is 10500 drinking water

7/27/2019 Is 10500 Drinking Water

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IS 10500 : 1991Edition 2.2

(2003-09)

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D SMANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DEL HI 110002

Price Group 4

BI S 2003

I nd ian Standard

DRINKING WATER SPECIF ICATION

( F i rst Rev ision )

(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 & 2)

UDC 628.1.033


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Water Sectional Committee, CHD 13

FOREWORD

This I ndian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of I ndian Standards, after thedraft finalized by the Water Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical DivisionCouncil.

This standard was originally published in 1983. The current revision has been undertaken to takeinto account the uptodate information available about the nature and effect of variouscontaminants as also the new techniques for identifying and determining their concentration. Inthis revision based on experience gained additional requirements for alkalinity, aluminium andboron have been incorporated and the permissible limits for dissolved solids, nitrate and pesticidesresidues have been modified.

A report prepared by the World Health Organization in cooperation with the World Bank showedthat in 1975, some 1 230 mill ion people were without safe water supplies. These appalling factswere central to the United Nations decision to declare an I nternational Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation decade, beginning in 1981. Further, the VI F ive-Year Plan of I ndia had made aspecial provision for availability of safe drinking water for the masses. Therefore, this standard

was prepared with the following objectives:a) To assess the quality of water resources, and

b) To check the effectiveness of water treatment and supply by the concerned authorities.

During VI I Five-Year Plan, 55 mini mission districts were identified with a view to meet supply ofwater to all the problem vil lages. The VI I I F ive-Year Plan intends to provide safe drinking waterto the rural mass. It also propose to ensure supply of desired quality land required quantity ofdrinking water.

While preparing this standard, the Committee had taken note of the limited testing facilitiesavailable in the country. This standard, therefore, categories various characteristics as essential ordesirable. The standard also mentions the desirable limit and indicates its background so that theimplementing authorities may exercise their discretion, keeping in view the health of the people,adequacy of treatment, etc. All essential characteristics should be examined in routine. Besides,all desirable characteristics should be examined either when a doubt arises or the potability ofwater from a new source is to be established.

It has been recognised that often it is necessary to relax the specifications, especially when noalternate resources are available and therefore, to enable the experts to exercise their discretion amaximum permissible limit has also been given.

In the case of virological examination, if not even one plaque-forming unit (PF U) of virus can befound in 1 litre of water, it can reasonably be assumed that the water is safe to drink. I t would,however, be necessary to examine a sample of the order of 10 litres to obtain a proper estimation ofthe PF Us at this level. Such examinations cannot be made in ordinary control laboratories butthere should be at least one laboratory in the country or region capable of carrying out virusexaminations and also of pursuing further research on this subject.

The methods of test for various characteristics mentioned in this standard are currently underrevision and their latest revision shall be used in testing.

In the formulation of this standard, assistance has been derived from the following publications:

a) International Standards for Dr inking Water issued by World Health Organization, 1984Geneva;

b)Manual of Standards of Quality for Drinking Water Supplies. Indian Council of MedicalResearch, 1971, New Delhi; and

c)Manual on Water Supply and Treatment ( thi rd r evis ion), Ministry of Urban Development,1989, New Delhi.

This edition 2.2 incorporates Amendment No. 1 (J anuary 1993) and Amendment No. 2 (September2003). Side bar indicates modification of the text as the result of incorporation of the amendments.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be roundedoff in accordance with I S 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( r evi sed). The numberof significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specifiedvalue in this standard.


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IS 10500 : 1991

1

I nd ian Standard

DRINKING WATER SPECIF ICATION

( F i rst Rev ision )

1 SCOPE

The standard prescribes the requirements forthe essential and desirable characteristicsrequired to be tested for ascertaining thesuitability of water for drinking purpose.

2 REFERENCES

The Indian Standard listed in Annex A arenecessary adjuncts to this standard.

3 CHARACTERISTICS

3.1The test characteristics are given inTable1.

3.2 Bacteriological Examination

3.2.1Water in Di str ibut i on System

Ideally, all samples taken from the distr ibutionsystem including consumers premises, shouldbe free from coliform organisms. In practice,this is not always attainable, and the followingstandard for water collected in the distributionsystem is therefore recommended when testedin accordance with IS 1622 : 1981.

a) Throughout any year, 95 percent ofsamples should not contain any coliformorganisms in 100 ml;

b)No sample should contain E . Coli in100 ml;

c)No sample should contain more than 10coliform organisms per 100 ml; and

d) Coliform organisms should not bedetectable in 100 ml of any twoconsecutive samples.

3.2.1.1 I f any coliform organisms are found theminimum action required is immediateresampling. The repeated finding of 1 to 10coliform organisms is 100 ml or the appearanceof higher numbers in individual samplessuggests that undesirable material is gainingaccess to the water and measures should atonce be taken to discover and remove thesource of the pollution.

3.2.2U npi ped Water Suppl i esWhere it is impracticable to supply water toconsumers through a piped distributionnetwork and where untreated sources, such aswells, boreholes and springs which may not benaturally pure, have to be used, therequirements for piped supplies may not beattainable. In such circumstances, disinfectionalthough desirable is not always practicable,and considerable reliance has to be placed on

sanitary inspection and not exclusively on theresults of bacteriological examination.Everything possible should be done to preventpollution of the water. Obvious sources ofcontamination should be removed from theimmediate catchment area, special attentionbeing given to the safe disposal of excrement.Wells and storage tanks should be protected bylining and covering, surface drainage should bediverted, erosion prevented and thesurrounding area paved. Access of man andanimals should be restricted by fencing, andshould be so designed that fouling is preventedwhen drawing water. Although not supplied

through pipes, water from such sources is likelyto undergo further deterioration in qualityduring transport or storage before drinking.Containers used for water should be kept clean,covered and clear of the floor. The mostimportant factor in achieving these objectives isto ensure the cooperation of the localcommunity, and the importance of education insimple sanitary hygiene should be stronglystressed. In hospitals or medical clinics withsuch supplies, the value of some form oftreatment is stressed.

3.2.2.1Bacteriologically, the objective shouldbe to reduce the coliform count to less than 10per 100 ml, but more importantly, to ensure the

absence of faecal coliform organisms. If theseorganisms are repeatedly found, or if sanitaryinspection reveals obvious sources of pollutionwhich cannot be avoided, then an alternativesource of drinking water would be sought,whenever possible. Greater use should be madeof protected ground-water sources andrain-water catchment which are more likely tomeet requirements for potable water quality.

3.2.2.2Although private sources of drinkingwater may be outside the jurisdiction of publichealth and water supply authorities, suchsupplies should still be of potable quality. Theresults of bacteriological tests and those ofsanitary surveys should therefore be used to

encourage improvement. Partial treatment maybe necessary to remove turbidity even when coli-form counts are low; and other quality criteriamay dictate the need for treatment processes.

3.3 Virological Examination

3.3.1 I t is theoretically possible that virusdisease can be transmitted by water free fromcoliform organisms, but conclusive evidence,that this has occurred, is lacking.


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IS 10500 : 1991

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Table 1 Test Characteristics For Drinking Water( Clause3.1)

Sl No. Substance orCharacteristic

Requirement(Desirable

Limit)

UndesirableEffect OutsidetheDesirable

Limit

PermissibleLimit in theAbsence of

Alternate Source

Methods ofTest (Ref

to IS)

Remarks

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Essenti al Characteristics

i) Colour, Hazenunits, Max

5 Above 5, consumeracceptancedecreases

25 3025 (Part 4) :1983

Extended to 25 onlyif toxic substancesare not suspected,in absence ofalternate sources

ii) Odour Unobjec-tionable

3025 (Part 5) :1983

a) Test cold andwhen heated

b) Test at severaldilutions

iii) Taste Agreeable 3025 (Part 7and8) : 1984

Test to beconducted onlyafter safety hasbeen established

iv) Turbidity,NTU, Max

5 Above 5, consumeracceptancedecreases

10 3025 (Part 10) :1984

v) pH value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this range thewater will affect themucous membraneand/or water supplysystem

No relaxation 3025 (Part 11) :1984

vi) Total hardness(as CaCO3)mg/l, Max

300 Encrustation in watersupply structureand adverse effectson domestic use

600 3025 (Part 21) :1983

vii) Iron (as Fe)mg/l, Max

0.3 Beyond this limittaste/appearanceare affected, hasadverse effect ondomestic uses andwater supplystructures, andpromotes iron

bacteria

1.0 32 of 3025 : 1964

viii) Chloride (as Cl)mg/l, Max

250 Beyond this limit,test, corrosion andpalatibility areaffected

1 000 3025 (Part 32) :1988

ix) Residual, freechlorine, mg/l,M in

0.2 3025 (Part 26) :1986

To be applicableonly when wateris chlorinated.

Tested at consu-mer end. Whenprotection againstviral infection isrequired, it shouldbeM i n0.5 mg/l.

x) Fluoride (as F)mg/l, Max

1.0 Fluoride may be keptas low as possible.High fluoride maycause fluorosis

1.5 23 of 3025 : 1964

Desira ble Char acteristics

xi) Dissolved solidsmg/l, Max

500 Beyond this pala-tability decreasesand may causegastro intestinalirritation

2 000 3025 (Part 16) :1984

xii) Calcium (as Ca)mg/l, Max

75 Encrustation in watersupply structureand adverse effectson domestic use

200 3025 (Part 40) :1991


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IS 10500 : 1991

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Table 1 Test Characteristics for Drinking Water (Contd)



Limit)


Limit


Alternate Source

Methods ofTest (Ref

to IS)

Remarks

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

xiii) Magnesium(as Mg),mg/l, Max

30 Encrustation to watersupply structureand adverse effectson domestic use

100 16, 33, 34ofIS 3025 : 1964

xiv) Copper (as Cu)mg/l, Max

0.05 Astringent taste,discoloration andcorrosion of pipes,fitting and utensilswill be causedbeyond this

1.5 36 of 3025 : 1964

xv) Manganese (asMn) mg/l, Max

0.1 Beyond this l imittaste/appearanceare affected, hasadverse effect ondomestic uses andwater supplystructures

0.3 35 of 3025 : 1964

xvi) Sulphate (asSO4) mg/l,Max

200 Beyond this causesgastro intenstinalirritation whenmagnesium orsodium are persent

400( seecol 7 )

3025 (Part 24) :1986

May be extended upto 400 provided(as Mg) does notexceed 30

xvii) Nitrate (as NO2)mg/l, Max

45 Beyond this metha-emoglobinemiatakes place


xviii) Phenoliccompounds (asC6H5OH)mg/l, Max

0.001 Beyond this, it maycause objectionabletaste and odour

0.002 54 of 3025 : 1964

xix) Mercury (as Hg)mg/l, Max

0.001 Beyond this, thewater becomes toxic

Norelaxation ( seeNote 1) Mer-cury ion analyser

To be tested whenpollution issuspected

xx) Cadmium (as

Cd), mg/l, M ax

0.01 Beyond this, the

water becomes toxic

No relaxation ( seeNote 1 ) To be tested when

pollution issuspected

xxi) Selenium (as Se),mg/l, Max


No relaxation 28 of 3025 : 1964 To be tested whenpollution issuspected

xxii) Arsenic (as As),mg/l, Max




xxiii) Cyanide (as CN),mg/l, Max

0.05 Beyond this limit, thewater becomes toxic



xxiv) Lead (as Pb),mg/l, Max

0.05 Beyond this limit, thewater becomes toxic

No relaxation ( seeNote 1 ) To be tested whenpollution/plumbo-solvency issuspected

xxv) Zinc (as Zn),

mg/l, Max

5 Beyond this limit it

can cause astringenttaste and anopalescence in water

15 39 of 3025 : 1964 To be tested when

pollution issuspected

xxvi) Anionic deter-gents (as MBAS)mg/l, Max

0.2 Beyond this l imit itcan cause a lightfroth in water

1.0 Methylene-blueextractionmethod


xxvii) Chromium (asCr6+) mg/l, Max

0.05 May be carcinogenicabove this limit

No relaxation 38 of 3025 : 1964 To be tested whenpollution issuspected

( continued)


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IS 10500 : 1991

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3.3.2None of the generally accepted sewagetreatment methods yield virus-free effluent.Although a number of investigators have foundactivated sludge treatment to be superior to

trickling filters from this point of view, it seemspossible that chemical precipitation methodswill prove to be the most effective.

3.3.3Virus can be isolated from raw water andfrom springs. Enterovirus, reovirus, andadenovirus have been found in water, the firstnamed being the most resistant to chlorination.I f enterovirus are absent from chlorinatedwater, it can be assumed that the water is safeto drink. Some uncertainty still remains aboutthe virus of infectious hepatitis, since it has notso far been isolated but in view of themorphology and resistance of enterovirus it islikely that, if they have been inactivatedhepatitis virus wil l have been inactivated also.

3.3.4An exponential relationship existsbetween the rate of virus inactivation and theredox potential. A redox potential of 650 mV(measured between platinum and calomelelectrodes) will cause almost instantaneousinactivation of even high concentrations ofvirus. Such a potential can be obtained witheven a low cencentration of free chlorine, butonly with an extremely high concentration of

combined chlorine. This oxidative inactivationmay be achieved with a number of otheroxidants also, for example, iodine, ozone, andpotassium permanganate, but the effect of the

oxidants will always be counteracted ifreducing components, which are mainlyorganic, are present. As a consequence, thesensitivity of virus towards desinfectants willdepend on the mi l ieujust as much as on theparticular disinfectant used.

3.3.5Thus, in a water in which free chlorine ispresent, active virus will generally be absent ifcoliform organisms are absent. In contrast,because the difference between the resistanceof coliform organisms and of virus todisinfection by oxidants increases withincreasing concentration of reducingcomponents, for example, organic matter, itcannot be assumed that the absence of viablecoliform organisms implies freedom from activevirus under circumstances where a freechlorine residual cannot be maintained.Sedimentation and slow sand filtration inthemselves may contribute to the removal ofvirus from water.

3.3.6 In practice, 0.5 mg/l of free chlorine forone hour is sufficient to inactivate virus, evenin water that was originally polluted.

Table 1 Test Characteristics for Drinking Water ( concluded)



Limit)


Limit


Alternate Source

Methods ofTest (Ref

to IS)

Remarks

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

xxviii) Polynuclear aro-matic hydro-carbons (asPAH ) g/l, M ax

May be carcinogenic

xxix) Mineral oil mg/l,Max

0.01 Beyond this l imitundesirable tasteand odour afterchlorination takeplace

0.03 Gas chromato-graphic method


xxx) Pesticides mg/l,Max

Absent Toxic 0.001 ( seeNote 2 )

xxxi) Radioactivematerials:a) Alpha emit-

ters Bq/l,M ax

b) Beta emit-ters pci/l,M ax

0.1

1

58 of 3025 : 1964

xxxii) Alkalinity mg/l,Max

200 Beyond this l imittaste becomesunpleasant

600 13 of 3025 : 1964

xxxiii) Aluminium (asAl), mg/l, Max

0.03 Cumulative effect isreported to causedementia

0.2 31 of 3025 : 1964

xxxiv) Boron, mg/l,Max

1 5 29 of 3025 : 1964

Note 1 Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method may be used.

Note 2 The analysis for the pesticides shall be conducted by an accredited laboratory using internati onallyestablished test methods.


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IS 10500 : 1991

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3.4 Biological Examination

3.4.1Biological examination is of value indetermining the causes of objectionable tastesand odours in water and controlling remedialtreatments, in helping to interpret the resultsof various chemical analysis, and in explaining

the causes of clogging in distribution pipes andfilters. In some instances, it may be of use indemonstrating that water from one source hasbeen mixed with that from another.

3.4.2The biological qualities of a water are ofgreater importance when the supply has notundergone the conventional flocculation andfiltration processes, since increased growth ofmethane-utilizing bacteria on biological slimesin pipes may then be expected, and thedevelopment of bryozoal growths such asPlumatel lamay cause operational difficulties.

3.4.3Some of the animalcules found in watermains may be free-living in the water, but

others such as Dreissenaand Asellusare moreor less firmly attached to the inside of themains. Although these animalcules are notthemselves pathogenic, they may harbourpathogenic organisms or virus in theirintestines, thus protecting these pathogensfrom destruction by chlorine.

3.4.4Chlorination, at the dosages normallyemployed in waterworks, is ineffective againstcertain parasites, including amoebic cysts; theycan be excluded only by effective filtration or byhigher chlorine doses than can be toleratedwithout subsequent dechlorination. Amoebiasiscan be conveyed by water completely free from

enteric bacteria; microscopic examination afterconcentration is, therefore, the only safemethods of identification.

3.4.5Strict precautions against back-syphonage and cross-connections are requiredif amoebic cysts are found in a distributionsystem containing tested water.

3.4.6The cer cari ae of schistosom iasi scan bedetected by similar microscopic examination,but there is, in any case, no evidence to suggestthat this disease is normally spread throughpiped water supplies.

3.4.7The cyclops vector of the embroys ofDracunculus medinensis which causesdracontiasis or Guinea-worm disease can befound in open wells in a number of tropicalareas. They are identifiable by microscopicexamination. Such well supplies are frequentlyused untreated, but the parasite can berelatively easily excluded by simple physicalimprovements in the form of curbs, drainage,

and apron surrounds and other measureswhich prevent physical contact with the watersource.

3.4.8The drinking water shall be free frommicroscopic organisms such as algae,zooplanktons, flagillates, parasites andtoxin-producing organisms. An illustrative (andnot exhaustive) list is given in Annex B forguidance.

4 SAMPLING

Representative samples of water shall bedrawn as prescribed in IS 1622 : 1981 andIS 3025 (Part 1) : 1987.

ANNEX A

( Clause2 )

LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

I S N o. T i t l e

1622 : 1981 Methods of sampling andmicrobiological examination ofwater ( f ir st revision)

3025 : 1964 Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater used in industry

3025(Part 1) : 1987

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part 1Sampling ( f ir st revision)

3025(Part 4) : 1983

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part 4Colour ( f ir st r evision)

I S N o. T i t l e

3025(Part 5) : 1983

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part 5Odour ( f ir st revision)

3025

(Part 7) : 1984

Methods of sampling and test

(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part 7Taste threshold ( f i rstrevision)

3025(Part 8) : 1984

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part 8Taste rating ( f ir st revision)


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IS 10500 : 1991

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ANNEX B

( Clause3.4.8)

ILLUSTRATIVE LIST OF MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS WHICH MAY BEPRESENT IN WATER

I S N o. T i t l e

3025(Part 10) : 1984

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part10 Turbidity ( f ir st revision)

3025(Part 11) : 1983

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part11 pH value ( f ir st revision)

3025(Part 16) : 1984

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part16 Filterable residue (totaldissolved solids) ( f i rstrevision)

3025(Part 21) : 1983

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part21 Total hardness ( f i rstrevision)

3025(Part 24) : 1986

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part24 Sulphates ( f ir st revision)

I S N o. T i t l e

3025(Part 26) : 1986

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part26 Chlorine residual ( f i rstrevision)

3025(Part 27) : 1986

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part27 Cyanide ( f ir st revision)

3025(Part 32) : 1988

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part32 Chloride ( f ir st revision)

3025(Part 34) : 1988

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part34 Nitrogen ( f ir st revision)

3025(Part 37) : 1988

Methods of sampling and test(physical and chemical) forwater and waste water : Part37 Arsenic ( f ir st revision)

Classif ication

of Mi croscopic

Organism

Group and N ame of the

Organism

H abi tat E ffect of the Or gan i sms

and Signi f icance

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1. ALGAE a)Chlorophyceae

Species ofCoelastrum,Gomphospheri um, M icract in i um ,

M ougeot ia, oocysti s, Eu astru m ,

Scenedesmus, Actinastrum,

Gonium, Eudorina Pandorina,

Pediastrum, Zygnema, Chlamy-

domonas, Careteria, Chlorel la,

Chroococcus, Spirogyra,

Tetraedron, Chlorogonium,

Stigeoclonium

Polluted water, im-pounded sources

Impart colouration

Species of Pandorina, Volvox,Gomphospheri um, Staurastrum ,H ydrodictyon, N i tel la

Polluted waters Produce taste andodour

Species of Rhizoclonium, Clado-thr ix, Anki str odesmus, Ulothr ix,

M icraster i as, Chromul i na

Clean water Indicate cleancondition

Species of Chlorel la, Tribonema,Closteri um , Spir ogyra, Palm ell a

Polluted waters,impounded sources

Clog filters and createoperationaldifficulties


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IS 10500 : 1991

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Classif ication

of Mi croscopic

Organism


Organism


and Signi f icance

(1) (2) (3) (4)

b) Cyanophyceae

Species of Anacystis and

Cyl indrospermum

Polluted waters Cause water bloom

and impart colourSpecies ofAnabena, Phorm idi um ,Lyngbya, Arthrospi ra,

Osci l lator ia

Polluted waters Impart colour

Species of Anabena, Anacystis,Aphanizomenon

Polluted waters, im-pounded sources

Produce taste andodour

Species of Anacystis, Anabena,Coelospherium, Gleotrichina,

Aphanizomenon

Polluted waters Toxin producing

Species of Anacyst is, Rivul ar ia,Osci l l atoria, Anabena

Polluted waters Clog filters

Species ofRivu lar ia Calcareous watersand also rocks

Bores rocks and cal-careous strata andcauses matted growth

Species of Agmenell um , M icro-col eus, L emanea

Clean waters I ndicators of purification

c) Dia toms( Bacil lariophyceae)

Species of Frag i l l a r ia ,Stephanodi scus, Stau r oneis

Cause discoloration

Species ofAsteri onel la, Tabell ar ia Hill streams highaltitude, torrentialand temperatewaters

Taste and odour pro-ducing clog filters

Species of Synedra andFrag i l l av ia

Polluted waters Taste and odourproducing

Species ofN itzchia, Gomphonema Moderately pollutedwaters

Cause discoloration

Species of Cymbela, Synedra,M elosir a, Navi cula, Cyclotel l a,Frag i l l a r ia , Dia toma,

Pleurogsigma

Rivers and streamsimpounded sources Clog filters and causeoperationaldifficulties

Species of Pinmular ia , Sur inel la ,Cyclotell a, Mer id ion, Cocconeis

Clean waters I ndicators of purification

d)Xanthophyceae

Species ofBotryococcus Hill streams, highaltitudes andtemperate waters

Produces coloration

2.ZOOPLANKTON

a)Pr otozoa

Amoeba, Giar dia L ambl ia Arcel l a,

Di f f l ugia, Act inophrys

Poll ted waters Pollution indicators

En damoeba, H istol ytica Sewage and activa-

ted sludge

Parasitic and

pathogenicb) Ci l iates

Param occium , Vort icel l a, Car che-

sium, Stentor, Colpid ium,

Coleps, Eu pl otes, Colopoda , Bodo

Highly pollutedwaters, sewageand activatedsludge

Bacteria eaters

c) Crustacea

Bosmi na, Daphnia Stagnant pollutedwaters

Indicators of pollution


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IS 10500 : 1991

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Classif ication

of Mi croscopic

Organism


Organism


and Signi f icance

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Cyclops Step wells intropical climate

Carrier host of guineaworm

3. ROT I -FERS

a)Rotifers

Anur ea, Rotari a, Phi lodina Polluted and algaeladen waters

Feed on algae

b) Flagellates

Cerat ium, Glenodinium,

Peri d in ium Din obryon

Rocky strata, ironbearing and acidicwaters

Impart colour andfishy taste

Eu glena, Phacus Polluted waters Impart colour

c) M iscel l aneous Organi smsSponges, H ydr a

Fresh water Clog filters and affectpurification systems

Tu bi fex, Eri stal i s, Chironomids Highly pollutedwaters, sewage

and activatedsludge and bottomdeposits

Clog filters and renderwater unaesthetic

d)Plumatel la Polluted waters Produces biologicalslimes and causesfilter operationaldifficulties

Dr eissena, A sell us Polluted waters Harbour pathogenicorganisms


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Bureau of Indian Standards

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. ET 13 (0046).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue

Amd. No. 1 J anuary 1993

Amd. No. 2 September 2003

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is 10500 drinking water

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