is the market ready for milk from cloned cowsmunchkin cat ? manx munchkin . animal biotechnology and...

3/15/06

Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education

Is the Market Ready for Milk from Cloned Cows ?

Alison Van Eenennaam, Ph.D. Cooperative Extension Specialist Animal Biotechnology and Genomics

[email protected]

ODI 4/11/06


4/11/06

OUTLINE

What is a clone ?

– Embryo splitting

– Nuclear transfer

Embryo

Somatic Cell

What are the concerns ?

– Food Safety

– Animal Welfare and Ethical Issues

Public Opinion


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What is Biotechnology ?

Biotechnology - The

application of science and engineering to living organisms.


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Animal biotechnology

Artificial selection (breeding programs)

Artificial Insemination

Embryo transfer

Using DNA information for the marker-assisted selection of superior animals


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Barnyard Biotechnology

Artificial Insemination 1940s – One sire can inseminate 1000s of cows annually versus 40 using natural breeding

Initially AI was seen to “be against the laws of God, a repugnant practice that would lead to abnormal outcomes”

Embryo Transfer 1970s – One cow can produce up to 200 calves versus 10 in a lifetime; significant but much less than AI from bulls

In Vitro Fertilization 1990s - Salvage genetics from 400 cows with fertility problems annually


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The majority (55%) of Americans believe that the “genetic modification” of animals is morally objectionable.

Schilling, B. J., Hallman, W. K., Adelaja, A. O., and Marxen, L. J.2002. Consumer Knowledge of Food Biotechnology: A Descriptive Study of U. S. Residents. Food Policy Institute, Cook College, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey. 25p.

It should be noted that in this same study, consumer acceptance of traditional animal crossbreeding techniques was only 31 %, with 50% of respondents finding such practices morally wrong !

“The public opposes animal biotechnology..”


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Animal biotechnology

Artificial selection (breeding programs)

Artificial Insemination

Embryo transfer

Using DNA information for the marker-assisted selection of superior animals

Cloning

Genetic engineering


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Public Attitude Towards Biotechnology How much have you heard about animal biotechnology ? (IFIC, 2004)

http://ific.org/research/upload/2004-Biotech-Consumer-Research.pdf

8

21

31

39

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

A LOT SOME A LITTLE NOTHING


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Cloning 17 %

Faster Growth/Bigger Animals/More Meat, Milk, Eggs 9 %

Hormones 8 %

Nothing Specific 6%

Genetic Engineering 5 %

Disease Resistance/Healthier Animals/Safer Food 4 %

Changes to Animal Feed 4 %

Better Quality Meat 3 %

Concerns about effects/Testing needed 3 %

Steroids 3 %

Testing on Animals/Raised in Labs 2 %

What is Fed to Animals/ How animals Fed 2 %

Breeding/AI 2 %

Mad Cow 2 %

Other 11 %

Don’t Know/Refused 39 % http://ific.org/research/upload/2004-Biotech-Consumer-Research.pdf

What have you heard/read about animal biotechnology ?


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Cloning by embryo splitting


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Cloning by Nuclear Transfer at Cloning by Nuclear Transfer at

Tissue biopsy is taken from donor cow, Daisy

Donor cells are grown in tissue culture

Donor cell nucleus is transferred to recipient egg

Cloned embryo is transferred to surrogate mother

Pregnancy is monitored by ultrasound

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The two cloned calves,

Dot and Ditto, on

display at the State Fair, were born May 2003







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Donor cells are grown in tissue cultureDonor cells are grown in tissue culture





Pregnancy is monitored by ultrasoundPregnancy is monitored by ultrasoundPregnancy is monitored by ultrasound

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Dot and Ditto, on


Cloning by Nuclear Transfer

Embryo nuclear transfer (since the 1980s)


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Dolly (1996), the first

adult somatic cell

nuclear transfer

(SCNT) clone


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Dolly rapidly became entangled with the debate over human cloning

Ensuing discussion failed to elaborate on the reasons as to why cloning was developed


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Dot and Ditto, on








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Donor cells are grown in tissue cultureDonor cells are grown in tissue culture





Pregnancy is monitored by ultrasoundPregnancy is monitored by ultrasoundPregnancy is monitored by ultrasound

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Dot and Ditto, on


Cloning by Nuclear Transfer


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Many animal species have been since been cloned from adult cells


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The FDA continues to call for a voluntary prohibition of the marketing of milk or meat from SCNT clones and their offspring


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Regancrest Emory Derry died unexpectedly.

Who’s Buying? $20,000


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•Full Flush

Unable to supply market demand for his semen

Who’s Buying?


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Specialty Cattle Producers

Starlight: record 77 inches ‘tip to tip’

Who’s Buying?


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Milk and meat from cloned animals to market this year?


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1. All studies have shown that food products derived from

clones fall within normal industry standards or previously

reported values for milk and meat.

2. Sample sizes are small in all studies – although there are

an increasing number of studies published

FDA ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL CLONING

“food products derived from animal clones and

their offspring are likely to be as safe to eat as

food from their non-clone counterparts, based

on all the evidence available.”

Are the milk and meat from SCNT clones safe for human

consumption?

http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/CLRAES.doc (issued 10/31/03)


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Animal Welfare Concerns

Large calf syndrome

Under-developed respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal

systems

FDA ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL CLONING

“Cloning technology does not present any type of risk

that is not present with other forms of reproduction.

However, the adverse outcomes may occur at a

higher frequency with cloning than with other

assisted reproductive technologies now in common

use, such as in vitro fertilization or embryo transfer.”

http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/CLRAES.doc

3/15/06


Ethical Issues:

Cloned Gizmos and Snuppies

http://www.savingsandclone.com/

$50,000

Snuppie

Gizmo


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AB 1428, as introduced, Levine. Commercial pet cloning. Existing law provides for the regulation of various types of businesses by the Department of Consumer Affairs. This bill would declare the intent of the Legislature to prohibit the commercial sale and transfer of cloned or genetically modified pet animals within California.

CA law to prohibit cloned and GM pets ?

http://www.nopetcloning.org/

http://www.nopetcloning.org/capc.shtml


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Manx cat ? Munchkin cat ?

Manx

Munchkin


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Public Attitudes Towards Different “Animal Biotechnologies” (IFIC, 2004)

http://ific.org/research/upload/2004-Biotech-Consumer-Research.pdf


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Pew Initiative Poll 2005

Less than a quarter (23 %) of consumers believe food produced from animal clones is safe, while 43 % believe it is unsafe; and one-third (34%) of consumers do not have an opinion on the safety of animal cloning.

A strong majority (63 %) of Americans believe government agencies should include moral and ethical considerations when making regulatory decisions about cloning and genetically modifying animals, with 53 percent feeling that way strongly.

http://pewagbiotech.org/research/2005update/


4/11/06 http://pewagbiotech.org/research/2005update/2005summary.pdf


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What’s up in the blogosphere ?

Posted by Christina “Will cloned food sources by labeled as such? I am certainly not in support of it, will avoid it and will continue to support organic food sources as much as possible. What are our leaders thinking and why, as a US Citizen and registered voter, don't I get a say in this? Very disturbing!”

Posted by Quignoff “There are many people that obviously do not know that we eat cloned, genetically engineered foods every single day. Nearly all of the plant foods that we eat have been engineered. Besides, our bodies have no idea that the food it's eating is cloned or not; dna is dna is dna as far as our stomachs and the microbes that live there are concerned.”

Posted by Troy

“Why not? Dead cow is dead cow regardless of its possible parentage.”

http://www.supermarketguru.com/page.cfm/14894


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SUMMARY

Embryo split and embryo nuclear transfer “clones” have been in the food supply for over 20 years.

Unlikely that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) clones will be produced in large numbers for commercial agricultural purposes.

A voluntary moratorium on marketing products from SCNT clones remains in effect despite the finding that they it is as safe to eat as food from non-clones.

If the FDA finds cloned food products safe, they are unlikely to require mandatory labeling.

Ethical and moral concerns dominate the public discussion about cloned animals.


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