance from themountain

Crapac northwards! where to#emy p#aces them! *y the

names of hrugundiones and urgiones. 1he ,#ans!

another 3othic nation! were *etween the northern

fountain of the oristhenes and the mouth of theriver

1anais! where to#emy p#aceth the mountain ,#anus!

and western side of the a#us Maeotis.

1hese nations continued under the dominion of the

;omans ti## the second year of the Emperor hi#ip! andthen for want of their mi#itary pay *egan torevo#t/ the

strogoths setting up a +ingdom! which! under their

-ings strogotha! Cniva! ,raric! 3eperic! and

Hermanaric! increased ti## the year of Christ $('/ and

then *y an incursion of the Huns from *eyond

the1anais! and the death of Hermanaric! *ra+e into



severa# sma##er +ingdoms.Hunnimund! the son of

Hermanaric! *ecame -ing over the

strogoths/>ridigern over the Gisigoths/ Winithar! or

Ginithar! over a part of the 3oths ca##ed 3ruthungi *y

,mmian! 3othunni *y C#audian! and 5armataeand5cythians *y others% ,thanaric reigned over another

part of the 3othsin @acia! ca##ed 1hervingi/ o over

the ,ntes in 5armatia/ and the3epides had a#so their

-ing.

1he Ganda#s f#ed over the @anu*e from3e*eric in

the #atter end of the reign of Constantine the great! and

hadseats granted them in annonia *y that Emperor!

where they #ived <uiet#yforty years! vi. ti## the year $((!

when severa# 3othic nations f#ying from the Hunns

came over the @anu*e! and had seats granted them in

Maesiaand 1hrace *y the 3ree+ Emperor Ga#ens. ut

the net year they revo#ted!ca##ed in some 3oths! ,#ans

and Hunns! from *eyond the @anu*e! androuted the

;oman army! s#ew the Emperor Ga#ens! and spread

themse#vesinto 3reece and annonia as far as the

,#ps. ?n the years $(8 and $70 they were chec+ed *y

the arms of the Emperors 3ratian and 1heodosius!

andmade a su*missive peace/ the Gisigoths and

1hervingi returned to theirseats in Maesia and 1hrace!

the Hunns retired over the @anu*e! and the@a#ans and

3ruthingi o*tained seats in annonia. ,*out the year

$($! or $(4! the urgundians rose from their seats

upon the Gistu#a! with an army of eighty thousand men

to invade 3a##ia/ and *eing opposed! seated

themse#ves upon the northern side of the ;hine over

against Ment.

?n the year $&7! a *ody of the 5a#ian >ran+s! with

their -ing! coming from the river 5a#a! were received

into the Empire *y the Emperor u#ian! and seated in

3a##ia *etween ra*ant and the ;hine% andtheir -ing



Me##o*audes was made Comes domesticorum! *y the

Emperor 3ratian. ;ichomer! another no*#e 5a#ian

>ran+! was made Comesdomesticorum! and Magister

utrius<ue Mi#itiae! *y 1heodosius/ and ,.C.$74! was

Consu# with C#earchus. He was a great favorite of 1heodosius!and accompanied him in his wars against

Eugenius! *ut died in the epedition! and #eft a son

ca##ed 1heudomir! who afterwards *ecame -ingof the

5a#ian >ran+s in ra*ant. ?n the time of this war some

>ran+s from *eyond the ;hine invaded 3a##ia under the

conduct of 3eno*a#d! Marcomirand 5uno! *ut were

repu#sed *y 5ti#ico/ and Marcomir *eing s#ain! was

succeeded in 3ermany *y his son haramond.

1hese nations remained <uiet within the Empire!

su*:ect to the;omans! many others continued so

*eyond the @anu*e ti## the death of theEmperor

1heodosius! and then rose up in arms.

>or au#us @iaconus in his Historia Misce##. #i*.

64%spea+ing of the times net after the death of

thisEmperor! te##s us%

Eodem tempore erant Gothi $ aliae gentes

ma%imaetrans Danu#ium ha#itantes& e% 'ui#us

rationa#iliores 'uatuor sunt, Gothi scilicet, "uisogothi,

Gepides $ (andali) $ nomen tantum $ nihil aliud

mutantes. Isti su# Arcadio $ "onorio Danu#ium

transeuntes, locati suntin terra *omanorum& $ Gepides

'uidem, e% 'ui#us postea divisi sunt+ongo#ardi $

Avares, villas, 'uae sunt circa Singidonum $

Sirmium,ha#itavere&

and rocopius in the *eginning of his Historia

Ganda#ica writesto the same purpose. Hitherto the



Western Empire continued entire! *utnow *ra+e into

many +ingdoms. 1heodosius died ,.C. $8&/ and then

the Gisigoths! under the conduct of ,#aric the successor

of >ridigern! rose from their seats in 1hrace! andwasted

Macedon! 1hessa#y! ,chaia! e#oponnesus! andEpirus! with fireand sword for five years together/ when

turning westward! they invaded@a#matia! ?##yricum and

annonia/ and from thence went into ?ta#y ,.C.402/ and

the net year were so *eaten at o##entia and Gerona!

*y 5ti#icothe commander of the forces of the Western

Empire! that C#audian ca##s theremainder of the forces

of ,#aric! tanta e gente re#i<uias *reves! and

rudentius! 3entem de#etam. 1hereupon ,#aric made

peace with the Emperor! *eing so far hum*#ed! thatrosius saith! he did! pro pace optima 9 <ui*uscun<ue

sedi*us supp#iciter 9 simp#iciter orare. 1hus peace was

ratified *y mutua# hostages/ ,etius was sent hostage to

,#aric/ and ,#aric continued a free rince in the seats

now granted to him. When ,#aric too+ up arms! the

nations *eyond the @anu*e *egan to *e in motion/ and

the net winter! *etween ,.C. $8& and $8'! a great

*ody ofHunns! ,#ans! strogoths! 3epides! and other

northern nations! came overthe froen @anu*e! *eing

invited *y ;ufinus% when their *rethren! who

hado*tained seats within the Empire! too+ up arms

a#so. erome ca##s this greatmu#titude! Hunns! ,#ans!

Ganda#s! 3oths! 5armatians! uades! andMarcomans/

and saith! that they invaded a## p#aces *etween

Constantinop#eand the u#ian ,#ps! wasting 5cythia!

1hrace! Macedon! @ardania! @acia!1hessa#y! ,chaia!

Epirus! @a#matia! and a## annonia. 1he 5uevians

a#soinvaded ;haetia% for when ,#aric ravaged

annonia! the ;omans were defending ;haetia/ which

gave ,#aric an opportunity of invading ?ta#y! as C#audian

thus mentions.



on nisi perfidia nacti penetra#ile tempus, Irrupere

Getae, nostras dum *haetia vires -ccupat, at'ue alio

desudant arte cohortes. And when Alaric went from

those parts into Italy, some other #ar#arous nations

invaded oricum and (indelicia, as the same Poet !laudian thuswrites&/am foedera gentes E%uerant,

+atii'ue audita clade feroces (endelicos saltus $

orica rura tene#ant.

1his was in the years 402 and 40$. ,nd among these

nations ? rec+on the 5uevians! uades! and

Marcomans/ for they were a## in arms at this time.1he

uades and Marcomans were 5uevian nations/ and

they and the 5uevians came origina##y from ohemia!

and the river 5uevus or 5pra+e inusatia/ and were

now united under one common -ing ca##ed Ermeric!who

soon after #ed them into 3a##ia. 1he Ganda#s and ,#ans

might a#soa*out this time etend themse#ves into

Noricum. D#din a#so with a great*ody of Hunns passed

the @anu*e a*out the time of ChrysostomAs*anishment!

that is! ,.C. 404! and wasted 1hrace and Maesia.

;adagaisus!-ing of the 3ruthunni and successor of

Winithar! inviting over more*ar*arians from *eyond the

@anu*e! invaded ?ta#y with an army of a*ovetwo

hundred thousand 3oths/ and within a year or two! ,.C.

40& or 40'/was overcome *y 5ti#ico! and perished with

his army. ?n this war 5ti#icowas assisted with the great

*ody of Hunns and strogoths! under theconduct of

D#din and 5arus! who were hired *y the Emperor

Honorius. ?na## this confusion it was necessary for the

om*ards in annonia to arm themse#ves in their own

defence! and assert their #i*erty! the ;omans *eing no

#onger a*#e to protect them.

,nd now 5ti#ico purposing to ma+e himse#f Emperor!

procured a mi#itary prefecture for ,#aric! and sent him

into the East in the service of Honoriusthe Western



Emperor! committing some ;oman troops to his

conduct tostrengthen his army of 3oths! and promising

to fo##ow soon after with hisown army. His pretence was

to recover some regions of ?##yricum! whichthe Eastern

Emperor was accused to detain in:urious#y from theWestern/*ut his secret design was to ma+e himse#f

Emperor! *y the assistance of theGanda#s and their

a##ies% for he himse#f was a Ganda#. >or faci#itating

thisdesign! he invited a great *ody of the *ar*arous

nations to invade theWestern Empire! whi#e he and

,#aric invaded the Eastern. ,nd these nations under

their severa# -ings! the Ganda#s under 3odegisi#us! the

,#ansin two *odies! the one under 3oar! the other

under ;esp#endia#! and the5uevians! uades! andMarcomans! under Ermeric! marched through ;haetia

to the side of the ;hine! #eaving their seats in annonia

to theHunns and strogoths! and :oined the

urgundians under 3undicar! andruff#ed the >ran+s in

their further march. n the #ast of @ecem*er ,.C.40'!

they passed the ;hine at Ments! and spread

themse#ves into 3ermaniaprima and the ad:acent

regions/ and amongst other actions the Ganda#stoo+

1riers. 1hen they advanced into e#gium! and *egan to

waste thatcountry. Whereupon the 5a#ian >ran+s in

ra*ant too+ up arms! and underthe conduct of

1heudomir! the son of ;icimer! or

;ichomer!a*ovementioned! made so stout a

resistance! that they s#ew a#most twentythousand of the

Ganda#s! with their -ing 3odegesi#us! in *att#e/ the

restescaping on#y *y a party of ;esp#endia#As ,#ans

which came time#y to theirassistance.

1hen the ritish so#diers! a#armed *y the rumor of

these things! revo#ted! and set up 1yrants there/ first

Marcus! whom they s#ew present#y/ then3ratian! whom

they s#ew within four months/ and #ast#y Constantine!

underwhom they invaded 3a##ia ,.C. 407! *eing



favored *y 3oar and 3undicar.,nd Constantine having

possessed a good part of 3a##ia! created his

sonConstans Caesar! and sent him into 5pain to order

his affairs there! ,[email protected].

?n the mean time ;esp#endia#! seeing the aforesaid

disaster of the Ganda#s! and that 3oar was gone over

to the ;omans! #ed his army from the ;hine/and!

together with the 5uevians and residue of the Ganda#s!

went towards5pain/ the >ran+s in the mean time

prosecuting their victory so far as toreta+e 1riers! which

after they had p#undered they #eft to the ;omans.

1hear*arians were first stopped *y the yrenean

mountains! which madethem spread themse#ves into

,<uitaine/ *ut the net year they had the passage

*etrayed *y some so#diers of Constans/ and entering

5pain 4 -a#.cto*. ,.C. 408! they con<uered every one

what he cou#d/ and at #ength!,.C. 466! divided their

con<uests *y #ot/ the Ganda#s o*tained oetica!

andpart of 3a##aecia/ the 5uevians the rest of

3a##aecia/ and the ,#ansusitania and the Carthaginian

rovince% the Emperor for the sa+e of peaceconfirming

them in those seats *y grant ,.C. 46$.

1he ;oman >ran+s a*ovementioned! having made

1heudomir their -ing! *egan strait after the con<uest of

the Ganda#s to invade their neigh*ors a#so. 1he first

they set upon were the 3au#s of ra*ant% *ut meeting

with nota*#e resistance! they desired their a##iance% and

so those 3au#s fe## offfrom the ;omans! and made an

intimate #eague with the >ran+s to *e as one peop#e!marrying with one another! and conforming to one

anotherAs manners! ti## they *ecame one without

distinction. 1hus *y the access ofthese 3au#s! and of

the foreign >ran+s a#so! who afterwards came over

the;hine! the 5a#ian +ingdom soon grew very great and

powerfu#.5ti#icoAs epedition against the 3ree+ Emperor



Constantius continued the siege! strengthened *y

theaccess of the greatest part of the so#diers of

3erontius.

,fter four months siege! Edo*ec having procured

succors! the ar*arian -ings at Ments!3oar and

3undicar! constitute ovinus Emperor! and together

with him setforward to re#ieve ,r#es. ,t their approach

Constantius retired. 1hey pursued! and he *eat them

*y surprise! *ut not prosecuting his victory! the

ar*arians soon recovered themse#ves/ yet not so as to

hinder the fa## ofthe tyrants Constantine! ovinus and

Maimus. ritain cou#d not *erecovered to the Empire!

*ut remained ever after a distinct +ingdom. 1he net

year! ,.C. 462! the Gisigoths *eing *eaten in ?ta#y! had

,<uitaine granted them to retire into% and they invaded

it with much vio#ence!causing the ,#ans and

urgundians to retreat! who were then depopu#ating of

it. ,t the same time the urgundians were *rought to

peace/ and the Emperor granted them for inheritance a

region upon the ;hine which theyhad invaded% and the

same! ? presume! he did with the ,#ans. ut the>ran+s

not #ong after reta+ing and *urning 1riers! Castinus!

,.C. 46&! was sent against them with an army! who

routed them and s#ew 1heudomirtheir -ing. 1his was

the second ta+ing of 1riers *y the >ran+s. ?t was

therefore ta+en four times! once *y the Ganda#s and

thrice *y the >ran+s.1heudomir was succeeded *y

haramond! the rince or -ing of the 5a#ian >ran+s in

3ermany. >rom thence he *rought new forces! reigned

over thewho#e! and had seats granted to his peop#e

within the Empire near the;hine.

,nd now the ar*arians were a## <uieted! and sett#ed

in severa# +ingdoms within the Empire! not on#y *y

con<uest! *ut a#so *y the grants of theEmperor

Honorius. >or ;uti#ius in his ?tinerary! written in ,utumn!



,nno Dr*is 66'8! that is! according to GarroAs

computation then in use! ,.C.46'! thus #aments the

wasted fie#ds%

lla 'uidem longis nimium deformia #ellis)

,nd then adds!

am tempus laceris post longa incendia fundis (el

pastorales aedificare casas.

,nd a #itt#e after!

AEternum ti#i *henus aret.

,nd rosius in the end of his history! which was

finished ,.C. 46(! represents now a genera#

pacification of the *ar*arous nations *y the words

comprimere! coangustare! addicere gentes

immanissimas/ terming them imperio addictas! *ecause

they had o*tained seats in the Empire *y #eagueand

compact/ and coangustatas! *ecause they did no

#onger invade a##regions at p#easure! *ut *y the same

compact remained <uiet in the seatsthen granted them.

,nd these are the +ingdoms! of which the feet of

the?mage were henceforward composed! and which are

represented *y ironand c#ay intermied! which did not

stic+ to one another! and were of different strength.

CHAPTER +.

O$ THE TEN %IN!DO"S REPRESENTED B* THE

TEN HORNS



O$ THE $ORTH BEAST.

NW *y the wars a*ove descri*ed the Western

Empire of the ;omans! a*out the time that ;ome was

*esieged and ta+en *y the 3oths! *ecame*ro+en into

the fo##owing ten +ingdoms%

6. 1he +ingdom of the Ganda#s and ,#ans

in 5pain and ,frica

2. 1he +ingdom of the 5uevians in 5pain.

$. 1he +ingdom of the Gisigoths.

4. 1he +ingdom of the ,#ans in 3a##ia.

&. 1he +ingdom of the urgundians

'. 1he +ingdom of the >ran+s.

(. 1he +ingdom of the ritains.

7. 1he +ingdom of the Hunns.

8. 1he +ingdom of the om*ards.

60. 1he +ingdom of ;avenna.

5even of these +ingdoms are thus mentioned *y

5igonius. Honorio regnante! in annoniam Hunni! in



Hispaniam Ganda#i! ,#ani! 5uevi93othi! in 3a##iam ,#ani

urgundiones 9 3othi! certis sedi*us permissis!accepti.

,dd the >ran+s! ritains! and om*ards! and you have

the ten% for these arose a*out the same time with the

seven. ut #et us view them severa##y.

6. 1he -ings of the Ganda#s were! ,.C. 40(

3odegesi#us! 40( 3underic!42' 3eiseric! 4((

Hunneric! 474 3undemund! 48' 1hrasamund!

&2$3eiseric! &$0 3e#imer. 3odegesi#us #ed them into

3a##ia ,.C. 40'!3underic into 5pain ,.C. 408! 3eiseric

into ,frica ,.C. 42(/ and 3e#imerwas con<uered *y

e#isarius ,.C. &$$. 1heir +ingdom #asted in

3a##ia!5pain and ,frica together 62' years/ and in

,frica they were very potent.1he ,#ans had on#y two

-ings of their own in 5pain! ;esp#endia#! and,taces!

Dtacus or thacar. Dnder ;esp#endia# they went into

>rance ,.C.40(! and into 5pain ,.C. 408. ,taces was

s#ain with a#most a## his army *yGa##ia -ing of the

Gisigoths ,.C. 468. ,nd then the remainder of

these,#ans su*:ected themse#ves to 3underic -ing of

the Ganda#s in oetica!and went afterwards with them

into ,frica! as ? #earn out of rocopius.Whence the

-ings of the Ganda#s sty#ed themse#ves -ings of the

Ganda#sand ,#ans/ as may *e seen in the Edict of

Hunneric recited *y Gictor in hisGanda#ic persecution. ?n

con:unction with the Chatti! these ,#ans gave thename

of Catha#aunia! or CatthB,#ania! to the rovince which is

sti## soca##ed. 1hese ,#ans had a#so 3epides among

them/ and therefore the3epides came into annonia

*efore the ,#ans #eft it. 1here they *ecamesu*:ect to

the Hunns ti## the death of ,tti#a ,.C. 4&4! and at #ength

werecon<uered *y the strogoths.

2. 1he -ings of the 5uevians were! ,.C. 40(

Ermeric! 4$7 ;echi#a! 447;echiarius! 4&7 Ma#dra! 4'0

>rumarius! 4'$ ;egismund. ,nd after someother +ings



who are un+nown! reigned ,.C. &&7 1heudomir! &'7

Miro!&72 Eu*oricus! and &7$ ,ndeca. 1his +ingdom!

after it had *een onceseated in 5pain! remained a#ways

in 3a##aecia and usitania. Ermeric afterthe fa## of the

,#an +ingdom! en#arged it into a## 3a##aecia! forcingtheGanda#s to retire into oetica and the Carthaginian

rovince. 1his +ingdom#asted 6(( years according to

?sidorus! and then was su*dued *yeovigi#dus -ing of

the Gisigoths! and made a rovince of his +ingdom,.C.

&7&.

$. 1he -ings of the Gisigoths were! ,.C. 400 ,#aric!

460 ,thau#phus! 46&5ergeric and Ga##ia! 468

1heoderic! 4&6 1horismund! 4&2 1heoderic! 4'&Euric!

472 ,#aric! &0& 3ensa#aric! &2' ,ma#aric! &$6

1heudius! &471heudisc#us! 9c. ? date this +ingdom from

the time that ,#aric #eft 1hraceand 3reece to invade the

Western Empire. ?n the end of the reign of,thau#phus

the 3oths were hum*#ed *y the ;omans! and

attempted to passout of >rance into 5pain. 5ergeric

reigned *ut a few days. ?n the *eginningof Ga##iaAs reign

they assau#ted the ;omans afresh! *ut were

againrepu#sed! and then made peace on this condition!

that they shou#d on the*eha#f of the Empire invade the

ar*arian +ingdoms in 5pain% and this theydid! together

with the ;omans! in the years 46( and 467!

overthrowing the,#ans and part of the Ganda#s. 1hen

they received ,<uitaine of theEmperor *y a fu##

donation! #eaving their con<uests in 5pain to the

Emperor% and there*y the seats of the con<uered ,#ans

came into thehands of the ;omans. ?n the year 4&&!

1heoderic! assisted *y theurgundians! invaded 5pain!

which was then a#most a## su*:ect to the5uevians! and

too+ a part of it from them. ,.C. &0'! the 3oths were

drivenout of 3a##ia *y the >ran+s. ,.C. &7&! they

con<uered the 5uevian+ingdom! and *ecame ords of

a## 5pain. ,.C. (6$! the 5aracens invadedthem! *ut in



time they recovered their dominions! and have reigned

in 5pain ever since.

4. 1he -ings of the ,#ans in 3a##ia were 3oar!

5am*ida! Eocharic!5angi*anus! eurgus! 9c. Dnder

3oar they invaded 3a##ia ,.C. 40(! andhad seats given

them near the ;hine! ,.C. 462. Dnder 5am*ida!

whomucher ma+es the successor! if not the son of

3oar! they had the territoriesof Ga#ence given them *y

,etius the EmperorAs 3enera#! ,.C. 440.

DnderEocharic they con<uered a region of the re*e##ing

3a##i ,r*orici! giventhem a#so *y ,etius. 1his region

was from them named ,#enconium! <uasi,#anorum

conventus. Dnder 5angi*anus they were invaded! and

their rega#city r#eans was *esieged *y ,tti#a -ing of

the Hunns! with a vast army of&00!000 men. ,etius and

the ar*arian -ings of 3a##ia came to raise the siege!

and *eat the Hunns in a very memora*#e *att#e! ,.C.

4&6! in campisCata#aunicis! so ca##ed from these ,#ans

mied with the Chatti. 1he regionis now ca##ed

Campania or Champagne. ?n that *att#e were s#ain on

*othsides 6'2!000 men. , year or two after! ,tti#a

returned with an immensearmy to con<uer this

+ingdom! *ut was again *eaten of them and

theGisigoths together in a *att#e of three days

continuance! with a s#aughtera#most as great as the

former. Dnder eurgus! or iorgor! they infested

"investedI) 3a##ia round a*out! ti## the reign of Maimus

the Emperor/ andthen they passed the ,#ps in winter!

and came into iguria! *ut were there*eaten! and

eurgus s#ain! *y ;icimer commander of the emperorAs

forces!,.C. 4'4. ,fterwards they were again *eaten! *y

the :oint force ofdoacer -ing of ?ta#y and Chi#deric

-ing of the >ran+s! a*out the year470! and again *y

1heudo*ert -ing of the ,ustrian >ran+s a*out the year

&66.



&.1he -ings of the urgundians were! ,.C. 40(

3undicar! 4$' 3undioc! 4'( i#imer! 4($ 3undo*a#dus

with his *rothers! &60 5igismund! &6(3odomarus.

Dnder 3undicar they invaded 3a##ia ,.C. 40(! and had

seatsgiven them *y the Emperor near the ;hine in3a##ia e#gica! ,.C. 462.1hey had 5aons among

them! and were now so potent! that rosius ,.C. 46(

wrote of them% urgundionum esse praeva#idam

manum! 3a##iaehodie<ue testes sunt! in <ui*us

praesumpta possessione consistunt. ,*out the year

4$& they received great overthrows *y ,etius! and soon

after *ythe Hunns% *ut five years after had 5avoy

granted them to *e shared withthe inha*itants/ and

from that time *ecame again a potent +ingdom!*eing*ounded *y the river ;hodanus! *ut afterwards

etending much furtherinto the heart of 3a##ia.

3undo*a#d con<uered the regions a*out the

rivers,raris and ;hodanus! with the territories of

Marsei##es/ and invading ita#yin the time of the Emperor

3#ycerius! con<uered a## his *rethren.3odomarus made

r#eans his roya# seat% whence the +ingdom was ca##ed

;egnum ,ure#ianorum. He was con<uered *y

C#otharius and Chi#de*ert!-ings of the >ran+s! ,.C.

&2'. >rom thence forward this +ingdom wassometimes

united to the +ingdom of the >ran+s! and sometimes

divided from it! ti## the reign of Char#es the great! who

made his son Caro#ottus-ing of urgundy. >rom that

time! for a*out $00 years together! it en:oyed its proper

-ings/ and was then *ro+en into the @u+edom of

urgundy!County of urgundy! and County of 5avoy/

and afterwards those were *ro+en into #esser Counties.

'. 1he -ings of the >ran+s were! ,.C. 40(

1heudomir! 46( haramond!427 C#odio! 447

Merovaeus! 4&' Chi#deric! 472 C#odovaeus!

9c.Winde#ine and ucher! two of the most di#igent

searchers into the origina#sof this +ingdom! ma+e it



*egin the same year with the ar*arian invasionsof

3a##ia! that is! ,.C. 40(. f the first +ings there is in

a**eAs i*#othecaM.C. this record.

"istorica 'uaedam e%cerpta e% veteri stemmate

genealogico *egum 0ranciae.Geno#aldus,

arcomerus, Suno, 1heodemeris. Isti duces velreguli

e%titerunt a principio gentis 0rancorum diversis

tempori#us.Sed incertum relin'uunt historici 'uali si#i

procreations lineasuccesserunt.Pharamundus& su# hoc

rege suo primo 0ranci legi#us se su#dunt,'uas

primores eorum tulerunt 2isogastus,

Astrogastus,Salegastus.!hlochilo. Iste, transito *heno,

*omanos in !ar#onaria sylvadevicit, !amaracum cepit

$ o#tinuit, annis 34 regnavit. Su# hoc rege 0ranci

us'ue Summam progressi sunt. erovechus. Su# hoc

rege 0ranci 1revirim destruunt, etimsuccendunt,

us'ue Aurelianum perveniunt. Now for 3eno*a#dus!

Marcomer and 5uno! they were captains of

the1ransrhenane >ran+s in the reign of 1heodosius!

and concern us not. Weare to *egin with 1heudomir the

first -ing of the re*e##ing 5a#ii! ca##ed@idio *y ?vo

Carnotensis! and 1hiedo and 1heudemerus *y

;henanus.

His face is etant in a coin of go#d found with this

inscription! 1;EJ pu*#ished *y etavius! and sti## or

#ate#y etant! as Winde#ine testifies%which shows that he

was a -ing! and that in 3a##ia/ seeing that

rude3ermany understood not then the coining of

money! nor used either atinwords or #etters. He wasthe son of ;icimer! or ;ichomer! the favorite ofthe

Emperor 1heodosius/ and so *eing a ;oman >ran+!

and of the 5a#ianroya# *#ood! they therefore upon the

re*e##ion made him -ing. 1he who#etime of his reign

you have stated in Ecerptis 3regorii 1uronensis

e>redigario! cap. &! '! (! 7/ where the ma+ing him -ing!



the tyranny ofovinus! the s#aughter of the associates

of ovinus! the second ta+ing of1riers *y the >ran+s!

and their war with Castinus! in whichthis -ing was s#ain!

are as a series of successive things thus set down in

order.

E%tinctis Duci#us in 0rancis, denuo *eges creantur

e% eadem stirpe 'ua prius fuerant. Eodem tempore

ovinus ornatus regios assumpsit.!onstantinus fugam

versus Italiam dirigit) missis a ovino

Principepercussori#us super entio 0lumine, capite

truncatur. ulti no#ilium5ussu ovini apud Avernis capti,

$ a duci#us "onorii crudeliter interemptisunt.

1revirorum civitas, factione unius e% senatori#us

nomine +ucii, a0rancis capta $ incensa est. 6

!astinus Domesticorum !omese%peditionem accipit

contra 0rancos, $c. 1hen returning to spea7 of

1heudomir, he adds& 0ranci electum a se regem, sicut

prius fuerat,crinitum in'uirentes diligenter e% genere

Priami, 0rigi $ 0rancionis,super se crearunt nomine

1heudemerum filium *ichemeris, 'ui in hocpraelio

'uod supra memini, a *omanis interfectus est) that is!

in the *att#ewith CastinusA army. f his death 3regory

1uronensis ma+es this furthermention% ?n consu#ari*us

#egiums 1heodemerem regem >rancorum fi#ium

;icimeris <uondam! 9 ,sci#am matrem e:us! g#adio

interfectos. Dpon this victory of the ;omans! the >ran+s

and re*e##ing 3au#s! who inthe time of 1heudomir were

at war with one another! united to

strengthenthemse#ves! as rdericus Gita#is thus

mentions. Cum 3a##i prius contra;omanos re*e##issent!

>ranci iis sociati sunt! 9 fi#ium pariter :uncti!

>erramundum 5unonis ducis fi#ium! si*i regem

praefecerunt. rosper setsdown the time/ ,nno 2&

Honorii! haramundus regnat in >rancia.



1his!ucher we## o*serves! refers to the end of the

year 46'! or the *eginning ofthe net year! dating the

years of Honorius from the death of Ga#entinian/and

argues we##! that at this time haramond was not on#y

-ing *y theconstitution of the >ran+s! *ut crowned a#so*y the consent of Honorius!and had a part of 3a##ia

assigned him *y covenant. ,nd this might *e thecause

that ;oman writers rec+oned him the first -ing% which

some notunderstanding! have reputed him the founder

of this +ingdom *y an army ofthe 1ransrhenane >ran+s.

He might come with such an army! *ut hesucceeded

1heudomir *y right of *#ood and consent of the peop#e.

>or thea*ove cited passage of >redigarius! Etinctis

@uci*us! in >rancis denuo;eges creantur e eademstirpe <ua prius fuerant! imp#ies that the+ingdom

continued to this new e#ected fami#y during the reign of

more-ings than one.

?f you date the years of Honorius from the death of

hisfather! the reign of haramond might *egin two

years #ater than is assigned*y ucher. 1he 5a#i<ue

#aws made in his reign! which are yet etant! show*y

their name that it was the +ingdom of the 5a#ii over

which he reigned/and! *y the pecuniary mu#cts in them!

that the p#ace where he reigneda*ounded much with

money! and conse<uent#y was within the Empire/rude

3ermany +nowing not the use of money! ti## they mied

with the;omans. ?n the reface a#so to the 5a#i<ue

#aws! written and prefied tothem soon after the

conversion of the >ran+s to the Christian re#igion! thatis!

in the end of the reign of Merovaeus! or soon after! the

origina# of this +ingdom is thus descri*ed% "aec enim

gens, 'uae fortis dum esset $ro#ore valida,

*omanorum 5ugum durissimum de suis cervici#us

e%cussitpugnando, 9c. 1his +ingdom therefore was

erected! not *y invasion *ut *y re*e##ion! as was

descri*ed a*ove. rosper in registering their -ings



inorder! te##s us% haramundus regnat in >rancia/

C#odio regnat in >rancia/Merovaeus regnat in >rancia%

and who can imagine *ut that in a## these p#aces he

meant one and the same >ranciaI ,nd yet Ktis certain

that the>rancia of Merovaeus was in 3a##ia.

Fet the father of haramond! *eing +ing of a *ody of

>ran+s in 3ermany inthe reign of the Emperor

1heodosius! as a*ove! haramond might reignover the

same >ran+s in 3ermany *efore he succeeded

1heudomir in the+ingdom of the 5a#ians within the

Empire! and even *efore 1heudomir*egan his reign/

suppose in the first year of Honorius! or when

those>ran+s *eing repu#sed *y 5ti#ico! #ost their -ings

Marcomir and 5uno! one of which was the father of

haramond% and the ;oman >ran+s! after the death of

1heudomir! might invite haramond with his peop#e

from *eyondthe ;hine. ut we are not to regard the

reign of haramond in 3ermany%we are to date this

+ingdom from its rise within the Empire! and to

#oo+upon it as strengthened *y the access of other

>ran+s coming from *eyondthe ;hine! whether in the

reign of this -ing or in that of his successor C#odio. >or

in the #ast year of haramondAs reign! ,etius too+ from

him apart of his possession in 3a##ia% *ut his successor

C#odio! whom>redigarius represents as the son of

1heudomir! and some ca## C#ogio!C#oio! and C#audius!

inviting from *eyond the ;hine a great *ody of>ran+s!

recovered a##! and carried on their con<uests as far as

the river5oame. 1hen those >ran+s dividing con<uests

with him! erected certainnew +ingdoms at Co#ogn and

Cam*ray! and some other cities% a## whichwere

afterwards con<uered *y C#odovaeus! who a#so drove

the 3oths outof 3a##ia! and fied his seat at aris!

where it has continued ever since. ,ndthis was the

origina# of the present +ingdom of >rance.



(. 1he -ings of ritain were! ,.C. 40( or 407!

Marcus! 3ratian! andConstantine successive#y/ ,.C.

42& Gortigern! 4'' ,ure#ius ,m*rosius!487 Dther

endraco! &07 ,rthur! &42! Constantinus! &4&

,ure#iusCunanus! &(7 Gortiporeus! &76 Ma#go! &7'Careticus! '6$ Cadwan! '$&Cadwa#in! '('

Cadwa##ader. 1he three first were ;oman 1yrants!

whorevo#ted from the Empire. rosius! rosper and

=osimus connect theirrevo#t with the irruptions of the

ar*arians into 3a##ia! as conse<uentthereunto.

rosper! with whom =osimus agrees! puts it in the year

which*egan the day after that irruption. 1he :ust time ?

thus co##ect% Marcusreigned not many days! 3ratian

four months! and Constantine three years.He was s#ainthe year after the ta+ing of ;ome! that is ,.C. 466! 64

-a#.cto*. Whence the revo#t was in 5pring ,.C. 407.

5oomen :oinsConstantineAs epedition into 3a##ia with

,rcadiusA death! or the times a#itt#e after/ and ,rcadius

died ,.C. 407 May the 6st.

Now though the reignof these 1yrants was *ut short!

yet they gave a *eginning to the +ingdomof ritain! and

so may *e rec+oned the three first -ings! especia##y

sincethe posterity of Constantine! vi. his sons ,ure#ius

,m*rosius! and Dther endraco! and his grandson

,rthur! reigned afterwards. >or from the timeof the

revo#t of these 1yrants ritain continued a distinct

+ingdoma*so#ved from su*:ection to the Empire! the

Emperor not *eing a*#e tospare so#diers to *e sent

thither to receive and +eep the ?s#and! andtherefore

neg#ecting it/ as we #earn *y un<uestiona*#e records.

>or rosper te##s us/ ,.C. 460! Gariane Cos. Hac

tempestate prae va#etudine;omanorum! vires funditus

attenuatae ritanniae. ,nd 5ige*ertcon:oining this with

the siege of ;ome! saith% ritannorum viresattenuatae!

9 su*trahunt se a ;omanorum dominatione. ,nd

=osimus#i*.'.



1he 1ransrhenane ar*arians invading a## p#aces!

reduced theinha*itants of the is#and of ritain! and a#so

certain nations to that pass! that they fe## off from the

;oman Empire/ and *eing no #onger o*edient unto the

;oman #aws! they #ived in separate *odies after theirown p#easure. 1he ritons therefore ta+ing up

arms! and haarding themse#ves for their own safety!

freed their cities from the imminent"immanentI)

ar*arians. ?n #i+e manner a## ra*ant and some

otherrovinces of the 3au#s imitating the ritons! freed

themse#ves a#so!e:ecting the ;oman residents! and

forming themse#ves into a sort of commonwea#th

according to their own p#easure. 1his re*e##ion of ritain

and the Ce#tic nations happened when Constantineusurped the +ingdom.5o a#so rocopius! #i*.6.Ganda#.

spea+ing of the same Constantine! saith%Constantine

*eing overcome in *att#e! was s#ain with his chi#dren.

Fet the ;omans cou#d not recover ritain any more! *ut

from that time itremained under 1yrants.

,nd eda! #.6.c.66. 0racta est *oma a Gothisanno

889:, suae conditionis) e% 'uo tempore *omani in

;ritanniaregnare cessaverunt. And Ethelwaldus& A

tempore *omae a Gothise%pugnatae, cessavit

imperium *omanorum a ;ritannia insula, $ a#

aliis,'uas su# 5ugo servitutis tene#ant, multis terris. ,nd

1heodoret! serm. 8.de curand. 3raec. affect. a*out the

year 424! rec+ons the ritons amongthe nations which

were not then in su*:ection to the ;oman Empire. 1hus

5igonius% ad annum 466! ?mperium ;omanorum post

ecessum Constantini in ritannia nu##um fuit. etween

the death of Constantine and the reign of Gortigern was

aninterregnum of a*out 64 years! in which the ritons

had wars with theicts and 5cots! and twice o*tained

the assistance of a ;oman egion! who drove out the

enemy! *ut to#d them positive#y at their departure that

they wou#d come no more.



f GortigernAs *eginning to reign there is this

recordin an o#d Chronic#e in Nennius! <uoted *y

Camden and others% 3uortigernus tenuit imperium in

ritannia! 1heodosio 9 Ga#entinianoCoss. Lvi. ,.C.

42&. 9 in <uarto anno regni sui 5aones adritanniamvenerunt! >e#ice 9 1auro Coss. Lvi. ,.C.

427. 1his coming of the 5aons! 5igi*ert refers to the

4th year of Ga#entinian! which fa##s in withthe year 427

assigned *y this Chronic#e% and two years after! the

5aons together with the icts were *eaten *y the

ritons. ,fterwards in the reign of Martian the Emperor!

that is! *etween the years 4&0 and 4&'! the5aons

under Hengist were ca##ed in *y the ritons! *ut si

years afterrevo#ted from them! made war upon themwith various success! and *ydegrees succeeded them.

Fet the ritons continued a f#ourishing +ingdomti## the

reign of Careticus/ and the war *etween the two nations

continuedti## the pontificate of 5ergius ,.C. '77.

7. 1he -ings of the Hunns were! ,.C. 40' ctar and

;ugi#a! 4$$ #edaand ,tti#a. ctar and ;ugi#a were the

*rothers of Munuc -ing of theHunns in 3othia *eyond

the @anu*e/ and #eda and ,tti#a were his sons!and

Munuc was the son of a#amir. 1he two first! as

ornandes te##s us!were -ings of the Hunns! *ut not of

them a##/ and had the two #ast for theirsuccessors. ?

date the reign of the Hunns in annonia from the time

that theGanda#s and ,#ans re#in<uished annonia to

them! ,.C. 40(. 5igonius from the time that the

Gisigoths re#in<uished annonia ,.C. 407. Constat!

saithhe! <uod 3othis e ?##yrico profectis! Hunni

successerunt! at<ue imprimisannoniam tenuerunt.

Ne<ue enim Honorius viri*us ad resistendum intantis

difficu#tati*us destitutus! prorsus eos prohi*ere potuit!

sed me#ioreconsi#io! animo ad pacem converso! foedus

cum eis! datis acceptis<ueo*sidi*us fecit/ e <ui*us <ui

dati sunt! ,etius! <ui etiam ,#arico tri*utusfuerat!



praecipue memoratur. How ,etius was hostage to the

3oths andHunns is re#ated *y >rigeridus! who when he

had mentioned that1heodosius Emperor of the East

had sent grievous commands to ohn!who after the

death of Honorius had usurped the crown of theWesternEmpire! he su*:oins% Iis permotus ohannes,

Aetium id tempus curampalatii gerentem cum ingenti

auri pondere ad !hunnos transmisit, notossi#i

o#sidiatus sui tempore $ familiari amicitia devinctos

,nd a #itt#e after%

Aetius tri#us annis Alarici o#ses, dehinc !hunnorum,

postea!arpilionis gener e% !omite domesticorum $

oannis curopalatae. Now ucher shows that ,etius

was hostage to ,#aric ti## the year 460! when,#aric died!

and to the Hunns *etween the years 466 and 46&! and

sonBinB#awto Carpi#io a*out the year 46( or 467! and

Curopa#ates to ohn a*outthe end of the year 42$.

Whence Ktis pro*a*#e that he *ecame hostage tothe

Hunns a*out the year 462 or 46$! when Honorius made

#eagues witha#most a## the *ar*arous nations! andgranted them seats% *ut ? had rathersay with 5igonius!

that ,etius *ecame hostage to ,#aric ,.C. 40$. ?t

isfurther manifest out of rosper! that the Hunns were

in <uiet possession ofannonia in the year 4$2.

>or in the first *oo+ of Euse*iusA Chronic#e rosper

writes% Anno decimo post o#itum "onorii, cum ad

!hunnorumgentem cui tunc *ugila praerat, post

praelium cum ;onifacio se Aetiuscontulisset, impetrato

au%ilio ad *omanorum solum regreditur. And in

thesecond #oo7& Aetio $ (alerio !oss. Aetius deposita

potestate profugus ad"unnos in Pannonia pervenit,

'uorum amicitia au%ilio'ue usus, pacemprincipum

interpellatae potestatis o#tinuit. Here*y it appears that



at thistime ;ugi#a! or as Maimus ca##s him! ;echi##a!

reigned over the Hunns inannonia/ and that annonia

was not now so much as accounted with thesoi# of the

Empire! *eing former#y granted away to the Hunns/ and

thatthese were the very same *ody of Hunns with which ,etius had! in the timeof he *eing an hostage!

contracted friendship% *y virtue of which! as heso#icited

them *efore to the aid of ohn the 1yrant ,.C. 424! so

now heprocured their intercession for himse#f with the

Emperor. ctar died ,.C.4$0/ for 5ocrates te##s us! that

a*out that time the urgundians having *eennew#y

veed *y the Hunns! upon inte##igence of ctarAs death!

seeing themwithout a #eader! set upon them sudden#y

with so much vigor! that $000urgundians s#ew 60000Hunns. f ;ugi#aAs *eing now -ing in annoniayou

have heard a#ready.

He died ,.C. 4$$! and was succeeded *y #eda! as

rosper and Maimus inform us. 1his #eda with his

*rother ,tti#a were*efore this time -ings of the Hunns

*eyond the @anu*e! their fatherMunucAs +ingdom

*eing divided *etween them/ and now they united

the+ingdom of annonia to their own. Whence au#us

@iaconus saith! theydid regnum intra annoniam

@aciam<ue gerere. ?n the year 446! they*egan to

invade the Empire afresh! adding to the annonian

forces new andgreat armies from 5cythia. ut this war

was present#y composed! and then,tti#a! seeing #eda

inc#ined to peace! s#ew him! ,.C. 444! inherited

hisdominions! and invaded the Empire again. ,t #ength!

after various greatwars with the ;omans! ,tti#a

perished ,.C. 4&4/ and his sons <uarre#inga*out his

dominions! gave occasion to the 3epides! strogoths

and othernations who were their su*:ects! to re*e# and

ma+e war upon them. 1he same year the strogoths

had seats granted them in annonia *y theEmperors

Marcian and Ga#entinian/ and with the ;omans e:ected



theHunns out of annonia! soon after the death of

,tti#a! as a## historiansagree. 1his e:ection was in the

reign of ,vitus! as is mentioned in theChronicum

oiorum! and in 5idonius! Carm. ( in ,vitum! which

spea+sthus of that Emperor.Cu:us so#um amissaspost saecu#a mu#taannonias revocavit iter! :am

credere promptum estuid faciet *e##is. 1he oet

means! that *y the coming of ,vitus the Hunns yie#ded

moreeasi#y to the 3oths. 1his was written *y 5idonius

in the *eginning of thereign of ,vitus% and his reign

*egan in the end of the year 4&&! and #astednot one fu##

year.ornandes te##s us% @uodecimo anno regni Ga#iae!

<uando 9 Hunni postpene <uin<uaginta annos ivasa

annonia! a ;omanis 9 3othis epu#sisunt. ,ndMarce##inus% Hierio 9 ,rda*urio Coss. annoniae! <uae

per<uin<uaginta annos a* Hunnis retine*antur! a

;omanis receptae sunt whence it shou#d seem that the

Hunns invaded and he#d annonia from theyear $(7 or

$(8 to the year 42(! and then were driven out of it. ut

this isa p#ain mista+e% for it is certain that the Emperor

1heodosius #eft theEmpire entire/ and we have showed

out of rosper! that the Hunns were in<uiet possession

of annonia in the year 4$2.

1he Gisigoths in those dayshad nothing to do with

annonia! and the strogoths continued su*:ect tothe

Hunns ti## the death of ,tti#a! ,.C. 4&4/ and Ga#ia -ing

of theGisigoths did not reign twe#ve years. He *egan his

reign in the end of theyear 46&! reigned three years!

and was s#ain ,.C. 468! as ?dacius! ?sidorus!and the

5panish manuscript Chronic#es seen *y 3rotius testify.

,nd#ympiodorus! who carries his history on#y to the

year 42&! sets downtherein the death of Ga#ia -ing of

the Gisigoths! and con:oins it with thatof Constantius

which happened ,.C. 420. Wherefore the Ga#ia

ofornandes! who reigned at the #east twe#ve years! is

some other -ing. ,nd ?suspect that this name hath



*een put *y mista+e for Ga#amir -ing of thestrogoths%

for the action recorded was of the ;omans and

strogothsdriving the Hunns out of annonia after the

death of ,tti#a/ and it is not#i+e#y that the historian wou#d

refer the history of the strogoths to theyears of theGisigothic -ings.

1his action happened in the end of the year4&&!

which ? ta+e to *e the twe#fth year of Ga#amir in

annonia! and whichwas a#most fifty years after the

year 40'! in which the Hunns succeeded theGanda#s

and ,#ans in annonia. Dpon the ceasing of the #ine of

Hunnimundthe son of Hermaneric! the strogoths #ived

without -ings of their ownnation a*out forty years

together! *eing su*:ect to the Hunns. ,nd when,#aric

*egan to ma+e war upon the ;omans! which was in the

year 444! hemade Ga#amir! with his *rothers 1heodomir

and Gidemir the grandsons ofGinethar! captains or

+ings of these strogoths under him. ?n the twe#fth year

of Ga#amirAs reign dated from thence! the Hunns were

driven out ofannonia.Fet the Hunns were not so

e:ected! *ut that they had further contests withthe

;omans! ti## the head of @ensi the son of ,tti#a! was

carried toConstantinop#e! ,.C. 4'8! in the Consu#ship of

=eno and Marcian! as Marce##inus re#ates. Nor were

they yet tota##y e:ected the Empire% for*esides their

re#i<ues in annonia! 5igonis te##s us! that when the

EmperorsMarcian and Ga#entinian granted annonia to

the 3oths! which was in theyear 4&4! they granted part

of ?##yricum to some of the Hunns and5armatians. ,nd

in the year &2'! when the om*ards removing

intoannonia made war there with the 3epides! the

,vares! a part of theHunns! who had ta+en the name of

,vares from one of their -ings!assisted the om*ards

in that war/ and the om*ards afterwards! whenthey

went into ?ta#y! #eft their seats in annonia to the ,vares

inrecompense of their friendship.>rom that time the



Hunns grew again very powerfu#/ their -ings! whomthey

ca##ed Chagan! trou*#ing the Empire much in the reigns

of theEmperors Mauritius! hocas! and Herac#ius% and

this is the origina# of thepresent +ingdom of Hungary!

which from these ,vares and other Hunns miedtogether! too+ the name of HunB,varia! and *y

contraction Hungary.

8. 1he om*ards! *efore they came over the

@anu*e! were commanded *ytwo captains! ?*or and

,yon% after whose death they had -ings!

,gi#mund!amisso! echu! Hi#dehoc! 3udehoc! C#asso!

1ato! Wacho! Wa#ter!,udoin! ,#*oin! C#eophis! 9c.

,gi#mund was the son of ,yon! who*ecame their -ing!

according to rosper! in the Consu#ship of Honorius

and 1heodosius ,.C. $78! reigned thirty three years!

according to au#usWarnefridus! and was s#ain in *att#e

*y the u#garians. rosper p#aces hisdeath in the

Consu#ship of Marinianus and ,sc#epiodorus! ,.C. 42$.

amisso routed the u#garians! and reigned three

years! and echu a#mostforty. 3udehoc wascontemporary to doacer -ing of the Heru#i in ?ta#y!and

#ed his peop#e from annonia into ;ugia! a country on

the north side ofNoricum net *eyond the @anu*e/ from

whence doacer then carried hispeop#e into ?ta#y. 1ato

overthrew the +ingdom of the Heru#i *eyond

the@anu*e. Wacho con<uered the 5uevians! a

+ingdom then *ounded on the east *y avaria! on the

west *y >rance! and on the south *y the

urgundians.,udoin returned into annonia ,.C. &2'!and there overcame the 3epides.,#*oin ,.C. &&6

overthrew the +ingdom of the 3epides! and s#ew

their-ing Chunnimund% ,.C. &'$ he assisted the 3ree+

Emperor against 1oti#a-ing of the strogoths in ?ta#y/

and ,.C. &'7 #ed his peop#e out of annonia into

om*ardy! where they reigned ti## the year ((4.



,ccording to au#us @iaconus! the om*ards with

many other 3othic nations came into the Empire from

*eyond the @anu*e in the reign of ,rcadius and

Honorius! that is! *etween the years $8& and 407. ut

theymight come in a #itt#e ear#ier% for we are to#d that theom*ards! under their captains ?*or and ,yon! *eat the

Ganda#s in *att#e/ and rosper p#aceth thisvictory in the

Consu#ship of ,usonius and #y*rius! that is! ,.C. $(8.

efore this war the Ganda#s had remained <uiet forty

years in the seats granted them in annonia *y

Constantine the great. ,nd therefore if these were the

same Ganda#s! this war must have *een in annonia/

and might *e occasioned *y the coming of the

om*ards over the @anu*e into annonia!a year or two

*efore the *att#e/ and so have put an end to that <uiet

whichhad #asted forty years. ,fter 3ratian and

1heodosius had <uieted the ar*arians! they might

either retire over the @anu*e! or continue <uietunder

the ;omans ti## the death of 1heodosius/ and then

either invade theEmpire anew! or throw off a##

su*:ection to it. y their wars! first with theGanda#s! and

then with the u#garians! a 5cythian nation so ca##ed

from theriver Go#ga whence they came/ it appears that

even in those days they werea +ingdom not

contempti*#e.

60. 1hese nine +ingdoms *eing rent away! we are

net to consider theresidue of the Western Empire.

Whi#e this Empire continued entire! it wasthe east

itse#f% *ut the residue thereof is on#y a part of it. Now if this part*e considered as a horn! the reign of this horn

may *e dated from thetrans#ation of the imperia# seat

from ;ome to ;avenna! which was incto*er ,.C. 407.

>or then the Emperor Honorius! fearing that

,#aricwou#d *esiege him in ;ome! if he stayed there!

retired to Mi##ain! andthence to ;avenna% and the



ensuing siege and sac+ing of ;ome confirmedhis

residence there! so that he and his successors ever

after made it theirhome. ,ccording#y Macchiave# in his

>#orentine history writes! that Ga#entinian having #eft

;ome! trans#ated the seat of the Empire to ;avenna.

;haetia *e#onged to the Western Emperors! so #ong

as that Empire stood/and then it descended! with ?ta#y

and the ;oman 5enate! to doacer -ingof the Heru#i in

?ta#y! and after him to 1heodoric -ing of the

strogothsand his successors! *y the grant of the

3ree+ Emperors. Dpon the death ofGa#entinian the

second! the ,#emans and 5uevians invaded ;haetia

,.C.4&&. ut ? do not find they erected any sett#ed

+ingdom there% for in theyear 4&(! whi#e they were yet

depopu#ating ;haetia! they were attac+edand *eaten *y

urto Master of the horse to the Emperor Ma:oranus/

and ?hear nothing more of their invading ;haetia.

C#odovaeus -ing of >rance! inor a*out the year 48'!

con<uered a +ingdom of the ,#emans and s#ew their#ast

-ing Ermeric. ut this +ingdom was seated in

3ermany! and on#y*ordered upon ;haetia% for its

peop#e f#ed from C#odovaeus into theneigh*ouring

+ingdom of the strogoths under 1heodoric! who

receivedthem as friends! and wrote a friend#y #etter to

C#odovaeus in their *eha#f%and *y this means they

*ecame inha*itants of ;haetia! as su*:ects under

thedominion of the strogoths.

When the 3ree+ Emperor con<uered the strogoths!

he succeeded them in the +ingdom of ;avenna! noton#y *y right of con<uest *ut a#so *y right ofinheritance!

the ;oman 5enate sti## going a#ong with this

+ingdom.1herefore we may rec+on that this +ingdom

continued in the Earchate of;avenna and 5enate of

;ome% for the remainder of the Western Empirewent

a#ong with the 5enate of ;ome! *y reason of the right



which this5enate sti## retained! and at #ength eerted! of

choosing a new Western Emperor.

? have now enumerated the ten +ingdoms! into which

the Western Empire *ecame divided at its first

*rea+ing! that is! at the time of ;omeAs *eing*esieged

and ta+en *y the 3oths. 5ome of these +ingdoms at

#ength fe##!and new ones arose% *ut whatever was their

num*er afterwards! they aresti## ca##ed the 1en -ings

from their first num*er.

CHAPTER 7.

O$ THE E#E'ENTH HORN O$ DANIE#,S

$ORTH BEAST.

NW @anie# considered the horns! and *eho#d there

came up amongthem another horn! *efore whom there

were three of the first hornsp#uc+ed up *y the roots/

and *eho#d in this horn were eyes #i+e the eyes of a

man! and a mouth spea+ing great things! and his #oo+was more stout than his fe##ows! and the same horn

made war with the saints! andprevai#ed against them%

and one who stood *y! and made @anie# +now

theinterpretation of these things! to#d him! that the ten

horns were ten +ings that shou#d arise! and another

shou#d arise after them! and *e diversefrom the first!

and he shou#d su*due three +ings! and spea+ great

wordsagainst the most High! and wear out the saints!

and thin+ to change timesand #aws% and that theyshou#d *e given into his hands unti# a time andtimes

and ha#f a time . -ings are put for +ingdoms! as a*ove/

and thereforethe #itt#e horn is a #itt#e +ingdom. ?t was a

horn of the fourth east! androoted up three of his first

horns/ and therefore we are to #oo+ for it amongthe

nations of the atin Empire! after the rise of the ten



horns. ut it was a+ingdom of a different +ind from the

other ten +ingdoms! having a #ife orsou# pecu#iar to

itse#f! with eyes and a mouth. y its eyes it was a 5eer/

and*y its mouth spea+ing great things and changing

times and #aws! it was arophet as we## as a -ing. ,ndsuch a 5eer! a rophet and a -ing! is theChurch of

;ome.

, 5eer! is a ishop in the #itera# sense of the word/

and this Church c#aims the universa# ishopric.With his

mouth he gives #aws to +ings and nations as an rac#e/

and pretends to ?nfa##i*i#ity! and that his dictates are

*inding to the who#ewor#d/ which is to *e a rophet in

the highest degree.

?n the eighth century! *y rooting up and su*duing the

Earchate of ;avenna! the +ingdom of the om*ards!

and the 5enate and @u+edom of ;ome! he ac<uired

eterAs atrimony out of their dominions/ and

there*yrose up as a tempora# rince or -ing! or horn of

the fourth east.?n a sma## *oo+ printed at aris ,.C.

6'78! entit#ed! ,n historica# dissertation upon somecoins of Char#es the great! udovicus ius! otharius!

and their successors stamped at ;ome! it is recorded!

that in thedays of ope eo J! there was remaining in

the Gatican! and ti## those dayseposed to pu*#ic view!

an inscription in honor of ipin the father ofChar#es the

great! in these words% ipinum pium! primum fuisse

<uiamp#ificandae Ecc#esiae ;omanae viam aperuerit!

Earchatu ;avennate!9 p#urimis a#iis o*#atis/ 1hat ipin

the pious was the first who opened away to thegrandeur of the Church of ;ome! conferring upon her

thisEarchate of ;avenna and many other o*#ations.

?n and *efore the reign of the Emperors 3ratian and

1heodosius! the ishop of ;ome #ivedsp#endid#y/ *ut



this was *y the o*#ations of the ;oman adies!

as,mmianus descri*es. ,fter those reigns ?ta#y was

invaded *y foreignnations! and did not get rid of her

trou*#es *efore the fa## of the +ingdom ofom*ardy. ?t

was certain#y *y the victory of the see of ;ome over the3ree+ Emperor! the -ing of om*ardy! and the

5enate of ;ome! that sheac<uired eterAs atrimony!

and rose up to her greatness. 1he donation

ofConstantine the great is a fiction! and so is the

donation of the ,#pesCottiae to the pope *y ,ripert -ing

of the om*ards% for the ,#pes Cottiaewere a part of the

Earchate! and in the days of ,ripert *e#onged to

the3ree+ Emperor.

1he invocation of the dead! and veneration of their

images! *eing gradua##y introduced in the 4th! &th! 'th

and (th centuries! the 3ree+ Emperorhi#ippicus

dec#ared against the #atter! ,.C. (66 or (62. ,nd the

Emperoreo ?saurus! to put a stop to it! ca##ed a

meeting of the Counse##ors andishops in his a#ace!

,.C. (2'/ and *y their advice put out an Edictagainst

that worship! and wrote to ope 3regory ??. that a

genera# Counci#might *e ca##ed. ut the ope

thereupon ca##ed a Counci# at ;ome! confirmed the

worship of ?mages! ecommunicated the 3ree+

Emperor!a*so#ved the peop#e from their a##egiance! and

for*ade them to pay tri*ute!or otherwise to *e o*edient

to him. 1hen the peop#e of ;ome! Campania!;avenna

and entapo#is! with the cities under them! revo#ted and

#aidvio#ent hands upon their magistrates! +i##ing the

Earch au# at ;avenna!and #aying aside eter @u+e of

;ome who was *ecome *#ind% and when Ehi#eratus

@u+e of Campania incited the peop#e against the ope!

the ;omans invaded Campania! and s#ew him with his

son Hadrian. 1hen anew Earch! Eutychius! coming to

Nap#es! sent some secret#y to ta+e awaythe #ives of the

ope and the No*#es of ;ome% *ut the p#ot *eing



discovered! the ;omans revo#ted a*so#ute#y from the

3ree+ Emperor! andtoo+ an oath to preserve the #ife of

the ope! to defend his state! and *e o*edient to his

authority in a## things. 1hus ;ome with its @uchy!

inc#uding part of 1uscany and part of Campania!revo#ted in the year (2'! and *ecame a free state under

the government of the 5enate of this city. 1he authority

of the 5enate in civi# affairs was henceforward a*so#ute!

the authority of the ope etending hitherto no farther

than to the affairs of theChurch on#y.

,t that time the om*ards a#so *eing ea#ous for the

worship of images! and pretending to favor the cause of

the ope! invaded the cities of theEarchate% and at

#ength! vi. ,.C. (&2! too+ ;avenna! and put an end

tothe Earchate. ,nd this was the first of the three

+ingdoms which fe##*efore the #itt#e horn.

?n the year (&6 ope =echary deposed Chi#deric! a

s#othfu# and use#ess -ing of >rance! and the #ast of the

race of Merovaeus/ and a*so#ving his su*:ects from

their oath of a##egiance! gave the +ingdom to ipin thema:orof the a#ace/ and there*y made a new and

potent friend. His successorope 5tephen ???! +nowing

*etter how to dea# with the 3ree+ Emperorthan with the

om*ards! went the net year to the -ing of the

om*ards!to persuade him to return the Earchate to

the Emperor. ut this notsucceeding! he went into

>rance! and persuaded ipin to ta+e the Earchate and

entapo#is from the om*ards! and give it to 5t. eter.

,ccording#y ipin ,.C. (&4 came with an army into?ta#y! and made ,istu#phus -ing of the om*ards

promise the surrender% *ut the net year ,istu#phus! on

the contrary! to revenge himse#f on the ope! *esieged

thecity of ;ome. Whereupon the ope sent #etters to

ipin! wherein he to#d him that if he came not speedi#y

against the om*ards! pro data si*ipotentia!



a#ienandum fore a regno @ei 9 vita aeterna! he shou#d

*e ecommunicated. ipin therefore! fearing a revo#t of

his su*:ects! and *eing inde*ted to the Church of

;ome! came speedi#y with an army into ?ta#y! raised the

siege! *esieged the om*ards in avia! and forcedthem to surrender the Earchate and region of

entapo#is to the ope for a perpetua# possession.

1hus the ope *ecame ord of ;avenna! and

theEarchate! some few cities ecepted/ and the +eys

were sent to ;ome! and #aid upon the confession of 5t.

eter! that is! upon his tom* at the high ,#tar! in signum

veri perpetui<ue dominii! sed pietate ;egis gratuita! as

the inscription of a coin of ipin hath it. 1his was in the

year of Christ (&&.,nd henceforward the opes *eingtempora# rinces! #eft off in their Epist#es and u##s to

note the years of the 3ree+ Emperors! as they had

hitherto done.

,fter this the om*ards invading the opeAs

countries! ope ,drian sent to Char#es the great! the

son and successor of ipin! to come to his

assistance.,ccording#y Char#es entered ?ta#y with an

army! invaded the om*ards!overthrew their +ingdom!

*ecame master of their countries! and restored to the

ope! not on#y what they had ta+en from him! *ut a#so

the rest of the Earchate which they had promised

ipin to surrender to him! *ut hadhitherto detained/ and

a#so gave him some cities of the om*ards! and was in

return himse#f made atricius *y the ;omans! and had

the authority of confirming the e#ections of the opes

conferred upon him. 1hese things were done in the

years (($ and ((4. 1his +ingdom of the om*ards

wasthe second +ingdom which fe## *efore the #itt#e horn.

ut ;ome! which wasto *e the seat of his +ingdom!

was not yet his own.



?n the year (8'! eo ??? *eing made ope! notified his

e#ection to Char#es the great *y his egates! sending to

him for a present! the go#den +eys ofthe Confession of

eter! and the anner of the City of ;ome% the first as

an ac+now#edgement of the opeAs ho#ding the cities of the Earchate and om*ardy *y the grant of Char#es/

the other as a signification that Char#es shou#d come

and su*due the 5enate and peop#e of ;ome! as he had

done the Earchate and the+ingdom of the om*ards.

>or the ope at the same time desired Char#esto send

some of his rinces to ;ome! who might su*:ect the

;oman peop#e to him! and *ind them *y oath in fide 9

su*:ectione! in fea#ty andsu*:ection! as his words are

recited *y 5igonius. ,n anonymous oet!pu*#ished *yoec#erus at 5tras*urg! epresseth it thus%

Admonuitque piis precibus, qui mittere vellet

E propriis aliquos primoribus, ac sibi plebem

Subdere !omanam, servandaque foedera co"ens

#anc fidei sacramentis promittere ma"nis.

Hence arose a misunderstanding *etween the ope

and the city% and the ;omans a*out two or three years

after! *y assistance of some of theC#ergy! raised such

tumu#ts against him! as gave occasion to a new state

ofthings in a## the West. >or two of the C#ergy accusedhim of crimes! andthe ;omans with an armed force!

seied him! stripped him of his sacerdota#ha*it! and

imprisoned him in a monastery. ut *y assistance of his

friends he made his escape! and f#ed into 3ermany to

Char#es the great! to whomhe comp#ained of the

;omans for acting against him out of a design tothrow



off a## authority of the Church! and to recover their

ancient freedom.?n his a*sence his accusers with their

forces ravaged the possessions of theChurch! and sent

the accusations to Char#es/ who *efore the end of

theyear sent the ope *ac+ to ;ome with a #argeretinue. 1he No*#es and ishops of >rance who

accompanied him! eamined the chief of hisaccusers at

;ome! and sent them into >rance in custody. 1his was

the year (88. 1he net year Char#es himse#f went to

;ome! and upon a day appointed presided in a Counci#

of ?ta#ian and >rench ishops to hear *oth parties. ut

when the opeAs adversaries epected to *e heard! the

Counci#dec#ared that he who was the supreme :udge of

a## men! was a*ove *eing:udged *y any other thanhimse#f/ where upon he made a so#emn dec#aration of

his innocence *efore a## the peop#e! and *y doing so

was #oo+ed upon as ac<uitted.

5oon after! upon ChristmasBday! the peop#e of

;ome! who had hitherto e#ected their ishop! and

rec+oned that they and their 5enate inherited therights

of the ancient 5enate and peop#e of ;ome! voted

Char#es their Emperor! and su*:ected themse#ves to

him in such manner as the o#d ;oman Empire and their

5enate were su*:ected to the o#d ;oman Emperors.

1he ope crowned him! and anointed him with ho#y oi#!

and worshiped him on his +nees after the manner of

adoring the o#d ;oman Emperors/ as the aforesaid

oet thus re#ates%

Post laudes igitur dictas $ summus eundem

Praesul adoravit, sicut mos de#itus olim

Principi#us fuit anti'uis.



1he Emperor! on the other hand! too+ the fo##owing

oath to the ope% ?n nomine Christi spondeo at<ue

po##iceor! Ego Caro#us ?mperator coram@eo 9 *eato

etro ,posto#o! me protectorem ac defensorem fore

hu:ussanctae ;omanae Ecc#esiae in omni*usuti#itati*us! <uatenus divine fu#tusfuero ad:utorio! prout

sciero potero<ue. 1he Emperor was a#so madeConsu#

of ;ome! and his son ipin crowned -ing of ?ta#y%

andhenceforward the Emperor sty#ed himse#f% Caro#us

serenissimus! ,ugustus!a @eo coronatus! magnus!

pacificus! ;omae gu*ernans imperium! or ?mperator

;omanorum/ and was prayed for in the Churches of

;ome. Hisimage was henceforward put upon the coins

of ;ome% whi#e the enemies ofthe ope! to the num*er of three hundred ;omans and two or three of

theC#ergy! were sentenced to death. 1he three hundred

;omans were *eheaded in one day in the ateran

fie#ds% *ut the C#ergymen at the intercession of the

ope were pardoned! and *anished into >rance. ,nd

thus the tit#e of ;oman Emperor! which had hitherto

*een in the 3ree+ Emperors! was *y this act

transferred in the West to the -ings of >rance.,fter

these things Char#es gave the City and @uchy of ;ome

to the ope!su*ordinate#y to himse#f as Emperor of the

;omans/ spent the winter inordering the affairs of

;ome! and those of the ,posto#ic see! and of a## ?ta#y!

*oth civi# and ecc#esiastica#! and in ma+ing new #aws for

them/ and returned the net summer into >rance%

#eaving the city under its 5enate!and *oth under the

ope and himse#f. ut hearing that his new #aws were

not o*served *y the :udges in dictating the #aw! nor *y

the peop#e inhearing it/ and that the great men too+

servants from free men! and from the Churches and

Monasteries! to #a*or in their vineyards! fie#ds! pastures

and houses! and continued to eact catt#e and wine of

them! and to oppressthose that served the Churches%

he wrote to his son ipin to remedy thesea*uses! to

ta+e care of the Church! and see his #aws eecuted.



Now the 5enate and peop#e and principa#ity of ;ome

? ta+e to *e the third -ing the #itt#e horn overcame! and

even the chief of the three. >or this peop#e e#ected the

ope and the Emperor/ and now! *y e#ecting the

Emperor and ma+ing him Consu#! was ac+now#edged toretain the authority of the o#d ;oman 5enate and

peop#e. 1his city was the Metropo#is of the o#d ;oman

Empire! represented in @anie# *y the fourth east/ and

*y su*duing the 5enate and peop#e and @uchy! it

*ecame the Metropo#is of the #itt#e horn of that east!

and comp#eted eterAs atrimony! which was the

+ingdom of that horn. esides! this victory was

attended with greater conse<uences than those over

the other two -ings.>or it set up the Western Empire!which continues to this day. ?t set up theope a*ove

the :udicature of the ;oman 5enate! and a*ove that of

a Counci# of ?ta#ian and >rench ishops! and even

a*ove a## human :udicature/ and gave him the

supremacy over the Western Churches and their

Counci#s in a high degree. ?t gave him a #oo+ more

stout than hisfe##ows/ so that when this new re#igion

*egan to *e esta*#ished in the minds of men! he

grapp#ed not on#y with -ings! *ut even with the Western

Emperor himse#f. ?t is o*serva*#e a#so! that the custom

of +issing the opeAs feet! an honor superior to that of

-ings and Emperors! *egan a*out this time. 1here are

some instances of it in the ninth century% #atina te##sus!

that the feet of ope eo ?G were +issed! according to

ancient custom!*y a## who came to him% and some say

that eo ??? *egan this custom! pretending that his hand

was infected *y the +iss of a woman. 1he opes *egan

a#so a*out this time to canonie saints! and to grant

indu#gences and pardons% and some represent that eo

??? was the first author of a## the sethings. ?t is further

o*serva*#e! that Char#es the great! *etween the years

((& and (8'! con<uered a## 3ermany from the ;hine

and @anu*e northward to the a#tic sea! and eastward

to the river 1eis/ etending his con<uests a#so into



5pain as far as the river E*ro% and *y these con<uests

he #aid the foundation of the new Empire/ and at the

same time propagated the ;oman Catho#ic re#igion into

a## his con<uests! o*#iging the 5aons and Hunns who

were heathens! to receive the ;oman faith! anddistri*uting hisnorthern con<uests into ishoprics!

granting tithes to the C#ergy and eterBpenceto the

ope% *y a## which the Church of ;ome was high#y

en#arged!enriched! ea#ted! and esta*#ished.

?n the forementioned dissertation upon some coins of

Char#es the great! udovicus ius! otharius! and their

successors! stamped at ;ome! there is a draught of a

piece of Mosaic wor+ which ope eo ???. caused to

*emade in his a#ace near the Church of ohn ateran!

in memory of his sending the standard or *anner of the

city of ;ome curious#y wrought! to Char#es the great/

and which sti## remained there at the pu*#ishing of the

said *oo+. ?n the Mosaic wor+ there appeared eter

with three +eys in his #ap! reaching the a##ium to the

ope with his right hand! and the *anner ofthe city to

Char#es the great with his #eft. y the ope was this

inscription! 5C?55?MD5 @.N. E / *y the -ing this!

@.N. C,;G ;E3? and under the feet of eter this!

E,1E E1;EN, G?1,M EN? !

E1?C1;?,M ,;G ;E3? @N,. 1his Monument

gives the tit#e of -ing to Char#es! and therefore was

erected *efore he was Emperor. ?t was erected when

eter was reaching the a##ium to the ope! and the

ope was sending the *anner of the city to Char#es!

that is! ,.C. (8'. 1he words a*ove! 5anctissimus

@ominus noster eo apa @omino nostro Caro#o ;egi !

re#ate to the message/ and the words *e#ow! eate

etre! dona vitameoni apae 9 victoriam Caro#o regi

dona! are a prayer that in this underta+ing 3od wou#d

preserve the #ife of the ope! and give victory tothe

-ing over the ;omans. 1he three +eys in the #ap of



eter signify the +eys of the three parts of his

atrimony! that of ;ome with its @uchy! which the ope

c#aimed and was con<uering! those of ;avenna with

the Earchate! and of the territories ta+en from the

om*ards/ *oth which he had new#y con<uered. 1hesewere the three dominions! whose +eys were inthe #ap of

5t. eter! and whose Crowns are now worn *y the

ope! and *y the con<uest of which he *ecame the

#itt#e horn of the fourth east. y eterAs giving the

a##ium to the ope with his right hand! and the *anner

of the city to the -ing with his #eft! and *y naming the

ope *efore the -ing in the inscription! may *e

understood that the ope was then rec+oned superior

in dignity to the -ings of the earth.

,fter the death of Char#es the great! his son and

successor udovicus ius! at the re<uest of the ope!

confirmed the donations of his grandfather and father to

the see of ;ome. ,nd in the confirmation he names

first ;ome with its @uchy etending into 1uscany and

Campania/ then the Earchateof ;avenna! with

entapo#is/ and in the third p#ace! the territories ta+en

from the om*ards. 1hese are his three con<uests! and

he was to ho#d them of the Emperor for the use of the

Church su* integritate! entire#y! without the EmperorAs

medd#ing therewith! or with the :urisdiction orpower of

the ope therein! un#ess ca##ed thereto in certain cases.

1his ratification the Emperor udovicus made under an

oath% and as the -ing of the strogoths! for

ac+now#edging that he he#d his +ingdom of ?ta#y of the

3ree+ Emperor! stamped the effigies of the Emperor

on one side of his coins and his own on the reverse/ so

the ope made the #i+e ac+now#edgment to the

Western Emperor. >or the ope *egan now to coin

money! and the coins of ;ome are hence forward found

with the heads ofthe Emperors! Char#es! udovicus

ius! otharius! and their successors! on the one side!



and the opeAs inscription on the reverse! for many

years.

CHAPTER -.

O$ THE POER O$ THE E#E'ENTH HORN O$

DANIE#,S

$ORTH BEAST/ TO CHAN!E TI"ES AND #AS.

?N the reign of the 3ree+ Emperor ustinian! and

again in the reign of hocas! the ishop of ;omeo*tained some dominion over the 3ree+Churches! *ut

of no #ong continuance. His standing dominion was

on#yover the nations of the Western Empire!

represented *y @anie#As fourtheast. ,nd this

:urisdiction was set up *y the fo##owing Edict of

theEmperors 3ratian and Ga#entinian.

"olumus ut #uicun#ue $udicio %amasi, #uod ille

cum &oncilio #uin#ue vel septem habuerit

'piscoporum, vel eorum #ui &atholici sunt $udicio

vel &onciliocondemnatus fuerit, si $uste voluerit

'cclesiam retentare, ut #ui adsacerdotale

$udicium per contumeliam non ivisset ut ab

illustribus viris(raefectis (raetorio Galliae

at#ue )taliae, authoritate adhibita, ad'piscopale

$udicium remittatur, sive a &onsularibus vel

"icariis, ut ad*rbem +omam sub prosecutione

perveniat. Aut si in longin#uioribuspartibus

alicu$us ferocitas talis emerserit, omnis e$us

causae edictio adetropolitae in eadem

(rovincia 'piscopi deduceretur e-amen. "el

siipse etropolitanus est, +omam necessario,

vel ad eos #uos +omanus'piscopus $udices



dederit, sine delatione contendat. uod si

veletropolitani 'piscopi vel cu$uscun#ue

sacerdotis ini#uitas est suspecta,aut gratia; ad

+omanum 'piscopum, vel ad &oncilium

#uindecimfinitimorum 'piscoporum accersitumliceat provocare; modo ne poste-amen habitum,

#uod definitum fuerit, integretur.

1his Edict wanting the name of *oth Ga#ens and

1heodosius in the 1it#e! was made in the time*etween

their reigns! that is! in the end of the year $(7! or the

*eginning of $(8. ?t was directed to the raefecti

raetorio ?ta#iae 9 3a##iae! and therefore was genera#.

>or the raefectus raetorio ?ta#iae raefectus

raetorio 3a##iae governed 3a##ia! 5pain! and

ritain.1he granting of this :urisdiction to the ope gave

severa# ishops occasionto write to him for his

reso#utions upon dou*tfu# cases! whereupon

heanswered *y decreta# Epist#es/ and henceforward he

gave #aws to theWestern Churches *y such Epist#es.

Himerius ishop of 1arraco! the headcity of a province

in 5pain! writing to ope @amasus for his direction

a*out certain Ecc#esiastica# matters! and the etter not

arriving at ;ome ti##after the death of @amasus! ,.C.

$74/ his successor 5iricius answered thesame with a

#egis#ative authority! te##ing him of one thing% Cum hoc

fieri missa ad rovincias a venerandae meroriae

praedecessore meo i*eriogenera#ia decreta!

prohi*eant. f another% Noverint se a* omni

ecc#esiastico honore! <uo indigne usi sunt! ,posto#icae

5edis auctoritate!de:ectos. f another% 5cituri posthac

omnium rovinciarum summi ntistites! <uod si u#tro

ad sacros ordines <uen<uam de ta#i*us

esseassumendum! 9 de suo 9 de a#iorum statu! <uos

contra Canones 9interdicta nostra proveerint!

congruam a* ,posto#ica 5ede promendamesse

sententiam.



,nd the Epist#e he conc#udes thus% '-plicuimus,

utarbitror, frater charissime, universa #uae

digesta sunt in #uerelam; / adsingulas causas, de

#uibus ad +omanam 'cclesiam, utpote ad caput

tuicorporis, retulisti; sufficientia, #uantumopinor, responsa reddidimus.0unc fraternitatis

tuae animum ad servandos canones, /

tenendadecretaliae constituta, magis ac magis

incitamus ad haec #uae ad tuaconsulta

rescripsimus in omnium &oepiscoporum perferri

faciasnotionem; / non solum eorum, #ui in tua

sunt dioecesi constituti, sedetiam ad universos

&arthaginenses ac Boeticos, 1usitanos at#ue

Gallicos,vel eos #ui vicinis tibi collimitant hincinde (rovinciis, haec #uae a nobissunt salubri

ordinatione disposita, sub literarum tuarum

prosecutionemittantur. 't #uan#uam statuta

sedis Apostolicae vel &anonumvenerabilia

definita, nulli 2acerdotum %omini ignorare sit

liberum utiliustamen, at#ue pro anti#uitate

sacerdotii tui, dilectioni tuae esse

admodumpoterit gloriosum, si ea #uae ad te

speciali nomine generaliter scriptasunt, per

unanimitatis tuae sollicitudinem in universorum

fratrumnostrorum notitiam perferantur;

#uatenus / #uae a nobis non inconsultesed

provide sub nimia cautela / deliberatione sunt

salubriter constituta,intemerata permaneant, /

omnibus in posterum e-cusationibus aditus,

#ui$am nulli apud nos patere poterit, obstruatur.

%at. 3 )d. !ebr. Arcadio /Bautone viris

clarissimisConsu#i*us! ,.C. $7&.

ope i*erius in the reign of ovian or Ga#entinian ?.

sent genera# @ecrees to the rovinces! orderingthat the

,rians shou#d not *e re*aptied% and this he did in favor

of theCounci# of ,#eandria! that nothing more shou#d



*e re<uired of them thanto renounce their opinions.

ope @amasus is said to have decreed in a;oman

Counci#! that 1ithes and 1enths shou#d *e paid upon

pain of,nathema/ and that 3#ory *e to the >ather! 9c.

shou#d *e said or sung atthe end of the sa#ms.ut thefirst decreta# Epist#e now etant is this of 5iricius to

Himerius/ *ywhich the ope made Himerius his Gicar

over a## 5pain for promu#ging his@ecrees! and seeing

them o*served. 1he ishop of 5evi## was a#so

theopeAs Gicar sometimes/ for 5imp#icius wrote thus to

=eno ishop of that p#ace%

1a#i*us idcirco g#oriantes indiciis! congruum duimus

vicaria 5edis nostrae te auctoritate fu#ciri% cu:us vigore

munitus! ,posto#icaeinstitutionis @ecreta! ve# sanctorum

terminos atrum! nu##atenustranscendi permittas.

,nd ope Hormisda made the ishop of 5evi## his

Gicar over oetica and usitania! and the ishop of

1arraco his Gicar overa## the rest of 5pain! as appears

*y his Epist#es to them.ope ?nnocent the first! in his

decreta# Epist#e to Gictricius ishop of;ouen in >rance! ,.C. 404! in pursuance of the Edict of 3ratian! made

this @ecree%

5i <uae autem causae ve# contentiones inter C#ericos

tam superioris ordinis <uam etiam inferioris fuerint

eortae/ ut secundum5ynodum Nicenam congregatis

e:usdem rovinciae Episcopis :urgiumterminetur% nec

a#icui #iceat! ;omanae Ecc#esiae! cu:us in omni*us

causisde*et reverentia custodiri! re#ictis his

sacerdoti*us! <ui in eademrovincia @ei Ecc#esiam

nutu @ivino gu*ernant! ad a#ias convo#arerovincias.

uod si<uis forte praesumpserit/ 9 a* officio

C#ericatussummotus! 9 in:uriarum reus :udicetur. 5i

autem ma:ores causae inmedium fuerint devo#utae! ad



5edem ,posto#icam sicut 5ynodus statuit! 9*eata

consuetudo eigit! post :udicium Episcopa#e referantur.

y these etters it seems to me that 3a##ia was now

su*:ect to the ope! and had*een so for some time!

and that the ishop of ;ouen was then his vicar orone

of them% for the ope directs him to refer the greater

causes to the 5eeof ;ome! according to custom. ut

the ishop of ,r#es soon after *ecamethe opeAs Gicar

over a## 3a##ia% for ope =osimus! ,.C. 46(!

ordainingthat none shou#d have access to him without

the credentia#s of his Gicars!conferred upon atroc#us

the ishop of ,r#es this authority over a## 3a##ia!*y the

fo##owing @ecree.

=osimus universis Episcopis per 3a##ias 9 septem

rovincias constitutis. #acuit ,posto#icae 5edi! ut

si<uis e <ua#i*et 3a##iarum parte su*<uo#i*et

ecc#esiastico gradu ad nos ;omae venire contendit! ve#

a#ioterrarum ire disponit! non a#iter proficiscatur nisi

Metropo#itani Episcopi>ormatas acceperit! <ui*us

sacerdotium suum ve# #ocum ecc#esiasticum<uemha*et! scriptorum e:us adstipu#atione perdoceat% <uod

e gratiastatuimus <uia p#ures episcopi sive pres*yteri

sive ecc#esiasticisimu#antes! <uia nu##um documentum

>ormatarum etat per <uod va#eant confutari! in nomen

venerationis irrepunt! 9 inde*itam

reverentiampromerentur. uis<uis igitur! fratres

charissimi! praetermissa supradicti>ormata! sive

episcopus! sive pres*yter! sive diaconus! aut

deincepsinferiori gradu sit! ad nos venerit% sciat seomnino suscipi non posse.uam auctoritatem u*i<ue

nos misisse manifestum est! ut cunctisregioni*us

innotescat id <uod statuimus omnimodis esse

servandum.5i<uis autem haec sa#u*riter constituta

temerare tentaverit sponte sua! sea nostra noverit

communione discretum. Hoc autem



privi#egium>ormatarum sancto atroc#o fratri 9

coepiscopo nostro! meritorum e:usspecia#i

contemp#atione! concessimus.

,nd that the ishop of ,r#es was sometimes the

opeAs Gicar over a## >rance! is affirmed a#so *y a##

theishops of the @iocess of ,r#es in their etter to

ope eo ?.

&ui id etiam honoris dignitatis#ue collatum

est, say they, ut non tantum has

(rovinciaspotestate propria gubernaret; verum

etiam omnes Gallias sibi Apostolicae2edis vicemandatas, sub omni ecclesiastica regula

contineret. And (ope(elagius ). A.&. 445, in his

'pistle to 2apaudus Bishop of Arles

a$orumnostrorum, operante %ei misericordia,

cupientes inhaerere vestigiis /eorum actus

divino e-amine in omnibus imitari &haritati tuae

peruniversam Galliam, sancte 2edis Apostolicae,

cui divina gratiapraesidemus, vices in$ungimus.

y the inf#uence of the same imperia# Edict! not on#y

5pain and 3a##ia! *ut a#so ?##yricum *ecame su*:ect to

the ope. @amasus made ,scho#ius! or,cho#ius!

ishop of 1hessa#onica the Metropo#is of rienta#

?##yricum! hisGicar for hearing of causes/ and in the year

$72! ,cho#ius *eing summoned*y ope @amasus!

came to a Counci# at ;ome. ope 5iricius the

successorof @amasus! decreed that no ishop shou#d

*e ordained in ?##yricumwithout the consent of ,nysius

the successor of ,cho#ius. ,nd thefo##owing opes

gave ;ufus the successor of ,nysius! a power of

ca##ingrovincia# Counci#s% for in the Co##ections of

Ho#stenius there is an accountof a Counci# of ;ome

convened under ope oniface ??. in which



wereproduced etters of @amasus! 5yricius! ?nnocent ?.

oniface ?. and Coe#estine ishops of ;ome! to

,scho#ius! ,nysius and ;ufus! ishops of1hessa#onica%

in which etters they commend to them the hearing

ofcauses in ?##yricum! granted *y the ord and the ho#yCanons to the,posto#ic 5ee throughout that rovince.

,nd ope 5iricius saith in hisEpist#e to ,nysius%

etiam dudum, frater charissime, per

&andidianum 'piscopum, #ui nos praecessit ad

%ominum, hu$usmodi literasdederamus, ut nulla

licentia esset, sine consensu tuo in )llyrico

'piscopos ordinare praesumere, #uae utrum ad

te pervenerint scire non potui. ultaenim gesta

sunt per contentionem ab 'piscopis in

ordinationibusfaciendis, #uod tua melius caritas

novit. And a little after Ad omnem

enimhu$usmodi audaciam comprimendam vigilare

debet instantia tua, 2pirituin te 2ancto

fervente ut vel ipse, si potes, vel #uos

$udicaveris 'piscoposidoneos, cum literis

dirigas, dato consensu #ui possit, in e$us locum

#uidefunctus vel depositus fuerit, &atholicum'piscopum vita / moribus,probatum, secundum

0icaenae 2ynodi statuta vel 'cclesiae

+omanae,&lericum de &lero meritum ordinare.

And (ope )nnocent ). saith in his'pistle to

Anysius &ui 6Anysio7 etiam anteriores tanti ac

tales viri praedecessores mei 'piscopi, id est,

sanctae memoriae %amasus, 2iricius,at#ue supra

memoratus vir ita detulerunt; ut omnia #uae in

omnibus illispartibus gererentur, 2anctitatituae, #uae plena $ustitiae est,

traderentcognoscenda.

,nd in his Epist#e to ;ufus the successor of ,nysius%



ta longis intervallis disterminatis a me

ecclesiis discat consulendum; utprudentiae

gravitati#ue tuae committendam curam

causas#ue, si#uaee-oriantur, per Achaiae,

Thessaliae, 'piri veteris, 'piri novae, /&retae,%aciae mediterraneae, %aciae ripensis,

oesiae, %ardaniae, / (roevaliecclesias, &hristo

%omino annuente, censeam. "ere enim

e$ussacratissimis monitis lectissimae

sinceritatis tuae providentiae / virtutihanc

in$ungimus sollicitudinem non promitus haec

statuentes, sed(raecessores nostros

Apostolicos imitati, #ui beatissimis Acholio

/Anysio in$ungi pro meritis ista voluerunt.

,nd oniface ?. in his decreta# Epist#e to ;ufus and

the rest of the ishops in ?##yricum%

0ullus, ut fre#uenter di-i, alicu$us

ordinationem citra e$us

6'piscopiThessalonicensis7 conscientiam

celebrare praesumat cui, ut supra dictumest,vice nostra cuncta committimus

,nd ope Coe#estine! in his decreta# Epist#e to the

ishops throughout ?##yricum! saith%

vicem nostram per vestram (rovinciam

noveritis 6+ufo7 esse commissam, ita ut ad

eum,fratres carissimi, #uic#uid de causis agitur,referatur. 2ine e$us consilionullus ordinetur.

0ullus usurpet, eodem inconscio, commissam

illi(rovinciam; colligere nisi cum e$us voluntate

'piscopus non praesumat.



,nd in the cause of erigenes! in the tit#e of his

Epist#e! he thus enumerates the rovinces under this

ishop%

+ufo / coeteris 'piscopis per acedoniam,

Achaiam, Thessaliam, 'pirum veterem, 'pirum

novam,(raevalin, / %aciam constitutis.

,nd ope Jistus "5itusI) in a decreta# Epist#e to the

same ishops%

) llyricanae omnes 'cclesiae, ut adecessoribusnostris recepimus, / nos #uo#ue fecimus, ad

curam nuncpertinent Thessalonicensis Antistis,

ut sua sollicitudine, si#uae inter fratres

nascantur, ut assolent, actiones distinguat at#ue

definiat; / adeum, #uic#uid a singulis

sacerdotibus agitur, referatur. 2it

&oncilium,#uotiens causae fuerint, #uotiens ille

pro necessitatum emergentiumratione

decreverit.

,nd ope eo ?. in his decreata# Epist#e to

,nastasius ishop of 1hessa#onica%

2ingulis autem etropolitanis sicut potestas

istacommittitur, ut in suis (rovinciis $us habeant

ordinandi; ita eosetropolitanos a te volumus

ordinari; maturo tamen / decocto $udicio.8ccidental )llyricum comprehended (annonia

prima and secunda, 2avia,2almatia, 0oricum

mediterraneum, and 0oricum ripense;



and its Metropo#is was 5irmium! ti## ,tti#a destroyed

this city. ,fterwardsaureacum *ecame the Metropo#is

of Noricum and *oth annonias! and5a#ona the

Metropo#is of @a#matia. Now the ishops of aureacum

and5a#ona received the pa##ium from the ope% and=osimus! in his decreta#Epist#e to Hesychius ishop of

5a#ona! directed him to denounce the,posto#ic decrees

as we## to the ishops of his own! as to those

ofneigh*oring rovinces. 1he su*:ection of these

rovinces to the 5ee of ;ome seems to have *egun in

,nemius! who was ordained ishop of5irmium *y

,m*rose ishop of Mi##ain! and who in the Counci# of

,<ui#eiaunder ope @amasus! ,.C. $76! dec#ared his

sentence in these words%

&apus )llirici non nisi civitas 2irmiensis 'go

igitur illius civitatis 'piscopus sum. 'um #ui non

confitetur filium %ei aeternum, /

coeternumpatri, #ui est sempiternus, anathema

dico.

1he net year ,nemius and ,*rose! with Ga#erianishop of ,<ui#eia! ,cho#ius ishop of1hessa#onica!

and many others! went to the Counci# of ;ome! which

metfor overBru#ing the 3ree+ Church *y ma:ority of

votes! and ea#ting theauthority of the ,posto#ic 5ee! as

was attempted *efore in the Counci# of5ardica.,<ui#eia

was the second city of the Western Empire! and *y

some ca##edthe second ;ome. ?t was the Metropo#is of

?stria! >orum u#ium! andGenetia/ and its su*:ection to

the 5ee of ;ome is manifest *y the decreta# Epist#e of eo ?. directed to Nicetas ishop of this city/ for the

ope *eginshis Epist#e thus%

+egressus ad nos filius meus Adeodatus

%iaconus 2edis nostrae, dilectionem tuam



poposcisse memorat, ut de his a

nobisauthoritatem Apostolicae 2edis acciperes,

#uae #uidem magnamdifficultatem di$udicationis

videntur afferre.

1hen he sets down an answer to the <uestion

proposed *y Nicetas! and conc#udes thus%

9anc autem 'pistolam nostram, #uam ad

consultationem tuae fraternitatis emisimus,ad

omnes fratres / comprovinciales tuos 'piscopos

facies pervenire, ut in omnium observantia, data

prosit authoritas. %ata : Kal. Apr.a$oranoAug. &os. A.&. <4=.

3regory the great ,.C. &86! cited 5everus ishop of

,<ui#eia to appear *efore him in :udgment in a Counci#

at ;ome.1he ishops of ,<ui#eia and Mi##ain created

one another! and thereforewere of e<ua# authority! and

a#i+e su*:ect to the 5ee of ;ome. opee#agius a*out

the year &&(! testified this in the fo##owing words%

os anti#uus fuit, saith he, ut #uia pro

longin#uitate vel difficultate itineris, ab

Apostolico illis onerosum fuerit ordinari, ipsi se

invicem ediolanensis /A#uileiensis ordinare

'piscopos debuissent.

1hese words imp#y that the ordination of these twoishops *e#onged to the 5ee of ;ome.

Whenaurentius ishop of Mi##ain had ecommunicated

Magnus! one of hisres*yters! and was dead! 3regory

the great a*so#ved Magnus! and sentthe a##ium to the

new e#ected ishop Constantius/ whom the net year

hereprehended of partia#ity in :udging >ortunatus! and



commanded him tosend >ortunatus to ;ome to *e

:udged there% four years after he appointedthe ishops

of Mi##ain and ;avenna to hear the cause of one

Maimus/ andtwo years after! vi. ,.C. '06! when

Constantius was dead! and the peop#eof Mi##ain hade#ected @eusdedit his successor! and the om*ards

hade#ected another! 3regory wrote to the Notary!

C#ergy! and eop#e ofMi##ain!that *y the authority of his

etters @eusdedit shou#d *e ordained! and thathe

whom the om*ards had ordained was an unworthy

successor of,m*rose% whence ? gather! that the

Church of Mi##ain had continued in thisstate of

su*ordination to the 5ee of ;ome ever since the days

of ,m*rose/for ,m*rose himse#f ac+now#edged theauthority of that 5ee.

'cclesia +omana, saith he, hanc

consuetudinem non habet, cu$us typum in

omnibus se#uimur, / formam. And in his

&ommentary upon : Timothy 3 &umtotus

mundus %ei sit, tamen domus e$us 'cclesia

dicitur, cu$us hodierector est %amasus. )n his

8ration on the death of his brother 2atyrus,herelates how his brother coming to a certain

city of 2ardinia, advocavit 'piscopum loci,

percontatus#ue est e- eo utrum cum 'piscopis

&atholicishoc est cum +omana 'cclesia

conveniret>

,nd in con:unction with the 5ynod of ,<ui#eia ,.C.

$76! in a synodica# Epist#e to the Emperor 3ratian!hesaith%

Totius orbis +omani caput +omanam

'cclesiam, at#ue illam sacrosanctam

Apostolorum fidem, ne turbari sineret,



set himaside! and ordained eter Chryso#ogus in his

room. Chryso#ogus in hisEpist#e to Eutyches! etant in

the ,cts of the Counci# of Cha#cedon! wrotethus%

0os pro studio pacis / fidei, e-tra consensum

+omanae civitatis 'piscopi, causas fidei audire

non possimus.

iope eo ?. *eing consu#ted *y eo ishop of

;avenna a*out some <uestions! answered him *y

adecreta# Epist#e ,.C. 4&6. ,nd ope 3regory the

great! reprehending ohnishop of ;avenna a*out the

use of the a##ium! te##s him of a recept ofone of his

redecessors! ope ohn! commanding that a## the

rivi#egesformer#y granted to the ishop and Church of

;avenna shou#d *e +ept% tothis ohn returned a

su*missive answer/ and after his death ope

3regoryordered a visitation of the Church of ;avenna!

confirmed the privi#egesheretofore granted them! and

sent his a##ium! as of ancient custom! totheir new

ishop Marinian. Fet this Church revo#ted sometimes

from theChurch of ;ome! *ut returned again to itso*edience.

1he rest of ?ta#y! with the ?s#ands ad:acent! containing

the su*ur*icarian regions! or ten rovinces under the

tempora# Gicar of ;ome! vi.Campania! 1uscia and

Dm*ria! icenum su*ur*icarium! 5ici#y! ,pu#ia

andCa#a*ria! rutii and ucania! 5amnium! 5ardinia!

Corsica! and Ga#eria!constituted the proper rovince of

the ishop of ;ome. >or the Counci# ofNice in their fifth

Canon ordained that Counci#s shou#d *e he#d every

springand autumn in every rovince/ and according to

this Canon! the ishops ofthe rovince met at ;ome

every ha#f year. ?n this sense ope eo ?. app#ied this



Canon to ;ome! in a decreta# Epist#e to the ishops of

5ici#y! written,#ippio 9 ,rda*ure Coss. ,.C. 44(.

uia saluberrime, saith he, a sanctis patribus

constitutum est, binos in annis singulis

'piscoporum debere esseconventus, terni

semper e- vobis ad diem tertium Kalendarum

8ctobrium+omam aeterno concilio sociandi

occurrant. 't indissimulanter a vobishaec

consuetudo servetur, #uoniam ad$uvante %ei

gratia facilius poteritprovideri, ut in 'cclesiis

&hristi nulla scandala, nulli nascantur

errores;cum coram Apostolo (etro semper in

communione tractatum fuerit, utomnia &anonum

%ecreta apud omnes %omini sacerdotes

inviolatapermaneant.

ope =osimus ,.C 1he rovince of ;ome therefore

comprehended Cici#y! with so much of ?ta#y and the

neigh*oring ?s#ands as sent ishops to the

annua#Counci#s of ;ome/ ,<ui#eia! Mi##ain! ,r#es! 9c.

those rovinces havingCounci#s of their own. 1heishops in every rovince of the ;omanEmpire were

convened in Counci# *y the Metropo#itan or ishop of

thehead city of the rovince! and this ishop presided

in that Counci#% *ut theishop of ;ome did not on#y

preside in his own Counci# of the ishops

ofsu*ur*icarian regions! *ut a#so gave rders to the

Metropo#itans of a## theother rovinces in the Western

Empire! as their universa# governor/ as may*e further

perceived *y the fo##owing instances.

46(! cited rocu#us ishop of Marsei##es to appear

*efore a Counci# at ;ome for i##egitimate rdinations/

and condemned him!as he mentions in severa# of his

Epist#es. ope oniface ?. ,.C. 468! upon acomp#aint of



the C#ergy of Ga#entia! against Maimus a ishop!

summonedthe ishops of a## 3a##ia and the seven

rovinces to convene in a Counci#against him/ and

saith in his Epist#e! that his redecessors had done

the#i+e. ope eo ?. ca##ed a genera# Counci# of a## therovinces of 5pain tomeet in 3a##aecia against the

Manichees and risci##ianists! as he says in hisdecreta#

Epist#e to 1urri*ius a 5panish ishop. ,nd in one of his

decreta#Epist#es to Nicetas ishop of ,<ui#eia! he

commands him to ca## a Counci#of the ishops of that

rovince against the e#agians! which might ratify a##the

5ynoda# @ecrees which had *een a#ready ratified *y the

5ee of ;omeagainst this heresy. ,nd in his decreta#

Epist#e to ,nastasius ishop of1hessa#onica! heordained that ishop shou#d ho#d two rovincia#

Counci#severy year! and refer the harder causes to the

5ee of ;ome% and if upon anyetraordinary occasion it

shou#d *e necessary to ca## a Counci#! he shou#dnot *e

trou*#esome to the ishops under him! *ut content

himse#f with twoishops out of every rovince! and not

detain them a*ove fifteen days. ?nthe same Epist#e he

descri*es the form of ChurchB3overnment then set up!

to consist in a su*ordination of a## the Churches to the

5ee of ;ome%

%e#ua forma, saith he, 'piscoporum #uo#ue

est orta distinctio, / magna dispositione

provisum est ne omnes sibi omnia vindicarent,

sed essent insingulis (rovinciis singuli #uorum

inter fratres haberetur prima sententia,/

rursus #uidam in ma$oribus urbibus constituti

sollicitudinem sumerentampliorem, per #uos adunam (etri 2edem universalis 'cclesiae

curaconstueret, / / nihil us#ue a suo capite

dissideret. ui ergo scit se#uidusdam esse

praepositum, non moleste ferat ali#uem sibi

essepraepositum; sed obedientiam #uam e-igit



etiam ipse dependat; et sicutnon vult gravis

oneris sarcinam ferre, ita non audeat aliis

importabilepondus imponere.

1hese words sufficient#y show the monarchica# form

of government then set up in the Churches of the

Western Empire under theishop of ;ome! *y means

of the imperia# @ecree of 3ratian! and theappea#s and

decreta# Epist#es grounded thereupon.1he same ope

eo! having in a Counci# at ;ome passed sentence

uponHi#ary ishop of ,r#es! for what he had done *y a

rovincia# Counci# in3a##ia! too+ occasion from thence

to procure the fo##owing Edict from theWestern Emperor

Ga#entinian ???. for the more a*so#ute esta*#ishing

theauthority of his 5ee over a## the Churches of the

Western Empire.

)mpp. Theodosium / "alentinianus AA. Aetio

"iro illustri, &omitii / agistro utrius#ue

militiae / (atricio.&ertum est / nobis / imperio

nostro unicum esse praesidium in

supernae%ivinitatis favore, ad #uempromerendum praecipue &hristiana fides

/veneranda nobis religio suffragatur. &um igitur

2edis Apostolicae(rimatum sancti (etri

meritum, #ui princeps est 'piscopalis coronae

/+omanae dignitas civitatis, sacrae etiam

2ynodi firmavit auctoritas ne#uid praeter

auctoritatem 2edis istius illicitum praesumptio

attemperarenitatur tunc enim demum

'cclesiarum pa- ubi#ue servabitur, si+ectoremsuum agnoscat *niversitas. 9aec cum

hactenus inviolabiliter fuerintcustodita, 9ilarius

Arelatensis, sicut venerabilis viri 1eonis

+omani(apae fideli relatione comperimus,

contumaci ausu illicita #uaedampraesumenda

tentavit, / ideo Transalpinas 'cclias



abominabilis tumultusinvasit, #uod recens

ma-ime testatur e-emplum. 9ilarius enim

#ui'piscopus Arelatensis vocatur, 'cclesiae

+omanae urbis inconsulto(ontifice indebitas sibi

ordinationes 'piscoporum solatemeritateusurpans invasit. 0am alios

incompetenter removit; indecenter alios,invitis

/ repugnantibus civibus, ordinavit. ui #uidem,

#uoniam non facile ab his #ui non elegerant,

recipiebantur, manum sibi contrahebatarmatam,

/ claustra murorum in hostilem morem vel

obsidione cingebat,vel aggressione reserabat, /

ad sedem #uietis pacem praedicaturus perbella

ducebat. 9is talibus contra )mperii ma$estatem,/ contrareverentiam Apostolicae 2edis

admissis, per ordinem religiosi viri *rbis (apae

cognitione discussis, certa in eum, e- his #uos

male ordinaverat,lata sententia est. 'rat #uidem

ipsa sententia per Gallias etiam sine)mperiali

2anctione valitura #uid enim (ontificis

auctoritate non liceret>2ed nostram #uo#ue

praeceptionem haec ratio provocavit. 0ec

ulteriusvel 9ilario, #uem adhuc 'piscopum

nuncupare sola mansueta (raesulispermittit

humanitas, nec cui#uam alteri ecclesiasticis

rebus arma miscere,aut praeceptis +omani

Antistitis liceat obviare ausibus enim talibus

fides/ referentia nostri violatur )mperii. 0ec

hoc solum, #uod est ma-imicriminis,

submovemus verum ne levis saltem inter

'cclesias turbanascatur, vel in ali#uo minui

religionis disciplina videatur, hoc

perennisanctione discernimus; ne#uid tam

'piscopis Gallicanis #uam aliarum(rovinciarum

contra consuetudinem veteram liceat, sine viri

venerabilis(apae *rbis aeternae auctoritate,

tentare. 2ed illis omnibus#ue pro legesit,

#uic#uid san-it vel san-erit Apostolicae 2edis



auctoritas ita ut#uis#uis 'piscoporum ad

$udicium +omani Antistitis evocatus

venirenegle-erit, per oderatorem e$usdem

(rovinciae adesse cogatur, peromnia servatis

#uae %ivi parentes nostri +omanae 'cclisiaedetulerunt,Aeti pater carissime Augusti. *nde

illustris / praeclara magnificentia tuapraesentis

'dictalis 1egis auctoritate faciet #uae sunt

superius statutaservari, decem librarum auri

multa protinus e-igenda ab uno#uo#ue?udice #ui

passus fuerit praecepta nostra violari. %ivinitas

te servet permultos annos, parens carissime.

%at. =)d. ?un. +omae, "alentiniano

A.&.&onsule,A.&. <<4.

y this Edict the Emperor Ga#entinian en:oined an

a*so#ute o*edience to the wi## of the ishop of ;ome

throughout a## theChurches of the Empire/ and

dec#ares! that for the ishops to attempt anything

without the opeAs authority is contrary to ancient

custom! and thatthe ishops summoned to appear

*efore his :udicature must *e carriedthither *y the

3overnor of the rovince/ and he ascri*es these

privi#eges ofthe 5ee of ;ome to the concessions of his

dead ,ncestors! that is! to theEdict of 3ratian and

Ga#entinian ??. as a*ove% *y which rec+oning

thisdominion of the Church of ;ome was now of ''

years standing% and if ina## this time it had not *een

sufficient#y esta*#ished! this new Edict wasenough to

sett#e it *eyond a## <uestion throuthout the Western

Empire. Hence a## the ishops of the rovinces of ,r#es

in their etter to ope eo!,.C. 4&0! petitioning for a

restitution of the privi#eges of theirMetropo#itan! say%

(er beatum petrum Apostolorum principem,

sacrosancta 'cclesia +omana tenebat supra

omnes totius mundi 'cclesiasprincipatum. And



&eratius, 2alonius and "eranus, three Bishops

of Gallia,say, in their 'pistle to the same (ope

agna praeterea / ineffabili#uadam nos

peculiares tui gratulatione succrescimus, #uod

illa specialisdoctrinae vestrae pagina ita peromnium 'cclesiarum conventiculacelebratur, ut

vere consona omnium sententia declaretur;

merito illicprincipatum 2edis Apostolicae

constitum, unde adhuc Apostolici spiritusoracula

referentur. ,nd eo himse#f! in his Epist#e to the

metropo#itan ishops throughout ?##yricum%

uia per omnes 'cclesias cura nostra

distenditur, e-igente hoc a nobis %omino, #ui

Apostolicae dignitatisbeatissimo Apostolo (etro

primatum, fidei sui remuneratione

commisit,universalem 'cclesiam in fundamenti

ipsius soliditate constituens.

Whi#e this Ecc#esiastica# @ominion was rising up! the

northern *ar*arous nations invaded the Western

Empire! and founded severa# +ingdomstherein! of different re#igions from the Church of ;ome. ut

these+ingdoms *y degrees em*raced the ;oman faith!

and at the same timesu*mitted to the opeAs authority.

1he >ran+s in 3au# su*mitted in the endof the fifth

Century! the 3oths in 5pain in the end of the sith/ and

theom*ards in ?ta#y were con<uered *y Char#es the

great ,.C. ((4. etweenthe years ((& and (84! the

same Char#es etended the opeAs authorityover a##

3ermany and Hungary! as far as the river 1heysse andthe a#ticsea/ he then set him a*ove a## human

:udicature! and at the same timeassisted him in

su*duing the City and @uchy of ;ome. y the

conversionof the ten +ingdoms to the ;oman re#igion!

the ope on#y en#arged hisspiritua# dominion! *ut did

not yet rise up as a horn of the east. ?t was



histempora# dominion which made him one of the

horns% and this dominion heac<uired in the #atter ha#f of

the eighth century! *y su*duing three of the former

horns as a*ove. ,nd now *eing arrived at a tempora#

dominion! anda power a*ove a## human :udicature! hereigned with a #oo+ more stout than his fe##ows! and

times and #aws were henceforward given into hishands!

for a time times and ha#f a time! or three times and an

ha#f/ that is! or 62'0 so#ar years! rec+oning a time for a

Ca#endar year of $'0 days! anda day for a so#ar year.

,fter which the :udgment is to sit! and they sha##ta+e

away his dominion not at once! *ut *y degrees! to

consume! and to destroy it unto the end. ,nd the

+ingdom and dominion! and greatness of the +ingdomunder the who#e heaven sha## *y degrees! *e given

unto thepeop#e of the saints of the most High! whose

+ingdom is an ever#asting +ingdom! and a## dominions

sha## serve and o*ey him.

CHAPTER 0.

O$ THE %IN!DO"S REPRESENTED IN DANIE#

B* THE RA" AND HE!OAT.

1HE second and third Empires! represented *y the

ear and eopard! are again represented *y the ;am

and HeB3oat/ *ut with this difference! that the ;am

represents the +ingdoms of the Medes and ersians

from the *eginning of the four Empires! and the 3oatrepresents the +ingdom of the 3ree+s to the end of

them. y this means! under the type of the ;am and

HeB3oat! the times of a## the four Empires are again

descri*ed%



? #ifted up mine eyes! saith @anie#! and saw! and

*eho#d there stood *efore the river LD#ai a ;am which

had two horns! and the two horns were high! *ut

onewas higher than the other! and the higher came up

#ast. ,nd the ;amhaving two horns! are the +ings of Media and ersia/ and the +ingdom of ersia was the

higher horn and came up #ast. 1he +ingdom of ersia

roseup! when Cyrus having new#y con<uered a*y#on!

revo#ted from @arius -ing of the Medes! and *eat him

at asargadae! and set up the ersiansa*ove the

Medes. 1his was the horn which came up #ast. ,nd the

horn which came up first was the +ingdom of the

Medes! from the time that Cyaares and

Ne*uchadnear overthrew Nineveh! and shared theEmpire of the ,ssyrians *etween them. 1he Empires of

Media and a*y#on were contemporary! and rose up

together *y the fa## of the ,ssyrian Empire/ andthe

prophecy of the four easts *egins with one of them!

and that of the ;am and HeB3oat with the other. ,s the

;am represents the +ingdom of Media and ersia from

the *eginning of the four Empires/ so the HeB3oat

represents the Empire of the 3ree+s to the end of

those Monarchies. ?n thereign of his great horn! and of

the four horns which succeeded it! here presents this

Empire during the reign of the eopard% and in the reign

ofhis #itt#e horn! which stood up in the #atter time of the

+ingdom of the four!and after their fa## *ecame mighty

*ut not *y his own power! he represents it during the

reign of the fourth east.

1he rough 3oat! saith @anie#! is the -ing of 3recia!

that is! the +ingdom/ and the great horn *etween his

eyes is the first -ing% not the first Monarch! *ut the first

+ingdom! that which #asted during the reign of,#eander

the great! and his *rother! ,ridaeus and two young

sons! ,#eander and Hercu#es. Now that Lhorn *eing

*ro+en off! whereas four Lhorns stood up for it! four



+ingdoms sha## stand up out of the nation Lofthe

3ree+s! *ut not in his Lthe first hornAs power. 1he four

horns are therefore four +ingdoms/ and *y

conse<uence! the first great horn which they

succeeded is the first great +ingdom of the 3ree+s! thatwhich wasfounded *y ,#eander the 3reat! ,n.

Na*onass. 464! and #asted ti## thedeath of his son

Hercu#es! ,n. Na*onass. 446. ,nd the four are those of

Cassander! ysimachus! ,ntigonus! and to#emy! as

a*ove.

,nd in the #atter time of their +ingdom! when the

transgressors are come to the fu##! a -ing Lor new

+ingdom of fierce countenance! andunderstanding

dar+ sentences! sha## stand up% and his power sha## *e

mighty! *ut not *y his own power 1his -ing was the #ast

horn of the 3oat!the #itt#e horn which came up out of

one of the four horns! and waed eceeding great. 1he

#atter time of their +ingdom was when the ;omans

*egan to con<uer them! that is! when they con<uered

erseus -ing of Macedonia! the fundamenta# +ingdom

of the 3ree+s. ,nd at that time thetransgressors came

to the fu##% for then the HighBpriesthood was eposed

tosa#e! the Gesse#s of the 1emp#e were so#d to pay for

the purchase/ and the HighBpriest! with some of the

ews! procured a #icense from ,ntiochus Epiphanes to

do after the ordinances of the heathen! and set up a

schoo# at erusa#em for teaching those ordinances.

1hen ,ntiochus too+ erusa#em with an armed force!

s#ew 4000 ews! too+ as many prisoners and so#dthem!

spoi#ed the 1emp#e! interdicted the worship!

commanded the aw of Moses to *e *urnt! and set up

the worship of the heathen 3ods in a## udea.?n the

very same year! ,n. Na*onass. &70! the ;omans

con<uered Macedonia! the chief of the four horns.

Hitherto the 3oat was mighty *yits own power! *ut

henceforward *egan to *e under the ;omans. @anie#



distinguishes the times! *y descri*ing very particu#ar#y

the actions of the -ings of the north and south! those

two of the four horns which *orderedupon udea! unti#

the ;omans con<uered Macedonia/ and thence forward

on#y touching upon the main revo#utions whichhappened within thecompass of the nations

represented *y the 3oat. ?n this #atter period oftime the

#itt#e horn was to stand up and grow mighty! *ut not *y

his ownpower.

1he three first of @anie#As easts had their dominions

ta+en away! each of them at the rise of the net east/

*ut their #ives were pro#onged! and theyare a## of them

sti## a#ive. 1he third east! or eopard! reigned in his

fourheads! ti## the rise of the fourth east! or Empire of

the atins/ and his #ifewas pro#onged under their power.

1his eopard reigning in his four heads! signifies the

same thing with the HeB3oat reigning in his four horns%

and therefore the HeB3oat reigned in his four horns ti##

the rise of @anie#Asfourth east! or Empire of the atins%

then its dominion was ta+en away *ythe atins! *ut its

#ife was pro#onged under their power. 1he atins are

not comprehended among the nations represented *y

the HeB3oat in this rophecy% their power over the

3ree+s is on#y named in it! to distinguishthe times in

which the HeB3oat was mighty *y his own power! from

thetimes in which he was mighty *ut not *y his own

power. He was mighty *yhis own power ti## the dominion

was ta+en away *y the atins/ after that!his #ife was

pro#onged under their dominion! and this pro#onging of

his #ifewas in the days of his #ast horn% for in the days of

this horn the 3oat *ecame mighty! *ut not *y his own

power.

Now *ecause this horn was a horn of the 3oat! we

are to #oo+ for it among the nations which composed

the *ody of the 3oat. ,mong those nations he was to



rise up and grow mighty% he grew mighty towards the

south! and towards the east! and towards the p#easant

#and/ and therefore he was to rise up in the northwest

parts of those nations! and etend his dominiontowards

Egypt! 5yria and udea. ?n the #atter time of the+ingdom of the four horns! it was to rise up out of one

of them and su*due the rest! *ut not*y its own power! a

power superior to itse#f! the power which too+ awaythe

dominion of the third east! the power of the fourth

east. ,nd such a #itt#e horn was the +ingdom of

Macedonia! from the time that it *ecamesu*:ect to the

;omans. 1his +ingdom! *y the victory of the ;omans

over erseus -ing of Macedonia! ,nno Na*onass. &70!

ceased to *e one of the four horns of the 3oat! and*ecame a dominion of a new sort% not a hornof the

fourth east! for Macedonia *e#onged to the *ody of

the third/ *ut ahorn of the third east of a new sort! a

horn of the 3oat which grewmighty *ut not *y its own

power! a horn which rose up and grew potent under a

foreign power! the power of the ;omans.

1he ;omans! *y the #egacy of ,tta#us the #ast -ing of

ergamus! ,n.Na*onass. '6&! inherited that +ingdom!

inc#uding a## ,sia Minor on thisside mount 1aurus. ,n.

Na*onass. '74 and '7& they con<uered ,rmenia!5yria

and udea/ ,n. Na*onass. (67! they su*dued Egypt.

,nd *y these con<uests the #itt#e horn waed eceeding

great towards the south! and towards the east! and

towards the p#easant #and. ,nd it waed great even to

the host of heaven/ and cast down some of the host

and of the stars to the ground! and stamped upon

them! that is! upon the peop#e and great men of the

ews. Fea! he magnified himse#f even to the rince of

the Host! the Messiah! the rince of the ews! whom he

put to death! ,n. Na*onass.(70. ,nd *y him the dai#y

sacrifice was ta+en away! and the p#ace of his

sanctuary was cast down! vi. in the wars which the



armies of the Eastern nations under the conduct of the

;omans made against udea! when Nero and

Gespasian were Emperors! ,n. Na*onass. 76'! 76(!

767. ,nd an host was given him against the dai#y

sacrifice *y reason of transgression! andit cast downthe truth to the ground! and it practised and prospered.

1his transgression is in the net words ca##ed the

transgression of deso#ation/ and in @anie# 66%$6. the

a*omination which ma+eth deso#ate/ and in Matthew

24%6&. the a*omination of deso#ation! spo+en of *y

@anie# the prophet! standing in the ho#y p#ace. ?t may

re#ate chief#y to the worship of upiter #ympius in his

1emp#e *ui#t *y the Emperor Hadrian! in the p#aceof the

1emp#e of the ews! and to the revo#t of the ews under archocha* occasioned there*y! and to the deso#ation

of udea which fo##owed thereupon/ a## the ews *eing

thence forward *anished udea upon pain of death.

1hen ? heard! saith @anie#! one saint spea+ing! and

another saint said unto that certain saint which spa+e!

How #ong sha## *e the visionconcerning the dai#y

sacrifice! and the transgression of deso#ation! to give

*oth the sanctuary and the host to *e trodden under

footI ,nd he said unto me! Dnto two thousand and

three hundred days/ then sha## the sanctuary *e

c#eansed. @anie#As days are years/ and these years

mayperhaps *e rec+oned either from the destruction of

the 1emp#e *y the ;omans in the reign of Gespasian!

or from the po##ution of the 5anctuary*y the worship of

upiter #ympius! or from the deso#ation of udea

madein the end of the ewish war *y the *anishment of

a## the ews out of their own country! or from some

other period which time wi## discover.Henceforward the

#ast horn of the 3oat continued mighty under

the;omans! ti## the reign of Constantine the great and

his sons% and then *ythe division of the ;oman Empire

*etween the 3ree+ and atin Emperors!it separated

from the atins! and *ecame the 3ree+ Empire a#one!



*ut yet under the dominion of a ;oman fami#y/ and at

present it is mighty under the dominion of the 1ur+s.

1his #ast horn is *y some ta+en for ,ntiochus

Epiphanes! *ut not very :udicious#y. , horn of a east is

never ta+en for a sing#e person% it a#ways signifies a

new +ingdom! and the +ingdom of ,ntiochus was an o#d

one. ,ntiochus reigned over one of the four horns! and

the #itt#e horn was a fifth under its proper +ings. 1his

horn was at first a #itt#e one! and waed eceeding

great! *ut so did not ,ntiochus. His +ingdom on the

contrary was wea+! and tri*utary to the ;omans! and

he did not en#arge it.

1he horn was a -ing of fierce countenance! and

destroyed wonderfu##y! and prospered and practised/

that is! he prospered in his practices against the ho#y

peop#e% *ut ,ntiochus was frighted out of Egypt *y a

mere message of the ;omans! and afterwards routed

and *aff#ed *y the ews. 1he hornwas mighty *y

anotherAs power! ,ntiochus acted *y his own. 1he horn

stood up against the rince of the Host of heaven! therince of rinces/and this is the character not of

,ntiochus *ut of ,ntichrist. 1he horn castdown the

5anctuary to the ground! and so did not ,ntiochus/ he

#eft itstanding. 1he 5anctuary and Host were tramp#ed

under foot 2$00 days/and in @anie#As rophecies! days

are put for years% *ut the profanation of the 1emp#e in

the reign of ,ntiochus did not #ast so many natura#

days.1hese were to #ast ti## the time of the end! ti## the

#ast end of the indignation against the ews/ and thisindignation is not yet at an end. 1hey were to #ast ti## the

5anctuary which had *een cast down shou#d

*ec#eansed/ and the 5anctuary is not yet c#eansed.



1his rophecy of the ;am and HeB3oat is repeated

in the #ast rophecy of @anie#. 1here the ,nge# te##s

@anie#! that he stood up to strengthen @arius the Mede!

and that there shou#d stand up yet three +ings in

ersia! LCyrus!Cam*yses! and @arius Hytaspis and thefourth LJeres shou#d *e far richer than they a##/ and *y

his wea#th through his riches he shou#d stir upa##

against the rea#m of 3recia 1his re#ates to the ;am!

whose two hornswere the +ingdoms of Media and

ersia. 1hen he goes on to descri*e thehorns of the

3oat *y the standing up of a might +ing! which shou#d

ru#ewith great dominion! and do according to his wi##

and *y the *rea+ing ofhis +ingdom into four sma##er

+ingdoms! and not descending to his ownposterity.1hen he descri*es the actions of two of those

+ingdoms which *ordered on udea! vi. Egypt and

5yria! ca##ing them the -ings of the5outh and North!

that is! in respect of udea/ and he carries on the

description ti## the #atter end of the +ingdoms of the four!

and ti## the reign of ,ntiochus Epiphanes! when

transgressors were come to the fu##. ?n the eighth year

of ,ntiochus! the year in which he profaned the 1emp#e

and setup the heathen 3ods in a## udea! and the

;omans con<uered the +ingdom of Macedon/ the

prophetic ,nge# #eaves off descri*ing the affairs of the

+ings of the 5outh and North! and *egins to descri*e

those of the 3ree+sunder the dominion of the ;omans!

in these words% ,nd after him ,rms Lthe ;omans sha##

stand up! and they sha## po##ute the sanctuary

ofstrength. ,s signifies after the +ing @anie# 66%7/ so

here may signify after him% and so may signify after one

of them! @anie# 7%8. ,rms are everywhere in these

rophecies of @anie# put for the mi#itary power of

a+ingdom! and they stand up when they con<uer and

grow powerfu#. 1he ;omans con<uered ?##yricum!

Epirus and Macedonia! in the year of Na*onassar &70/

and thirty five years after! *y the #ast wi## and testament

of ,tta#us the #ast -ing of ergamus! they inherited that



rich and f#ourishing +ingdom! that is! a## ,sia on this

side mount 1aurus% and sity nine yearsafter! they

con<uered the +ingdom of 5yria! and reduced it into a

rovince%and thirty four years after they did the #i+e to

Egypt. y a## these steps the ;oman arms stood upover the 3ree+s. ,nd after 8& years more! *y ma+ing

war upon the ews! they po##uted the sanctuary of

strength! andtoo+ away the dai#y sacrifice! and! in its

room soon after! p#aced the a*omination which made

the and deso#ate% for this a*omination was p#aced

after the days of Christ! Matthew 24%6&. ?n the 6'th year

of theEmperor Hadrian! ,.C. 6$2! they p#aced this

a*omination *y *ui#ding a 1emp#e to upiter

Capito#inus! where the 1emp#e of 3od in erusa#em hadstood.

1hereupon the ews under the conduct of

archocha* rose up in arms against the ;omans! and

in that war had &0 cities demo#ished! 87& of their *est

towns destroyed! and &70!000 men s#ain *y the sword%

and in the end of the war! ,.C. 6$'! they were a##

*anished udea upon pain of death/ and that time the

#and hath remained deso#ate of its o#d inha*itants.Now

that the prophetic ,nge# passes in this manner from the

four+ingdoms of the 3ree+s to the ;omans reigning

over the 3ree+s! is confirmed from hence! that in the

net p#ace he descri*es the affairs of the Christians

unto the time of the end! in these words% ,nd they that

understand among the peop#e sha## instruct many! yet

they sha## fa## *y thesword and *y f#ame! *y captivity

and *y spoi# many days. Now when they sha## fa## they

sha## *e ho#pen with a #itt#e he#p! vi. in the reign of

Constantine the 3reat/ *ut many sha## c#eave to them

with dissimu#ation.,nd some of them of understanding

there sha## fa## to try them! and topurge them from the

dissem*#ers/ and to ma+e them white even to the time

of the end. ,nd a #itt#e after! the time of the end is said



to *e a time! times!and ha#f a time% which is the duration

of the reign of the #ast horn of @anie#As fourth east!

and of the Woman and her east in the ,poca#ypse.

CHAPTER 12

O$ THE PROPHEC* O$ THE SE'ENT* EE%S.

1HE Gision of the ?mage composed of four Meta#s

was given first to Ne*uchadnear! and then to @anie#

in a dream% and @anie# *egan then to *e ce#e*rated for

revea#ing of secrets! Ee+ie# 27%$. 1he Gision of the

four easts! and of the 5on of man coming in the

c#ouds of heaven! was a#so given to @anie# in a dream.

1hat of the ;am and the HeB3oat appeared to him in

the day time! when he was *y the *an+ of the river

D#ay/ and was ep#ained to him *y the prophetic ,nge#

3a*rie#. ?t concerns the rince of the host! and the

rince of rinces% and now in the first year of @arius the

Mede over a*y#on! the same prophetic ,nge# appears

to @anie# again! and ep#ains to him what is meant *y

the 5on of man! *y the rince of the host! and the

rince of rinces. 1he rophecy of the 5on of man

coming in the c#ouds of heaven re#ates to the second

coming of Christ/ that of the rince of the host re#ates

to his first coming/ and this rophecy of the Messiah! in

ep#aining them! re#ates to *oth comings! and assigns

the times thereof.

1his rophecy! #i+e a## the rest of @anie#As! consists of

two parts! an introductory rophecy and an ep#anation

thereof/ the who#e ? thus trans#ate and interpret.

Now the dispersed ews *ecame a peop#e and city

when they first returned into a po#ity or *ody po#itic/ and



this was in the seventh year of ,rtaeres ongimanus!

when Era returned with a *ody of ews from captivity

and revived the ewish worship/ and *y the -ingAs

commission created Magistrates in a## the #and! to :udge

and govern the peop#e according to the #aws of 3odand the -ing! Era (%2&. 1here were *ut two returns

from captivity! =eru**a*e#As and EraAs/ in =eru**a*e#As

they had on#y commission to *ui#d the 1emp#e! in EraAs

they first *ecame a po#ity or city *y a government of

their own. Now the years of this ,rtaeres *egan

a*out two or three months after the summer so#stice!

and his seventh year fe## in with the third year of the

eightieth #ympiad/ and the #atter part thereof! wherein

Era went up to erusa#em! was in the year of theu#ian eriod 42&(. Count the time from thence to the

death of Christ! and you wi## find it :ust 480 years. ?f you

count in udaic years commencing in autumn! and date

the rec+oning from the first autumn after EraAs coming

to erusa#em! when he put the -ingAs decree in

eecution/ the death of Christ wi## fa## on the year of the

u#ian eriod 4(4(! ,nno @omini $4/ and the wee+s wi##

*e udaic wee+s! ending with sa**atica# years/ and this

? ta+e to *e the truth% *ut if you had rather p#ace the

death of Christ in the year *efore! as is common#y

done! you may ta+e the year of EraAs :ourney into the

rec+oning.

-now a#so and understand! that from the going forth

of the commandment to cause to return and to *ui#d

erusa#em! unto the ,nointed the rince! sha## *e

seven wee+s.

1he former part of the rophecy re#ated to the first

coming of Christ! *eing dated to his coming as a

rophet/ this *eing dated to his coming to *e rince or

-ing! seems to re#ate to his second coming.



1here! the prophet was consummate! and the most

ho#y anointed% here! he that was anointed comes to *e

rince and to reign. >or @anie#As rophecies reach to

the end of the wor#d/ and there is scarce a prophecy in

the #d 1estament concerning Christ! which doth not insomething or other re#ate to his second coming. ?f

divers of the ancients! as ?renaeus! u#ius ,fricanus!

Hippo#ytus the martyr! and ,po##inaris ishop of

aodicea! app#ied the ha#f wee+ to the times of

,ntichrist/ why may not we! *y the same #i*erty of

interpretation! app#y the seven wee+s to the time when

,ntichrist sha## *e destroyed *y the *rightness of

ChristAs comingI

1he ?srae#ites in the days of the ancient rophets!

when the ten 1ri*es were #ed into captivity! epected a

dou*#e return/ and that at the first the ews shou#d *ui#d

a new 1emp#e inferior to 5o#omonAs! unti# the time of

that age shou#d *e fu#fi##ed/ and afterwards they shou#d

return from a## p#aces of their captivity! and *ui#d

erusa#em and the 1emp#e g#orious#y! 1o*it 64% 4! &! '%

and to epress the g#ory and ece##ence of this city! it is

figurative#y said to *e *ui#t of precious stones! 1o*it

6$%6'! 6(! 67. ?saiah &4%66! 62.

;eve#ation 66%and ca##ed the New erusa#em! the

Heaven#y erusa#em! the Ho#y City! the am*As Wife!

the City of the 3reat -ing! the City into which the -ings

of the earth do *ring their g#ory and honour. Now! whi#e

such a return from captivity was the epectation of

?srae#! even *efore the times of @anie#! ? +now not why@anie# shou#d omit it in his rophecy.

1his part of the prophecy *eing therefore not yet

fu#fi##ed! ? sha## not attempt a particu#ar interpretation of

it! *ut content myse#f with o*serving! that as the



seventy and the sity two wee+s were ewish wee+s!

ending with sa**atica# years/ so the seven wee+s are

the compass of the u*i#ee! and *egin and end with

actions proper for a u*i#ee! and of the highest nature

for which a u*i#ee can *e +ept% and that since thecommandment to return and to *ui#d erusa#em!

precedes the Messiah the rince 48 years/ it may

perhaps come forth not from the ews themse#ves! *ut

from some other +ingdom friend#y to them! and precede

their return from captivity! and give occasion to it/ and

#ast#y! that this re*ui#ding of erusa#em and the waste

p#aces of udah is predicted in Micah (%66. ,mos 8%66!

64. Ee+ie# $'%$$! $&! $'! $7. ?saiah &4%$! 66! 62.

&&%62. '6%4. '&%67! 26! 22. and 1o*it 64%&. and that thereturn from captivity and coming of the Messiah and his

+ingdom are descri*ed in @anie# ( ;eve#ation 68 ,cts 6

Matthew 24 oe# $ Ee+ie# $'! $(. ?saiah '0! '2. '$! '&.

and ''%and many other p#aces of scripture. 1he manner

? +now not. et time *e the ?nterpreter.

Fet threescore and two wee+s sha## it return! and the

street *e *ui#t and the wa##! *ut in trou*#esome times%

and after the threescore and two wee+s the Messiah

sha## *e cut off! and it sha## not *e his/ *ut the peop#e of

a rince to come sha## destroy the city and the

sanctuary 9c. Having foreto#d *oth comings of Christ!

and dated the #ast from their returning and *ui#ding

erusa#em/ to prevent the app#ying that to the *ui#ding

erusa#em *y Nehemiah! he distinguishes this from

that! *y saying that from this period to the ,nointed

sha## *e! not seven wee+s! *ut threescore and two

wee+s! and this not in prosperous *ut in trou*#esome

times/ and at the end of these wee+s the Messiah sha##

not *e the rince of the ews! *ut *e cut off/ and

erusa#em not *e his! *ut the city and sanctuary *e

destroyed. Now Nehemiah came to erusa#em in the

20th year of this same ,rtaeres! whi#e Era sti##



continued there! Nehemiah 62%$'! and found the city

#ying waste! and the houses and wa## un*ui#t! Nehemiah

2%6(. (%4! and finished the wa## the 2&th day of the

month E#u#! Nehemiah '%6&! in the 27th year of the

-ing! that is! in 5eptem*er in the year of the u#ianeriod 42(7. Count now from this year threescore and

two wee+s of years! that is 4$4! years! and the

rec+oning wi## end in 5eptem*er in the year of the

u#ian eriod 4(62 which is the year in which Christ

was *orn! according to C#emens ,#eandrinus!

?renaeua! Euse*ius! Epiphanius! erome! rosius!

Cassiodorus! and other ancients./ and this was the

genera# opinion! ti## @ionysius Eiguus invented the

vu#gar account! in which ChristAs *irth is p#aced twoyears #ater. ?f with some you rec+on that Christ was

*orn three or four years *efore the vu#gar account! yet

his *irth wi## fa## in the #atter part of the #ast wee+! which

is enough. How after these wee+s Christ was cut off!

and the city and sanctuary destroyed *y the ;omans! is

we## +nown.

Fet sha## he confirm the covenant with many for one

wee+ He +ept it! notwithstanding his death! ti## the

re:ection of the ews! and ca##ing of Corne#ius and the

3enti#es in the seventh year after his passion.

,nd in ha#f a wee+ he sha## cause the sacrifice and

o*#ation to cease/ that is! *y the war of the ;omans

upon the ews% which war! after some commotions!

*egan in the 6$th year of Nero! ,.@. '(! in the spring!

when Gespasian with an army invaded them/ andended in the second year of Gespasian! ,.@. (0! in

autumn! 5ept. (! when 1itus too+ the city! having *urnt

the 1emp#e 2( days *efore% so that it #asted three years

and an ha#f.



,nd upon a wing of a*ominations he sha## cause

deso#ation! even unti# the consummation! and that

which is determined *e poured upon the deso#ate. 1he

rophets! in representing +ingdoms *y easts and

irds! put their wings stretched out over any country for their armies sent out to invade and ru#e over that

country. Hence a wing of a*ominations is an army of

fa#se 3ods% for an a*omination is often put in scripture

for a fa#se 3od/ as where Chemosh is ca##ed the

a*omination of Moa*! and Mo#ech the a*omination of

,mmon. 1he meaning therefore is! that the peop#e of a

rince to come sha## destroy the sanctuary! and a*o#ish

the dai#y worship of the true 3od! and overspread the

#and with an army of fa#se gods/ and *y setting up their dominion and worship! cause deso#ation to the ews!

unti# the times of the 3enti#es *e fu#fi##ed. >or Christ

te##s us! that the a*omination of deso#ation spo+en of *y

@anie# was to *e set up in the times of the ;oman

Empire! Matthew 24%6&.

1hus have we in this short rophecy! a prediction of

a## the main periods re#ating to the coming of the

Messiah/ the time of his *irth! that of his death! that of

the re:ection of the ews! the duration of the ewish war

where*y he caused the city and sanctuary to *e

destroyed! and the time of his second coming% and so

the interpretation here given is more fu## and comp#ete

and ade<uate to the design! than if we shou#d restrain it

to his first coming on#y! as ?nterpreters usua##y do. We

avoid a#so the doing vio#ence to the #anguage of @anie#!

*y ta+ing the seven wee+s and sity two wee+s for one

num*er. Had that *een @anie#As meaning! he wou#d

have said sity and nine wee+s! and not seven wee+s

and sity two wee+s! a way of num*ering used *y no

nation. ?n our way the years are ewish uniBso#ar

years! ought to *e/ and the seventy wee+s of years are

ewish wee+s ending with sa**atica# years! which is



very remar+a*#e. >or they end either with the year of

the *irth of Christ! two years *efore the vu#gar account!

or with the year of his death! or with the seventh year

after it% a## which are sa**atica# years. thers either

count *y unar years! or *y wee+s not udaic% and!which is worst! they ground their interpretations on

erroneous Chrono#ogy! ecepting the opinion of

>unccius a*out the seventy wee+s! which is the same

with ours. >or they p#ace Era and Nehemiah in the

reign of ,rtaeres Mnemon! and the *ui#ding of the

1emp#e in the reign of @arius Nothus! and date the

wee+s of @anie# from those two reigns.

1he grounds of the Chrono#ogy here fo##owed! ? wi##

now set down as *rief#y as ? can.

1he e#oponnesian war *egan in spring ,n. 6.

#ymp. 7(! as @iodorus! Euse*ius! and a## other

authors agree. ?t *egan two months *efore ythodorus

ceased to *e ,rchon! 1hucyd. &0%2. that is! in ,pri#! two

months *efore the end of the #ympic year. Now the

years of this war are most certain#y determined *y the&0 years distance of its first year from the transit of

Jeres! inc#usive#y! 1hucyd. &0%2. or 47 years

ec#usive#y!Erathosth. apud C#em. ,#e. *y the '8 years

distance of its end! or 2( th year! from the *eginning of

,#eanderAs reign in 3reece/ *y the acting of the

#ympic games in its 4th and 62th years! 1hucyd. &0%&/

and *y three ec#ipses of the sun! and one of the moon!

mentioned *y 1hucydides and Jenophon. Now

1hucydides! an un<uestiona*#e witness! te##s us! thatthe news of the death of ,rtaeres ongimanus was

*rought to Ephesus! and from thence *y some

,thenians to ,thens! in the (th year of this

e#oponnesian war! when the winter ha#f year was

running/ and therefore he died ,n. 4 #ymp. 77! in the

end of ,n. .. 4278! suppose a month or two *efore



midwinter/ for so #ong the news wou#d *e in coming.

Now ,rtaeres ongimanus reigned 40 years! *y the

consent of @iodorus! Euse*ius! erome! 5u#pitius/ or

46! according to to#. in can. C#em. ,#eand. &0%?.

5trom. Chron. ,#eandr. ,*u#pharagius! Nicephorus!inc#uding therein the reign of his successors Jeres

and 5ogdian! as ,*u#pharagius informs us. ,fter

,rtaeres reigned his son Jeres two months! and

5ogdian seven months/ *ut their reign is not rec+oned

apart in summing up the years of the -ings! *ut is

inc#uded in the 40 or 46 years reign of ,rtaeres% omit

these nine months! and the precise reign of ,rtaeres

wi## *e thirty nine years and three months. ,nd

therefore since his reign ended in the *eginning of winter ,n. .. 4278! it *egan *etween midsummer and

autumn! ,n. .. 42&0.

1he same thing ? gather a#so thus. Cam*yses *egan

his ;eign in spring ,n. .. 467&! and reigned eight

years! inc#uding the five months of 5merdes/ and then

@arius Hytaspis *egan in spring ,n. .. 468$! and

reigned thirty si years! *y the unanimous consent of a##

Chrono#ogers. 1he reigns of these two -ings are

determined *y three ec#ipses of the moon o*served at

a*y#on! and recorded *y to#emy/ so that it cannot *e

disputed. ne was in the seventh year of Cam*yses!

,n. .. 4686! u#. 6'! at 66 at night/ another in the

20th year of @arius! ,n. .. 4262! Nov. 68! at 66 h. 4&

at night/ a third in the $6st year of @arius! ,n. ..

422$! ,pr. 2&! at 66 h. $0 at night. y these ec#ipses!

and the rophecies of Haggai and =echary compared

together! it is manifest that his years *egan after the

24th day of the 66th ewish month! and *efore the 2&th

day of ,pri#! and *y conse<uence a*out March. Jeres

therefore *egan in spring ,n. .. 4228% for @arius died

in the fifth year after the *att#e at Marathon! as

Herodotus! #i*. (! and #utarch mention/ and that *att#e



was in cto*er ,n. .. 4224! ten years *efore the

*att#e at 5a#amis. Jeres therefore *egan within #ess

than a year after cto*er ,n. .. 4227! suppose in the

spring fo##owing%

for he spent his first five years! and something more!

in preparations for his epedition against the 3ree+s/

and this epedition was in the time of the #ympic

games! ,n. 6 #ymp. (&! Ca##iade ,thens ,rchonte! 27

years after the ;egifuge! and Consu#ship of the first

Consu# unius rutus! ,nno Dr*is conditae 2($! >a*io

9 >urio Coss. 1he passage of JeresAs army over the

He##espont *egan in the end of the fourth year of the

(4th #ympiad! that is! in une ,n. .. 42$4! and too+

up one month% and in autumn! three months after! on

the fu## moon! the 6'th day of the month Munychion!

was the *att#e at 5a#amis! and a #itt#e after than an

ec#ipse of the sun! which *y the ca#cu#ation fe## on

cto*. 2. His sith year therefore *egan a #itt#e *efore

une! suppose in spring ,n. .. 42$4! and his first

year conse<uent#y in spring ,n. .. 4228! as a*ove.

Now he reigned a#most twenty one years! *y the

consent of a## writers. ,dd the ( months of ,rta*anus!

and the sum wi## *e 26 years and a*out four or five

months! which end *etween midsummer and autumn

,n. .. 42&0. ,t this time therefore *egan the reign of

his successor ,rtaeres! as was to *e proved.

1he same thing is a#so confirmed *y u#ius ,fricanus!

who informs us out of former writers! that the 20th year

of this ,rtaeres was the 66&th year from the*eginning of the reign of Cyrus in ersia! and fe## in with

,n. 4 #ymp. 7$. ?t *egan therefore with the #ympic

year! soon after the summer 5o#stice! ,n. .. 42'8.

5u*duct nineteen years! and his first year wi## *egin at

the same time of the year ,n. .. 42&0! as a*ove.



His (th year therefore *egan after midsummer ,n.

.. 42&'/ and the ourney of Era to erusa#em in the

spring fo##owing fe## on the *eginning of ,n. .. 42&(!

as a*ove.

CHAPTER 11.

O$ THE TI"ES O$ THE BIRTH AND PASSION O$

CHRIST.

1HE times of the irth and assion of Christ! with

such #i+e niceties! *eing not materia# to re#igion! were

#itt#e regarded *y the Christians of the first age. 1hey

who *egan first to ce#e*rate them! p#aced them in the

cardina# periods of the year/ as the annunciation of the

Girgin Mary! on the 2&th of March! which when u#ius

Caesar corrected the Ca#endar was the verna# E<uino/

the feast of ohn aptist on the 24th of une! which

was the summer 5o#stice/ the feast of 5t. Michae# on

5ept. 28! which was the autumna# E<uino/ and the

*irth of Christ on the winter 5o#stice! @ecem*.2&! which

the feasts of 5t. 5tephen! 5t. ohn and the ?nnocents!

as near it as they cou#d p#ace them. ,nd *ecause the

5o#stice in time removed from the 2&th of @ecem*er to

the 24th! the 2$d! the 22d! and so on *ac+wards! hence

some in the fo##owing centuries p#aced the *irth of

Christ on @ecem*. 2$! and at #ength on @ecem*. 20%

and for the same reason they seem to have set the

feast of 5t. 1homas on @ecem*. 26! and that of 5t.

Matthew on 5ept 26.

5o a#so at the entrance of the 5un into a## the signs

in the u#ian Ca#endar! they p#aced the days of other

5aints/ as the conversion of au# on an. 2&! when the

5un entered ,<uarius/ 5t. Matthias on >e*. 2&! when

he entered isces/ 5t. Mar+ on ,pr. 2&! when he



entered 1aurus/ Corpus Christi on May 2'! when he

entered 3emini/ 5t. ames on u#y 2&! when he entered

Cancer/ 5t. artho#omew on ,ug. 24! when he entered

Girgo/ 5imon and ude on cto*. 27! when he entered

5corpius% and if there were any other remar+a*#e daysin the u#ian Ca#endar! they p#aced the 5aints upon

them! as 5t. arna*as on une 6! where vid seems to

p#ace the feast of Gesta and >ortuna! and the goddess

Matuta/ and 5t. hi#ip and ames on the first of May! a

day dedicated *oth to the ona @ea! or Magna Mater!

and to the goddess >#ora! and sti## ce#e*rated with her

rites. ,## which shows that these days were fied in the

first Christian Ca#endars *y Mathematicians at

p#easure! without any ground in tradition/ and that theChristians afterwards too+ up with what they found in

the Ca#endars.

Neither was there any certain tradition a*out the

years of Christ. >or the Christians who first *egan to

en<uire into these things! as C#emens ,#eandrinus!

rigen! 1ertu##ian! u#ius ,fricanus! actantius! erome!

5t. ,ustin! 5u#picius 5everus! rosper! and as many as

p#ace the death of Christ in the 6&th or 6'th year of

1i*erius! ma+e Christ to have preached *ut one year!

or at most *ut two. ,t #ength Euse*ius discovered four

successive assovers in the 3ospe# of ohn! and

thereupon set on foot an opinion that he preached three

years and an ha#f/ and so died in the 68th year of

ti*erius. thers afterwards! finding the opinion that he

died in the E<uino Mar. 2&! more consonant to the

times of the ewish assover! in the 6(th and 20th

years! have p#aced his death in one of those two years.

Neither is there any greater certainty in the opinions

a*out the time of his *irth. 1he first Christians p#aced

his *aptism near the *eginning of the 6&th year of

1i*erius/ and thence rec+oning thirty years *ac+wards!



p#aced his *irth in the 4$d u#ian year! the 42d of

,ugustus and the 27th of the ,ctiac victory. 1his was

the opinion which o*tained in the first ages! ti##

@ionysius Eiguus! p#acing the *aptism of Christ in the

6'th year of 1i*erius! and misinterpreting the tet of u+e $%2$. as if esus was on#y *eginning to *e $0

years o#d when he was *aptied! invented the vu#gar

account! in which his *irth is p#aced two years #ater than

*efore. ,s therefore re#ating to these things there is no

tradition worth considering/ #et us #ay aside a## and

eamine what pre:udices can *e gathered from records

of good account.

1he fifteenth year of 1i*erius *egan ,ug. 27! ,n.

.. 4(2(. 5o soon as the winter was over! and the

weather *ecame warm enough! we may rec+on that

ohn *egan to *aptie/ and that *efore net winter his

fame went a*road! and a## the peop#e came to his

*aptism! and esus among the rest. Whence the first

assover after his *aptism mentioned ohn 2%6$. was

in the 6'th year of 1i*erius. ,fter this feast esus came

into the #and of udea! and staid there *aptiing! whi#st

ohn was *aptiing in ,enon! ohn $%22! 2$. ut when

he heard that ohn was cast into prison! he departed

into 3a#i#ee! Matthew $%2. *eing afraid! *ecause the

harisees had heard that he *aptied more discip#es

than ohn! ohn 4%6. and in his :ourney he passed

through 5amaria four months *efore the harvest! ohn

4%$&. that is! a*out the time of the winter 5o#stice. >or

their harvest was *etween Easter and Whitsunday! and

*egan a*out a month after the verna# E<uino.

2ay not ye, saith he! there are yet four

months, and then cometh harvest> Behold ) say

unto you, lift up your eyes, and look on the

fields, for they are white already to harvest



meaning! that the peop#e in the fie#ds were ready for the

3ospe#! as his net words show.

1herefore was imprisoned a*out Novem*er! in the

67th year of 1i*erius/ and Christ thereupon went from

udea to Cana of 3a#i#ee in @ecem*er! and was

received there of the 3a#i#eans! who had seen a## he did

at erusa#em at the assover% and when a No*#eman of

Capernaum heard he was returned into 3a#i#ee! and

went to him and desired him to come and cure his son!

he went not thither yet! *ut on#y said! 3o thy way! thy

son #iveth/ and the No*#eman returned and found it so!

and *e#ieved! he and his house! ohn 4.

1his is the *eginning of his mirac#es in 3a#i#ee/ and

thus far ohn is fu## and distinct in re#ating the actions of

his first year! omitted *y the other Evange#ists. 1he rest

of his history is from this time re#ated more fu##y *y the

other Evange#ists than *y ohn/ for what they re#ate he

omits.

>rom this time therefore esus taught in the

5ynagogues of 3a#i#ee on the sa**athBdays! *eing

g#orified of a##% and coming to his own city Naareth!

and preaching in their 5ynagogue! they were offended!

and thrust him out of the city! and #ed him to the *row of

the hi## on which the city was *ui#t to cast him head#ong/

*ut he passing through the midst of them! went his way!

and came and dwe#t at Capernaum! u+e 4%,nd *y this

time we may rec+on the second assover was either

past or at hand.

,## this time Matthew passeth over in few words! and

here *egins to re#ate the preaching and mirac#es of

Christ.



When esus! saith he! had heard that ohn was cast

into prison! he departed into 3a#i#ee/ and #eaving

Naareth! he came and dwe#t at Capernaum! and from

that time *egan to preach and say! ;epent! for the

+ingdom of heaven is at hand! Matthew 4%62.

,fterwards he ca##ed his discip#es eter! ,ndrew!

ames and ohn/ and then went a*out a## 3a#i#ee!

teaching in the 5ynagogues! and hea#ing a## manner of

sic+ness% and his fame went throughout a## 5yria/ and

they *rought unto him a## sic+ peop#e! and there

fo##owed him great mu#titudes of peop#e from 3a#i#ee!

and from @ecapo#is! and from erusa#em! and from

udea! and from *eyond ordan! Matthew 4%67! 2&.

,## this was done *efore the sermon on the mount%

and therefore we may certain#y rec+on that the second

assover was past *efore the preaching of that

sermon. 1he mu#titudes that fo##owed him from

erusa#em and udea! show that he had #ate#y *een

there at the feast. 1he sermon in the mount was made

when great mu#titudes came to him from a## p#aces! andfo##owed him in the open fie#ds/ which is an argument of

the summerBseason% and in this sermon he pointed at

the #i#ies of the fie#d then in the f#ower *efore the eyes

of his auditors.

Consider! saith he! the #i#ies of the fie#d! how they

grow/ they toi# not! neither do they spin/ and yet

5o#omon in a## his g#ory was not arrayed #i+e one of

these. Wherefore if 3od so c#othe the grass of the fie#d!

which today is! and tomorrow is cast into the oven! 9c.

Matthew '%27. 5o therefore the grass of the fie#d was

now in f#ower! and *y conse<uence the month of March



with the assover was past. et us see therefore how

the rest of the feasts fo##ow in order in MatthewAs

3ospe#% for he was an eyeBwitness of what he re#ates!

and so te##s a## things in due order of time! which Mar+

and u+e do not.

5ome time after the sermon in the mount! when the

time came that he shou#d *e received! that is! when the

time of a feast came that he shou#d *e received *y the

ews! he set his face to go to erusa#em% and as he

went with his discip#es in the way! when the 5amaritans

in his passage through 5amaria had denied him

#odgings! and a certain 5cri*e said unto him! Master! ?

wi## fo##ow thee wherever thou goest! esus said unto

him! 1he foes have ho#es! and the *irds of the air have

nests! *ut the 5on of man hath not where to #ay his

head! Matthew 7%68/ u+e 8%&6! &(.

1he 5cri*e to#d Christ he wou#d *ear him company in

his :ourney! and Christ rep#ied that he wanted a #odging.

Now this feast ? ta+e to *e the feast of 1a*ernac#es!

*ecause soon after ? find Christ and his ,post#es on thesea of 1i*erias in a storm so great! that the ship was

covered with water and in danger of sin+ing! ti## Christ

re*u+ed the winds and the sea! Matthew 7%2$. >or this

storm shows that winter was now come on.

,fter this Christ did many mirac#es! and went a*out

a## the cities and vi##ages of 3a#i#ee! teaching in their

5ynagogues! and preaching the gospe# of the +ingdom!

and hea#ing every sic+ness! and every disease among

the peop#e! Matthew 8/ he then sent forth the twe#ve to

do the #i+e! Matthew 60/ and at #ength when he had

received a message from ohn! and answered it! he

said to the mu#titudes! !rom the days of ?ohn the

Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven



suffereth violence; and upbraided the cities,

&hora@in, Bethsaida, and &apernaum, wherein

most of his mighty works were done, because

they repented not, Matthew 66. Which severa#

passages show! that from the imprisonment of ohn ti##now there had *een a considera*#e #ength of time% the

winter was now past! and the net assover was at

hand/ for immediate#y after this! Matthew! in chap.

62%su*:oins! that esus went on the sa**athBday

throughA the corn! and his discip#es were an hungered!

and *egan to p#uc+ the ears of corn and to eat! ru**ing

them! saith u+e! in their hands% the corn therefore was

not on#y in the ear! *ut ripe/ and conse<uent#y the

assover! in which the firstBfruits were a#ways offered*efore the harvest! was now come or past. u+e ca##s

this sa**ath! the second prime sa**ath! that is! the

second of the two great feasts of the assover. ,s we

ca## Easter day high Easter! and its octave #ow Easter

or owsunday% so u+e ca##s the feast on the seventh

day of the un#eavened *read! the second of the two

prime sa**aths.

?n one of the sa**aths fo##owing he went into a

5ynagogue! and hea#ed a man with a withered hand!

Matthew 62%8/ u+e '%'. ,nd when the harisees too+

counse# to destroy him! he withdrew himse#f from

thence! and great mu#titudes fo##owed him/ and he

hea#ed them from a##! and charged them that they

shou#d not ma+e him +nown! Matthew 62%64.

,fterwards *eing in a ship! and the mu#titudestanding on the shore! he spa+e to them three para*#es

together! ta+en from the seedsBmen sowing the fie#ds!

Matthew 6$%*y which we may +now that it was now

seedBtime! and *y conse<uence that the feast of

1a*ernac#es wa past. ,fter this he went into his own



country! and taught them in their 5ynagogue! *ut did

not many mighty wor+s there *ecause of their un*e#ief.

1hen the twe#ve having *een a*road a year!

returned! and to#d esus a## that they had done% and at

the same time Herod *eheaded ohn in prison! and his

discip#es came and to#d esus/ and when esus heard

it! he too+ the twe#ve and departed thence private#y *y

ship into a desert p#ace *e#onging to ethsaida% and the

peop#e when they +new it! fo##owed him on foot out of

the cities! the winter *eing now past/ and he hea#ed

their sic+! and in the desert fed them to the num*er of

five thousand men! *esides women and chi#dren! with

on#y five #oaves and two fishes! Matthew 64/ u+e 8/ at

the doing of which mirac#e the assover of the ews

was nigh! ohn '%4. ut esus went not up to this feast/

*ut after these things wa#+ed in 3a#i#ee! *ecause the

ews at the assover *efore had ta+en counse# to

destroy him! and sti## sought to +i## him! ohn (%6.

Henceforward therefore he is found first in the coast of

1yre and 5idon! then *y the sea of 3a#i#ee! afterwards

in the coast of Caesarea hi#ippi/ and #ast#y at

Capernaum! Matthew 6&%26! 28! 6'%6$! 6(%$4.

,fterwards when the feast of 1a*ernac#es was at hand!

his *rethren up*raided him for wa#+ing secret#y! and

urged him to go up to the feast. ut he went not ti## they

were gone! and then went up private#y! ohn (%2/ and

when the ews sought to stone him! he escaped! ohn

7%&8. ,fter this he was at the feast of the @edication in

winter! ohn 60%22/ and when they sought again to ta+e

him! he f#ed *eyond ordan! ohn 60%$8! 40/ Matthew

68%6/ where he stayed ti## the death of aarus! and

then came to ethany near erusa#em! and raised him!

ohn 66%(! 67/ whereupon the ews too+ counse# from

that time to +i## him% and therefore he wa#+ed no more

open#y among the ews! *ut went thence into a country

near to the wi#derness! into a city ca##ed Ephraim/ and



there continued with his discip#es ti## the #ast assover!

in which the ews put him to death! ohn 66%&$! &4.

1hus have we! in the 3ospe#s of Matthew and ohn

compared together! the history of ChristAs actions in

continua# order during five assovers. ohn is more

distinct in the *eginning and end/ Matthew in the

midd#e% what either omits! the other supp#ies. 1he first

assover was *etween the *aptism of Christ and the

imprisonment of ohn! ohn 2%6$/ the second within

four months after the imprisonment of ohn! and

ChristAs *eginning to preach in 3a#i#ee! ohn 4%$&/ and

therefore it was either that feast to which esus went

up! when the 5cri*e desired to fo##ow him! Matthew

7%68/ u+e 8%&6! &(/ or the feast *efore it. 1he third was

the net feast after it! when the corn was eared and

ripe! Matthew 62%6/ u+e '%6. the fourth was that which

was nigh at hand when Christ wrought the mirac#e of

the five #oaves! Matthew 64%6&/ ohn '%4! &/ and the

fifth was that in which Christ suffered! Matthew 20%6(/

ohn 62%6.

etween the first and second assover ohn and

Christ *aptied together! ti## the imprisonment of ohn!

which was four months *efore the second. 1hen Christ

*egan to preach! and ca## his discip#es/ and after he

had instructed them a year! sent them to preach in the

cities of the ews% at the same time ohn hearing of the

fame of Christ! sent to him to +now who he was. ,t the

third! the chief riests *egan to consu#t a*out the death

of Christ. , #itt#e *efore the fourth! the twe#ve after theyhad preached a year in a## the cities! returned to Christ/

and at the same time Herod *eheaded ohn in prison!

after he had *een in prison two years and a <uarter%

and thereupon Christ f#ed into the desert for fear of

Herod. 1he fourth Christ went not up to erusa#em for

fear of the ews! who at the assover *efore had



consu#ted his death! and *ecause his time was not yet

come.

1henceforward therefore ti## the feast of 1a*ernac#es

he wa#+ed in 3a#i#ee! and that secret#y for fear of

Herod% and after the feast of 1a*ernac#es he returned

no more into 3a#i#ee! *ut sometimes was at erusa#em!

and sometimes retired *eyond ordan! or to the city of

Ephraim *y the wi#derness! ti## the assover in which he

was *etrayed! apprehended! and crucified.

ohn therefore *aptied two summers! and Christ

preached three. 1he first summer ohn preached to

ma+e himse#f +nown! in order to give testimony to

Christ. 1hen! after Christ came to his *aptism and was

made +nown to him! he *aptied another summer! to

ma+e Christ +nown *y his testimony/ and Christ a#so

*aptied the same summer! to ma+e himse#f the more

+nown% and *y reason of ohnAs testimony there came

more to ChristAs *aptism than to ohnAs. 1he winter

fo##owing ohn was imprisoned/ and now his course

*eing at an end! Christ entered upon his proper officeof preaching in the cities. ?n the *eginning of his

preaching he comp#eted the num*er of the twe#ve

,post#es! and instructed them a## the first year in order

to send them a*road. efore the end of this year! his

fame *y his preaching and mirac#es was so far spread

a*road! that the ews at the assover fo##owing

consu#ted how to +i## him. ?n the second year of his

preaching! it *eing no #onger safe for him to converse

open#y in udea! he sent the twe#ve to preach in a## their cities% and in the end of the year they returned to him!

and to#d him a## they had done.

,## the #ast year the twe#ve continued with him to *e

instructed more perfect#y! in order to their preaching to



a## nations after his death. ,nd upon the news of ohnAs

death! *eing afraid of Herod as we## as of the ews! he

wa#+ed this year more secret#y than *efore/ fre<uenting

deserts! and spending the #ast ha#f of the year in udea!

without the dominions of Herod.

1hus have we in the 3ospe#s of Matthew and ohn

a## things to#d in due order! from the *eginning of ohnAs

preaching to the death of Christ! and the years

distinguished from one another *y such essentia#

characters that they cannot *e mista+en. 1he second

assover is distinguished from the first! *y the

interposition of ohnAs imprisonment. 1he third is

distinguished from the second! *y a dou*#e character%

first! *y the interposition of the feast to which Christ

went up! Matthew 7%68/ u+e 8%&(/ and second#y! *y the

distance of time from the *eginning of ChristAs

preaching% for the second was in the *eginning of his

preaching! and the third so #ong after! that *efore it

came Christ said! from the days of ohn the aptist

unti# now! 9c. and up*raided the cities of 3a#i#ee for

their not repenting at his preaching! and mighty wor+s

done in a## that time. 1he fourth is distinguished from

the third! *y the mission of the twe#ve from Christ to

preach in the cities of udea in a## the interva#. 1he fifth

is distinguished from a## the former *y the twe#veAs

*eing returned from preaching! and continuing with

Christ during a## the interva#! *etween the fourth and the

fifth! and *y the passion and other infa##i*#e characters.

Now since the first summer of ohnAs *aptiing fe## inthe fifteenth year of the Emperor 1i*erius! and *y

conse<uence the first of these five assoversin his

siteenth year/ the #ast of them! in which esus

suffered! wi## fa## on the twentieth year of the same

Emperor/ and *y conse<uence in the Consu#ship of

>a*ius and Gite##ius! in the (8th u#ian year! and year of



Christ $4! which was the sa**atica# year of the ews.

,nd that it did so! ? further confirm *y these arguments.

? ta+e it for granted that the passion was on >riday

the 64th day of the month Nisan! the great feast of the

assover on 5aturday the 6&th day of Nisan! and the

resurrection on the day fo##owing. Now the 64th day of

Nisan a#ways fe## on the fu## moon net after the verna#

E<uino/ and the month *egan at the new moon *efore!

not at the true con:unction! *ut at the first appearance

of the new moon% for the ews referred a## the time of

the si#ent moon! as they phrased it! that is! of the

moonAs disappearing! to the o#d moon/ and *ecause the

first appearance might usua##y *e a*out 67 hours after

the true con:unction! they therefore *egan their month

from the sith hour at evening! that is! at sun set! net

after the eighteenth hour from the con:unction. ,nd this

ru#e they ca##ed ah! designing *y the #etters O and O the

num*er 67.

? +now that Epiphanius te##s us! if some interpret his

words right#y! that the ews used a vicious cyc#e andthere*y anticipated the #ega# new moons *y two days.

ut this sure#y he spa+e not as a witness! for he neither

understood ,stronomy nor ;a**inica# #earning! *ut as

arguing from his erroneous hypothesis a*out the time

of the passion. >or the ews did not anticipate! *ut

postpone their months% they thought it #awfu# to *egin

their months a day #ater than the first appearance of the

new moon! *ecause the new moon continued for more

days than one/ *ut not a day sooner! #est they shou#dce#e*rate the new moon *efore there was any. ,nd the

ews sti## +eep a tradition in their *oo+s! that the

5anhedrim used di#igent#y to define the new moons *y

sight% sending witnesses into mountainous p#aces! and

eamining them a*out the moonAs appearing! and

trans#ating the new moon from the day they had agreed



on to the day *efore! as often as witnesses came from

distant regions! who had seen it a day sooner than it

was seen at erusa#em. ,ccording to osephus! one of

the ewish riests who had ministered in the temp#e!

te##s us that the assover was +ept he 64th day of Nisan! according to the moon! when the sun was in

,ries.

1his is confirmed a#so *y two instances! recorded *y

him! which tota##y overthrow the hypothesis of the ews

using a vicious cyc#e. >or that year in which erusa#em

was ta+en and destroyed! he saith! the assover was

on the 64th day of the month Janticus! which according

to osephus is our ,pri#/ and that five years *efore! it

fe## on the 7th day of the same month.

Which two instances agree with the course of the

moon. Computing therefore the new moons of the first

month according to the course of the moon and the ru#e

ah! and thence counting 64 days! ? find that the 64th

day of this month in the year of Christ $6! fe## on

1uesday March 2(/ in the year $2! on 5unday ,pr. 6$/in the year $$! on >riday ,pr. $/ in the year $4! on

Wednesday March 24! or rather! for avoiding the

E<uino which fe## on the same day! and for having a

fitter time for harvest! on 1hursday ,pr. 22. a#so in the

year $&! on 1uesday ,pr. 62. and in the year $'! on

5aturday March $6. ut *ecause the 6&th and 26st

days of Nisan! and a day or two of entecost! and the

60th! 6&th! and 22d of 1isri! were a#ways sa**atica#

days or days of rest! and it was inconvenient on twosa**aths together to *e prohi*ited *urying their dead

and ma+ing ready fresh meat! for in that hot region their

meat wou#d *e apt in two days to corrupt% to avoid

these and such #i+e inconveniences! the ews

postponed their months a day! as often as the first day

of the month 1isri! or! which is a## one! the third of the



month Nisan! was 5unday! Wednesday or >riday% and

this ru#e they ca##ed ,du! *y the #etters O signifying the

num*ers 6! 4! '/ that is! the 6st! 4th! and 'th days of

the wee+/ which days we ca## 5unday! Wednesday and

>riday.

ostponing therefore *y this ru#e the months found

a*ove/ the 64th day of the month Nisan wi## fa## in the

year of Christ $6! on Wednesday March 27/ in the year

$2! on Monday ,pr. 64/ in the year $$! on >riday ,pr. $/

in the year $4! on >riday ,pr. 2$/ in the year $&! on

Wednesday ,pr. 6$/ and in the year $'! on 5aturday

March $6.y this computation therefore the year $2 is

a*so#ute#y ec#uded! *ecause the assion cannot fa##

on >riday without ma+ing it five days after the fu## moon!

or two days *efore it/ whereas it ought to *e upon the

day of the fu## moon! or the net day. >or the same

reason the years $6! and $& are ec#uded! *ecause in

them the assion cannot fa## on >riday! without ma+ing

it three days after the fu## moon! or four days *efore it%

errors so enormous! that they wou#d *e very

conspicuous in the heavens to every vu#gar eye. 1he

year $' is contended for *y few or none! and *oth this

and the year $& may *e thus ec#uded.

1i*erius in the *eginning of his reign made Ga#erius

3ratus resident of udea/ and after 66 years!

su*stituted ontius i#ate! who governed 60 years.

1hen Gite##ius! new#y made resident of 5yria! deprived

him of his honor! su*stituting Marce##us! and at #ength

sent him to ;ome% *ut! *y reason of de#ays! 1i*eriusdied *efore i#ate got thither. ?n the mean time Gite##ius!

after he had deposed i#ate! came to erusa#em in the

time of the assover! to visit that rovince as we## as

others in the *eginning of his office/ and in the p#ace of

Caiaphas! then High riest! created onathas the son

of ,nanus! or ,nnas as he is ca##ed in scripture.



,fterwards! when Gite##ius was returned to ,ntioch! he

received #etters from 1i*erius! to ma+e peace with

,rta*anus +ing of the arthians. ,t the same time the

,#ans! *y so#icitation of 1i*erius! invaded the +ingdom

of ,rta*anus/ and his su*:ects a#so! *y the procurementof Gite##ius! soon after re*e##ed% for 1i*erius thought that

,rta*anus! thus pressed with difficu#ties! wou#d more

readi#y accept the conditions of peace. ,rta*anus

therefore straightway gathering a greater army!

oppressed the re*e#s/ and then meeting Gite##ius at

Euphrates! made a #eague with the ;omans. ,fter this

1i*erius commanded Gite##ius to ma+e war upon ,retas

-ing of ,ra*ia. He therefore #eading his army against

,retas! went together with Herod to erusa#em! tosacrifice at the pu*#ic feast which was then to *e

ce#e*rated.

Where *eing received honora*#y! he stayed three

days! and in the mean whi#e trans#ated the high

riesthood from onathas to his *rother 1heophi#us%

and the fourth day! receiving #etters of the death of

1i*erius! made the peop#e swear a##egiance to Caius

the new Emperor/ and reca##ing his army! sent them

into <uarters. ,## this is re#ated *y osephus ,nti<. i*.

67. c. '! (. Now 1i*erius reigned 22 years and (

months! and died March 6'! in the *eginning of the

year of Christ $(/ and the feast of the assover fe## on

,pri# 20 fo##owing! that is! $& days after the death of

1i*erius% so that there were a*out $' or $7 days! for the

news of his death to come from ;ome to Gite##ius at

erusa#em/ which *eing a convenient time for that

message! confirms that the feast which Gite##ius and

Herod now went up to was the assover. >or had it

*een the entecost! as is usua##y supposed! Gite##ius

wou#d have continued three months ignorant of the

EmperorAs death% which is not to *e supposed.

However! the things done *etween this feast and the



assover which Gite##ius was at *efore! name#y! the

stirring up a sedition in arthia! the <uieting that

sedition! the ma+ing a #eague after that with the

arthians! the sending news of that #eague to ;ome!

the receiving new orders from thence to go against the ,ra*ians! and the putting those orders in eecution/

re<uired much more time than the fifty days *etween

the assover and entecost of the same year% and

therefore the assover which Gite##ius first went up to!

was in the year *efore. 1herefore i#ate was deposed

*efore the assover ,.C. $'! and *y conse<uence the

passion of Christ was *efore that assover% for he

suffered not under Gite##ius! nor under Gite##ius and

i#ate together! *ut under i#ate a#one.

Now it is o*serva*#e that the high riesthood was at

this time *ecome an annua# office! and the assover

was the time of ma+ing a new high riest. >or 3ratus

the predecessor of i#ate! saith osephus! made ?smae#

high riest after ,nanus/ and a whi#e after! suppose a

year! deposed him! and su*stituted E#eaar! and a year

after 5imon! and after another year Caiaphas/ and then

gave way to i#ate. 5o Gite##ius at one assover made

onathas successor to Caiaphas! and at the net

1heophi#us to onathas.

Hence u+e te##s us! that in the 6&th year of 1i*erius!

,nnas and Caiaphas were high riests! that is! ,nnas

ti## the assover! and Caiaphas afterwards.

,ccording#y ohn spea+s of the high riesthood as

an annua# office% for he te##s us again and again! in the

#ast year of ChristAs preaching! that Caiaphas was high

riest for that year! ohn 66%48! &6/ 6(%6$. ,nd the net

year u+e te##s you! that ,nnas was high riest! ,cts

4%'. 1heophi#us was therefore made high riest in the



first year of Caius! onathas in the 22d year of 1i*erius!

and Caiaphas in the 26st year of the same Emperor%

and therefore! a##otting a year to each! the assion!

when ,nnas succeeded Caiaphas! cou#d not *e #ater

than the 20th year of 1i*erius! ,.C. $4.

1hus there remain on#y the years $$ and $4 to *e

considered/ and the year $$ ? ec#ude *y this argument.

?n the assover two years *efore the assion! when

Christ went through the corn! and his discip#es p#uc+ed

the ears! and ru**ed them with their hands to eat/ this

ripeness of the corn shows that the assover then fe##

#ate% and so did the assover ,.C. $2! ,pri# 64. *ut the

assover ,.C. $6! March 27th! fe## very ear#y. ?t was not

therefore two years after the year $6! *ut two years

after $2 that Christ suffered.

1hus a## the characters of the assion agree to the

year $4/ and that is the on#y year to which they a##

agree.

CHAPTER 1&.

O$ THE PROPHEC* O$ THE SCRIPTRE O$

TRTH.

1HE +ingdoms represented *y the second and third

easts! or the ear and eopard! are again descri*ed

*y @anie# in his #ast rophecy written in the third year of

Cyrus over a*y#on! the year in which he con<uered

ersia. >or this rophecy is a commentary upon the

Gision of the ;am and HeB3oat. eho#d! saith he! there

sha## stand up yet three +ings in ersia!

LCyrus!Cam*yses! and @arius Hytaspes and the fourth

LJeres sha## *e farricher than they a##/ and *y his



strength through his riches he sha## stir upa## against the

rea#m of 3recia. ,nd a mighty +ing L,#eander the

3reatsha## stand up! that sha## ru#e with great dominion!

and do according tohis wi##. ,nd when he sha## stand

up! his +ingdom sha## *e *ro+en! andsha## *e dividedtowards the four winds of heaven/ and not to his

posterityL*ut after their death! nor according to his

dominion which he ru#ed% forhis +ingdom sha## *e

p#uc+ed up! even for others *esides those

,#eander the great having con<uered a## the ersian

Empire! and some part of ?ndia!died at a*y#on a

month *efore the summer 5o#stice! in the year

ofNa*onassar 42&% and his captains gave the

monarchy to his *astard *rotherhi#ip ,ridaeus! a man

distur*ed in his understanding/ and made

erdiccasadministrator of the +ingdom. erdiccas with

their consent made Me#eagercommander of the army!

5e#eucus master of the horse! Craterus treasurerof the

+ingdom! ,ntipater governor of Macedon and 3reece!

to#emygovernor of Egypt/ ,ntigonus governor of

amphy#ia! ycia! ycaonia!and hrygia ma:or/

ysimachus governor of 1hrace! and other

captainsgovernors of other rovinces/ as many as had

*een so *efore in the days of,#eander the great. 1he

a*y#onians *egan now to count *y a new ,Era!which

they ca##ed the ,Era of hi#ip! using the years of

Na*onassar! andrec+oning the 42&th year of

Na*onassar to *e the first year of hi#ip.;oana! the

wife of ,#eander *eing #eft *ig with chi#d! and a*out

three orfour months after *rought to *ed of a son! they

ca##ed him ,#eander!sa#uted him -ing! and :oined him

with hi#ip! whom they had *efore p#acedin the throne.

hi#ip reigned three years under the administratorship

oferdiccas! two years more under the

administratorship of ,ntipater! anda*ove a year more

under that of o#yperchon/ in a## si years and four



rydice in 5eptem*er *y thecommand of #ympias the

mother of ,#eander the great. 1he 3ree+s*eing

disgusted at the crue#ties of #ympias! revo#ted to

Cassander the sonand successor of ,ntipater.

Cassander affecting the dominion of 3reece!s#ew#ympias/ and soon after shut up the young +ing

,#eander! with hismother ;oana! in the cast#e of

,mphipo#is! under the charge of 3#aucias!,n.

Na*onass. 4$2. 1he net year to#emy! Cassander and

ysimachus! *ymeans of 5e#eucus! formed a #eague

against ,ntigonus/ and after certainwars made peace

with him! ,n. Na*onass. 4$7! upon these conditions%

thatCassander shou#d command the forces of Europe

ti## ,#eander the son of ;oana came to age/ and thatysimachus shou#d govern 1hrace! to#emyEgypt and

y*ia! and ,ntigonus a## ,sia. 5e#eucus had possessed

himse#fof Mesopotamia! a*y#onia! 5usiana and Media!

the year *efore.

,*out three years after ,#eanderAs death he was

made governor of a*y#on *y ,ntipater/ then was

epe##ed *y ,ntigonus/ *ut now he recovered and

en#arged his government over a great part of the East%

which gave occasionto a new ,Era! ca##ed ,Era

5e#eucidarum. Not #ong after the peace made with

,ntigonus! @iodorus saith the same #ympic year/

Cassander! seeingthat ,#eander the son of ;oana

grew up! and that it was discoursed throughout

Macedonia that it was fit he shou#d *e set at #i*erty! and

ta+e upon him the government of his fatherAs +ingdom!

commanded 3#auciasthe governor of the cast#e to +i##

;oana and the young +ing ,#eander herson! and

concea# their deaths. 1hen o#yperchon set up

Hercu#es! the sonof ,#eander the great *y arsine! to

*e +ing/ and soon after! at theso#icitation of Cassander!

caused him to *e s#ain. 5oon after that! upon agreat

victory at sea got *y @emetrius the son of ,ntigonus



over to#emy! ,ntigonus too+ upon himse#f the tit#e of

+ing! and gave the same tit#e to hisson. 1his was ,n.

Na*onass. 446.

,fter his eamp#e! 5e#eucus! Cassander!ysimachus

and to#emy! too+ upon themse#ves the tit#e and dignity

of +ings! having a*stained from this honor whi#e there

remained any of ,#eanderAs race to inherit the crown.

1hus the monarchy of the 3ree+sfor want of an heir

was *ro+en into severa# +ingdoms/ four of which!seated

to the four winds of heaven! were very eminent. >or

to#emy reigned over Egypt! y*ia and Ethiopia/

,ntigonus over 5yria and the#esser ,sia/ ysimachus

over 1hrace/ and Cassander over Macedon!3reece

and Epirus! as a*ove.5e#eucus at this time reigned

over the nations which were *eyondEuphrates! and

*e#onged to the *odies of the two first easts/ *ut after

si years he con<uered ,ntigonus! and there*y

*ecame possessed of one of thefour +ingdoms. >or

Cassander *eing afraid of the power of

,ntigonus!com*ined with ysimachus! to#emy and

5e#eucus! against him% and whi#eysimachus invaded

the parts of ,sia net the He##espont! to#emysu*dued

hoenicia and Coe#osyria! with the seaBcoasts of ,sia.

5e#eucus came down with a powerfu# army into

Cappadocia! and :oining the confederate forces! fought

,ntigonus in hrygia and s#ew him! and seied his

+ingdom! ,n. Na*onass. 44(. ,fter which 5e#eucus

*ui#t ,ntioch! 5e#eucia! aodicea! ,pamea! errhaea!

Edessa! and other cities in 5yria and ,sia/ and in them

granted the ews e<ua# privi#eges with

the3ree+s.@emetrius the son of ,ntigonus retained *ut

a sma## part of his fatherAsdominions! and at #ength #ost

Cyprus to to#emy/ *ut afterwards +i##ing,#eander! the

son and successor of Cassander +ing of Macedon! he

seiedhis +ingdom! ,n. Na*onass. 4&4. 5ometime

after! preparing a very great army to recover his



fatherAs dominions in ,sia/ 5e#eucus! to#emy!

ysimachus and yrrhus +ing of Epirus! com*ined

against him/ and yrrhus invading Macedon! corrupted

the army of @emetrius! put him to f#ight!seied his

+ingdom! and shared it with ysimachus. ,fter sevenmonths! ysimachus *eating yrrhus! too+ Macedon

from him! and he#d it five years and a ha#f! uniting the

+ingdoms of Macedon and 1hrace. ysimachus in his

wars with ,ntigonus and @emetrius! had ta+en from

them Caria!ydia! and hrygia/ and had a treasure in

ergamus! a cast#e on the top of a conica# hi## in

hrygia! *y the river Caicus! the custody of which he

had committed to one hi#ataerus! who was at first

faithfu# to him! *ut in the#ast year of his reign revo#ted.>or ysimachus! having at the instigation ofhis wife

,rsinoe! s#ain first his own son ,gathoc#es! and then

severa# that #amented him/ the wife of ,gathoc#es f#ed

with her chi#dren and *rothers!and some others of their

friends! and so#icited 5e#eucus to ma+e war upon

ysimachus/ where upon hi#ataerus a#so! who grieved

at the death of ,gathoc#es! and was accused thereof *y

,rsinoe! too+ up arms! and sided with 5e#eucus. n

this occasion 5e#eucus and ysimachus met and fought

in hrygia/ and ysimachus *eing s#ain in the *att#e!

#ost his +ingdom to 5e#eucus! ,n. Na*onass. 4'&. 1hus

the Empire of the 3ree+s! which at first *ra+e into four

+ingdoms! *ecame now reduced into two nota*#e

ones!hence forward ca##ed *y @anie# the +ings of the

5outh and North. >or to#emy now reigned over Egypt!

y*ia! Ethiopia! ,ra*ia! hoenicia!Coe#osyria! and

Cyprus/ and 5e#eucus! having united three of the four

+ingdoms! had a dominion scarce inferior to that of the

ersian Empire!con<uered *y ,#eander the great.

,## which is thus represented *y @anie#%,nd the +ing

of the 5outh Lto#emy sha## *e strong! and one of his

rinces L5e#eucus! one of ,#eanderAs rinces sha## *e



strong a*ove him!and have dominion/ his dominion

sha## *e a great dominion ,fter 5e#eucus had reigned

seven months over Macedon! 3reece! 1hrace! ,sia!

5yria! a*y#onia! Media! and a## the East as far as

?ndia/ to#emy Ceraunus! the younger *rother of to#emy hi#ade#phus +ing of Egypt!s#ew him

treacherous#y! and seied his dominions in Europe%

whi#e,ntiochus 5oter! the son of 5e#eucus! succeeded

his father in ,sia! 5yria!and most of the East/ and after

nineteen or twenty years was succeeded *yhis son

,ntiochus 1heos/ who having a #asting war with

to#emy hi#ade#phus! at #ength composed the same *y

marrying erenice thedaughter of hi#ade#phus% *ut

after a reign of fifteen years! his first wife aodicepoisoned him! and set her son 5e#eucus Ca##inicus

upon the throne. Ca##inicus in the *eginning of his reign!

*y the impu#se of his mother aodice! *esieged

erenice in @aphne near ,ntioch! and s#ew her with her

young son and many of her women. Whereupon

to#emy Euergetes! theson and successor of

hi#ade#phus! made war upon Ca##inicus/ too+ fromhim

hoenicia! 5yria! Ci#icia! Mesopotamia! a*y#onia!

5usiana! and someother regions/ and carried *ac+ into

Egypt 40000 ta#ents of si#ver! and 2&00 images of the

3ods! amongst which were the 3ods of Egypt carried

away *y Cam*yses. ,ntiochus Hiera at first assisted

his *rother Ca##inicus! *ut afterwards contended with

him for ,sia. ?n the mean time Eumenes governor of

ergamus *eat ,ntiochus! and too+ from them *otha##

,sia westward of mount 1aurus.

1his was in the fifth year of Ca##inicus!who after an

ing#orious reign of 20 years was succeeded *y his

son5e#eucus Ceraunus/ and Euergetes after four years

more! ,n. Na*onass.&2(! was succeeded *y his son

to#emy hi#opator. ,## which is thus signified *y @anie#%

,nd in the end of years they Lthe +ings of the 5outhand



North sha## :oin themse#ves together% for the +ingAs

daughter of the 5outh Lerenice sha## come to the +ing

of the North to ma+e an agreement! *ut she sha## not

retain the power of the arm/ neither sha## she stand! nor

her seed! *ut she sha## *e de#ivered up! and heLCa##inicus that *rought her! and he whom she *rought

forth! and they that strengthened her in Lthose times Lor

defended her in the siege of @aphne. ut out of a

*ranch of her roots sha## one stand up in his seat Lher

*rother Euergeteswho sha## come with an army! and

sha## enter into the fortress Lor fenced cities of the +ing

of the North! and sha## act against them and prevai#%

and sha## carry captives into Egypt! their 3ods with their

rinces and precious vesse#s of si#ver and go#d/ and hesha## continue some years after the +ing of the North

5e#eucus Ceraunus! inheriting the remains of his

fatherAs +ingdom! and thin+ing to recover the rest!

raised a great army against the governor of ergamus!

now -ing thereof! *ut died in the third year of his reign.

His*rother and successor! ,ntiochus Magnus! carrying

on the war! too+ fromthe -ing of ergamus a#most a##

the #esser ,sia! recovering a#so therovinces of Media!

ersia and a*y#onia! from the governors who had

revo#ted% and in the fifth year of his reign invading

Coe#osyria! he with #itt#e opposition possessed himse#f

of a good part thereof/ and the net year returning to

invade the rest of Coe#osyria and hoenicia! *eat the

army of to#emy hi#opator near erytus/ he then

invaded a#estine and the neigh*oring parts of ,ra*ia!

and the third year returned with an army of(7000% *ut

to#emy coming out of Egypt with an army of (&000!

foughtand routed him at ;aphia near 3aa! *etween

a#estine and Egypt/ and recovered a## hoenicia and

Coe#osyria! ,nn. Na*onass. &$2. eing puffed up with

this victory! and #iving in a## manner of #uury! the

Egyptians revo#ted! and had wars with him! *ut were

overcome/ and in the *roi#s sity thousand Egyptian

ews were s#ain.



,## which is thus descri*ed *y @anie#% ut his sons

L5e#eucus Ceraunus! and ,ntiochus Magnus! the sons

of Ca##inicus sha## *e stirred up! and sha## gather a

great army/ and he L,ntiochus Magnus sha## come

effectua##y and overf#ow! and passthrough and return!and Lagain the net year *e stirred up Lmarching even

to his fortress! Lthe frontier towns of Egypt/ and the

-ing of the5outh sha## *e moved with cho#er! and come

forth Lthe third year and fight with him! even with the

-ing of the North/ and he Lthe -ing of the North sha##

#ead forth a great mu#titude! *ut the mu#titude sha## *e

giveninto his hand. ,nd the mu#titude *eing ta+en

away! his heart sha## *e #iftedup! and he sha## cast down

many ten thousands/ *ut he sha## not *estrengthened*y it% for the +ing of the North sha## return! 9c.,*out

twe#ve years after the *att#e *etween hi#opator and

,ntiochus!hi#opator died/ and #eft his +ingdom to his

young son to#emy Epiphanes!a chi#d of five years o#d.

1hereupon ,ntiochus Magnus confederated with hi#ip

+ing of Macedon! that they shou#d each invade the

dominions ofEpiphanes which #ay net to them. Hence

arose a various war *etween,ntiochus and Epiphanes!

each of them seiing hoenicia and Coe#osyria *y

turns/ where*y those countries were much aff#icted *y

*oth parties. >irst ,ntiochus seied them/ then one

5copas *eing sent with the army of Egypt!recovered

them from ,ntiochus% the net year! ,n. Na*onass.

&&0! ,ntiochus fought and routed 5copas near the

fountains of ordan! *esiegedhim in 5idon! too+ the

city! and recovered 5yria and hoenicia from Egypt!the

ews coming over to him vo#untari#y.

ut a*out three years after! preparing for a war

against the ;omans! he came to ;aphia on the

*ordersof Egypt/ made peace with Epiphanes! and

gave him his daughter C#eopatra% net autumn he

passed the He##espont to invade the cities of 3reece



under the ;oman protection! and too+ some of them/

*ut was *eaten *y the ;omans the summer fo##owing!

and forced to return *ac+ with his army into ,sia.

efore the end of the year the f#eet of ,ntiochuswas

*eaten *y the f#eet of the ;omans near hocaea% andat the same timeEpiphanes and C#eopatra sent an

em*assy to ;ome to congratu#ate the ;omans on their

success against their father ,ntiochus! and to ehort

them to prosecute the war against him into ,sia. 1he

;omans *eat ,ntiochus again at sea near Ephesus!

passed their army over the He##espont! and o*tained a

great victory over him *y #and! too+ from him a## ,sia!

westward of mount 1aurus! gave it to the -ing of

ergamus who assisted them in the war/ and imposeda #arge tri*ute upon ,ntiochus.

1hus the-ing of ergamus! *y the power of the

;omans! recovered what ,ntiochushad ta+en from him/

and ,ntiochus retiring into the remainder of his

+ingdom! was s#ain two years after *y the ersians! as

he was ro**ing the1emp#e of upiter e#us in E#ymais!

to raise money for the ;omans. ,## which is thus

descri*ed *y @anie#. >or the -ing of the North

L,ntiochus sha## return! and sha## set forth a mu#titude

greater than the former/ and sha## certain#y come! after

certain years! with a great army and with much riches.

,nd in those times there sha## many stand up against

the -ing ofthe 5outh Lparticu#ar#y the Macedonians/

a#so the ro**ers of thy peop#e Lthe 5amaritans! 9c.

sha## ea#t themse#ves to esta*#ish the vision! *utthey

sha## fa##. 5o the -ing of the North sha## come! and cast

up a mount!and ta+e the most fenced cities/ and the

arms of the 5outh sha## notwithstand! neither his

chosen peop#e! neither sha## there *e any strength to

withstand. ut he that cometh against him sha## do

according to his ownwi##! and none sha## stand *efore

him% and he sha## stand in the g#orious #and! which sha##



fai# in his hand. He sha## a#so set his face to go with the

strength of a## his +ingdom! and ma+e an agreement

with him and he sha## give him the daughter of women

corrupting her/ *utshe sha## not stand his side! neither

*e for him. ,fter this he sha## turn his face unto the?s#es! and sha## ta+e many% *ut a rince for his own

*eha#f Lthe ;omans sha## cause the reproach offered

*y him to cease/ without his own reproach he sha##

cause it to turn upon him. 1hen he sha## turn his face

towards the fort of his own #and% *ut he sha## stum*#e

and fa##! andnot *e found. 5e#eucus hi#opator

succeeded his father ,ntiochus! ,nno Na*onass.

&'6!and reigned twe#ve years! *ut did nothing

memora*#e! *eing s#uggish! andintent upon raisingmoney for the ;omans to whom he was tri*utary.

Hewas s#ain *y He#iodorus! whom he had sent to ro*

the 1emp#e oferusa#em. @anie# thus descri*es his

reign. 1hen sha## stand up in his estate a raiser of taes

in the g#ory of the +ingdom! *ut within few days he

sha##*e destroyed! neither in anger nor in *att#e.

, #itt#e *efore the death of hi#opator! his son

@emetrius was sent hostage to ;ome! in the p#ace of

,ntiochus Epiphanes! the *rother of hi#opator/and

,ntiochus was at ,thens in his way home from ;ome!

whenhi#opator died% whereupon He#iodorus the

treasurer of the +ingdom! stepped into the throne. ut

,ntiochus so managed his affairs! that the;omans +ept

@emetrius at ;ome/ and their a##y the -ing of

ergamus epe##ed He#iodorus! and p#aced ,ntiochus

in the throne! whi#e @emetriusthe right heir remained an

hostage at ;ome. ,ntiochus *eing thus made -ing *y

the friendship of the -ing of ergamus reigned

powerfu##y over5yria and the neigh*oring nations% *ut

carried himse#f much *e#ow his dignity! stea#ing

private#y out of the pa#ace! ram*#ing up and down the

city in disguise with one or two of his companions/



conversing and drin+ing with peop#e of the #owest ran+!

foreigners and strangers/ fre<uenting the meetings of

disso#ute persons to feast and reve#/ c#othing himse#f

#i+e the ;oman candidates and officers! acting their

parts #i+e a mimic! and inpu*#ic festiva#s :esting anddancing with servants and #ight peop#e! eposing

himse#f *y a## manner of ridicu#ous gestures. 1his

conduct made some ta+ehim for a madman! and ca##

him ,ntiochus Epimanes. ?n the first year of his reign

he deposed nias the highBriest! and so#d the highB

riesthood to ason the younger *rother of nias% for

ason had promised to give him 440 ta#ents of si#ver for

that office! and 6&0 more for a #icense to erect ap#ace

of eercise for the training up of youth in the fashions of the heathen/ which #icense was granted *y the -ing!

and put in eecution *y ason.

1he -ing sending one ,ppo#onius into Egypt to the

coronation of to#emyhi#ometor! the young son of

hi#ometor and C#eopatra! and +nowinghi#ometor not

to *e we## affected to his affairs in hoenicia! provided

for his own safety in those parts/ and for that end came

to oppa anderusa#em! where he was honora*#y

received/ from thence he went in #i+emanner with his

#itt#e army to the cities of hoenicia! to esta*#ish

himse#fagainst Egypt! *y courting the peop#e! and

distri*uting etraordinary favorsamongst them. ,##

which is thus represented *y @anie#. ,nd in his

Lhi#ometorAs estate sha## stand up a vi#e person! to

whom they Lthe 5yrians who set up He#iodorus sha##

not give the honor of the +ingdom.Fet he sha## come in

peacea*#y! and o*tain the +ingdom *y f#atteries Lmade

principa##y to the -ing of ergamus/ and the arms

Lwhich in favor of He#iodorus oppose him sha## *e

overf#owed with a f#ood from *eforehim! and *e *ro+en/

yea a#so Lnias the highBriest the rince of the

covenant. ,nd after the #eague made with him! Lthe



-ing of Egypt! *y sending ,po##onius to his coronation

he sha## wor+ deceitfu##y Lagainst the -ing of Egypt! for

he sha## come up and sha## *ecome strong Lin

hoenicia with a sma## peop#e. ,nd he sha## enter into

the <uiet and p#entifu# cities of the rovince Lof hoenicia/ and Lto ingratiate himse#f with the ews of

hoenicia and Egypt! and with their friends he sha## do

that which his fathers have not done! nor his fathers

fathers% he sha##scatter among them the prey and the

spoi#! and the riches Letracted from other p#aces/ and

sha## forecast his devices against the strong ho#ds Lof

Egypt even for a time.

1hese things were done in the first year of his reign!

,n. Na*onass. &($. ,nd thence forward he forecast his

devices against the strong ho#ds of Egypt! unti# the sith

year. >or three years after! that is in the fourth year

ofhis reign! Mene#aus *ought the highBriesthood from

ason! *ut not paying the price was sent for *y the

-ing/ and the -ing! *efore he cou#d hear thecause!

went into Ci#icia to appease a sedition there! and #eft

,ndronicus his deputy at ,ntioch/ in the mean time the

*rother of Mene#aus! to ma+e upthe money! conveyed

severa# vesse#s out of the 1emp#e! se##ing some ofthem

at 1yre! and sending others to ,ndronicus. When

Mene#aus was reproved for this *y nias! he caused

nias to *e s#ain *y ,ndronicus% for which fact the -ing

at his return from Ci#icia caused ,ndronicus to *e putto

death. 1hen ,ntiochus prepared his second epedition

against Egypt! which he performed in the sith year of

his reign! ,n. Na*onass. &(7% forupon the death of

C#eopatra! the governors of her son the young -ing

ofEgypt c#aimed hoenicia and Coe#osyria from him as

her dowry/ and to recover those countries raised a

great army.



,ntiochus considering that hisfather had not <uitted

the possession of those countries! denied they were

her dowry/ and with another great army met and fought

the Egyptians onthe *orders of Egypt! *etween

e#usium and the mountain Casius. He there*eat them!and might have destroyed their who#e army! *ut that he

rode upand down! commanding his so#diers not to +i##

them! *ut to ta+e them a#ive%*y which humanity he

gained e#usium! and soon after a## Egypt/ entering

itwith a vast mu#titude of foot and chariots! e#ephants

and horsemen! and agreat navy. 1hen seiing the cities

of Egypt as a friend! he marched toMemphis! #aid the

who#e *#ame of the war upon Eu#aeus the -ings

governor! entered into outward friendship with theyoung -ing! and too+ upon him to order the affairs of

the +ingdom. Whi#e ,ntiochus was thus emp#oyed! a

report *eing spread in hoenicia that he was dead!

ason to recover the highBriesthood assau#ted

erusa#em with a*ove a thousand men! and too+ the

city% hereupon the -ing thin+ing udea had

revo#ted!came out of Egypt in a furious manner! reBtoo+

the city! s#ew forty thousand of the peop#e! made as

many prisoners! and so#d them to raise money/ went

into the 1emp#e! spoi#ed it of its treasures! ornaments!

utensi#s! and vesse#s of go#d and si#ver! amounting to

6700 ta#ents/ and carried a## away to ,ntioch.

1his was done in the year of Na*onassar &(7!and is

thus descri*ed *y @anie#. ,nd he sha## stir up his

power! and his courage against the -ing of the 5outh

with a great army/ and the -ing ofthe 5outh sha## *e

stirred up to *att#e with a very great and mighty army/

*ut he sha## not stand% for they even ,ntiochus and his

friends! sha## forecast devices against him as is

represented a*ove/ yea! they that feed of the portion of

his meat! sha## *etray and destroy him! and his

armysha## *e overthrown! and many sha## fa## down



s#ain. ,nd *oth these -ingshearts sha## *e to do

mischief/ and they! *eing now made friends! sha##

spea+ #ies at one ta*#e! against the ews and against

the ho#y covenant/ *ut it sha## not prosper% for yet the

end! in which the setting up of the a*omination of deso#ation is to prosper! sha## *e at the time appointed.

1hen sha## he return into his #and with great riches!

and his heart sha## *e against the ho#y covenant! and

he sha## act! against it *y spoi#ing the 1emp#e! and

return into his own #and. 1he Egyptians of ,#eandria

seeing hi#ometor first educated in #uury *ythe Eunuch

,u#aeus! and now in the hands of ,ntiochus! gave the

+ingdom to Euergetes! the younger *rother of

hi#ometor. Whereupon ,ntiochus pretending to

restore hi#ometor! made war upon Euergetes/ *eat

him atsea! and *esieged him and his sister C#eopatra in

,#eandria% whi#e the *esieged rinces sent to ;ome to

imp#ore the assistance of the 5enate. ,ntiochus finding

himse#f una*#e to ta+e the city that year! returned

into5yria! #eaving hi#ometor at Memphis to govern

Egypt in his a*sence. ut hi#ometor made friendship

with his *rother that winter/ and ,ntiochus! returning

the net spring ,n. Na*onass. &70! to *esiege *oth the

*rothersin ,#eandria! was met in the way *y the

;oman ,m*assadors! opi#ius aena! C. @ecimius!

and C. Hosti#ius% he offered them his hand to +iss! *ut

opi#ius de#ivering to him the ta*#es wherein the

message of the 5enate waswritten! *ade him read

those first. When he had read them! he rep#ied thathe

wou#d consider with his friends what was fit to *e done/

*ut opi#iusdrawing a circ#e a*out him! *ade him

answer *efore he went out of it% ,ntiochus! astonished

at this *#unt and unusua# imperiousness! madeanswer

he wou#d do what the ;omans demanded/ and then

opi#ius gave the -ing his hand to +iss! and he returned

out of Egypt.



1he same year! ,n. Na*onass. &70! his captains *y

his order spoi#ed and s#aughtered theews! profaned

the 1emp#e! set up the worship of the heathen 3ods in

a##udea! and *egan to persecute and ma+e war upon

those who wou#d notworship them% which actions arethus descri*ed *y @anie#. ,t the time appointed he sha##

come again towards the 5outh! *ut the #atter sha##

not*e as the former. >or the ships of Chittim sha##

come! with an em*assy from ;ome! against him.

1herefore he sha## *e grieved! and return! and have

indignation against the ho#y covenant. 5o sha## he do/

he sha## evenreturn! and have inte##igence with them

that forsa+e the ho#y covenant. ?n the same year that

,ntiochus *y the command of the ;omans retired outof Egypt! and set up the worship of the 3ree+s in udea/

the ;omanscon<uered the +ingdom of Macedon! the

fundamenta# +ingdom of theEmpire of the 3ree+s! and

reduced it into a ;oman rovince/ and there*y*egan to

put an end to the reign of @anie#As third east. 1his is

thus epressed *y @anie#. ,nd after him ,rms! that is

the ;omans! sha## standup. ,s O signifies after the -ing!

@anie# 66%7/ so O may signify after him. ,rms are every

where in this rophecy of @anie# put for the mi#itary

powerof a +ingdom% and they stand up when they

con<uer and grow powerfu#. Hitherto @anie# descri*ed

the actions of the -ings of the North and 5outh/ *ut

upon the con<uest of Macedon *y the ;omans! he #eft

off descri*ingthe actions of the 3ree+s! and *egan to

descri*e those of the ;omans in 3reece.

1hey con<uered Macedon! ?##yricum and Epirus! in

the year of Na*onassar &70. $& years after! *y the #ast

wi## and testament of ,tta#usthe #ast -ing of ergamus!

they inherited that rich and f#ourishing +ingdom!that is!

a## ,sia westward of mount 1aurus/ '8 years after they

con<uered the +ingdom of 5yria! and reduced it into a

rovince! and $4 years afterthey did the #i+e to Egypt.



y a## these steps the ;oman ,rms stood upover the

3ree+s% and after 8& years more! *y ma+ing war upon

the ews!they po##uted the sanctuary of strength! and

too+ away the dai#y sacrifice!and then p#aced the

a*omination of deso#ation. >or this a*omination wasp#aced after the days of Christ! Math 24%6&. ?n the 6'th

year of the Emperor ,drian! ,.C. 6$2! they p#aced this

a*omination *y *ui#ding a1emp#e to upiter Capito#inus!

where the 1emp#e of 3od in erusa#em had stood.

1hereupon the ews under the conduct of archocha*

rose up in arms against the ;omans! and in the war

had &0 cities demo#ished! 87& of their *est towns

destroyed! and &70000 men s#ain *y the sword/ and in

theend of the war! ,.C. 6$'! were *anished udeaupon pain of death! andthenceforward the #and

remained deso#ate of its o#d inha*itants.?n the

*eginning of the ewish war in NeroAs reign! the

,post#es f#ed out ofudea with their f#oc+s/ some

*eyond ordan to e##a and other p#aces!some into

Egypt! 5yria! Mesopotamia! ,sia minor! and e#sewhere.

eterand ohn came into ,sia! and eter went thence

*y Corinth to ;ome/ *utohn staying in ,sia! was

*anished *y the ;omans into atmos! as the headof a

party of the ews! whose nation was in war with the

;omans.

y this dispersion of the Christian ews! the Christian

re#igion! which was a#ready propagated westward as far

as ;ome! spread fast into a## the ;oman Empire! and

suffered many persecutions under it ti## the days of

Constantine the great and his sons% a## which is thus

descri*ed *y @anie#. ,nd such as do wic+ed#y against

the covenant! sha## he! who p#aces the a*omination!

cause to dissem*#e! and worship heathen 3ods/ *ut the

peop#e among them who do +now their 3od! sha## *e

strong and act. ,nd they that understand among the

peop#e! sha## instruct many% yet they sha## fa## *y the



sword! and *y f#ame! and *y captivity! and *y spoi#

many days. Now when they sha## fa##! they sha## *e

ho#pen with a #itt#e he#p! vi. in the reign of Constantine

the great/ and at that time *y reason of their prosperity!

many sha## come over to them from among theheathen! and c#eave to them with dissimu#ation. ut of

those of understanding theresha## sti## a## to try 3odAs

peop#e *y them! and to purge them from the

dissem*#ers! and to ma+e them white even to the time

of the end% *ecauseit is yet for a time appointed.

Hitherto the ;oman Empire continued entire/ and under

this dominion! the#itt#e horn of the HeB3oat continued

mighty! *ut not *y his own power.

ut now! *y the *ui#ding of Constantinop#e! and

endowing it with a 5enate and other #i+e privi#eges with

;ome/ and *y the division of the ;oman Empireinto the

two Empires of the 3ree+s and atins! headed *y those

two cities/a new scene of things commences! in which

a -ing! the Empire of the 3ree+s! doth according to his

wi##! and! *y setting his own #aws a*ove the#aws of 3od!

ea#ts and magnifies himse#f a*ove every 3od! and

spea+smarve##ous things against the 3od of 3ods! and

sha## prosper ti## the indignation *e accomp#ished.

Neither sha## he regard the 3od of his fathers! nor

the #awfu# desire of women in matrimony! nor any 3od!

*utsha## magnify himse#f a*ove a##. ,nd in his seat he

sha## honor Mahuims! that is! strong guardians! the

sou#s of the dead/ even with a 3od whom his fathers

+new not sha## he honor them! in their 1emp#es! withgo#d and si#ver! and with precious stones and va#ua*#e

things. ,## which re#ates to the overspreading of the

3ree+ Empire with Mon+s and Nuns!who p#aced

ho#iness in a*stinence from marriage/ and to the

invocation ofsaints and veneration of their re#ics! and

such #i+e superstitions! which thesemen introduced in



the fourth and fifth centuries. ,nd at the time of the end

the -ing of the 5outh! or the Empire of the 5aracens!

sha## push at him/ and the -ing of the North! or Empire

of the 1ur+s! sha## come against him #i+e a whir#wind!

with chariots and with horsemen! and with manyships/and he sha## enter into the countries of the

3ree+s! and sha## overf#ow and pass over.

He sha## enter a#so into the g#orious #and! and many

countriessha## *e overthrown/ *ut these sha## escape

out of his hand! even Edomand Moa*! and the chief of

the chi#dren of ,mmon% that is! those to whom his

Caravans pay tri*ute. He sha## stretch forth his hand

a#so upon thecountries! and the #and of Egypt sha## not

escape/ *ut he sha## have powerover the treasures of

go#d and si#ver! and over a## the precious things

ofEgypt/ and the y*ians and Ethiopians sha## *e at his

steps.

,## these nations compose the Empire of the 1ur+s!

and therefore this Empire is hereto *e understood *y

the -ing of the North. 1hey compose a#so the *ody of the HeB3oat/ and therefore the 3oat sti## reigns in his

#ast horn! *ut not *y his own power.

CHAPTER 13.

O$ THE %IN! HO DID ACCORDIN! TO HIS

I##/ AND "A!NI$IED HI"SE#$ ABO'E

E'ER* !OD/ AND HONORED

"AHI"S/ AND RE!ARDED NOT THE DESIREO$ O"EN.



?N the first ages of the Christian re#igion the

Christians of every city were governed *y a Counci# of

res*yters! and the resident of the Counci# was the

ishop of the city. 1he ishop and res*yters of one

city medd#ed not with the affairs of another city! ecept*y admonitory #etters! or messages.

Nor did the ishops of severa# cities meet together in

Counci# *efore the time of the Emperor Commodus% for

they cou#d not meet together without the #eave of the

;oman governors of the rovinces. ut in the days of

that Emperor they *egan to meet in rovincia# Counci#s!

*y the #eave of the governors/ first in ,sia! in opposition

to the Cataphrygian Heresy! and soon after in other

p#aces and upon other occasions. 1he ishop of the

chief city! or Metropo#is of the ;oman rovince! was

usua##y made resident of the Counci#/ and hence

came the authority of Metropo#itan ishops a*ove that

of other ishops within the same rovince. Hence a#so

it was that the ishop of ;ome in CyprianAs days ca##ed

himse#f the ishop of ishops. ,s soon as the Empire

*ecame Christian! the ;oman Emperors *egan to ca##

genera# Counci#s out of a## the rovinces of the Empire/

and *y prescri*ing to them what points they shou#d

consider! and inf#uencing them *y their interest and

power! they set up what party they p#eased.

Here*y the 3ree+ Empire! upon the division of the

;oman Empire into the 3ree+ and atin Empires!

*ecame the -ing who! in matters of re#igions! did

according to his wi##/ and! in #egis#ature! ea#ted andmagnified himse#f a*ove every 3od% and at #ength! *y

the seventh genera# Counci#! esta*#ished the worship of

the images and sou#s of dead men! here ca##ed

Mahuims.



1he same -ing p#aced ho#iness in a*stinence from

marriage. Euse*ius in his Ecc#esiastica# history te##s us!

that Musanus wrote a tract against those who fe## away

to the heresy of the Encratites! which was then new#y

risen and had introduced pernicious errors/ and that1atian! the discip#e of ustin! was the author thereof/

and that ?renaeus in his first *oo+ against heresies

teaches this! writing of 1atian and his heresy in these

words% A Saturnino $ arcione profecti 'ui vocantur

!ontinentes, docuerunt non contrahendum esse

matrimonium) repro#antes scilicet promitivum illud

opificium Dei, $ tacite accusantes Deum 'ui masculum

$ faeminam condidit ad procreationem generis humani.

Indu%erunt etiam a#stinentiam a# esu eorum 'uaeanimalia appellant, ingratos se e%hi#entes erga eum

'ui universa creavit Deum. egant etiam primi hominis

salutem. At'ue hoc nuper apud illos e%cogitatum est.

1atiano 'uodam omnium primo hu5us impietatis

auctore& 'ui ustini auditor, 'uamdiu cum illo versatus

est, nihil e5usmodi protulit. Post martyrium autem illius,

a# Ecclesia se a#rumpens, doctoris arrogantia elatus

ac tumidus, tan'uam praestantior caeteris, novam

'uandam formam doctrinae conflavit& AEonas

invisi#iles commentus perinde ac (alentinus& asserens

'uo'ue cum Saturnino $ arcione, matrimonium nihil

aliud esse 'uam corruptionem ac stuprum& nova

praeterea argumenta ad su#vertendam Adami salutem

e%cogitans. "aec renaeus de "aeresi 'uae tunc viguit

Encratitarum.

1hus far Euse*ius. ut a#though the fo##owers of

1atian were at first condemned as heretics *y the name

of Encratites! or Continentes/ their princip#es cou#d not

*e yet <uite ep#oded% for Montanus refined upon them!

and made on#y second marriages un#awfu#/ he a#so

introduced re<uent fastings! and annua# fasting days!

the +eeping of ent! and feeding upon dried meats. 1he



,posto#ici! a*out the midd#e of the third century!

condemned marriage! and were a *ranch of the

discip#es of 1atian. 1he Hierocitae in Egypt! in the #atter

end of the third century! a#so condemned marriage.

au# the Eremite f#ed into the wi#derness from thepersecution of @ecius! and #ived there a so#itary #ife ti##

the reign of Constantine the great! *ut made no

discip#es. ,ntony did the #i+e in the persecution of

@ioc#esian! or a #itt#e *efore! and made discip#es/ and

many others soon fo##owed his eamp#e.

Hitherto the princip#es of the Encratites had *een

re:ected *y the Churches/ *ut now *eing refined *y the

Mon+s! and imposed not upon a## men! *ut on#y upon

those who wou#d vo#untari#y underta+e a monastic #ife!

they *egan to *e admired! and to overf#ow first the

3ree+ Church! and then the atin a#so! #i+e a torrent.

Euse*ius te##s us! that Constantine the great had those

men in the highest veneration! who dedicated

themse#ves who##y to the divine phi#osophy/ and that he

a#most venerated the most ho#y company of Girgins

perpetua##y devoted to 3od/ *eing certain that the 3od

to whom he had consecrated himse#f did dwe## in their

minds. ?n his time and that of his sons! this profession

of a sing#e #ife was propagated in Egypt *y ,ntony! and

in 5yria *y Hi#arion/ and spread so fast! that soon after

the time of u#ian the ,postate a third part of the

Egyptians were got into the deserts of Egypt. 1hey #ived

first sing#y in ce##s! then associated into coeno*ia or

convents/ and at #ength came into towns! and fi##ed the

Churches with ishops! res*yters and @eacons.

,thanasius in his younger days poured water upon the

hands of his master ,ntony/ and finding the Mon+s

faithfu# to him! made many of them ishops and

res*yters in Egypt% and these ishops erected new

Monasteries! out of which they chose res*yters of

their own cities! and sent ishops to others.



1he #i+e was done in 5yria! the superstition *eing

<uic+#y propagated thither out of Egypt *y Hi#arion a

discip#e of ,ntony. 5piridion and Epiphanius of Cyprus!

ames of Nisi*is! Cyri# of erusa#em! Eustathius of

5e*astia in ,rmenia! Euse*ius of Emisa! 1itus of ostra! asi#ius of ,ncyra! ,cacius of Caesarea in

a#estine! E#pidius of aodicea! Me#itius and >#avian of

,ntioch! 1heodorus of 1yre! rotogenes of Carrhae!

,cacius of errhaea! 1heodotus of Hierapo#is!

Euse*ius of Cha#cedon! ,mphi#ochius of ?conium!

3regory Naianen! 3regory Nyssen! and ohn

Chrysostom of Constantinop#e! were *oth ishops and

Mon+s in the fourth century.

Eustathius! 3regory Naianen! 3regory Nyssen!

asi#! 9c. had Monasteries of C#ergymen in their cities!

out of which ishops were sent to other cities/ who in

#i+e manner erected Monasteries there! ti## the

Churches were supp#ied with ishops out of these

Monasteries. Hence erome! in a #etter written a*out

the year $7&! saith of the C#ergy% ipsi aliud sint 'uam

onachi, $ non 'uic'uid in onachos dicitur redundet

in !lericos 'ui patres sunt onachorum. Detrimentum

pecoris pastoris ignominia est. And in his #oo7 against

(igilantius& <uid facient -rientis Ecclesiae= <uae aut

(irgines !lericos accipiunt, aut !ontinentes, aut si

u%ores ha#uerint mariti esse desistunt. Not #ong after

even the Emperors commanded the Churches to

choose C#ergymen out of he Monasteries *y this aw.

Impp. Arcad. $ "onor. AA. !aesario P0.P. Si 'uosforte Episcopi deesse si#i !lericos ar#itrantur, e%

monachorum numero rectius ordina#unt& non o#no%ios

pu#licis privatis'ue rationi#us cum invidia teneant, sed

ha#eant 5am pro#atos. Dat. >&Kal. Aug. "onorio A. :&$

Eutychianio !oss. A.!. ?@. 1he 3ree+ Empire *eing

now in the hands of these Encratites! and having them



in great admiration! @anie# ma+es it a characteristic of

the -ing who doth according to his wi##! that he shou#d

not regard the desire of women.

1hus the 5ect of the Encratites! set on foot *y the

3nostics! and propagated *y 1atian and Montanus

near the end of the second century/ which was

condemned *y the Churches of that and the third

century! and efined upon *y their fo##owers/ overspread

the Eastern Churches in the fourth century! and *efore

the end of it *egan to overspread the Western.

Henceforward the Christian Churches having a form

of god#iness! *ut denying the power thereof! came into

the hands of the Encratites% and the Heathens! who in

the fourth century came over in great num*ers to the

Christians! em*raced more readi#y this sort of

Christianity! as having a greater affinity with their o#d

superstitions! than that of the sincere Christians/ who

*y the #amps of the seven Churches of ,sia! and not *y

the amps of the Monasteries! had i##uminated the

Church Catho#ic during the three first centuries.

1he Cataphrygians *rought in a#so severa# other

superstitions% such as were the doctrine of 3hosts! and

of their punishment in urgatory! with prayers and

o*#ations for mitigating that punishment! as 1ertu##ian

teaches in his *oo+s @e ,nima and @e Monogamia.

1hey used a#so the sign of the cross as a charm. 5o

1ertu##ian in his *oo+ de Corona mi#itis,d omnem

progressum at<ue promotum! ad omnem aditum 9

eitum! ad vestitum! ad ca#ceatum! ad #avacra! ad

mensas! ad #umina! ad cu*i#ia! ad sedi#ia! <uacun<ue

nos conversatio eercet! frontem crucis signacu#o

terimus. ,## these superstitions the ,post#e refers to!

where he saith% spea+eth epress#y! that in the #atter



times some sha## depart from the faith! giving heed to

seducing spirits! and doctrines of devi#s! the @aemons

and 3hosts worshipped *y the heathens! spea+ing #ies

in hypocrisy! a*out their apparitions! the mirac#es done

*y them! their re#ics! and the sign of the cross! havingconsciences seared with a hot iron/ for*idding to marry!

and commanding to a*stain from meats! 9c.

6 1imothy 4%6! 2! $. >rom the Cataphrygians these

princip#es and practices were propagated down to

posterity. >or the mystery of ini<uity did a#ready wor+ in

the ,post#esAdays in the 3nostics! continued to wor+

very strong#y in their offspring the 1atianists and

Cataphrygians! and was to wor+ ti## that man of sin *e

revea#ed/ whose coming is after the wor+ing of 5atan!

with a## power and signs! and #ying wonders! and a##

deceiva*#eness of unrighteousness/ co#ored over with a

form of Christian god#iness! *ut without the power

thereof! 2 1hessa#onians 2%(B60.

>or though some stop was put to the Cataphrygian

Christianity! *y rovincia# Counci#s! ti## the fourthcentury/ yet the ;oman Emperors then turning

Christians! and great mu#titudes of heathens coming

over in outward profession! these found the

Cataphrygian Christianity more suita*#e to their o#d

princip#es! of p#acing re#igion in outward forms and

ceremonies! ho#yBdays! and doctrines of 3hosts! than

the re#igion of the sincere Christians% wherefore they

readi#y sided with the Cataphrygian Christians! and

esta*#ished that Christianity *efore the end of the fourthcentury. y this means those of understanding! after

they had *een persecuted *y the heathen Emperors in

the first three centuries! and were ho#pen with a #itt#e

he#p! *y the conversion of Constantine the great and

his sons to the Christian re#igion! fe## under new



persecutions! to purge them Pfrom the dissem*#ers! and

to ma+e them white! even to the time of the end.

CHAPTER 1

O$ THE "AHI"S/ HONORED B* THE %IN!

HO DOTH ACCORDIN! TO HIS I##.

?N scripture we are to#d of some trusting in 3od and

others trusting inido#s! and that 3od is our refuge! our

strength! our defense. ?n this sense 3od is the roc+ of

his peop#e! and fa#se 3ods are ca##ed the roc+ of

thosethat trust in them! @euteronomy $2%4! 6&! 67! $0!

$6! $(. ?n the samesense the 3ods of the -ing who

sha## do according to his wi## are ca##ed Mahuims!

munitions! fortresses! protectors! guardians! or

defenders. ?n his estate! saith @anie#! sha## he honour

Mahuims/ even with a 3odwhom his fathers +new

not! sha## he honour them with go#d and si#ver! andwith

precious stones! and things of va#ue. 1hus sha## he do

in the moststrong ho#ds or temp#es/ and he sha## cause

them to ru#e over many!and divide the #and among

them for a possession. Now this came to pass*y

degrees in the fo##owing manner.3regory Nyssen te##s

us! that after the persecution of the Emperor @ecius!

3regory ishop of Neocaesarea in ontus! instituted

among a## peop#e! asan addition or coro##ary of devotion

towards 3od! that festiva# days andassem*#ies shou#d

*e ce#e*rated to them who had contended for the faith!

that is! to the Martyrs.

,nd he adds this reason for the institution% When he

o*served! saith Nyssen! that the simp#e and uns+i##fu#

mu#titude! *y reasonof corporea# de#ights! remained in

the error of ido#s/ that the principa#thing might *e

corrected among them! name#y! that instead of their



vainworship they might turn their eyes upon 3od/ he

permitted that at thememories of the ho#y Martyrs they

might ma+e merry and de#ightthemse#ves! and *e

disso#ved into :oy. 1he heathens were de#ighted with

the festiva#s of their 3ods! and unwi##ing to part withthose de#ights/ andtherefore 3regory! to faci#itate their

conversion! instituted annua# festiva#sto the 5aints and

Martyrs. Hence it came to pass! that for ep#oding

thefestiva#s of the heathens! the principa# festiva#s of

the Christians succeededin their room% as the +eeping

of Christmas with ivy and feasting! andp#aying and

sports! in the room of the acchana#ia and 5aturna#ia/

thece#e*rating of MayBday with f#owers! in the room of

the >#ora#ia/ and the+eeping of festiva#s to the GirginMary! ohn the aptist! and divers of the,post#es! in

the room of the so#emnities at the entrance of the 5un

into the signs of the =odiac in the o#d u#ian Ca#endar.

?n the same persecution of@ecius! Cyprian ordered

the passions of the Martyrs in ,frica to *eregistered! in

order to ce#e*rate their memories annua##y with

o*#ations andsacrifices% and >e#i ishop of ;ome! a

#itt#e after! as #atina re#ates!Martyrum g#oriae

consu#ens! constituit ut <uotannis sacrificia

eorumnomine ce#e*rarentur/ consu#ting the g#ory of the

Martyrs! ordained thatsacrifices shou#d *e ce#e*rated

annua##y in their name. y the p#easures ofthese

festiva#s the Christians increased much in num*er! and

decreased asmuch in virtue! unti# they were purged and

made white *y the persecution of @ioc#esian. 1his was

the first step made in the Christian re#igion towardsthe

veneration of the Martyrs% and though it did not yet

amount to anun#awfu# worship/ yet it disposed the

Christians towards such a furtherveneration of the

dead! as in a short time ended in the invocation of

5aints.1he net step was the affecting to pray at the



sepu#chres of the Martyrs%which practice *egan in

@ioc#esianAs persecution.

1he Counci# of E#i*erisin 5pain! ce#e*rated in the

third or fourth year of @ioc#esianAs persecution!,.C.

$0&! hath these Canons. Can. $4. !ereos per diem

placuit in!oemeterio non incendi& in'uietandi enim

spiritus sanctorum non sunt.<ui haec non o#servarint,

arceantur a# Ecclesiae communione. !an. ?B.Placuit

prohi#eri ne faeminae in !oemeterio pervigilent, eo

'uod saepesu# o#tentu orationis latenter scelera

committant. resent#y after that persecution! suppose

a*out the year $64! the Counci# of aodicea inhrygia!

which then met for restoring the #apsed discip#ine of the

Church!has the fo##owing Canons. Can. 8.

1hose of the Church are not a##owed to go into the

Cemeteries or Martyries! as they are ca##ed! of heretics!

for thesa+e of prayer or recovery of hea#th% *ut such as

go! if they *e of thefaithfu#! sha## *e ecommunicated

for a time. Can. $4. , Christian must not #eave the

Martyrs of Christ! and go to fa#se Martyrs! that is! to theMartyrs of the heretics/ for these are a#ien from 3od%

and therefore #etthose *e anathema who go to them.

Can. &6. 1he *irthBdays of the Martyrssha## not *e

ce#e*rated in ent! *ut their commemoration sha## *e

madeon the 5a**athBdays and ords days. 1he Counci#

of aph#agonia!ce#e*rated in the year $24! made this

Canon% ?f any man *e arrogant! a*ominates the

congregations of the Martyrs! or the iturgies

performedtherein! or the memories of the Martyrs! #ethim *e anathema.

y a## which it is manifest that the Christians in the

time of @ioc#esianAs persecutionused to pray in the

Cemeteries or *uryingBp#aces of the dead/ for



avoidingthe danger of the persecution! and for want of

Churches! which were a## thrown down% and after the

persecution was over! continued that practice in honor

of the Martyrs! ti## new Churches cou#d *e *ui#t% and *y

use affected it as advantageous to devotion! and for recovering the hea#th ofthose that were sic+. ?t a#so

appears that in these *uryingBp#aces

theycommemorated the Martyrs year#y upon days

dedicated to them! andaccounted a## these practices

pious and re#igious! and anathematied thosemen as

arrogant who opposed them! or prayed in the Martyries

of theheretics. 1hey a#so #ighted torches to the Martyrs

in the dayBtime! as the heathens did to their 3ods/

which custom! *efore the end of the fourth century!prevai#ed much in the West.

1hey sprin+#ed the worshipers of the Martyrs with

ho#yBwater! as the heathens did the worshipers of their

3ods/and went in pi#grimage to see erusa#em and

other ho#y p#aces! as if thosep#aces conferred sanctity

on the visitors. >rom the custom of praying in the

cemeteries and Martyries! came the custom of

trans#ating the *odies of the5aints and Martyrs into

such Churches as were new *ui#t% the Emperor

Constantius *egan this practice a*out the year $&8!

causing the *odies of ,ndrew the,post#e! u+e and

1imothy! to *e trans#ated into a new Church at

Constantinop#e% and *efore this act of Constantius! the

Egyptians +ept the *odies of their Martyrs and 5aints

un*uried upon *eds in their private houses! and to#d

stories of their sou#s appearing after death and

ascending up to heaven! as ,thanasius re#ates in the

#ife of ,ntony.

,## which gave occasion to the Emperor u#ian! as

Cyri# re#ates! to accuse the Christians inthis manner%

Four adding to that ancient dead man! esus! many



new deadmen! who can sufficient#y a*ominateI Fou

have fi##ed a## p#aces withsepu#chres and monuments!

a#though you are no where *idden toprostrate

yourse#ves to sepu#chres! and to respect them

officious#y. ,nd a#itt#e after% 5ince esus said thatsepu#chres are fu## of fi#thiness! how do you invo+e 3od

upon themI and in another p#ace he saith! that if

Christianshad adhered to the precepts of the He*rews!

they wou#d have worship done 3od instead of many!

and not a man! or rather not many unhappymen% ,nd

that they adored the wood of the cross! ma+ing its

images on their foreheads! and *efore their houses.

,fter the sepu#chres of 5aints and Martyrs were thus

converted into p#acesof worship #i+e the heathentemp#es! and the Churches into sepu#chres! anda

certain sort of sanctity attri*uted to the dead *odies of

the 5aints and Martyrs *uried in them! and annua#

festiva#s were +ept to them! with sacrifices offered to

3od in their name/ the net step towards the invocation

of 5aints! was the attri*uting to their dead *odies!

*ones andother re#ics! a power of wor+ing mirac#es! *y

means of the separate sou#s!who were supposed to

+now what we do or say! and to *e a*#e to do us good

or hurt! and so wor+ those mirac#es.

1his was the very notion theheathens had of the

separate sou#s of their ancient -ings and Heroes!

whom they worshiped under the names of 5aturn!

;hea! upiter! uno!Mars! Genus! acchus! Ceres!

siris! ?sis! ,po##o! @iana! and the rest oftheir 3ods. for

these 3ods *eing ma#e and fema#e! hus*and and wife!

sonand daughter! *rother and sister! are there*y

discovered to *e ancient menand women. Now as the

first step towards the invocation of 5aints was seton

foot *y the persecution of @ecius! and the second *y

the persecution of @ioc#esian/ so this third seems to

have *een owing to the proceedings ofConstantius and



u#ian the ,postate. When u#ian *egan to restore

theworship of the heathen 3ods! and to vi#ify the 5aints

and Martyrs/ theChristians of 5yria and Egypt seem to

have made a great noise a*out themirac#es done *y the

re#ics of the Christian 5aints and Martyrs! inoppositionto the powers attri*uted *y u#ian and the heathens to

their ?do#s.

>or 5oomen and ;uffinus te## us! that when he

opened the heathen1emp#es! and consu#ted the rac#e

of ,po##o @aphnaeus in the su*ur*s of ,ntioch! and

pressed *y many sacrifices for an answer/ the rac#e at

#engthto#d him that the *ones of the Martyr a*y#as

which were *uried there hindered him from spea+ing.

y which answer we may understand! that some

Christian was got into the p#ace where the heathen

riests used tospea+ through a pipe in de#ivering their

rac#es% and *efore this! Hi#ary in his *oo+ against

Constantius! written in the #ast year of that

Emperor!ma+es the fo##owing mention of what was then

doing in the east where he was. Sino martyrio

perse'ueris. Plus crudelitati vestrae ero, Deci,

a%imiane, de#emus. Dia#olum enim per vos vicimus.

Sanctus u#i'ue#eatorum martyrum sanguis e%ceptus

est, dum in his Daemones mugiunt,dum aegritudines

depelluntur, dum miraculorum opera cernuntur,

elevarisine la'ueis corpora, $ dispensis pede faeminis

vestes non defluere infaciem, uri sine igni#us spiritus,

consiteri sine interrogantis incrementofidei. And

Gregory aCianCen, in his first -ration against the

Emperorulian then reigning, writes thus& artyres non

e%timuisti 'ui#us praeclarihonores $ festa constituta, a

'ui#us Daemones propelluntur $ mor#icurantur)

'uorum sunt apparitiones $ praedictiones) 'uorum vel

solacorpora idem possunt 'uod animae sanctae, sive

mani#us contrectentur, sive honorentur& 'uorum vel

solae sanguinis guttae at'ue e%iguapassionis signa



idem possunt 'uod corpora. "aec non colis sed

contemnis$ aspernaris.

1hese things made the heathens in the reign of the

same Emperor demo#ish the sepu#chre of ohn the

aptist in hoenicia! and *urnhis *ones/ when severa#

Christians miing themse#ves with the

heathens!gathered up some of his remains! which were

sent to ,thanasius! who hidthem in the wa## of a

Church/ foreseeing *y a prophetic spirit! as

;uffinuste##s us! that they might *e profita*#e to future

generations.1he cry of these mirac#es *eing once set

on foot! continued for many years!and increased and

grew more genera#. Chrysostom! in his second

rationon 5t. a*y#as! twenty years after the si#encing

of the rac#e of ,po##o @aphnaeus as a*ove! vi. ,.C.

$72! saith of the mirac#es done *y the 5aintsand their

re#ics% ulla est nostri hu5us -r#is seu regio, seu gens,

seu ur#s,u#i nova $ inopinata miracula haec non

decantentur) 'uae 'uidem sifigmenta fuissent, prorsus

in tantam hominum admirationem nonvenissent. And a

little after& A#unde orationi nostrae fidem faciunt

'uae'uotidiana a martyri#us miracula edentur, magna

affatim ad illahominum multitudinae affluente.

,nd in his ''th Homi#y! descri*ing how the @evi#s

were tormented and cast out *y the *ones of the

Martyrs! headds% -# eam causam multi plerum'ue

*eges peregre profesti sunt, ut hoc spectaculo

fruerentur. Si'uidem sanctorum martyrum templa futuri

5udiciivestigia $ signa e%hi#ent, dum nimirumDaemones flagris caeduntur,homines'ue tor'uentur $

li#erantur. (ide 'uae sanctorum vita functorumvis sit=

And erom in his Epitaph on Paula, thus mentions the

same things. Paula vidit Samariam& i#i siti sunt

Elisaeus $ A#dias prophetae, $oannes ;aptista, u#i

multis intremuit consternata miraculis. amcerne#at



variis daemones rugire cruciati#us, $ ante sepulchra

sanctorumululare, homines more luporum voci#us

latrare canum, fremere leonum,si#ilare serpentum,

mugire taurorum, alios rotare caput $ post

tergumterram vertice tangere, suspensis'ue pedefaeminis vestes non defluere infaciem.

1his was a*out the year $74% and Chrysostom in his

ration on the Egyptian Martyrs! seems to ma+e Egypt

the ring#eader in these matters!saying% ;enedictus

Deus 'uando'uidem e% AEgypto prodeunt martyres,

e% AEgypto illa cum Deo pugnante ac insanissima, $

unde impia ora,unde linguae #lasphemae) e% AEgypto

martyres ha#entur) non inAEgypto tantum, nec in

finitima vicina'ue regione, sed ;I<E 1E**A*.

Et 'uemadmodum in annonae summa u#ertate, cum

esse proventum, ad peregrinas etiam ur#es

transmittunt& cum $suam comitatem $ li#eralitatem

ostendant, tum ut praeter horuma#undantiam cum

facilitate res 'ui#us indigent rursus a# illis

si#icomparent& sic $ AEgyptii, 'uod attinet ad religionis

athletas,fecerunt. !um apud se multam eorum Dei

#enignitate copiamcernerent, ne'ua'uam ingens Dei

munus sua civitate concluserunt,sed in -ES

1E**AE PA*1ES honorum thesauros effuderunt&

cumut suum in fratres amorem ostenderent, tum ut

communem omniumdominum honore afficerent, ac

civitati suae gloriam apud omnescompararent,

totius'ue terrarum -*;IS esse E1*-P-+I

declararent. Sanctorum enim illorum corpora

'uovisadamantino $ ine%pugna#ili muro tutius no#is

ur#emcommuniunt, $ tan'uam e%celsi 'uidam scopuli

undi'ueprominentes, non horum 'ui su# sensus cadunt

$ oculis cernunturhostium impetus propulsant tantum,

sed etiam invisi#iliumdaemonum insidias, omnes'ue

dia#oli fraudes su#vertunt acdissipant. e'ue vero

tantum adversus hominum insidias autadversus



fallacias daemonum utilis no#is est haec possessio,

sed sino#is communis dominus o# peccatorum

multitudinem irascatur,his o#5ectis corpori#us continuo

poterimus eum propitium redderecivitati.1his ration

was written at ,ntioch! whi#e ,#eandria was yettheMetropo#is of the East! that is! *efore the year $76!

in whichConstantinop#e *ecame the Metropo#is% and it

was a wor+ of some yearsfor the Egyptians to have

distri*uted the mirac#eBwor+ing re#ics of theirMartyrs

over a## the wor#d! as they had done *efore that year.

Egypt a*ounded most with the re#ics of 5aints and

Martyrs! the Egyptians+eeping them em*a#med upon

*eds even in their private houses/ and,#eandria was

eminent a*ove a## other cities for dispersing them! so as

onthat account to ac<uire g#ory with a## men! and

manifest herse#f to *e theMetropo#is of the wor#d.

,ntioch fo##owed the eamp#e of Egypt! indispersing the

re#ics of the forty Martyrs% and the eamp#es of Egypt

and5yria were soon fo##owed *y the rest of the wor#d.

1he re#ics of the forty Martyrs at ,ntioch weredistri*uted among theChurches *efore the year $($/ for

,thanasius who died in that year! wrotean ration upon

them. 1his ration is not yet pu*#ished! *ut

3erardGossius saw it in M5. in the i*rary of Cardina#

,scanius in ?ta#y! as he says in his commentary upon

the ration of Ephraem 5yrus on the same forty

Martyrs. Now since the Mon+s of ,#eandria sent the

re#ics of theMartyrs of Egypt into a## parts of the earth!

and there*y ac<uired g#ory totheir city! and dec#aredher in these matters the Metropo#is of the who#ewor#d!

as we have o*served out of Chrysostom/ it may *e

conc#uded! that*efore ,#eandria received the forty

Martyrs from ,ntioch! she *egan tosend out the re#ics

of her own Martyrs into a## parts! setting the

firsteamp#e to other cities.



1his practice therefore *egan in Egypt some

years*efore the death of ,thanasius. ?t *egan when the

mirac#eBwor+ing *onesof ohn the aptist were carried

into Egypt! and hid in the wa## of aChurch! that they

might *e profita*#e to future generations. ?t wasrestrained in the reign of u#ian the ,postate% and then

it spread from Egyptinto a## the Empire! ,#eandria

*eing the Metropo#is of the who#e wor#d!according to

Chrysostom! for propagating this sort of devotion!

and,ntioch and other cities soon fo##owing her

eamp#e.?n propagating these superstitions! the

ring#eaders were the Mon+s! and,ntony was at the

head of them% for in the end of the #ife of ,ntony!

,thanasius re#ates that these were his dying words tohis discip#es whothen attended him.

@o you ta+e care! said ,ntony! to adhere to Christ

inthe first p#ace! and then to the 5aints! that after death

they may receiveyou as friends and ac<uaintance into

the ever#asting 1a*ernac#es. 1hin+upon these things!

perceive these things/ and if you have any regard tome!

remem*er me as a father.

1his *eing de#ivered in charge to the Mon+s*y

,ntony at his death! ,.C. $&'! cou#d not *ut inf#ame

their who#e *ody with devotion towards the 5aints! as

the ready way to *e received *y theminto the eterna#

1a*ernac#es after death. Hence came that noise a*out

themirac#es done *y the re#ics of the 5aints in the time

of Constantius% hencecame the dispersion of the

mirac#eBwor+ing re#ics into a## the Empire/,#eandriasetting the eamp#e! and *eing renowned for it a*ove

a## othercities. Hence it came to pass in the days of

u#ian! ,.C. $'2! that,thanasius *y a prophetic spirit!

as ;uffinus te##s us! hid the *ones of ohnthe aptist

from the Heathens! not in the ground to *e forgotten!

*ut in theho##ow wa## of a Church *efore proper



witnesses! that they might *eprofita*#e to future

generations.

Hence a#so came the invocation of the5aints for

doing such mirac#es! and for assisting men in their

devotions! andmediating with 3od. >or ,thanasius!

even from his youth! #oo+ed upon thedead 5aints and

Martyrs as mediators of our prayers% in his Epist#e

toMarce##inus! written in the days of Constantine the

great! he saith that the words of the sa#ms are not to

*e transposed or any wise changed! *ut to*e recited

and sung without any artifice! as they are written! that

the ho#y men who de#ivered them! +nowing them to *e

their own words! may praywith us/ or rather! that the

Ho#y 3host who spa+e in the ho#y men! seeinghis own

words with which he inspired them! may :oin with them

in assisting us.Whi#st Egypt a*ounded with Mon+s

a*ove any other country! theveneration of the 5aints

*egan sooner! and spread faster there than in

otherp#aces. a##adius going into Egypt in the year $77

to visit the Monasteries!and the sepu#chres of

,po##onius and other Martyrs of 1he*ais who had

suffered under Maiminus! saith of them% Iis omni#us

!hristiani feceruntaedem unam, u#i nunc multae

virtutes peraguntur. 1anta autem fuit virigratia, ut de iis

'uae esset precatus statim e%audiretur, eum sic

honoranteservatore& 'uem etiam nos in martyrio precati

vidimus, cum iis 'ui cumipso fuerunt martyrio affecti) $

Deum adorantes, eorum corporasalutavimus.

Eunapius a#so! a heathen! yet a competent witnessof whatwas done in his own times! re#ating how the

so#diers de#ivered the temp#esof Egypt into the hands of

the Mon+s! which was done in the year $78!rai#s thus in

an impious manner at the Martyrs! as succeeding in the

room of the o#d 3ods of Egypt. Illi ipsi, milites,

onachos !ano#i 'uo'uecollocarunt, ut pro Diis 'ui



animo cernuntur, servos $ 'uidem flagitiososdivinis

honori#us percolerent, hominum menti#us ad

cultumceremonias'ue o#ligatis. Ii nam'ue condita $

salita eorum capita, 'ui o#scelerum multitudinem a

5udici#us e%tremo 5udicio fuerant affecti, proDivisostenta#ant) iis genua su#mitte#ant, eos in Deorum

numerumrecepta#ant, ad illorum sepulchra pulvere

sordi#us'ue conspurcati.artyres igitur voca#antur, $

ministri 'uidem $ legati ar#itri'ue precumapud Deos)

cum fuerint servilia infida $ flagris pessime su#acta,

'uaecicatrices scelerum ac ne'uitiae vestigia

corpori#us circumferunt)e5usmodi tamen Deos fert

tellus.y these instances we may understand

theinvocation of 5aints was now of some standing inEgypt! and that it wasa#ready genera##y received and

practiced there *y the common peop#e.

1hus asi# a Mon+! who was made ishop of

Caesarea in the year $'8!and died in the year $(7! in

his ration on the Martyr Mamas! saith% e ye mindfu#

of the Martyr/ as many of you as have en:oyed him in

yourdreams! as many as in this p#ace have *een

assisted *y him in prayer! asmany of you as upon

invo+ing him *y name have had him present in

yourwor+s! as many as he has reduced into the way

from wandering! as many as he has restored to hea#th!

as many as have had their dead chi#drenrestored *y

him to #ife! as many as have had their #ives pro#onged

*y him% and a #itt#e after! he thus epresses the

universa#ity of this superstition inthe regions of

Cappadocia and ithynia% ,t the memory of the Martyr!

saith he! the who#e region is moved/ at his festiva# the

who#e city is transported with :oy. Nor do the +indred of

the rich turn aside to thesepu#chres of their ancestors!

*ut a## go to the p#ace of devotion. ,gain! inthe end of

the Homi#y he prays! that 3od wou#d preserve the

Church! thusfortified with the great towers of the



Martyrs% and in his ration on theforty Martyrs/1hese

are they! saith he! who o*taining our country! #i+e

certaintowers afford us safety against our enemies.

Neither are they shutup in one p#ace on#y! *ut *eing

distri*uted are sent into manyregions! and adorn manycountries

Fou have often endeavored!you have often #a*ored

to find one who might pray for you% hereare forty!

emitting one voice of prayer. He that is in aff#iction f#ies

to these! he that re:oices has recourse to these% the

first! that hemay *e freed from evi#! the #ast that he may

continue in happiness. Here a woman praying for her

chi#dren is heard/ she o*tains a safe return for her

hus*and from a*road! and hea#th for him in his

sic+ness. ye common +eepers of man+ind! the

*estcompanions of our cares! suffragans and

coad:utors of our prayers!most powerfu# am*assadors

to 3od! 9c.y a## which it is manifest! that *efore the

year $(7! the rations and5ermons upon the 5aints

went much *eyond the *ounds of mere

oratorica#f#ourishes! and that the common peop#e in the

East were a#ready genera##ycorrupted *y the Mon+s

with 5aintBworship.3regory Naianen a Mon+! in his

sith ration written ,.C. $($! when hewas new#y made

ishop of 5asima! saith% et us purify ourse#ves to

theMartyrs! or rather to the 3od of the Martyrs% and a

#itt#e after he ca##s theMartyrs mediators of o*taining an

ascension or divinity.

1he same year! inthe end of his ration upon ,thanasius then new#y dead! he thus invo+eshim% @o

thou #oo+ down upon us propitious#y! and govern this

peop#e! asperfect adorers of the perfect 1rinity! which in

the >ather! 5on! and Ho#y3host! is contemp#ated and

worshiped% if there sha## *e peace! preserveme! and

feed my f#oc+ with me/ *ut if war! *ring me home! p#ace



me *ythyse#f! and *y those that are #i+e thee/ however

great my re<uest. ,nd in the end of the funera# ration

upon asi#! written ,.C. $(7! he thusaddresses him%

ut thou! divine and sacred Head! #oo+ down upon

usfrom heaven/ and *y thy prayers either ta+e away thethorn of the f#eshwhich is given us *y 3od for eercise!

or o*tain that we may *ear it withcourage! and direct a##

our #ife to that which is most fitting for us. Whenwe

depart this #ife! receive us there in your 1a*ernac#es!

that #ivingtogether and *eho#ding the ho#y and *#essed

1rinity more pure#y andperfect#y! whereof we have now

*ut an imperfect view! we may there cometo the end of

our desires! and receive this reward of the wars which

wehave waged and suffered% and in his ration uponCyprian! not the ishopof Carthage! *ut a 3ree+! he

invo+es him after the same manner/ and te##sus a#so

how a pious Girgin named ustina! was protected *y

invo+ing the Girgin Mary! and how mirac#es were done

*y the ashes of Cyprian.3regory Nyssen! another

eminent Mon+ and ishop! in the #ife of Ephraem5yrus!

te##s how a certain man returning from a far country!

was in greatdanger! *y reason a## the ways were

intercepted *y the armies of *ar*arousnations/ *ut

upon invo+ing Ephraem *y name! and saying! Ho#y

Ephraemassist me! he escaped the danger! neg#ected

the fear of death! and *eyondhis hope got safe home.

?n the end of this ration 3regory ca##s upon

Ephraem after the fo##owing manner% ut thou!

Ephraem! assisting nowat the divine a#tar! and

sacrificing to the rince of #ife! and to the mostho#y

1rinity! together with the ,nge#s/ remem*er us a##! and

o*tain for uspardon of our sins! that we may en:oy the

eterna# happiness of the+ingdom of heaven. 1he same

3regory! in his ration on the Martyr1heodorus written

,.C. $76! thus descri*es the power of that Martyr!

andthe practice of the peop#e.1his Martyr! saith he! the



#ast year <uieted the *ar*arous tempest!and put a stop

to the horrid war of the fierce and crue# 5cythians. ?f

any one is permitted to carry away the dust with which

thetom* is covered! wherein the *ody of the Martyr

rests/ the dust isaccepted as a gift! and gathered to *e#aid up as a thing of greatprice. >or to touch the re#ics

themse#ves! if any such prosperousfortune sha## at any

time happen/ how great a favor that is! and notto *e

o*tained without the most earnest prayers! they +now

we##who have o*tained it.

>or as a #iving and f#orid *ody! they who*eho#d it

em*race it! app#ying to it the eyes! mouth! ears! and a##

theorgans of sense/ and then with affection pouring

tears upon theMartyr! as if he was who#e and appeared

to them% they offer prayers with supp#ication! that he

wou#d intercede for them as an advocate!praying to him

as an fficer attending upon 3od! and invo+ing himas

receiving gifts whenever he wi##.,t #ength 3regory

conc#udes the ration with this prayer% 1heodorus! we

want many *#essings/ intercede and *eseech forthy

country *efore the common -ing and ord% for the

country ofthe Martyr is the p#ace of his passion! and

they are his citiens! *rethren and +indred! who have

him! defend! adorn "adoreI) andhonor him. We fear

aff#ictions! we epect dangers% the wic+ed 5cythians

are not far off! ready to ma+e war against us. ,s a

so#dier fight for us! as a Martyr use #i*erty of speech for

thy fe##owBservants.

ray for peace! that these pu*#ic meetings may notcease!that the furious and wic+ed *ar*arian may not

rage against thetemp#es and a#tars! that the profane

and impious may not tramp#e upon the ho#y things. We

ac+now#edge it a *enefit received fromthee! that we are

preserved safe and entire! we pray for freedomfrom

danger in time to come% and if there sha## *e need of



greater intercession and deprecation! ca## together the

choir of thy *rethren the Martyrs! and in con:unction

with them a## intercede for us. etthe prayers of many

:ust ones atone for the sins of the mu#titudesand the

peop#e/ ehort eter! ecite au#! and a#so ohn thedivineand *e#oved discip#e! that they may *e so#icitous

for the Churcheswhich they have erected! for which

they have *een in chains! forwhich they have

undergone dangers and deaths/ that the worship ofido#s

may not #ift up its head against us! that heresies may

notspring up #i+e thorns in the vineyard! that tares

grown up may notcho+e the wheat! that no roc+ void of

the fatness of true dew may*e against us! and render

the fruitfu# power of the word void of aroot/ *ut *y thepower of the prayers of thyse#f and thy companions!

admira*#e man and eminent among the Martyrs! the

commonwea#th of Christians may *ecome a fie#d of

corn.

1he same 3regory Nyssen! in his sermon upon the

death of Me#etius! ishop of ,ntioch! preached at

Constantinop#e the same year! ,.C. $76!*efore the

ishops of a## the East assem*#ed in the second

genera# Counci#!spa+e thus of Me#etius. 1he

ridegroom! saith he! is not ta+en from us% he stands in

the midst of us! though we do not see him% he is a

riest in themost inward p#aces! and face to face

intercedes *efore 3od for us and the sins of the

peop#e. 1his was no oratorica# f#ourish! *ut 3regoryAs

rea# opinion! as may *e understood *y what we have

cited out of him concerning Ephraem and 1heodorus%

and as 3regory preached this *efore the Counci# of

Constantinop#e! you may thence +now! saith aronius!

that the professed what the who#e Counci#! and

therewith the who#e Church ofthose parts *e#ieved!

name#y! that the 5aints in heaven offer prayers for

us*efore 3od.Ephraem 5yrus! another eminent Mon+!



who was contemporary with asi#!and died the same

year/ in the end of his Encomium or ration upon asi#

then new#y dead! invo+es him after this manner%

?ntercede for me! a very misera*#e man/ and reca## me

*y thy intercessions! father/ thou who art strong! prayfor me who amwea+/ thou who art di#igent! for me who

am neg#igent/ thou who art cheerfu#! for me who am

heavy/ thou who art wise! for me who am foo#ish.

1hou who hast treasured up a treasure of a## virtues!

*ea guide to me who am empty of every good wor+.?n

the *eginning of this Encomium upon the forty Martyrs!

written at thesame time! he thus invo+es them% He#p me

therefore! ye 5aints! with your intercession/ and

ye*e#oved! with your ho#y prayers/ that Christ *y his

grace may directmy tongue to spea+! 9c.and

afterwards mentioning the mother of one of these forty

Martyrs! he conc#udes the ration with this prayer% ?

entreat thee! ho#y! faithfu#! and *#essed woman! pray

for me tothe 5aints! saying/ ?ntercede ye that triumph in

Christ! for the most#itt#e and misera*#e Ephraem! that

he may find mercy! and *y the grace of Christ may *e

saved.,gain! in his second 5ermon or ration on the

praises of the ho#y Martyrsof Christ! he thus addresses

them%We entreat you most ho#y Martyrs! to intercede

with the ord forus misera*#e sinners! *eset with

fi#thiness of neg#igence! that hewou#d infuse his divine

grace into us%and afterwards! near the end of the same

discourse/ Now ye most ho#y men and g#orious Martyrs

of 3od! he#p me amisera*#e sinner with your prayers!

that in that dreadfu# hour ? mayo*tain mercy! when the

secrets of a## hearts sha## *e made manifest.? am to day

*ecome to you! most ho#y Martyrs of Christ! as it

werean unprofita*#e and uns+i##fu# cupB*earer% for ? have

de#ivered to thesons and *rothers of your faith! a cup of

the ece##ent wine of yourwarfare! with the ece##ent



ta*#e of your victory! rep#enished witha## sorts of

dainties.

? have endeavored! with the who#e affectionand

desire of my mind! to recreate your fathers and

*rothers!+indred and re#ations! who dai#y fre<uent the

ta*#e. >or *eho#d theysing! and with eu#tation and

:u*i#ee g#orify 3od! who has crownedyour virtues! *y

setting on your most sacred heads incorrupti*#eand

ce#estia# crowns/ they with ecessive :oy stand a*out

the sacredre#ics of your martyrdoms! wishing for a

*#essing! and desiring to*ear away ho#y medicines *oth

for the *ody and the mind. ,s good discip#es and

faithfu# ministers of our *enign ord and 5aviour!*estow

therefore a *#essing on them a##% and on me a#so!

thoughwea+ and fee*#e! who having received strength

*y your merits andintercessions! have with the who#e

devotion of my mind! sung ahymn to your praise and

g#ory *efore your ho#y re#ics. Wherefore ?*eseech you

stand *efore the throne of the divine Ma:esty for

meEphraem! a vi#e and misera*#e sinner! that *y your

prayers ? maydeserve to o*tain sa#vation! and with you

en:oy eterna# fe#icity *ythe grace and *enignity and

mercy of our ord and 5aviour esusChrist! to whom

with the >ather and Ho#y 3host *e praise! honorand

g#ory for ever and ever. ,men.

y what has *een cited out of asi#! the two

3regories and Ephraem! wemay understand that 5aintB

worship was esta*#ished among the Mon+s andtheir

admirers in Egypt! hoenicia! 5yria and Cappadocia!*efore the year$(7! this *eing the year in which asi#

and Ephraem died. Chrysostom wasnot much #ater/ he

preached at ,ntioch a#most a## the time of

1heodosiusthe great! and in his 5ermons are many

ehortations to this sort ofsuperstition! as may *e seen

in the end of his rations on 5. u#ia! on 5t.e#agia! on



the Martyr ?gnatius! on the Egyptian Martyrs! on >ate

androvidence! on the Martyrs in genera#! on 5t.

erenice and 5t. rosdoce!on uventinus and

Maimus! on the name of Cemetery! 9c.

1hus in his 5ermon on erenice and rosdoce%

erhaps! saith he! you are inf#amed with no sma## #ove

towardsthese Martyrs/ therefore with this ardor #et us

fa## down *efore theirre#ics! #et us em*race their coffins.

>or the coffins of the Martyrshave great virtue! even as

the *ones of the Martyrs have greatpower. Nor #et us

on#y on the days of this festiva#! *ut a#so on otherdays

app#y to them! invo+e them! and *eseech them to *e

ourpatrons% for they have great power and efficacy! not

on#y whi#sta#ive! *ut a#so after death/ and much more

after death than *efore.>or now they *ear the mar+s or

*rands of Christ/ and when theyshew these mar+s! they

can o*tain a## things of the -ing. 5eeingtherefore they

a*ound with such efficacy! and have so muchfriendship

with him/ we a#so! when *y continua# attendance

andperpetua# visitation of them we have insinuated

ourse#ves into thefami#iarity! may *y their assistance

o*tain the mercy of 3od.

Constantinop#e was free from these superstitions ti##

3regory Naianencame thither ,.C. $(8/ *ut in a few

years it was a#so inf#amed with it.;uffinus te##s us! that

when the Emperor 1heodosius was setting outagainst

the tyrant Eugenius! which was in the year $84! he went

a*out withthe riests and peop#e to a## the p#aces of

prayer/ #ay prostrate in hairc#oth*efore the shrines of the Martyrs and ,post#es! and prayed for assistance*y

the intercession of the 5aints. 5oomen adds! that

when the Emperorwas marched seven mi#es from

Constantinop#e against Eugenius! he wentinto a Church

which he had *ui#t to ohn the aptist! and invo+ed

theaptist for his assistance. Chrysostom says% He that



is c#othed in purp#e!approaches to em*race these

sepu#chres/ and #aying aside his dignity!stands

supp#icating the 5aints to intercede for him with 3od%

and he whogoes crowned with a diadem! offers his

prayers to the tentBma+er and thefisherBman as hisrotectors. ,nd in another p#ace% 1he cities run

together to the 5epu#chres of the Martyrs! and the

peop#e are inf#amed with the#ove of them.1his practice

of sending re#ics from p#ace to p#ace for wor+ing

mirac#es!and there*y inf#aming the devotion of the

nations towards the dead 5aintsand their re#ics! and

setting up the re#igion of invo+ing their sou#s! #astedon#y

ti## the midd#e of the reign of the Emperor 1heodosius

the great/ forhe then prohi*ited it *y the fo##owing Edict.Humatum corpus! nemo ada#terum #ocum transferat/

nemo Martyrem distrahat! nemo mercetur%Ha*eant vero

in potestate! si <uo#i*et in #oco sanctorum est

a#i<uisconditus! pro e:us veneratione! <uod Martyrium

vocandum sit! addant <uod vo#uerint fa*ricarum. @at.

4%-a#. Mart. Constantinopo#i! Honoriono*. puero 9

Euodio Coss. ,.C. $7'.

THE END OF THE FIRST PART.

PART .

OBSER'ATIONS PON THE APOCA#*PSE O$ ST. 4OHN.

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODCTION/ CONCERNIN! THE TI"E HEN THE

APOCA#*PSE AS RITTEN.

?;EN,ED5 introduced an opinion that the

,poca#ypse was written in the time of @omitian/ *ut



then he a#so postponed the writing of some others ofthe

sacred *oo+s! and was to p#ace the ,poca#ypse after

them% he might perhaps have heard from his master

o#ycarp that he had received this *oo+ from ohn

a*out the time of @omitianAs death/ or indeed ohnmight himse#f at that time have made a new pu*#ication

of it! from when ce?renaeus might imagine it was then

*ut new#y written. Euse*ius in hisChronic#e and

Ecc#esiastica# History fo##ows ?renaeus/ *ut afterwards

in hisEvange#ica# @emonstrations! he con:oins the

*anishment of ohn intoatmos! with the deaths of

eter and au#% and so do 1ertu##ian and seudoB

rochorus! as we## as the first author! whoever he was!

of that very ancient fa*#e! that ohn was put *y Nerointo a vesse# of hot oi#! and coming out unhurt! was

*anished *y him into atmos.

1hough this story *eing more than a fiction! yet it

was founded on a tradition of the first Churches! that

ohn was *anished into atmos in the days of Nero.

Epiphanius represents the 3ospe# of ohn as written in

the time of @omitian! and the ,poca#ypse even *efore

that of Nero. ,rethas in the *eginning of his

Commentary <uotes the opinion of ?renaeus

fromEuse*ius! *ut fo##ows it not% for he afterwards

affirms the ,poca#ypse waswritten *efore the

destruction of erusa#em! and that former

commentatorshad epounded the sith sea# of that

destruction.With the opinion of the first Commentators

agrees the tradition of theChurches of 5yria! preserved

to this day in the tit#e of the 5yriac Gersion of the

,poca#ypse! which tit#e is this% 1he ;eve#ation which

was made to ohn the Evange#ist *y 3od in the ?s#and

atmos! into which he was *anished *y Nero the

Caesar. 1he same is confirmed *y a story to#d *y

Euse*ius out of C#emens ,#eandrinus! andother

ancient authors! concerning a youth! whom ohn some



time after hisreturn from atmos committed to the care

of the ishop of a certain city. 1he ishop educated!

instructed! and at #ength *aptied him/ *ut thenremitting

of his care! the young man thereupon got into i##

company! and*egan *y degrees first to reve# and growvicious! then to a*use and spoi#those he met in the

night/ and at #ast grew so desperate! that

hiscompanions turning a *and of highwayBmen! made

him their Captain% and!saith Chrysostom! he continued

their Captain a #ong time. ,t #ength ohn returning to

that city! and hearing what was done! rode to the thief/

and!when he out of reverence to his o#d master f#ed!

ohn rode after him! reca##ed him! and restored him to

the Church.

1his is a story of many years!and re<uires that ohn

shou#d have returned from atmos rather at thedeath of

Nero than at that of @omitian/ *ecause *etween the

death of @omitian and that of ohn there were *ut two

years and an ha#f/ and ohnin his o#d age was so infirm

as to *e carried to Church! dying a*ove 80years o#d!

and therefore cou#d not *e then supposed a*#e to ride

after the thief. 1his opinion is further supported *y the

a##usions in the ,poca#ypse to the1emp#e and ,#tar! and

ho#y City! as then standing/ and to the 3enti#es!

whowere soon after to tread under foot the ho#y City

and outward Court. K1is confirmed a#so *y the sty#e of

the ,poca#ypse itse#f! which is fu##er of He*raisms than

his 3ospe#. >or thence it may *e gathered! that it was

written when ohn was new#y come out of udea! where

he had *een usedto the 5yriac tongue/ and that he did

not write his 3ospe#! ti## *y #ong converse with the

,siatic 3ree+s he had #eft off most of the He*raisms.

?tis confirmed a#so *y the many fa#se ,poca#ypses! as

those of eter! au#!1homas! 5tephen! E#ias and

Cerinthus! written in imitation of the true one. >or as the

many fa#se 3ospe#s! fa#se ,cts! and fa#se Epist#es were



occasioned *y true ones/ and the writing many fa#se

,poca#ypses! and ascri*ing them to ,post#es and

rophets! argues that there was a true ,posto#ic one in

great re<uest with the first Christians% so this true

onemay we## *e supposed to have *een written ear#y!that there may *e roomin the ,posto#ic age for the

writing of so many fa#se ones afterwards! and fathering

them upon eter! au#! 1homas and others! who were

dead*efore ohn. Caius! who was contemporary with

1ertu##ian! te##s us that Cerinthus wrote his ;eve#ations

as a great ,post#e! and pretended the visions were

shown him *y ,nge#s! asserting a mi##ennium of carna#

p#easures at erusa#em after the resurrection/ so that

his ,poca#ypse was p#ain#y written in imitation of ohnAs%and yet he #ived so ear#y! that heresisted the ,post#es

at erusa#em in or *efore the first year of C#audius!that

is! 2' years *efore the death of Nero! and died *efore

ohn.

1hese reasons may suffice for determining the time/

and yet there is one more! which to considering men

may seem a good reason! to others not.?A## propound it!

and #eave it to every manAs :udgment. 1he

,poca#ypseseems to *e a##uded to in the Epist#es of

eter and that to the He*rews and therefore to have

*een written *efore them. 5uch a##usions in the Epist#e

to the He*rews! ? ta+e to *e the discourses concerning

the HighBriest in the heaven#y 1a*ernac#e! who is *oth

riest and -ing! as was Me#chisedec/ and those

concerning the word of 3od! with the sharp twoBedged

sword! the O!or mi##ennia# rest! the earth whose end is to

*e *urned! suppose *y the #a+e of fire! the :udgment

and fiery indignation which sha## devour theadversaries!

the heaven#y City which hath foundations whose *ui#der

andma+er is 3od! the c#oud of witnesses! mount 5ion!

heaven#y erusa#em!genera# assem*#y! spirits of :ust

men made perfect! vi. *y the resurrection! and the



sha+ing of heaven and earth! and removing them!that

the new heaven! new earth and new +ingdom which

cannot *e sha+en! may remain. ?n the first of eter

occur these% 1he ;eve#ation of esusChrist! twice or

thrice repeated/ the *#ood of Christ as of a am*foreordained *efore the foundation of the wor#d/

spiritua# *ui#ding in heaven! ? et. 2%&. an inheritance

incorrupti*#e and undefi#ed and that fadeth not away!

reserved in heaven for us! who are +ept unto the

sa#vation! ready to *e revea#ed in the #ast time! ? et.

6%4! &. the roya# riesthood! the ho#y riesthood! the

:udgment *eginning at the house of 3od! and the

Church at a*y#on. 1hese are indeed o*scurer

a##usions/ *utthe second Epist#e! from the 68th verse of the first Chapter to the end!seems to *e a continued

Commentary upon the ,poca#ypse.

1here! in writing to the Churches in ,sia! to whom

ohn was commanded to sendthis rophecy! he te##s

them! they have a more sure word of rophecy! to *e

heeded *y them! as a #ight that shineth in a dar+ p#ace!

unti# the daydawn! and the dayBstar arise in their hearts!

that is! unti# they *egin to understand it% for no

rophecy! saith he! of the 5cripture is of any private

interpretation/ the rophecy came not in o#d time *y the

wi## of man! *utho#y men of 3od spa+e! as they were

moved *y the Ho#y 3host. @anie# himse#f professes that

he understood not his own rophecies/ and therefore

the Churches were not to epect the interpretation from

their rophet ohn! *ut to study the rophecies

themse#ves.

1his is the su*stance of whateter says in the first

chapter/ and then in the second he proceeds

todescri*e! out of this sure word of rophecy! how

there shou#d arise in theChurch fa#se rophets! or fa#se

teachers! epressed co##ective#y in the,poca#ypse *y



the name of the fa#se rophet/ who shou#d *ring in

damna*#e heresies! even denying the ord that *ought

them! which is the character of ,ntichrist% ,nd many!

saith he! sha## fo##ow their #usts/ they that dwe## on the

earth sha## *e deceived *y the fa#se rophet! and *emade drun+ with the wine of the WhoreAs fornication! *y

reason of whom the way of truth sha## *e *#asphemed/

for the east is fu## of *#asphemy% and through

covetousness sha## they with feigned words ma+e

merchandise ofyou/ for these are the Merchants of the

Earth! who trade with the great Whore! and their

merchandise is a## things of price! with the *odies

andsou#s of men% whose :udgment #ingereth not! and

their damnations#um*reth not! *ut sha## sure#y comeupon them at the #ast day sudden#y! asthe f#ood upon

the o#d wor#d! and fire and *rimstone upon 5odom and

3omorrha! when the :ust sha## *e de#ivered #i+e ot/ for

the ord +noweth how to de#iver the god#y out of

temptations! and to reserve the un:ust untothe day of

:udgment to *e punished! in the #a+e of fire/ *ut chief#y

them that wa#+ after the f#esh in the #ust of unc#eanness!

*eing made drun+ with the wine of the WhoreAs

fornication/ who despise dominion! and are not afraid to

*#aspheme g#ories/ for the *east opened his mouth

against 3od to*#aspheme his name and his ta*ernac#e!

and them that dwe## in heaven. 1hese! as natura# *rute

*easts! the tenBhorned *east and twoBhorned *east!or

fa#se rophet! made to *e ta+en and destroyed! in the

#a+e of fire! *#aspheme the things they understand not%

they count it p#easure to riot in the dayBtime sporting

themse#ves with their own deceivings! whi#ethey feast

with you! having eyes fu## of an ,du#teress% for the

+ingdoms ofthe *east #ive de#icious#y with the great

Whore! and the nations are made drun+ with the wine

of her fornication. 1hey are gone astray! fo##owing the

way of a#aam! the son of eor! who #oved the wages

of unrighteousness! the fa#se rophet who taught a#a+

to cast a stum*#ingB*#oc+ *efore thechi#dren of ?srae#.



1hese are! not fountains of #iving waters! *ut we##s

without water/ not such c#ouds of 5aints as the two

witnesses ascend in! *ut c#ouds that are carried with a

tempest! 9c.

1hus does the author of this Epist#e spend a## the

second Chapter in descri*ing the <ua#ities of

the,poca#yptic easts and fa#se rophet% and then in

the third he goes on to descri*e their destruction more

fu##y! and the future +ingdom. He saith! that*ecause the

coming of Christ shou#d *e #ong deferred! they shou#d

scoff!saying! where is the promise of his comingI 1hen

he descri*es the suddencoming of the day of the ord

upon them! as a thief in the night! which is the

,poca#yptic phrase/ and the mi##ennium! or thousand

years! which are with 3od *ut as a day/ the passing

away of the o#d heavens and earth! *y a conf#agration

in the #a+e of fire! and our #oo+ing for new heavens and

a new earth! wherein dwe##eth righteousness. 5eeing

therefore eter and ohn were ,post#es of the

circumcision! itseems to me that they staid with their

Churches in udea and 5yria ti## the ;omans made war

upon their nation! that is! ti## the twe#fth year of

Nero/that they then fo##owed the main *ody of their

f#ying Churches into ,sia!and that eter went thence *y

Corinth to ;ome/ that the ;oman Empire#oo+ed upon

those Churches as enemies! *ecause ews *y *irth/

and therefore to prevent insurrections! secured their

#eaders! and *anished ohn into atmos.

?t seems a#so pro*a*#e to me that the ,poca#ypsewas therecomposed! and that soon after the Epist#e to

the He*rews and those of eter were written to these

Churches! with reference to this rophecy as what they

were particu#ar#y concerned in. >or it appears *y these

Epist#es! that they were written in times of genera#

aff#iction and tri*u#ation underthe heathens! and *y



conse<uence when the Empire made war upon

theews/ for ti## then the heathens were at peace with

the Christian ews! as we## as with the rest. 1he Epist#e

to the He*rews! since it mentions1imothy as re#ated to

those He*rews! must *e written to them after their f#ightinto ,sia! where 1imothy was ishop/ and *y

conse<uence after thewar *egan! the He*rews in

udea *eing strangers to 1imothy. eter seems a#so to

ca## ;ome a*y#on! as we## with respect to the war

made upon udea! and the approaching captivity! #i+e

that under o#d a*y#on! as withrespect to that name in

the ,poca#ypse% and in writing to the strangers

scattered throughout ontus! 3a#atia! Cappadocia! ,sia

and ythinia! heseems to intimate that they were thestrangers new#y scattered *y the;oman wars/ for those

were the on#y strangers there *e#onging to his care.

1his account of things agrees *est with history when

du#y rectified. >orustin and ?renaeus say! that 5imon

Magus came to ;ome in the reign ofC#audius! and

eercised :ugg#ing tric+s there. seudoBC#emens adds!

thathe endeavored there to f#y! *ut *ro+e his nec+

through the prayers of eter.Whence Euse*ius! or

rather his interpo#ator erom! has recorded! that

etercame to ;ome in the second year of C#audius% *ut

Cyri# ishop of erusa#em! hi#astrius! 5u#pitius!

rosper! Maimus 1aurinensis! and Hegesippus :unior!

p#ace this victory of eter in the time of Nero. ?ndeedthe

ancienter tradition was! that eter came to ;ome in the

days of thisEmperor! as may *e seen in actantius.

Chrysostom te##s us! that the,post#es continued #ong in

udea! and that then *eing driven out *y theews they

went to the 3enti#es. 1his dispersion was in the first

year of theewish war! when the ews! as osephus

te##s us! *egan to *e tumu#tuousand vio#ent in a##

p#aces. >or a## agree that the ,post#es were dispersed

intosevera# regions at once/ and rigen has set down



the time! te##ing us that inthe *eginning of the udaic

war! the ,post#es and discip#es of our ordwere

scattered into a## nations/ 1homas into arthia! ,ndrew

into 5cythia! ohn into ,sia! and eter first into ,sia!

where he preached to thedispersion! and thence into?ta#y. @ionysius Corinthius saith! that eter went from

,sia *y Corinth to ;ome! and a## anti<uity agrees that

eter andau# were martyred there in the end of NeroAs

reign. Mar+ went with1imothy to ;ome! 2 1imothy 4%66/

Co#os. 4%60. 5y#vanus was au#Asassistant/ and *y the

companions of eter! mentioned in his first Epist#e!

wemay +now that he wrote from ;ome/ and the

,ncients genera##y agree! thatin this Epist#e he

understood ;ome *y a*y#on.

His second Epist#e waswrit to the same dispersed

strangers with the first! 2 eter $%6/ and thereinhe saith!

that au# had writ of the same things to them! and a#so

in his otherEpist#es! ver. 6&! 6'. Now as there is no

Epist#e of au# to these strangers*esides that to the

He*rews! so in this epist#e! chap. 60%66! 62/ we find

at#arge a## those things which eter had *een spea+ing

of! and here refers to/ particu#ar#y the passing away of

the o#d heavens and earth! esta*#ishing an inheritance

immovea*#e! with an ehortation to grace! *ecause

3od! to the wic+ed! is a consuming fire! He*rews

62%2&! 2'! 27!28.Having determined the time of writing

the ,poca#ypse! ? need not say much a*out the truth of

it! since it was in such re<uest with the first ages!that

many endeavored to imitate it! *y feigning ,poca#ypses

under the,post#esA names/ and the ,post#es

themse#ves! as ? have :ust now showed!studied it! and

used its phrases/ *y which means the sty#e of the

epist#e to the He*rews *ecame more mystica# than that

of au#As other Epist#es! andthe sty#e of ohnAs 3ospe#

more figurative and ma:estica# than that of theother

3ospe#s.



? do not apprehend that Christ was ca##ed the word of

3odin any *oo+ of the New 1estament written *efore

the ,poca#ypse/ and therefore am of opinion! the

#anguage was ta+en from this rophecy! as were a#so

many other phrases in this gospe#! such as those of ChristAs *eing the #ight which en#ightens the wor#d! the

#am* of 3od which ta+eth awaythe sins of the wor#d!

the *ridegroom! he that testifieth! he that came

downfrom heaven! the 5on of 3od! 9c. ustin Martyr!

who within thirty yearsafter ohnAs death *ecame a

Christian! writes epress#y that a certain man among

the Christians whose name was ohn! one of the twe#ve

,post#es of Christ! in the ;eve#ation which was shewed

him! prophesied that thosewho *e#ieved in Christshou#d #ive a thousand years at erusa#em. ,nd a few

#ines *efore he saith% ut ?! and as many as are

Christians! in a## things right in their opinions! *e#ieve

*oth that there sha## *e aresurrection of the f#esh! and a

thousand years #ife at erusa#em *ui#t!adorned and

en#arged. Which is as much as to say! that a## true

Christiansin that ear#y age received this rophecy% for

in a## ages! as many as *e#ievedthe thousand years!

received the ,poca#ypse as the foundation of

theiropinion% and ? do not +now one instance to the

contrary. apias ishop of Hierapo#is! a man of the

,posto#ic age! and one of ohnAs own discip#es!did not

on#y teach the doctrine of the thousand years! *ut a#so

asserted the,poca#ypse as written *y divine inspiration.

Me#ito! who f#ourished net after ustin! wrote a

commentary upon this rophecy/ and he! *eing ishop

of 5ardis one of the seven Churches! cou#d neither *e

ignorant of theirtradition a*out it! nor impose upon

them. ?renaeus! who was contemporary with Me#ito!

wrote much upon it! and said! that the num*er ''' was

in a## the ancient and approved copies/ and that he had

it a#so confirmed to him *y those who had seen ohn



face to face! meaning no dou*t his master o#ycarp for

one. ,t the same time 1heophi#us ishop of ,ntioch

asserted it! and so did 1ertu##ian! C#emens

,#eandrinus! and rigen soon after/ andtheir

contemporary Hippo#ytus the Martyr! Metropo#itan of the ,ra*ians!wrote a commentary upon it. ,## these were

ancient men! f#ourishing withina hundred and twenty

years after ohnAs death! and of greatest note in

theChurches of those times.

5oon after did Gictorinus ictavienses writeanother

commentary upon it/ and he #ived in the time of

@ioc#esian. 1his may sure#y suffice to show how the

,poca#ypse was received and studiedin the first ages%

and ? do not indeed find any other *oo+ of the

New1estament so strong#y attested! or commented

upon so ear#y as this. 1herophecy said% #essed is he

that readeth! and they that hear the words of this

rophecy! and +eep the things which are written

therein. 1his animated the first Christians to study it so

much! ti## the difficu#ty madethem remit! and comment

more upon the other *oo+s of the New1estament. 1his

was the state of the ,poca#ypse! ti## the thousand years

*eing misunderstood! *rought a pre:udice against it%

and @ionysius of,#eandria! noting how it a*ounded

with *ar*arisms! that is withHe*raisms! promoted that

pre:udice so far! as to cause many 3ree+s in thefourth

century to dou*t of the *oo+. ut whi#st the atins! and

a great partof the 3ree+s! a#ways retained the

,poca#ypse! and the rest dou*ted on#y out of pre:udice!

it ma+es nothing against its authority.

1his rophecy is ca##ed the ;eve#ation! with respect

to the 5cripture of truth! which @anie# was commanded

to shut up and sea#! ti## the time ofthe end. @anie#

sea#ed it unti# the time of the end/ and unti# that

timecomes! the am* is opening the sea#s% and



afterwards the two Witnessesprophesy out of it a #ong

time in sac+Bc#oth! *efore they ascend up toheaven in a

c#oud. ,## which is as much as to say! that these

rophecies of @anie# and ohn shou#d not *e

understood ti## the time of the end% *ut thensome shou#dprophesy out of them in an aff#icted and mournfu# state

for a#ong time! and that *ut dar+#y! so as to convert *ut

few.

ut in the very end! the rophecy shou#d *e so far

interpreted as to convince many. 1hen! saith @anie#!

many sha## run to and fro! and +now#edge sha## *e

increased. >or the 3ospe# must *e preached in a##

nations *efore the great tri*u#ation!and end of the

wor#d. 1he pa#mB*earing mu#titude! which come out of

thistri*u#ation! cannot *e innumera*#e out of a## nations!

un#ess they *e madeso *y the preaching of the 3ospe#

*efore it comes. 1here must *e a stone cut out of a

mountain without hands! *efore it can fa## upon the toes

of the?mage! and *ecome a great mountain and fi## the

earth. ,n ,nge# must f#ythrough the midst of heaven

with the ever#asting 3ospe# to preach to a##nations!

*efore a*y#on fa##s! and the 5on of man reaps his

harvest. 1he two rophets must ascend up to heaven

in a c#oud! *efore the +ingdoms ofthis wor#d *ecome

the +ingdoms of Christ.

K1is therefore a part of thisrophecy! that it shou#d

not *e understood *efore the #ast age of the wor#d/and

therefore it ma+es for the credit of the rophecy! that it

is not yetunderstood. ut if the #ast age! the age of opening these things! *e nowapproaching! as *y the

great successes of #ate ?nterpreters it seems to *e!we

have more encouragement than ever to #oo+ into these

things. ?f thegenera# preaching of the 3ospe# *e

approaching! it is to us and ourposterity that those

words main#y *e#ong% ?n the time of the end the



wisesha## understand! *ut none of the wic+ed sha##

understand. #essed is he that readeth! and they that

hear the words of this rophecy! and +eep those things

which are written therein. 1he fo##y of ?nterpreters has

*een! to forete## times and things *y thisrophecy! as if 3od designed to ma+e them rophets. y this

rashness they have not on#y eposed themse#ves! *ut

*rought the rophecy a#so into contempt.

1he design of 3od was much otherwise. He gave

this and therophecies of the #d 1estament! not to

gratify menAs curiosities *yena*#ing them to fore+now

things! *ut that after they were fu#fi##ed theymight *e

interpreted *y the event! and his own rovidence! not

the ?nterpretersA! *e then manifested there*y to the

wor#d. >or the event ofthings predicted many ages

*efore! wi## then *e a convincing argument that the

wor#d is governed *y providence. >or as the few and

o*scure rophecies concerning ChristAs first coming

were for setting up the Christian re#igion! many and

c#ear rophecies concerning the things to *edone at

ChristAs second coming! are not on#y for predicting *ut

a#so foreffecting a recovery and reBesta*#ishment of the

#ongB#ost truth! and settingup a +ingdom wherein dwe##s

righteousness. 1he event wi## prove the ,poca#ypse/

and this rophecy! thus proved and understood! wi##

open the o#d rophets! and a## together wi## ma+e

+nown the true re#igion! and esta*#ish it.

>or he that wi## understand the o#d rophets! must

*egin with this/ *ut the time is not yet come for understanding them perfect#y! *ecausethe main

revo#ution predicted in them is not yet come to pass. ?n

the days of the voice of the seventh ,nge#! when he

sha## *egin to sound! the mystery of 3od sha## *e

finished! as he hath dec#ared to his servants the

rophets% and then the +ingdoms of this wor#d sha##



*ecome the +ingdoms of our ord and his Christ! and

he sha## reign for ever! ,poc. 60%(/ 66%6&. 1here is

a#ready so much of the rophecy fu#fi##ed! that as many

as wi## ta+epains in this study! may see sufficient

instances of 3odAs providence% *ut then the signa#revo#utions predicted *y a## the ho#y rophets! wi## at

once *oth turn menAs eyes upon considering the

predictions! and p#ain#y interpret them.

1i## then we must content ourse#ves with interpreting

what hath *eena#ready fu#fi##ed.,mongst the

?nterpreters of the #ast age there is scarce one of note

who hath not made some discovery worth +nowing/ and

thence ? seem to gatherthat 3od is a*out opening

these mysteries. 1he success of others put meupon

considering it/ and if ? have done any thing which may

*e usefu# to fo##owing writers! ? have my design.

O5ser6ations 8on t9e A8oca:y8se o; St. 4o9n

CHAPTER &

O$ THE RE#ATION HICH THE APOCA#*PSE

O$ 4OHN

HATH TO THE BOO% O$ THE #A O$ "OSES/

AND TO THE ORSHIP O$ !OD IN THETE"P#E.

1HE ,poca#ypse of ohn is written in the same sty#e

and #anguage with the rophecies of @anie#! and hath

the same re#ation to them which they haveto one

another! so that a## of them together ma+e *ut one

comp#eterophecy/ and in #i+e manner it consists of two

parts! an introductoryrophecy! and an ?nterpretation



thereof.1he rophecy is distinguished into seven

successive parts! *y the openingof the seven sea#s of

the *oo+ which @anie# was commanded to sea# up%and

hence it is ca##ed the ,poca#ypse or ;eve#ation of esus

Christ. 1hetime of the seventh sea# is su*Bdivided intoeight successive parts *y thesi#ence in heaven for ha#f

an hour! and the sounding of seven

trumpetssuccessive#y% and the seventh trumpet sounds

to the *att#e of the great dayof 3od ,#mighty! where*y

the +ingdoms of this wor#d *ecome the+ingdoms of the

ord and of his Christ! and those are destroyed that

destroyed the earth.

1he ?nterpretation *egins with the words! ,nd the

temp#e of 3od was opened in heaven! and there was

seen in his temp#e the ,r+ of the1estament% and it

continues to the end of the rophecy. 1he 1emp#e is

thescene of the visions! and the visions in the 1emp#e

re#ate to the feast of the seventh month% for the feasts

of the ews were typica# of things to come.1he

assover re#ated to the first coming of Christ! and the

feasts of theseventh month to his second coming% his

first coming *eing therefore over*efore this rophecy

was given! the feasts of the seventh month are

hereon#y a##uded unto.n the first day of that month! in

the morning! the HighBriest dressed the#amps% and in

a##usion hereunto! this rophecy *egins with a vision of

one#i+e the 5on of man in the HighBriestAs ha*it!

appearing as it were in themidst of the seven go#den

cand#estic+s! or over against the midst of them!dressing

the #amps! which appeared #i+e a rod of seven stars in

his right hand% and this dressing was performed *y the

sending seven Epist#es to the,nge#s or ishops of the

seven Churches in ,sia! which in the primitive times

i##uminated the 1emp#e or Church Catho#ic.



1hese Epist#es contain admonitions against the

approaching ,postasy! and therefore re#ate to thetimes

when the ,postasy *egan to wor+ strong#y! and *efore

it prevai#ed.?t *egan to wor+ in the ,post#esA days! and

was to continue wor+ing ti## the man of sin shou#d *erevea#ed. ?t *egan to wor+ in the discip#es of 5imon!

Menander! Carpocrates! Cerinthus! and such sorts of

men as had im*i*ed the metaphysica# phi#osophy of the

3enti#es and Ca*a#istica# ews!and were thence ca##ed

3nostics. ohn ca##s them ,ntichrists! saying that inhis

days there were many ,ntichrists. ut these *eing

condemned *y the ,post#es! and their immediate

discip#es! put the Churches in no danger during the

opening of the first four sea#s.

1he visions at the opening ofthese sea#s re#ate on#y

to the civi# affairs of the heathen ;oman Empire.

5o#ong the ,posto#ic traditions prevai#ed! and preserved

the Church in itspurity% and therefore the affairs of the

Church do not *egin to *econsidered in this rophecy

*efore the opening of the fifth sea#. 5he *egan then to

dec#ine! and to want admonitions/ and therefore is

admonished *y these Epist#es! ti## the ,postasy

prevai#ed and too+ p#ace! which was at theopening of

the seventh sea#. 1he admonitions therefore in these

seven Epist#es re#ate to the state of the Church in the

times of the fifth and sith sea#s. ,t the opening of the

fifth sea#! the Church is purged from hypocrites *y a

great persecution.

,t the opening of the sith! that which #etted ista+enout of the way! name#y the heathen ;oman Empire. ,t

the opening of the seventh! the man of sin is revea#ed.

,nd to these times the sevenEpist#es re#ate.1he seven

,nge#s! to whom these Epist#es were written! answer to

the seven ,marcBho#im! who were riests and chief

fficers of the 1emp#e!and had :oint#y the +eys of the



gates of the 1emp#e! with those of the1reasuries! and

the direction! appointment and oversight of a## things in

the1emp#e.,fter the #amps were dressed! ohn saw the

door of the 1emp#e opened/and *y the voice as it were

of a trumpet! was ca##ed up to the eastern gateof thegreat court! to see the visions% and *eho#d a throne was

set! vi. the mercyBseat upon the ,r+ of the 1estament!

which the ews respected as the throne of 3od

*etween the Cheru*ims! Eodus 2&%2/ sa#m 88%6. ,nd

he that sat on it was to #oo+ upon #i+e asper and

5ardine stone! that is! of an o#ive co#or! the peop#e of

udea *eing of that co#or. ,nd the 5un *eingthen in the

East! a rain*ow was a*out the throne! the em*#em of

g#ory. ,nd round a*out the throne were four and twentyseats/ answering to the cham*ers of the four and

twenty rinces of the riests! twe#ve on the south side!

and twe#ve on the north side of the riestsA Court. ,nd

upon the seats were four and twenty E#ders sitting!

c#othed in white raiment! with crownson their heads/

representing the rinces of the four and twenty courses

ofthe riests c#othed in #inen. ,nd out of the throne

proceeded #ightnings and thunderings! and voices! vi.

the f#ashes of the fire upon the ,#tar at themorningB

sacrifice! and the thundering voices of those that

sounded thetrumpets! and sung at the Eastern gate of

the riestsA Court/ for these *eing *etween ohn and

the throne appeared to him as proceeding from

thethrone. ,nd there were seven #amps of fire *urning!

in the 1emp#e! *efore the throne! which are the seven

spirits of 3od! or ,nge#s of the seven Churches!

represented in the *eginning of this rophecy *y seven

stars. ,nd *efore the throne was a sea of g#ass c#ear

as crysta#/ the *raen sea *etween the porch of the

1emp#e and the ,#tar! fi##ed with c#ear water. ,nd in the

midst of the throne! and round a*out the throne! were

four easts fu## of eyes *efore and *ehind% that is! one

east *efore the throne and one *ehind it! appearing to

ohn as in the midst of the throne! and one on



eitherside in the circ#e a*out it! to represent *y the

mu#titude of their eyes the peop#e standing in the four

sides of the peop#esA court.

,nd the first east was #i+e a #ion! and the second

was #i+e a ca#f! and the third had the faceof a man! and

the fourth was #i+e a f#ying eag#e. 1he peop#e of ?srae#

in the wi#derness encamped round a*out the

ta*ernac#e! and on the east side werethree tri*es under

the standard of udah! on the west were three

tri*esunder the standard of Ephraim! on the south were

three tri*es under thestandard of ;eu*en! and on the

north were three tri*es under the standardof @an!

Num*ers 2%,nd the standard of udah was a ion! that

of Ephraiman ! that of ;eu*en a Man! and that of

@an an Eag#e! as the ews affirm.Whence were framed

the hierog#yphics of Cheru*ims and 5eraphims! to

represent the peop#e of ?srae#.

, Cheru*im had one *ody with four faces!the faces

of a ion! an ! a Man and an Eag#e! #oo+ing to the

four windsof heaven! without turning a*out! as inEe+ie#As vision! chap. 6%,nd four5eraphims had the

same four faces with four *odies! one face to

every*ody. 1he four easts are therefore four

5eraphims standing in the foursides of the peop#esA

court/ the first in the eastern side with the head of

aion! the second in the western side with the head of

an ! the third in thesouthern side with the head of a

Man! the fourth in the northern side with the head of an

Eag#e% and a## four signify together the twe#ve tri*esof?srae#! out of whom the hundred forty and four

thousand were sea#ed!,poc. (%4. ,nd the four easts

had each of them si wings! two to a tri*e! in a## twenty

and four wings! answering to the twenty and four

stations of the peop#e. ,nd they were fu## of eyes within!

or under their wings. ,nd 1hey rest not day and night!



or at the morning and eveningBsacrifices! saying! ho#y!

ho#y! ho#y ord 3od ,#mighty! which was! and is! and is

to come. 1hese anima#s are therefore the 5eraphims!

which appeared to ?saiahin a vision #i+e this of the

,poca#ypse. >or there a#so the ord sat upon athrone inthe temp#e/ and the 5eraphims each with si wings

cried! Ho#y! ho#y! ho#y ord 3od of hosts. ,nd when

those anima#s give g#ory andhonor and than+s to him

that sitteth upon the throne! who #iveth for everand

ever! the four and twenty E#ders go into the 1emp#e!

and there fa## down *efore him that sitteth on the

throne! and worship him that #iveth forever and ever!

and cast their crowns *efore the throne! saying! 1hou

art worthy! ord! to receive g#ory and honor andpower% for thou hastcreated a## things! and for thy

p#easure they are and were created. ,t the morning

and eveningBsacrifices! so soon as the sacrifice was

#aid upon the ,#tar! and the drin+Boffering *egan to *e

poured out! the trumpetssounded! and the evites sang

*y course three times/ and every time when the

trumpets sounded! the peop#e fe## down and worshiped.

1hree times therefore did the peop#e worship/ to

epress which num*er! the easts cry Ho#y! ho#y! ho#y%

and the song *eing ended! the peop#e prayed standing!

ti##the so#emnity was finished. ?n the mean time the

riests went into the1emp#e! and there fe## down *efore

him that sat upon the throne! andworshiped. ,nd ohn

saw! in the right hand of him that sat upon the throne! a

*oo+written within and on the *ac+side! sea#ed with

seven sea#s! vi. the *oo+ which @anie# was

commanded to sea# up! and which is here represented

*ythe prophetic *oo+ of the aw #aid up on the right

side of the ,r+! as itwere in the right hand of him that

sat on the throne% for the festiva#s andceremonies of

the aw prescri*ed to the peop#e in this *oo+!

adum*rated those things which were predicted in the



*oo+ of @anie#/ and the writingwithin and on the

*ac+side of this *oo+! re#ates to the

synchrona#rophecies. ,nd none was found worthy to

open the *oo+ *ut the am* of 3od. ,nd #o! in the

midst of the throne and of the four easts! and in themidst of the E#ders! that is! at the foot of the ,#tar!

stood a #am* as it had*een s#ain! the morningBsacrifice/

having seven horns! which are the sevenChurches! and

seven eyes! which are the seven spirits of 3od sent

forth into a## the earth. ,nd he came! and too+ the *oo+

out of the right hand of him that sat upon the throne%

,nd when he had ta+en the *oo+! the four easts and

four and twenty E#ders fe## down *efore the am*!

having every one of them harps! and go#den via#s fu## of odours! which are the prayers of the saints. ,nd they

sung a new song! saying! 1hou art worthyto ta+e the

*oo+! and to open the sea#s thereof% for thou was s#ain!

andhast redeemed us to 3od *y thy *#ood out of every

+indred! and tongue!and peop#e! and nation/ and hast

made us! unto our 3od! -ings andriests! and we sha##

reign on the earth.

1he easts and E#ders therefore represent the

primitive Christians of a## nations/ and the worship of

theseChristians in their Churches is here represented

under the form ofworshiping 3od and the am* in the

1emp#e% 3od for his *enefaction increating a## things!

and the am* for his *enefaction in redeeming us

withhis *#ood% 3od as sitting upon the throne and #iving

for ever! and the am*as ea#ted a*ove a## *y the

merits of his death. Q,nd ? heard! saith ohn! the voice

of many ,nge#s round a*out the throne! and the easts

and theE#ders% and the num*er of them was ten

thousand times ten thousand! andthousands of

thousands/ saying with a #oud voice! Worthy is the

am* thatwas s#ain to receive power! and riches! and

wisdom! and strength! andhonour! and g#ory! and



*#essing. ,nd every creature which is in heaven!and on

the earth! and under the earth! and such as are in the

sea! and a##that are in them! heard ?! saying! #essing!

honour! g#ory! and power! *eunto him that sitteth upon

the throne! and unto the am* for ever andever. ,ndthe four easts said! ,nd the four and twenty E#ders

fe##down and worshiped him that #iveth for ever and

ever. 1his was the worship of the primitive Christians.?t

was the custom for the HighBriest! seven days *efore

the fast of theseventh month! to continue constant#y in

the 1emp#e! and study the *oo+of the aw! that he

might *e perfect in it against the day of

epiation/wherein the service! which was various and

intricate! was who##y to *eperformed *y himse#f/ part of which service was reading the aw to thepeop#e% and to

promote his studying it! there were certain riests

appointed*y the 5anhedrim to *e with him those seven

days in one of his cham*ers inthe 1emp#e! and there to

discourse with him a*out the aw! and read it to him!

and put him in mind of reading and studying it himse#f.

1his hisopening and reading the aw those seven days!

is a##uded unto in the am*As opening the sea#s.

We are to conceive that those seven days *eginin

the evening *efore each day/ for the ews *egan their

day in the evening!and that the so#emnity of the fast

*egins in the morning of the seventh day. 1he seventh

sea# was therefore opened on the day of epiation! and

then there was si#ence in heaven for ha#f an hour. ,nd

an ,nge#! the HighBriest! stood at the ,#tar! having a

go#den Censer/ and there was givenhim much incense!

that he shou#d offer it with the prayers of a## 5aints!upon

the go#den ,#tar which was *efore the throne. 1he

custom was on other days! for one of the riests to

ta+e fire from the great ,#tar in a si#verCenser/ *ut on

this day! for the HighBriest to ta+e fire from the great

,#tarin a go#den Censer% and when he was come down



from the great ,#tar! hetoo+ incense from one of the

riests who *rought it to him! and went withit to the

go#den ,#tar% and whi#e he offered the incense! the

peop#e prayedwithout in si#ence! which is the si#ence in

heaven for ha#f an hour. When theHighBriest had #aidthe incense on the ,#tar! he carried a Censer of it

*urning in his hand! into the most ho#y p#ace *efore the

,r+. ,nd the smo+e of the incense! with the prayers of

the 5aints! ascended up *efore3od out of the ,nge#As

hand.

n other days there was a certain measure of

incense for the go#den ,#tar% on this day there was a

greater <uantity for*oth the ,#tar and the most ho#y

#ace! and therefore it is ca##ed much ?ncense. ,fter

this the ,nge# too+ the Censer! and fi##ed it with fire

fromthe great ,#tar! and cast it into the earth/ that is! *y

the hands of theriests who *e#ong to his mystica#

*ody! he cast it to the earth without the1emp#e! for

*urning the 3oat which was the ordAs #ot. ,nd at this

and other concomitant sacrifices! unti# the eveningB

sacrifice was ended! there were voices! and

thunderings! and #ightnings! and an earth<ua+e/ that

is!the voice of the HighBriest reading the aw to the

peop#e! and othervoices and thunderings from the

trumpets and temp#eBmusic at the sacrifices! and

#ightnings from the fire of the ,#tar.1he so#emnity of the

day of epiation *eing finished! the seven ,nge#s sound

their trumpets at the great sacrifices of the seven days

of the feast ofta*ernac#es/ and at the same sacrifices!

the seven thunders utter their voices! which are the

music of the 1emp#e! and singing of the evites!

intermied with the soundings of the trumpets% and the

seven ,nge#s pour out their via#s of wrath! which are

the drin+Bofferings of those sacrifices.



When si of the sea#s were opened! ohn said% ,nd

after these things! that is! after the visions of the sith

sea#! ? saw four ,nge#s standing on the four corners of

the earth! ho#ding the four winds of the earth! that the

windshou#d not *#ow on the earth! nor on the sea! nor on any tree. ,nd ? sawanother ,nge# ascending from

the East! having the sea# of the #iving 3od%and he cried

with a #oud voice to the four ,nge#s! to whom it was

given to hurt the earth and the sea! saying! Hurt not the

earth! nor the sea! nor thetrees! ti## we have sea#ed the

servants of our 3od in their foreheads. 1his sea#ing

a##udes to a tradition of the ews! that upon the day of

epiation a## the peop#e of ?srae# are sea#ed up in the

*oo+s of #ife and death. >or the ews in their 1a#mudte## us! that in the *eginning of every new year! or first

day of the month 1isri! the seventh month of the sacred

year! three *oo+s are opened in :udgment/ the *oo+ of

#ife! in which the names ofthose are written who are

perfect#y :ust/ the *oo+ of death! in which thenames of

those are written who are ,theists or very wic+ed/ and

a third *oo+! of those whose :udgment is suspended ti##

the day of epiation! andwhose names are not written in

the *oo+ of #ife or death *efore that day.

1he first ten days of this month they ca## the

penitentia# days/ and a## thesedays fast pray very much!

are devout! that on tenthday their sins may *e remitted!

names written in *oo+of #ife/ which day is therefore

ca##ed epiation. upon thistenth day! returning home

from 5ynagogues! say to one another! 3od creator sea#

you a good year. >or conceive *oo+s now sea#ed up!

sentence remains unchangedhenceforward end same

thing signified *y two3oats! whose foreheads HighB

riest year#y! ofepiation! #ays two #ots inscri*ed!

,ae#/ 3odAs #ot signifying peop#e who with name

theirforeheads/ ,ae#! was sent into



wi#derness!representing those receive mar+ east!

gointo wi#derness great Whore.

1he servants of 3od *eing therefore sea#ed in the

day of epiation! we may conceive that this sea#ing is

synchrona# to the visions which appear upon opening

the seventh sea#/ and that when the am* had opened

si of the sea#s and seen the visions re#ating to the

inside of the sith! he #oo+ed onthe *ac+side of the

seventh #eaf! and then saw the four ,nge#s ho#ding the

four winds of heaven! and another ,nge# ascending

from the East with the sea# of 3od. Conceive a#so! that

the ,nge#s which he#d the four winds werethe first four

of the seven ,nge#s! who upon opening the seventh

sea# wereseen standing *efore 3od/ and that upon their

ho#ding the winds! there was si#ence in heaven for ha#f

an hour/ and that whi#e the servants of 3od

weresea#ing! the ,nge# with the go#den Censer offered

their prayers withincense upon the go#den ,#tar! and

read the aw% and that so soon as theywere sea#ed! the

winds hurt the earth at the sounding of the first trumpet!

and the sea at the sounding of the second/ these winds

signifying the wars! to which the first four trumpets

sounded.

>or as the first four sea#s aredistinguished from the

three #ast *y the appearance of four horsementowards

the four winds of heaven/ so the wars of the first four

trumpets are distinguished from those of the three #ast!

*y representing these *y four winds! and the others *y

three great woes. ?n one of Ee+ie#As visions! when thea*y#onian captivity was at hand! si men appeared

with s#aughterBweapons/ and a seventh! who appeared

among them c#othed in white #inen and a writerAs in+B

horn *y his side! iscommanded to go through the midst

of erusa#em! and set a mar+ uponthe foreheads of the

men that sigh and cry for a## the a*ominations done in



the midst thereof% and then the si men! #i+e the ,nge#s

of the first sitrumpets! are commanded to s#ay those

men who are not mar+ed. Conceivetherefore that the

hundred forty and four thousand are sea#ed! to

preservethem from the p#agues of the first si trumpets/and that at #ength *y the preaching of the ever#asting

gospe#! they grow into a great mu#titude! which no man

cou#d num*er! of a## nations! and +indreds! and peop#e

and tongues% and at the sounding of the seventh

trumpet come out of the great tri*u#ation with a#ms in

their hands% the +ingdoms of this wor#d! *y the war to

which that trumpet sounds! *ecoming the +ingdoms of

3od and hisChrist. >or the so#emnity of the great

Hosannah was +ept *y the ews upon the seventh or #ast day of the feast of ta*ernac#es/ the ews upon that

day carrying a#ms in their hands! and crying

Hosannah.

,fter si of the ,nge#s! answering to the si men with

s#aughterBweapons!had sounded their trumpets! the

am* in the form of a mighty ,nge# came down from

heaven c#othed with a c#oud! and a rain*ow was upon

his head! and his face was as it were the 5un! and his

feet as pi##ars of fire! the shape in which Christ

appeared in the *eginning of this rophecy/ and he had

in his hand a #itt#e *oo+ open! the *oo+ which he had

new#y opened/ for he received *ut one *oo+ from him

that sitteth upon thethrone! and he a#one was worthy to

open and #oo+ on this *oo+. ,nd he set his right foot

upon the sea and his #eft foot on the earth! and cried

with a#oud voice! as when a #ion roareth. ?t was the

custom of the HighBriest on the day of epiation! to

stand in an e#evated p#ace in the peop#esA court! atthe

Eastern gate of the riestsA court! and read the aw to

the peop#e!whi#e the Heifer and the 3oat which was the

ordAs #ot! were *urning without the 1emp#e.



We may therefore suppose him standing in such a

manner! that his right foot might appear to ohn as it

were standing on the sea of g#ass! and his #eft foot on

the ground of the house/ and that he criedwith a #oud

voice! in reading the aw on the day of epiation. ,ndwhen he had cried! seven thunders uttered their voices.

1hunders are the voice of a c#oud! and a c#oud signifies

a mu#titude/ and this mu#titude may *e the evites! who

sang with thundering voices! and p#ayed with

musica#instruments at the great sacrifices! on the seven

days of the feast of1a*ernac#es% at which times the

trumpets a#so sounded. >or the trumpets sounded! and

the evites sang a#ternate#y! three times at every

sacrifice.1he rophecy therefore of the seven thundersis nothing e#se than arepetition of the rophecy of the

seven trumpets in another form. ,nd the ,nge# which ?

saw stand upon the sea and upon the earth! #ifted up

hishand to heaven! and sware *y him that #iveth for

ever and ever! that afterthe seven thunders there

shou#d *e time no #onger/ *ut in the days of thevoice of

the seventh ,nge#! when he sha## *egin to sound! the

mystery of 3od shou#d *e finished! as he hath dec#ared

to his servants the rophets. 1he voices of the

thunders therefore #ast to the end of this wor#d! and

sodo those of the trumpets. ,nd the voice which ? heard

from heaven! saith ohn! spa+e unto me again and

said! 3o and ta+e the #itt#e *oo+! 9c. ,nd ? too+ the #itt#e

*oo+ out of the ,nge#As hand! and ate it up/ and it was

in my mouth sweet as honey!and as soon as ? had

eaten it! my *e##y was *itter. ,nd he said unto me!1hou

must prophesy again *efore many peop#es! and

nations! andtongues! and +ings.

1his is an introduction to a new rophecy! to

arepetition of the rophecy of the who#e *oo+/ and

a##udes to Ee+ie#Aseating a ro## or *oo+ spread open

*efore him! and written within and without! fu## of



#amentations and mourning and woe! *ut sweet in his

mouth. Eating and drin+ing signify ac<uiring and

possessing/ and eating the*oo+ is *ecoming inspired

with the rophecy contained in it. ?t imp#ies*eing

inspired in a vigorous and etraordinary manner withthe rophecy of the who#e *oo+! and therefore signifies

a #ive#y repetition of the who#erophecy *y way of

interpretation! and *egins not ti## the first rophecy!that

of the sea#s and trumpets! is ended. ?t was sweet in

ohnAs mouth! andtherefore *egins not with the *itter

rophecy of the a*y#onian captivity!and the 3enti#es

*eing in the outward court of the 1emp#e! and treading

theho#y city under foot/ and the prophesying of the two

Witnesses in sac+c#oth! and their smiting the earth witha## p#agues! and *eing +i##ed *ythe east% *ut so soon

as the rophecy of the trumpets is ended! it *eginswith

the sweet rophecy of the g#orious Woman in heaven!

and the victory of Michae# over the @ragon/ and after

that! it is *itter in ohnAs *e##y! *y a#arge description of

the times of the great ,postasy.

,nd the ,nge# stood! upon the earth and sea! saying!

;ise and measure the1emp#e of 3od and the ,#tar! and

them that worship therein! that is! their courts with the

*ui#dings thereon! vi. the s<uare court of the

1emp#eca##ed the separate p#ace! and the s<uare court

of the ,#tar ca##ed theriestsA court! and the court of

them that worship in the 1emp#e ca##ed thenew court%

*ut the great court which is without the 1emp#e! #eave

out! andmeasure it not! for it is given to the 3enti#es!

and the ho#y city sha## theytread under foot forty and

two months. 1his measuring hath reference to Ee+ie#As

measuring the 1emp#e of 5o#omon% there the who#e

1emp#e!inc#uding the outward court! was measured! to

signify that it shou#d *ere*ui#t in the #atter days. Here

the courts of the 1emp#e and ,#tar! and theywho

worship therein! are on#y measured! to signify the



*ui#ding of a second1emp#e! for those that are sea#ed

out of a## the twe#ve tri*es of ?srae#! and worship in the

inward court of sincerity and truth% *ut ohn is

commanded to #eave out the outward court! or outward

form of re#igion and ChurchBgovernment! *ecause it isgiven to the a*y#onian 3enti#es. >or theg#orious

woman in heaven! the remnant of whose seed +ept the

commandments of 3od! and had the testimony of

esus! continued the same woman in outward form

after her f#ight into the wi#derness! where*y she <uitted

her former sincerity and piety! and *ecame the great

Whore.5he #ost her chastity! *ut +ept her outward form

and shape.

,nd whi#e the3enti#es tread the ho#y city underfoot!

and worship in the outward court!the two witnesses!

represented perhaps *y the two feet of the

,nge#standing on the sea and earth! prophesied

against them! and had power! #i+e E#i:ah and Moses! to

consume their enemies with fire proceeding outof their

mouth! and to shut heaven that it rain not in the days of

theirrophecy! and to turn the waters into *#ood! and to

smite the earth witha## p#agues as often as they wi##! that

is! with the p#agues of the trumpets and via#s of wrath/

and at #ength they are s#ain! rise again from the

dead!and ascend up to heaven in a c#oud/ and then the

seventh trumpet sounds to the day of :udgment.1he

rophecy *eing finished! ohn is inspired anew *y the

eaten *oo+! and *egins the ?nterpretation thereof with

these words! ,nd the 1emp#e of 3od was opened in

heaven! and there was seen in his 1emp#e the ,r+ of

the1estament. y the ,r+! we may +now that this was

the first 1emp#e/ forthe second temp#e had no ,r+. ,nd

there were #ightnings! and voices! and thunderings! and

an earth<ua+e! and great hai#. 1hese answer to the

wars in the ;oman Empire! during the reign of the four

horsemen! who appeared upon opening the first four



sea#s. ,nd there appeared a great wonder inhaven! a

woman c#othed with the 5un. ?n the rophecy! the

affairs of the Church *egin to *e considered at the

opening of the fifth sea#/ and in the ?nterpretation! they

*egin at the same time with the vision of the Church inthe form of a woman in heaven% there she is

persecuted! and here she is pained in travai#.

1he ?nterpretation proceeds down first to the sea#ing

ofthe servants of 3od! and mar+ing the rest with the

mar+ of the east/ andthen to the day of :udgment!

represented *y a harvest and vintage. 1hen itreturns

*ac+ to the times of opening the seventh sea#! and

interprets therophecy of the seven trumpets *y the

pouring out of seven via#s of wrath.1he ,nge#s who

pour them out! come out of the 1emp#e of the

1a*ernac#e/ that is! out of the second 1emp#e! for the

1a*ernac#e has nooutward court. 1hen it returns *ac+

again to the times of measuring the1emp#e and ,#tar!

and of the 3enti#es worshiping in the outward court!

andof the east +i##ing the witnesses in the streets of

the great city/ andinterprets these things *y the vision

of a woman sitting on the east drun+en with the *#ood

of the 5aints/ and proceeds in the ?nterpretation

downwards to the fa## of the great city and the day of

:udgment.1he who#e rophecy of the *oo+! represented

*y the *oo+ of the aw! is therefore repeated! and

interpreted in the visions which fo##ow those of sounding

the seventh trumpet! and *egin with that of the 1emp#e

of 3od opened in heaven. n#y the things! which the

seven thunders uttered! were not written down! and

therefore not interpreted.

CHAPTER 3



O$ THE RE#ATION HICH THE PROPHEC* O$

4OHN HATH TO THOSE O$ DANIE#< AND O$

THE SB4ECT O$ THE PROPHEC*.

1HE who#e scene of sacred rophecy is composed

of three principa# parts% the regions *eyond Euphrates!

represented *y the two first easts of @anie#/ the

Empire of the 3ree+s on this side of Euphrates!

represented *y the eopard and *y the HeB3oat/ and

the Empire of the atins on this side of 3reece!

represented *y the east with ten horns. ,nd to these

three parts! the phrases of the third part of the earth!

sea rivers! trees! ships! stars! sun! and moon! re#ate. ?

p#ace the *ody of the fourth east on this side of 3reece! *ecause the three first of the four easts had

their #ives pro#onged after their dominion was ta+en

away! and therefore *e#ong not to the *ody of the

fourth. He on#y stamped them with his feet. they

understood the p#aces to which they sai#ed *y sea!

particu#ar#y a## Europe% and hence in this rophecy! the

earth and sea are put for the nations of the 3ree+ and

atin Empires.

1he third and fourth easts of @anie# are the same

with the @ragon and tenBhorned east of ohn! *ut with

this difference% ohn puts the @ragon for the who#e

;oman Empire whi#e it continued entire! *ecause it was

entire when that rophecy was given/ and the east he

considers not ti## the Empire *ecame divided% and then

he puts the dragon for the Empire of the 3ree+s! and

the east for the Empire of the atins. Hence it is that

the @ragon and east have common heads and

common horns% *ut the @ragon hath crowns on#y upon

his heads! and the east on#y upon his horns/ *ecause

the east and his horns reigned not *efore they were

divided from the @ragon% and when the @ragon gave

the east his throne! the ten horns received power as



-ings! the same hour with the east. 1he heads are

seven successive -ings. >our of them were the four

horsemen which appeared at the opening of the first

four sea#s. ?n the #atter end of the sith head! or sea#!

considered as present in the visions! it is said! five of the seven -ings are fa##en! and one is! and another is

not yet come/ and the east that was and is not! *eing

wounded to death with a sword! he is the eighth! and of

the seven% he was therefore a co##atera# part of the

seventh.

1he horns are the same with those of @anie#As fourth

east! descri*ed. 1he four horsemen which appear at

the opening of the first four sea#s! have *een we##

ep#ained *y Mr. Mede/ ecepting that ? had rather

continue the third to the end of the reign of the three

3ordians and hi#ip the ,ra*ian! those *eing -ings

from the 5outh! and *egin the fourth with the reign of

@ecius! and continue it ti## the reign of @ioc#esian. for

the fourth horseman sat upon a pa#e horse! and his

name was @eath/ and he## fo##owed with him/ and power

was given them to +i## unto the fourth part of the earth!

with the sword! and with famine! and with the p#ague!

and with the easts of the earth! or armies of invaders

and re*e#s% and as such were the times during a## this

interva#. Hitherto the ;oman Empire continued in an

undivided monarchica# form! ecept re*e##ions/ and

such it is represented *y the four horsemen. ut

@ioc#esian divided it *etween himse#f and Maimianus!

,.C. 27&/ and it continued in that divided state! ti## the

victory of Constantine the great over icinius! ,.C. $2$!

which put an end to the heathen persecutions set on

foot *y @ioc#esian and Maimianus! and descri*ed at

the opening of the fifth sea#. ut this division of the

Empire was imperfect! the who#e *eing sti## under one

and the same 5enate. 1he same victory of Constantine

over icinius a heathen persecutor! *egan the fa## of the



heathen Empire! descri*ed at the opening of the sith

sea#% and the visions of this sea# continue ti## after the

reign of u#ian the ,postate! he *eing a heathen

Emperor! and reigning over the who#e ;oman Empire.

1he affairs of the Church *egin to *e considered at

the opening of the fifth sea#! as was said a*ove. 1hen

*y a woman in the 1emp#e of heaven! c#othed with the

sun of righteousness! and the moon of ewish

ceremonies under her feet! and upon her head and

crown of twe#ve stars re#ating to the twe#ve ,post#es

and to the twe#ve tri*es of ?srae#. When she f#ed from

the 1emp#e into the wi#derness! she #eft in the 1emp#e a

remnant of her seed! who +ept the commandments of

3od and had the testimony of esus Christ/ and

therefore *efore her f#ight she represented the true

primitive church of 3od! thougn afterwards she

degenerated #i+e ,ho#ah and ,ho#i*ah. ?n @ioc#esianAs

persecution she cried! travai#ing in *irth! and pained to

*e de#ivered. ,nd in the end of that persecution! *y the

victory of Constantine over Maentius ,.C. $62! she

*rought forth a manBchi#d! such a chi#d as was to ru#e a##

nations with a rod of iron! a Christian Empire. ,nd her

chi#d! *y the victory of Constantine over icinius! ,.C.

$2$! was caught up unto 3od and to his throne. ,nd

the woman! *y the division of the ;oman Empire into

the 3ree+ and atin Empires! f#ed from the first 1emp#e

into the wi#derness! or spiritua##y *arren Empire of the

atins! where she is found afterwards sitting upon the

east and upon the seven mountains/ and is ca##ed the

great city which reigneth over the -ings of the earth!

give their +ingdom to the east.

ut *efore her f#ight there was war in heaven

*etween Michae# and the @ragon! the Christian and the

heathen re#igions/ and the @ragon! that o#d serpent!

ca##ed the @evi# and 5atan! who deceiveth the who#e



wor#d! was heard a voice in heaven! saying! Now is

come sa#vation and strength! and the +ingdom of our

3od! and the power of his Christ% for the accuser of our

*rethren is cast down. ,nd they overcame him *y the

*#ood of the am*! and *y the word of their testimony. ,nd they #oved not their #ives unto the death. 1herefore

re:oice! ye heavens! and ye that dwe## in them. Woe *e

to the inha*iters of the earth and sea! or peop#e of the

3ree+ and atin Empires! for the devi# is come down

amongst you! having great wrath! *ecause he +noweth

that he hath *ut a short time. ,nd when the @ragon

saw that he was cast down from the ;oman throne!

and the manBchi#d caught up thither! he persecuted the

woman which *rought forth the manBchi#d/ and to her!*y the division of the ;oman Empire *etween the cities

of ;ome and Constantinop#e ,.C. $$0! were given two

wings of a great eag#e! the sym*o# of the ;oman

Empire! that she might f#ee from the first 1emp#e into

the wi#derness of ,ra*ia! to her p#ace at a*y#on

mystica##y so ca##ed. ,nd the serpent! *y the division of

the same Empire *etween the sons of Constantine the

great! ,.C. $$(! cast out of his mouth water as a f#ood!

the Western Empire! after the woman/ that he might

cause her to *e carried away *y the f#ood. ,nd the

earth! or 3ree+ Empire! he#ped the woman! and the

earth opened her mouth! and swa##owed up the f#ood!

*y the victory of Constantius over Magnentius! ,.C.

$&$! and thus the east was wounded to death with a

sword. ,nd the @ragon was wroth with the woman! in

the reign of u#ian the ,postate ,.C. $'6! and! *y a

new division of the Empire *etween Ga#entinian and

Ga#ens! ,.C. $'4! went from her into the Eastern

Empire to ma+e war with the remnant of her seed!

which she #eft *ehind her when she f#ed% and thus the

east revived.



y the net division of the Empire! which was

*etween 3ratian and 1heodosius ,.C. $(8! the east

with ten horns rose out of the sea! and the east with

two horns out of the earth% and *y the #ast division

thereof! which was *etween the sons of 1heodosius! ,.C. $8&! the @ragon gave the east his power and

throne! and great authority. ,nd the ten horns received

power as -ings! the same hour with the east. ,t

#ength the woman arrived at her p#ace of tempora# as

we## as spiritua# dominion upon the *ac+ of the east!

where she is nourished a time! and times! and ha#f a

time! from the face of the serpent/ not in his +ingdom!

*ut at a distance from him. 5he is nourished *y the

merchants of the earth! three times or years and anha#f! or 42 months! or 62'0 days% and in these

rophecies days are put for years.

@uring a## this time the east acted! and she sat

upon him! that is! reigned over him! and over the ten

-ings who gave their power and strength! that is! their

+ingdom to the east/ and she was drun+en with the

*#ood of the 5aints. y a## these circumstances she is

the e#eventh horn of @anie#As fourth east! who reigned

with a #oo+ more stout than his fe##ows! and was of a

different +ind from the rest! and had eyes and a mouth

#i+e the woman/ and made war with the saints! and

prevai#ed against them! and wore them out! and

thought to change times and #aws! and had them given

into his hand! unti# a time! and times! and ha#f a time.

1hese characters of the woman! and #itt#e horn of the

east! agree perfect#y% in respect of her tempora#

dominion! she was a horn of the east/ in respect of

her spiritua# dominion! she rode upon him in the form of

a woman! and was his Church! and committed

fornication with the ten -ings.



1he second east! which rose up out of the earth!

was the Church of the 3ree+ Empire% for it had two

horns #i+e those of the am*! and therefore was a

Church/ and it spa+e as the @ragon! and therefore was

of his re#igion/ and it came up out of the earth! and *yconse<uence in his +ingdom. ?t is ca##ed a#so the fa#se

rophet who wrought mirac#es *efore the first east! *y

which he deceived them that received his mar+! and

worshiped his image. When the @ragon went from the

woman to ma+e war with the remnant of her seed! this

east arising out of the earth assisted in that war! and

caused the earth and them which dwe## therein to

worship he authority of the first east! whose morta#

wound was hea#ed! and to ma+e an ?mage to him! thatis! to assem*#e a *ody of men #i+e him in point of

re#igion. He had a#so power to give #ife and authority to

the ?mage! so that it cou#d *oth spea+! and *y dictating

cause that a## re#igious *odies of men! who wou#d not

worship the authority of the ?mage! shou#d *e mystica##y

+i##ed. ,nd he causeth a## men to receive a mar+ in their

right hand or in their forehead! and that no man might

*uy or se## save he that had the mar+! or the name of

the east! or the num*er of his name/ a## the rest *eing

ecommunicated *y the east with two horns. His mar+

is O1H;EE M,1E5E C;55E5! and his name and

the num*er of his name '''.

1hus the east! after he was wounded to death with

a sword and revived! was deified! as the heathens used

to deify their -ings after death! and had an ?mage

erected to him/ and his worshipers were initiated in this

new re#igion! *y receiving the mar+ or name of this new

3od! or the num*er of his name. y +i##ing a## that wi##

not worship him and his ?mage! the first 1emp#e!

i##uminated *y the #amps of the seven Churches! is

demo#ished! and a new 1emp#e *ui#t for them who wi##

not worship him/ and the outward court of this new



1emp#e! or outward form of a Church! is given to the

3enti#es! who worship the east and his ?mage% whi#e

they who wi## not worship him! are sea#ed with the name

of 3od in their foreheads! and retire into the inward

court of this new 1emp#e. 1hese are the 644000 sea#edout of a## the twe#ve tri*es of ?srae#! and ca##ed the two

Witnesses! as *eing derived from the two wings of the

woman whi#e she was f#ying into the wi#derness! and

represented *y two of the seven cand#estic+s.

1hese appear to ohn in the inward court of the

second 1emp#e! standing on mount 5ion with the am*!

and as it were on the sea of g#ass. 1hese are the

5aints of the most High! and the host of heaven! and

the ho#y peop#e spo+en of *y @anie#! as worn out and

tramp#ed under foot! and destroyed in the #atter times

*y the #itt#e horns of his fourth east and HeB3oat.

Whi#e the 3enti#es tread the ho#y city under foot! 3od

gives power to his two Witnesses! and they prophesy a

thousand two hundred and threescore days c#othed in

sac+c#oth. 1hey are ca##ed the two #iveBtrees! with

re#ation to the two #iveBtrees! which in =echaryAs

vision! chap. iv/ stand on either side of the go#den

cand#estic+ to supp#y the #amps with oi#% and #iveB

trees! according to the ,post#e au#! represent

Churches! ;omans 66%1hey supp#y the #amps with oi#!

*y maintaining teachers. 1hey are a#so ca##ed the two

cand#estic+s/ which in this rophecy signify Churches!

the seven Churches of ,sia *eing represented *y

seven cand#estic+s. >ive of these Churches were found

fau#ty! and threatened if they did not repent/ the other

two were without fau#t! and so their cand#estic+s were fit

to *e p#aced in the second 1emp#e.

1hese were the Churches in 5myrna and

hi#ade#phia. 1hey were in a state of tri*u#ation and

persecution! and the on#y two of the seven in such a



state% and so their cand#estic+s were fit to represent the

Churches in aff#iction in the times of the second

1emp#e! and the on#y two of the seven that were fit. 1he

two Witnesses are not new Churches% they are the

posterity of the primitive Church! the posterity of the twowings of the woman! and so are fit#y represented *y two

of the primitive cand#estic+s. We may conceive

therefore! that when the first 1emp#e was destroyed!

and a new one *ui#t for them who worship in the inward

court! two of the seven cand#estic+s were p#aced in this

new 1emp#e.

1he affairs of the Church are not considered during

the opening of the first four sea#s. 1hey *egin to *e

considered at the opening of the fifth sea#! as was said

a*ove/ and are further considered at the opening of the

sith sea#/ and the seventh sea# contains the times of

the great ,postasy. ,nd therefore ? refer the Epist#es to

the seven Churches unto the times of the fifth and sith

sea#s% for they re#ate to the Church when she *egan to

dec#ine! and contain admonitions against the great

,postasy then approaching.

When Euse*ius had *rought down his Ecc#esiastica#

History to the reign of @ioc#esian! he thus descri*es the

state of the Church% ua#em <uantam<ue g#oriam simu#

ac #i*ertatem doctrina verae erga supremum @eum

pietatis a Christo primum homini*us annunciata! apud

omnes 3raecos pariter 9 *ar*aros ante persecutionem

nostra memoria ecitatem! consecuta sit! nos certe pro

merito ep#icare non possumus. ,rgumento esse possit?mperatorum *enignitas erga nostros% <ui*us regendas

etiam provincias committe*ant! omni sacrificandi metu

eos #i*erantes o* singu#arem! <ua in re#igionem

nostram affecti erant! *enevo#entiam. ,nd a #itt#e after%

am vero <uis innumera*i#em hominum <uotidie ad

fidem Christi confugientium tur*am! <uis numerum



ecc#esiarum in singu#is ur*i*us! <uis i##ustres popu#orum

concursus in aedi*us sacris! cumu#ate possit

descri*ereI uo factum est! ut priscis aedificiis :am

non contenti! in singu#is ur*i*us spatiosas a* ipsis

fundamentis etruerent ecc#esias. ,t<ue haecprogressu temporis increscentia! 9 <uotidie in ma:us 9

me#ius proficiscentia! nec #ivor u##us atterere! nec

ma#ignitas daemonis fascinare! nec hominum insidiae

prohi*ere un<uam potuerunt! <uamdiu omnipotentis

@ei detra popu#um suum! utpote ta#i dignum praesidio!

teit at<ue custodiit. 5ed cum e nimia #i*ertate in

neg#igentiam ac desidiam pro#apsi essemus/ cum a#ter

a#teri invidere at<ue o*trectare caepisset/ cum inter nos

<uasi *e##a intestina gereremus! ver*is! tan<uam armis<ui*usdam hastis<ue! nos mutuo vu#nerantes/ cum

,ntistites adversus ,ntistites! popu#i in popu#os co##isi!

:urgia ac tumu#tus agitarent/ deni<ue cum fraus 9

simu#atio ad summum ma#itiae cu#men ado#evisset% tum

divina u#tio! #evi *rachio ut so#et! integro adhuc

ecc#esiae statu! 9 fide#ium tur*is #i*ere convenienti*us!

sensim ac moderate in nos caepit animadvertere/ orsa

primum persecutione a* iis <ui mi#ita*ant. Cum vero

sensu omni destituti de p#acando @ei numine ne

cogitaremus <uidem/ <uin potius instar impiorum

<uorundam res humanas nu##a providentia gu*ernari

rati! a#ia <uotidie crimina a#iis ad:iceremus% cum

astores nostri spreta re#igionis regu#a! mutuis inter se

contentioni*us decertarent! nihi# a#iud <uam :urgia!

minas! aemu#ationem! odia! ac mutuas inimicitias

amp#ificare studentes/ principatum <uasi tyrannidem

<uandam contentissime si*i vindicantes% tunc demum

:uta dictum Hieremiae! o*scuravit @ominus in ira sua

fi#iam 5ion! 9 de:ecit de cae#o g#oriam ?srae#! per

Ecc#esiarum sci#icet su*versionem! 9c. 1his was the

state of the Church :ust *efore the su*version of the

Churches in the *eginning of @ioc#esianAs persecution%

and to this state of the Church agrees the first of the

seven Epist#es to the ,nge# of the seven Churches! that



to the Church in Ephesus. ? have something against

thee! saith Christ to the ,nge# of that Church! *ecause

thou hast #eft thy first #ove. ;emem*er therefore from

whence thou art fa##en! and repent! and do the first

wor+s/ or e#se ? wi## come unto thee <uic+#y! and wi##remove thy cand#estic+ out of its p#ace! ecept thou

repent. ut this thou hast! that thou hatest the deeds of

the Nico#aitans! which ? a#so hate. 1he Nico#aitans are

the Continentes a*ove descri*ed! who p#aced re#igion

in a*stinence from marriages! a*andoning their wives if

they had any. 1hey are here ca##ed Nico#aitans! from

Nico#as one of the seven deacons of the primitive

Church of erusa#em/ who having a *eautifu# wife! and

*eing taed with uoriousness! a*andoned her! andpermitted her to marry whom she p#eased! saying that

we must disuse the f#esh/ and thenceforward #ived a

sing#e #ife in continency! as his chi#dren a#so. 1he

Continentes afterwards em*raced the doctrine of

,eons and 3hosts ma#e and fema#e! and were avoid *y

the Churches ti## the fourth century/ and the Church of

Ephesus is here commended for hating their deeds.

1he persecution of @ioc#esian *egan in the year of

Christ $02! and #asted ten years in the Eastern Empire

and two years in the Western. 1o this state of the

Church the second Epist#e! to the Church of 5myrna!

agrees. ? +now! saith Christ! thy wor+s! and tri*u#ation!

and poverty! *ut thou art rich/ and ? +now the

*#asphemy of them! which say they are ews and are

not! *ut are the synagogue of 5atan. >ear none of

those things which thou sha#t suffer% eho#d! the @evi#

sha## cast some of you into prison! that ye may *e tried/

and ye sha## have tri*u#ation ten days. e thou faithfu#

unto death! and ? wi## give thee a crown of #ife. 1he

tri*u#ation of ten days can agree to no other

persecution than that of @ioc#esian! it *eing the on#y

persecution which #asted ten years. y the *#asphemy



of them which say they are ews and are not! *ut are

the synagogue of 5atan! ? understand the ?do#atry of

the Nico#aitans! who fa#se#y said they were Christians.

1he Nico#aitans are comp#ained of a#so in the third

Epist#e! as men that he#d the doctrine of a#aam! who

taught a#ac to cast a stum*#ingB*#oc+ *efore the

chi#dren of ?srae#! to eat things sacrificed to ?do#s! and

to commit spiritua# fornication. >or a#aam taught the

Moa*ites and Midianites to tempt and invite ?srae# *y

their women to commit fornication! and to feast with

them at the sacrifices of their 3ods. 1he @ragon

therefore *egan now to come down among the

inha*itants of the earth and sea. 1he Nico#aitans are

a#so comp#ained of in the fourth Epist#e! under the

name of the woman ee*e#! who ca##eth herse#f a

rophetess! to teach and to seduce the servants of

Christ to commit fornication! and to eat things sacrificed

to ?do#s. 1he woman therefore *egan now to f#y into the

wi#derness.

1he reign of Constantine the great from the time of his con<uering icinius! was monarchica# over the

who#e ;oman Empire. 1hen the Empire *ecame

divided *etween the sons of Constantine% and

afterwards it was again united under Constantius! *y

his victory over Magnentius. 1o the affairs of the

Church in these three successive periods of time! the

third! fourth! and fifth Epist#es! that is! those to the

,nge#s of the Churches in ergamus! 1hyatira! and

5ardis! seem to re#ate. 1he net Emperor was u#ianthe ,postate.

?n the sith Epist#e! to the ,nge# of the Church in

hi#ade#phia! Christ saith% ecause in the reign of the

heathen Emperor u#ian! thou hast +ept the word of my



patience! ? a#so wi## +eep thee from the hour of

temptation! which *y the womanAs f#ying into the

wi#derness! and the @ragonAs ma+ing war with the

remnant of her seed! and the +i##ing of a## who wi## not

worship the ?mage of the east! sha## come upon a## thewor#d! to try them that dwe## upon the earth! and to

distinguish them *y sea#ing the one with the name of

3od in their foreheads! and mar+ing the other with the

mar+ of the east. Him that overcometh! ? wi## ma+e a

pi##ar in the 1emp#e of my 3od/ and he sha## go no more

out of it. ,nd ? wi## write upon him the name of my 3od

in his forehead. 5o the Christians of the Church of

hi#ade#phia! as many of them as overcome! are sea#ed

with the sea# of 3od! and p#aced in the second 1emp#e!and go no more out. 1he same is to *e understood of

the Church in 5myrna! which a#so +ept the word of

3odAs patience! and was without fau#t. 1hese two

Churches! with their posterity! are therefore the two

i##ars! and the two Cand#estic+s! and the two

Witnesses in the second 1emp#e.

,fter the reign of the Emperor u#ian! and his

successor ovian who reigned *ut five months! the

Empire *ecame again divided *etween Ga#entinian and

Ga#ens. 1hen the Church Catho#ic! in the Epist#e to the

,nge# of the Church of aodicea! is reprehended as

#u+ewarm! and threatened to *e spewed out of ChristAs

mouth. 5he said! that she was rich and increased with

goods! and had need of nothing! *eing in outward

prosperity/ and +new not that she was inward#y

wretched! and misera*#e! and poor! and *#ind! and

na+ed. 5he is therefore spewed out of ChristAs mouth at

the opening of the seventh sea#% and this puts an end to

the times of the first 1emp#e.

,*out one ha#f of the ;oman Empire turned

Christians in the time of Constantine the great and his



sons. ,fter u#ian had opened the 1emp#es! and

restored the worship of the heathens! the Emperors

Ga#entinian and Ga#ens to#erated it a## their reign/ and

therefore the rophecy of the sith sea# was not fu##y

accomp#ished *efore the reign of their successor 3ratian.

?t was the custom of the heathen riests! in the

*eginning of the reign of every sovereign Emperor! to

offer him the dignity and ha*it of the ontife Maimus.

1his dignity a## Emperors had hitherto accepted% *ut

3ratian re:ected it! threw down the ido#s! interdicted the

sacrifices! and too+ away their revenues with the

sa#aries and authority of the riests. 1heodosius the

great fo##owed his eamp#e/ and heathenism afterwards

recovered itse#f no more! *ut decreased so fast! that

rudentius! a*out ten years after the death of

1heodosius! ca##ed the heathens! vi pauca ingenia 9

pars hominum rarissima. Whence the affairs of the

sith sea# ended with the reign of Ga#ens! or rather with

the *eginning of the reign of 1heodosius! when he! #i+e

his predecessor 3ratian! re:ected the dignity of ontife

Maimus.

>or the ;omans were very much infested *y the

invasions of foreign nations in the reign of Ga#entinian

and Ga#ens% Hoc tempore! saith ,mmianus! ve#ut per

universum or*em ;omanum *e##icum canenti*us

*uccinis! ecitae gentes saevissimae #imites si*i

proimos persu#ta*ant% 3a##ias ;haetias<ue simu#

,#emanni popu#a*antur% 5armatae annonias 9 uadi%icti! 5aones! 9 5coti 9 ,ttacotti ritannos aerumnis

veavere continuis% ,ustoriani! Mauricae<ue a#iae

gentes ,fricam so#ito acrius incursa*ant% 1hracias

diripie*ant praedatorii g#o*ii 3otthorum% ersarum ;e

manus ,rmeniis in:ecta*at. ,nd whi#st the Emperors

were *usy in repe##ing these enemies! the Hunns and



,#ans and 3oths came over the @anu*e in two *odies!

overcame and s#ew Ga#ens! and made so great a

s#aughter of the ;oman army! that ,mmianus saith%

Nec u##a ,nna#i*us praeter Cannensem ita ad

internecionem res #egitur gesta. 1hese wars were notfu##y stopped on a## sides ti## the *eginning of the reign

of 1heodosius! ,.C. $(8 9 $70% *ut thenceforward the

Empire remained <uiet from foreign armies! ti## his

death! ,.C. $8&. 5o #ong the four winds were he#d% and

so #ong there was si#ence in heaven. ,nd the seventh

sea# was opened when this si#ence *egan.

Mr. Mede hath ep#ained the rophecy of the first si

trumpets not much amiss% *ut if he had o*served! that

the rophecy of pouring out the via#s of wrath is

synchrona# to that of sounding the trumpets! his

ep#anation wou#d have *een yet more comp#ete.

1he name of Woes is given to the wars to which the

three #ast trumpets sound! to distinguish them from the

wars of the four first. 1he sacrifices on the first four

days of the feast of 1a*ernac#es! at which the first four trumpets sound! and the first four via#s of wrath are

poured out! are s#aughters in four great wars/ and these

wars are represented *y four winds from the four

corners of the earth. 1he first was an east wind! the

second a west wind! the third a south wind! and the

fourth a north wind! with respect to the city of ;ome!

the metropo#is of the o#d ;oman Empire. 1hese four

p#agues fe## upon the third part of the Earth! 5ea!

;ivers! 5un! Moon and 5tars/ that is! upon the Earth!sea! ;ivers! 5un! Moon and 5tars of the third part of

the who#e scene of these rophecies of @anie# and

ohn. 1he p#ague of the eastern wind at the sounding

of the first trumpet! was to fa## upon the Earth! that is!

upon the nations of the 3ree+ Empire.



,ccording#y! after the death of 1heodosius the great!

the 3oths! 5armatians! Hunns! ?saurians! and

,ustorian Moors invaded and misera*#y wasted

3reece! 1hrace! ,sia minor! ,rmenia! 5yria! Egypt!

y*ia! and ?##yricum! for ten or twe#ve years together.

1he p#ague of the western wind at the sounding of

the second trumpet! was to fa## upon the 5ea! or

Western Empire! *y means of a great mountain *urning

with fire cast into it! and turning it to *#ood. ,ccording#y

in the year 40(! that Empire *egan to *e invaded *y the

Gisigoths! Ganda#s! ,#ans! 5ueves! urgundians!

strogoths!! Heru#i! uadi! 3epides/ and *y these wars

it was *ro+en into ten +ingdoms! and misera*#e wasted%

and ;ome itse#f! the *urning mountain! was *esieged

and ta+en *y the strogoths! in the *eginning of these

miseries. 1he p#ague of the southern wind at the

sounding of the third trumpet! was to cause a great

star! *urning as it were a #amp! to fa## from heaven

upon the rivers and fountains of waters! the Western

Empire now divided into many +ingdoms! and to turn

them to wormwood and *#ood! and ma+e them *itter.

,ccording#y 3enseric! the -ing of the Ganda#s and

,#ans in 5pain! ,.C. 42(! entered ,frica with an army of

eighty thousand men/ where he invaded the Moors! and

made war upon the ;omans! *oth there and on the

seaBcoasts of Europe! for fifty years together! a#most

without intermission! ta+ing Hippo ,.C. 4$6! and

Carthage the capita# of ,frica ,.C. 4$8. ?n ,.C. 4&&!

with a numerous f#eet and an army of three hundred

thousand Ganda#s and Moors! he invaded ?ta#y! too+

and p#undered ;ome! Nap#es! Capua! and many other

cities/ carrying thence their wea#th with the f#ower of the

peop#e into ,frica% and the net year! ,.C. 4&'! he rent

a## ,frica from the Empire! tota##y epe##ing the ;omans.



1hen the Ganda#s invaded and too+ the ?s#ands of

the Mediterranean! 5ici#y! 5ardinia! Corsica!E*usus!

Ma:orca! Minorca! 9c. and ;icimer *esieged the

Emperor ,nthemius in ;ome! too+ the city! and gave

his so#diers the p#under! ,.C. 4(2. 1he Gisigoths a*outthe same time drove the ;omans out of 5pain%and now

the Western Emperor! the great star which fe## from

heaven! *urning as it were a #amp! having *y a## these

wars gradua##y #ost a#most a## his dominions! was

invaded! and con<uered in one year *y doacer -ing

of the Heru#i! ,.C. 4('. ,fter this the Moors revo#ted

,.C. 4((! and wea+ened the Ganda#s *y severa# wars!

and too+ Mauritania from them. 1hese wars continued

ti## the Ganda#s were con<uered *y e#isarius! ,.C. &$4!and *y a## these wars ,frica was a#most depopu#ated!

according to rocopius! who rec+ons that a*ove five

mi##ions of men perished in them. When the Ganda#s

first invaded ,frica! that country was very popu#ous!

consisting of a*out (00 *ishoprics! more than were in

a## >rance! 5pain and ?ta#y together% *ut *y the wars

*etween the Ganda#s! ;omans and Moors! it was

depopu#ated to that degree! that rocopius te##s us! it

was net to a mirac#e for a trave##er to see a man.

?n pouring out the third via# it is said% 1hou art

righteous! ord! *ecause thou hast :udged thus% for

they have shed the *#ood of thy 5aintsand rophets!

and thou has given them *#ood to drin+! for they are

worthy. How they shed the *#ood of 5aints! may *e

understood *y the fo##owing Edict of the Emperor

Honorius! procured *y four ishops sent to him *y a

Counci# of ,frican ishops! who met at Carthage 64

un! ,.C. 460. ?mpp. Honor. 9 1heod. ,,. Herac#iano

Com. ,fric. racu#o penitus remoto! <uo ad ritus suos

haereticae superstitionis o*repserant! sciant omnes

sanctae #egis inimici! p#ectendos se poena 9

proscriptionis 9 sanguinis! si u#tra convenire per



pu*#icum! eecranda sce#eris sui temeritate

temptaverint. @at. 7%-a#. 5ept. Garano G.C. Cons. ,.C.

460. Which Edict was five years after fortified *y the

fo##owing%?mpp. Honor. 9 1heod. ,,. Herac#iano Com.

,fric.5ciant cuncti <ui ad ritus suos haeresissuperstitioni*us o*repserant sacrosanctae #egis inimici!

p#ectendos se poena 9proscriptionis 9 sanguinis! si

u#tra convenire per pu*#icum eercendi sce#eris sui

temeritate temptaverint% ne <ua vera divina<ue

reverentia contagione temeretur. @at. 7%-a#. 5ept.

Honorio 60%9 1heod. '%,,. Coss. ,.C. 46&.

1hese Edicts *eing directed to the governor of ,frica!

etended on#y to the ,fricans. efore these there were

many severe ones against the @onatists! *ut they did

not etend to *#ood. 1hese two were the first which

made their meetings! and the meetings of a##

dissenters! capita#% for *y heretics in these Edicts are

meant a## dissenters! as is manifest *y the fo##owing

against Euresius a uciferan ishop.?mpp. ,rcad. 9

Honor. ,,. ,ure#iano roc. ,fricae.

Haereticorum voca*u#o continentur! 9 #atis adversus

eos sanctioni*us de*ent succum*ere! <ui ve# #evi

argumento a :udicio Catho#icae re#igionis 9 tramite

detecti fuerint deviare% ideo<ue eperientia tua

Euresium haereticum esse cognoscat. @at. $%Non.

5ept. Constantinop. #y*rio 9 ro*ino Coss. ,.C. $8&.

1he 3ree+ Emperor =eno adopted 1heoderic -ing of

the strogoths to *e his son! made him master of the

horse and atricius! and Consu# of Constantinop#e/ and

recommending to him the ;oman peop#e and 5enate!

gave him the Western Empire! and sent him into ?ta#y

against doacer -ing of the Heru#i. 1heoderic

thereupon #ed his nation into ?ta#y! con<uered doacer!



and reigned over ?ta#y! 5ici#y! ;haetia! Noricum!

@a#matia! i*urnia! ?stria! and part of 5uevia! annonia

and 3a##ia. Whence Ennodius said! in a panegyric to

1heoderic% ,d #imitem suum ;omana regna remeasse.

1heoderic reigned with great prudence! moderation andfe#icity/ treated the ;omans with singu#ar *enevo#ence!

governed them *y their own #aws! and restored their

government under their 5enate and Consu#s! he

himse#f supp#ying the p#ace of Emperor! without

assuming the tit#e. ?ta si*i parenti*us praefuit! saith

rocopius! ut vere ?mperatori conveniens decus nu##um

ipsi a*esset% ustitiae magnus ei cu#tus! #egum<ue

di#igens custodia% terras a vicinis *ar*aris servavit

intactas!9c. Whence ? do not rec+on the reign of this-ing! amongst the p#agues of the four winds.

1he p#ague of the northern wind! at the sounding of

the fourth trumpet! was to cause the 5un! moon and

5tars! that is! the -ing! +ingdom and rinces of the

Western Empire! to *e dar+ened! and to continue some

time in dar+ness. ,ccording#y e#isarius! having

con<uered the Ganda#s! invaded ita#y ,.C. &$&! and

made war upon the strogoths in @a#matia! i*urnia!

Genetia! om*ardy! 1uscany! and other regions

northward from ;ome! twenty years a#together. ?n this

war many cities were ta+en and reta+en. ?n reta+ing

Mi##ain from the ;omans! the strogoths s#ew a## the

ma#es young and o#d! amounting! as rocopius

rec+ons! to three hundred thousand! and sent the

women captives to their a##ies the urgundians.

;ome itse#f was ta+en and reta+en severa# times!

and there*y the peop#e were thinned/ the o#d

government *y a 5enate ceased! the no*#es were

ruined! and a## the g#ory of the city was etinguished%

and ,.C. &&2! after a war of seventeen years! the

+ingdom of the strogoths fe##! yet the remainder of the



strogoths! and an army of 3ermans ca##ed in to their

assistance! continued the war three or four years

#onger. 1hen ensued the war of the Heru#i! who! as

,nastasius te##s us! perime*ant cunctam ?ta#iam! s#ew

a## ?ta#y. 1his was fo##owed *y the war of the om*ards!the fiercest of a## the ar*arians! which *egan ,.C. &'7!

and #asted for thirty eight years together/ facta ta#i

c#ade! saith ,nastasius! <ua#em a saecu#o nu##us

meminit/ ending at #ast in the apacy of 5a*inian! ,.C.

'0&! *y a peace then made with the om*ards. 1hree

years *efore this war ended! 3regory the great! then

ishop of ;ome! thus spea+s of it% ua#iter enim 9

<uotidianis g#adiis 9 <uantis ongo*ardorum

incursioni*us ecce :am per triginta <uin<ue annorum#ongitudinem premimur! nu##is ep#ere voci*us

suggestionis va#emus% and in one of his 5ermons to the

peop#e! he thus epresses the great consumption of the

;omans *y these wars% E i##a p#e*e innumera*i#i

<uanti remanseritis aspicitis! 9 tamen adhuc <uotidie

f#age##a urgent! repentini casus opprimunt! novae res 9

improvisae c#ades aff#iguent. ?n another 5ermon he

thus descri*es the deso#ations% @estructae ur*es!

eversa sunt castra! depopu#ati agri! in so#itudinem terra

redacta est. Nu##us in agris inco#a! pene nu##us in

ur*i*us ha*itator remansit. Et tamen ipsae parvae

generis humani re#i<uiae adhuc <uotidie 9 sine

cessatione feriuntur! 9 finem non ha*ent f#age##a

coe#estis :ustitiae. ?psa autem <uae a#i<uando mundi

@omina esse vide*atur! <ua#is remansit ;oma

conspicimus innumeris do#ori*us mu#tip#iciter attrita!

deso#atione civium! impressione hostium! fre<uentia

ruinarum. Ecce :am de i##a omnes hu:us saecu#i

potentes a*#ati sunt. Ecce popu#i defecerunt. D*i enim

5enatusI D*i :am popu#usI Conta*uerunt ossa!

consumptae sunt carnes. mnis enim saecu#arium

dignitatum ordo etinctus est! 9 tamen ipsos nos

paucos <ui remansimus! adhuc <uotidie g#adii! adhuc

innumerae tri*u#ationes premunt Gacua :am ardet



;oma. uid autem ista de homini*us decimusICum

rinis cre*rescenti*us ipsa <uo<ue destrui aedificia

videmas. ost<uam defecerunt homines etiam parietes

cadunt. am ecce deso#ata! ecce contrita! ecce

gemiti*us oppressa est! 9c. ,## this was spo+en *y3regory to the peop#e of ;ome! who were witnesses of

the truth of it. 1hus *y the p#agues of the four winds!

the Empire of the 3ree+s was sha+en! and the Empire

of the atins fe##/ and ;ome remained nothing more

than the capita# of a poor du+edom! su*ordinate to

;avenna! the seat of the Earchs.

1he fifth trumpet sounded to the wars! which the

-ing of the 5outh! as he is ca##ed *y @anie#! made in

the time of the end! in pushing at the -ing who did

according to his wi##. 1his p#ague *egan with the

opening of the *ottom#ess pit! which denotes the #etting

out of a fa#se re#igion% the smo+e which came out of the

pit! signifying the mu#titude which em*raced that

re#igion/ and the #ocusts which came out of the smo+e!

the armies which came out of that mu#titude. 1his pit

was opened! to #et out smo+e and #ocusts into the

regions of the four monarchies! or some of them. 1he

-ing of these #ocusts was the ,nge# of the *ottom#ess

pit! *eing chief governor as we## in re#igious as civi#

affairs! such as was the Ca#iph of the 5aracens.

5warms of #ocusts often arise in ,ra*ia fae#i! and from

thence infest the neigh*oring nations% and so are a very

fit type of the numerous armies of ,ra*ians invading

the ;omans. 1hey *egan to invade them ,.C. '$4! and

to reign at @amascus ,.C. '$(. 1hey *ui#t agdad ,.C.

(''! and reigned over ersia! 5yria! ,ra*ia! Egypt!

,frica and 5pain. 1hey afterwards #ost ,frica to

Mahades! ,.C. 860/ Media! Hircania! Chorasan! and a##

ersia! to the @ai#amites! *etween the years 82( and

8$&/ Mesopotamia and Miafare+in to Nasiruddau#as!

,.C. 8$0/ 5yria and Egypt to ,chs:id! ,.C. 8$&/ and



now *eing in great distress! the Ca#iph of agdad! ,.C.

8$'! surrendered a## the rest of his tempora# power to

Mahomet the son of ;a:ici! -ing of Wasit in Cha#dea!

and made him Emperor of Emperors. ut Mahomet

within two years #ost agdad to the 1ur+s/ andthenceforward agdad was sometimes in the hands of

the 1ur+s! and sometimes in the hands of the

5aracens! ti## 1ogru#B*eig! ca##ed a#so 1ogra! @ogrissa!

1angro#ipi! and 5adoc! con<uered Chorasan and

ersia/ and ,.C. 60&&! added agdad to his Empire!

ma+ing it the seat thereof. His successors #u*B,rs#an

and Me#echschah! con<uered the regions upon

Euphrates/ and these con<uests! after the death of

Me#echschah! *ra+e into the +ingdoms of ,rmenia!Mesopotamia! 5yria! and Cappadocia.

1he who#e time that the Ca#iphs of the 5aracens

reigned with a tempora# dominion at @amascus and

agdad together was $00 years! vi. from the year '$(

to the year 8$' inc#usive. Now #ocusts #ive *ut five

months/ and therefore! for the decorum of the type!

these #ocusts are said to hurt men five months and five

months! as if they had #ived a*out five months at

@amascus! and again a*out five months at agdad/ in

a## ten months! or $00 prophetic days! which are years.

1he sith trumpet sounded to the wars! which @anie#As

-ing of the North made against the -ing a*oveB

mentioned! who did according to his wi##. ?n these wars

the -ing of the North! according to @anie#! con<uered

the Empire of the 3ree+s! and a#so udea! Egypt!

y*ia! and Ethiopia% and *y these con<uests the

Empire of the 1ur+s was set up! as may *e +nown *y

the etent thereof. 1hese wars commenced ,.C. 62&7!

when the four +ingdoms of the 1ur+s seated upon

Euphrates! that of ,rmenia ma:or seated at

Miyaphare+in! Megar+in or Martyropo#is! that of

Mesopotamia seated at Mosu#! that of a## 5yria seated



at ,#eppo! and that of Cappadocia seated at ?conium!

were invaded *y the 1artars under Hu#acu! and driven

into the western parts of ,sia minor! where they made

war upon the 3ree+s! and *egan to erect the present

Empire of the 1ur+s. Dpon the sounding of the sithtrumpet! ohn heard a voice from the four horns of the

go#den ,#tar which is *efore 3od! saying to the sith

,nge# which had the trumpet! oose the four ,nge#s

which are *ound at the great river Euphrates. ,nd the

four ,nge#s were #oosed! which were prepared for an

hour and a day! and a month and a year! for to s#ay the

third part of men. y the four horns of the go#den ,#tar!

isaac newton - observations on prophecy

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