C H E M I S T RY

IS REVIEW

Matter

Physical State

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Properties

Physical

Chemical

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Changes

Physical

Chemical

Energy

Exothermic

Endothermic

Matter

Composition

Pure Substance

Element

Metal

Non-metal

Metalloid

Compound

Acid

Base

Salt

Mixture Homogeneous

Solution

Heterogeneous

Suspension

Coarse

Colloid

DEFINITIONSMATTER AND CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

• The science of matter, its properties, structure, composition and its changes during interactions and chemical reactions.

• The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes to form new substances

MATTER

• anything that occupies space, possesses mass, offers resistance and can be felt by one or more of our senses

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object and volume is the amount of space occupied by an object

PROPERTIESCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES

General Properties• Color• Odor• Temperature• Taste• Specific Gravity• Density• Effect Of Magnet• Solubility• Shape

• Electrical Conductivity• Size• Mass• WeightSpecial Properties• Liquid – Viscosity,

Turbidity• Solid – Ductility,

Malleability, Elasticity

DEFINITIONS

Physical Properties• Properties that can be determined without

necessarily changing the chemical composition

Chemical Properties• Properties that cannot be determined just by

viewing or touching the substance• Signs that chemical change has occurred:• Odor, color, or temperature change• Precipitate or gas formation

DEFINITIONS

Extrinsic Properties• Properties that are dependent to the amount of

the substance or its mass

Intrinsic Properties• Properties that are not dependent to the amount

of the substance and is ,therefore, unaffected by mass.

PHASESSOLID, L IQUID, GAS, AND PLASMA

SOLIDS

• Most compact• Has no ability to flow• Definite shape• Definite volume

LIQUIDS

• Less compact when compared with solids• Has the ability to flow• Follows the shape of its container• Definite volume

GASES

• Least compact• Follows the shape of its container• No definite volume

CHANGESCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL

ENERGY USE

 • Endothermic• From a more compact state of matter, to a less compact

state of matter. (ex: solid--->gas)

•  Exothermic• From a less compact state of matter to a more compact

state of matter(ex: liquid--->solid

PHYSICAL

• Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but do not change the chemical composition of that substance.

• Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but cannot usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.

CHEMICAL

• Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different substances.

• These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions.

EXAMPLES

Physical• Heating and cooling• Magnetism• Crystallization• Mixtures• Solutions• Alloys

Chemical• Oxidation• Neutralization• Reduction• Decomposition

CLASSIFICATIONSUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES

PURE SUBSTANCE

• Made up of only one kink of material• All particles are exactly the same• Has definite properties• Examples • Salt• Iron• Water

• Can be classified into 2 groups• Elements• Compounds

ELEMENTS

• Simplest form of matter• Atom• Smallest particle of an element

• Atoms of the same element are alike• Operational Definition:•  Substances that cannot be broken down any further

METALS

• Most are conductors of heat and energy• Generally have high densities• Have a fairly high melting point• Shiny and are lustrous• Most are ductile and malleable• Tends to lose their outer most electrons when

chemically combined• Most are solid at room temperature except for

mercury (Hg) which is in its liquid form

METALS

• Metals that are magnetic• Iron (Fe)• Nickel (Ni)• Cobalt (Co)

• Reacts with water to form their metal oxide• Operational Definition:• Usually become basic when heated

NON-METALS

• Dull in appearance• Brittle• Don’t conduct heat and electricity• Usually lower densities and melting points• Tends to gain electrons when chemically combined• Half of non-metals are gases at room temperature,

such as noble gases, except for bromine which is liquid• Operational Definition:• Usually become acidic when heated

METALLOIDS

• Has physical properties close to metals• Intermediate electrical conductivity• Intermediate reflectance

• Has chemical properties close to non-metals• Low densities and melting points• Brittle

• Examples :• Boron• Silicon• Germanium• Arsenic• Antimony• Tellurium

COMPOUNDS

• Substances composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined• Molecule• Smallest particle of a compound

• Operational Definition:• Substances that can be broken down into simpler

elements(through heat/electricity

ACIDS

• Tastes sour• Contains hydrogen• Ionizes to produce positive hydrogen ions(H+)

which is a proton• Hydrogen ions makes acids good electrolytes• Electrolyte

• Proton donors

BASES

• Taste bitter• Slippery to the touch• Can be poisonous and corrosive• Contains Hydroxide ions (OH-)• Proton Acceptors

INDICATORS

Indicators• Compounds that show a definite color when mixed wit an

acid or base

Substance Blue LP Red LP Methyl

OrangePhenolphthale

in

Acid Red Red Red Clear

Base Blue Blue Orange Magenta

SALT

• Formed when an acid reacts chemically with a base. This process is called neutralization• Neutralization is only compete when the

hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal

HCL(Acid)

NaOH(Base)

H2O

NaCl

ELECTROLYSIS

• A chemical separation of a compound into elements• Anode +• Cathode –• Reduction• An electron is gained• Happens at the cathode

• Oxidation• An electron is lost• Happens at the anode

MIXTURES

• May change physical appearance when dissolved

• Operational Definition:• A mix of matter that can be separated through physical

means

HETEROGENEOUS

• A mixture that does not appear to be the same throughout• Particles are large enough to be seen and to

separate from the mixture• Tends to settle when the mixture is left

undisturbed• Types• Coarse - Mostly Solid• Suspension – Contains a liquid in which visible particles

settle

• Effect of Light• Light slightly passes through

HOMOGENEOUS

• Mixtures appear to be the same throughout

• Particles do not settle when allowed to stand

SOLUTION

• The “best mixed” of all• Particles are too small to be seen• Formed when one substance dissolves another• Effect of Light• Light passes through

COLLOID

• Particles are not dissolved but are dispersed• Do not settle but remain suspended for some

time,• Somewhat large particles relative to a solution• Brownian Movement• Effect of light • Makes the colloid appear to glow• The colloid scatters the light

SEPARATING MIXTURES

• Magnetism• Uses magnets to separate metallic and non-metallic

components of a mixture

• Decantation• Allowing solid particles to settle first then pouring the

liquid into another container

• Filtration• Separating undissoved solid particles from the liquid by

allowing the liquid to pass through a filter

SEPARATING MIXTURES

• Evaporation• Separating a liquid from a solid wherein the liquid part is

lost and only the solid part is recovered

• Distillation• separating a mixture of 2 liquids by evaporating the one

with the lower boiling point

• Chromatography• Method of physical separation making use of the

adsorbent property of a substance

EXPERIMENT DATA

EXPT. #3

Sample No. Physical State

Color Odor Solubility in Water

Effect of Magnet

Copper Strips Solid Copper Brown Odorless Insoluble Non Magnetic

Sulfur Powder Solid Bright Yellow Reeking Insoluble Non Magnetic

Sucrose Solid Crystal White Aromatic Soluble Non Magnetic

Iodine Crystals Solid Metallic Gray Musty Slightly Soluble Non Magnetic

Ethyl Alcohol Liquid Clear Fragrant Miscible Non Magnetic

Sodium Chloride Solid Crystal White Odorless Soluble Non Magnetic

Naphthalene Solid White Fresh Insoluble Non Magnetic

Sodium Bicarbonate Solid White Odorless Slightly Soluble Non Magnetic

Copper Sulfate Solid Light Blue Odorless Slightly Soluble Non Magnetic

Dilute Acetic Acid Liquid Foggy White Pungent Miscible Non Magnetic

Acetone Liquid Clear Noxious Miscible Non Magnetic

Iron Solid Silvery Odorless Insoluble Magnetic

EXPT. #4

Chemical System Initial State Final StateDiff. Bet. Initial and

Final StateLead Nitrite+ Hydrochloric Acid

Colorless,Pungent

Colder, Colorless,Odorless

Odor and Temperature Change

Sodium Bicarbonate+ Hydrochloric Acid

Colorless,Odorless

Gas Formation, Colorless, Odorless

Gas Formation

Copper Sulfate+ Hydrochloric Acid

Blue,Metallic Smell

Blue,Reeking

Odor Change

Potassium Chromate+ Hydrochloric Acid

Yellow,Fresh Smell

Orange,Odorless

Color Change

Magnesium Chloride+ Hydrochloric Acid

Colorless,Odorless

White, Gas Formation,Musty

Gas Formation,Odor Change

Lead Nitrite+ Ammonia

Colorless,Pungent

White,Foggy, Pungent

Precipitate Formation

Sodium Bicarbonate+ Ammonia

Colorless,Odorless

Colder, Colorless,Pungent

Odor and Temperature Change

EXPT. #4

Copper Sulfate+ Ammonia

Blue,Metallic Smell

Colder, Foggy,Pungent, Blue

Precipitate Formation,Odor, Temp. Change

Potassium Chromate+ Ammonia

Yellow,Fresh Smell

Colder, Colorless,Pungent

Odor and Temperature Change

Magnesium Chloride+ Ammonia

Colorless,Odorless

Colorless,Pungent

Odor Change

Lead Nitrite+ Sodium Hydroxide

Colorless,Pungent

Foggy,Odorless

Precipitate Formation

Sodium Bicarbonate+ Sodium Hydroxide

Colorless,Odorless

White,Foggy

Precipitate Formation

Copper Sulfate+ Sodium Hydroxide

Blue,Metallic Smell

Foggy,Blue

Precipitate Formation

Potassium Chromate+ Sodium Hydroxide

Yellow,Fresh Smell

White,Foggy

Precipitate Formation

Magnesium Chloride+ Sodium Hydroxide

Colorless,Odorless

White,Foggy

Precipitate Formation

EXPT. #5

Chemical System Observation AnalysisCopper turnings and sulfurExamined w/ lens

      

Heated together

 - Copper and sulfur are separate.- Sulfur is yellow w/ large

granules.- Some of the copper is bent.

 - Produced a noxious smell- Sulfur evaporated- Copper melted- Copper turned black

 

The burning sulfur evaporated and left a noxious smell while the copper simply melted.

Magnesium ribbonBurned in air

 Combustion product

  

Dissolved in water  

Solution tested w/ red and blue litmus paper

 

 - Yellow-green flame

 - Black, fragile, breaking, ashes

 - Cloudy water- Grayish color

 - Red turned to blue- Basic solution

The magnesium ribbon heated up until its flash point and burned in a bright yellow green flame. The solution produced a sour smell.

Sulfur powderBurned in air

 Combustion product

 Dissolved in water

 Solution tested w/ red and blue litmus paper

 Turned black

 Black, ashes Cloudy water

 Blue turned to red

 Acidic solution 

The sulfur powder was acidic after it was burned and dissolved in water

Iodine crystalsHeated

   

Vapor cooled 

 Pink gasEvaporation of crystals

 Shiny, gray, yellow-orange stain, no smell

The iodine crystals vaporized into pink gas then formed crystals on the evaporating dish above. The resulting crystals stain a yellow-orange tinge on hands 

Copper SulfateHeated

 Evaporation of copper sulfate crystals turned to white

The copper sulfate turned to white indicating a chemical change 

Sodium Chloride and sandExamine w/ lens

 Mixed w/ water

    

Filtered  

Filtrate allowed to evaporate

 Sand sticks to salt

 Cloudy brown waterSalt dissolvedSand settled at the bottom

 Murky, yellowish liquidSmall sand particles

 Yellowish salt crystalsDark yellow middle

When the sand and salt was mixed, they can be clearly distinguished from each other.When mixed with water, the salt dissolved while the sand settled at the bottom.We filtered the solution and after evaporating the filtrate, the sand remained.

EXPT. #7

  Color Odor Taste

Water Colorless Odorless Tasteless

Ethyl Alcohol ColorlessFresh but

StingySweet with a

stinging aftertaste

1st Distillate ColorlessFresh but

StingySweet with a mild stinging aftertaste

2nd Distillate Colorless Very StingySweet with a

dominant stinging aftertaste

ResidueCloudy Yellow

Noxious and Reeking

A mild stinging aftertaste

EXPT. 8

  Anode Gas Cathode Gas

Relative Volume Half compared to cathode gas

Two times larger in volume

Reaction to Fire Brightens the flame of the match

Catches fire in a loud popping noise

EXPT. #9

Color Ds Df Rf

Green      

~ Yellow 9.9 cm.   0.9

~ Blue 10.9 cm.   0.99

~ Water   11 cm.  

Blue      

~ Blue 10.4 cm.   0.99

~ Water   10.5 cm.  

Yellow      

~ Yellow 10.3 cm.   0.9

~ Pink 9.3 cm.   0.8

~ Water   11.5 cm.  

Black      

~ Black 11.2 cm.   1

~ Water   11.2 cm.