Iroquois/Haudenosaunee

Compare the accounts:

Canada: A People’s History

When the World Began…

- A Continent of Nations

- War

America’s First Nations

0:40-6:40

10:00-16:00

23:00-

41:00-end

“The Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy”. Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University, 1997. Web. 14 Sep. 2014.

Prepared by Arthur C. Parker in 1915.

9. All the business of the Five Nations Confederate Council shall be conducted by the two combined bodies of Confederate Lords. First the question shall be passed upon by the Mohawk and Seneca Lords, then it shall be discussed and passed by the Oneida and Cayuga Lords. Their decisions shall then be referred to the Onondaga Lords, (Fire Keepers) for final judgement. The same process shall obtain when a question is brought before the council by an individual or a War Chief.

10. In all cases the procedure must be as follows: when the Mohawk and Seneca Lords have unanimously agreed upon a question, they shall report their decision to the Cayuga and Oneida Lords who shall deliberate upon the question and report a unanimous decision to the Mohawk Lords. The Mohawk Lords will then report the standing of the case to the Firekeepers, who shall render a decision as they see fit in case of a disagreement by the two bodies, or confirm the decisions of the two bodies if they are identical. The Fire Keepers shall then report their decision to the Mohawk Lords who shall announce it to the open council.

11. If through any misunderstanding or obstinacy on the part of the Fire Keepers, they render a decision at variance with that of the Two Sides, the Two Sides shall reconsider the matter and if their decisions are jointly the same as before they shall report to the Fire Keepers who are then compelled to confirm their joint decision.

19. If at any time it shall be manifest that a Confederate Lord has not in mind the welfare of the people or disobeys the rules of this Great Law, the men or women of the Confederacy, or both jointly, shall come to the Council and upbraid the erring Lord through his War Chief. If the complaint of the people through the War Chief is not heeded the first time it shall be uttered again and then if no attention is given a third complaint and warning shall be given. If the Lord is contumacious the matter shall go to the council of War Chiefs. The War Chiefs shall then divest the erring Lord of his title by order of the women in whom the titleship is vested. When the Lord is deposed the women shall notify the Confederate Lords through their War Chief, and the Confederate Lords shall sanction the act. The women will then select another of their sons as a candidate and the Lords shall elect him.

75. When a member of an alien nation comes to the territory of the Five Nations and seeks refuge and permanent residence, the Lords of the Nation to which he comes shall extend hospitality and make him a member of the nation. Then shall he be accorded equal rights and privileges in all matters except as after mentioned.

99. The rites and festivals of each nation shall remain undisturbed and shall continue as before because they were given by the people of old times as useful and necessary for the good of men.

Haudenosaunee & Other First Nations Groups

In your notes: Summarize what you know about the Iroquois in a full paragraph. Cover as many topics as possible – food, housing, social structure, warfare & relationship with other groups, etc.

Notebook 3.

a) Research another First Nations group and compare them to the Iroquois. • Choose one of the following groups: Mi’kmaq, Chipewyan, Plains

Cree, Lillooet (Stl’atl’imx), Nisqa’a (Tsimshian), or Inuit.

• Use this website: firstpeoplesofcanada.com

b) Write a few sentences about WHY these two groups might be so different.

A Land of Many Nations First Nations Diversity

Iroquois longhouse

Mi’kmaq wigwam

Sioux tipi

Haida Village

Inuit Igloo

Contact

As a class: 1. Identify the main thesis. 2. Identify the four arguments. 3. Rewatch the video to gather evidence for each of

the four arguments.

4. Decide which impact of the Columbian exchange is most historically significant.

Watch Crash Course: Columbian Exchange

Crash Course: Columbian Exchange

Topic: The Columbian Exchange

Thesis: Columbus changed everything by bringing the globe together biologically.

Four Arguments: Disease

Animals

Plants

People

Jacques Cartier story

Pages 55-56 in the textbook

Fur Trade

“The evil that is in this world almost always comes of ignorance, and good intentions may do as much harm as malevolence if they lack understanding.”

- Albert Camus

Canada in the Fur Trade

1. When did the fur trade begin in Canada?

2. Why did Europe want fur?

3. What did First Nations people receive in exchange for furs?

4. Who participated in the trade?

5. Where did the trading take place?

Consequences of the Fur Trade

What were the consequences of the Fur Trade for the First Nations of the St. Lawrence?

Read pages 70-73

What were the consequences of the Fur Trade for the First Nations of the West?

Read pages 88-90, 92, 99

Notebook 4.

Contact and trade with the French & British had a lot of negative impacts for First Nations people. Do you think this was mostly intentional malevolence or unintentional ignorance on the part of Europeans?

Follow-up questions:

• Does it make any difference whether it was intentional or not?

• Are there economic industries that have similar impacts today?

French & Iroquois Wars 17th century

Iroquois Confederacy with help from British & Dutch

vs

French and Huron

Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713

British settlers, Iroquois Acadians and Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, etc. (Wabanaki Confederacy)

Father Rale’s War, Father LeLoutre’s War 1722-25, 1749-55

New England, Mohawk Wabanaki Confederacy and

New France

Seven Year’s War 1754-1763

Britain, Iroquois Confederacy, Cherokee, smaller First Nations

France, Huron, Wabanaki Confederacy, Shawnee, Ojibwa, smaller First Nations

American War of Independence 1775-1783

Britain, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Mohawk, Cherokee, smaller First Nations

American rebels, Oneida, Tuscarora, smaller First Nations

War of 1812 1812-1814

Britain, Tecumseh’s Confederacy, Iroquois,

Huron, Shawnee, Ojibway, Ottawa, many other First Nations

United States, a few Cherokee and Choctaw

The French and British fought often in Canada from the 1600s to the 1800s.

The Iroquois were typically allied with the British in their struggles against the French and later the Americans.

The French were allied with the Huron in trade and war, but also made alliances with many other First Nations groups.

First Nations groups were often on opposite sides of conflict

What can we learn from examining this list of conflict?

Pemmican Wars 1816

Hudson’s Bay Company

vs

North West Company

Lower & Upper Canada Rebellions 1837-1838

Britain, Lower & Upper Canada

Patriotes (Lower Canada),

Reform Group (Upper Canada)

Fenian Raids 1866-1871

Britain, Canada Irish Fenian Brotherhood

Red River Rebellion 1869-1870

Canada Provisional Government of Manitoba

– Métis, some First Nations

Northwest Rebellion 1885

Canada Provisional Government of

Saskatchewan – Métis, Cree, Assiniboine

World War I

Winnipeg General Strike

World War II

Tecumseh And the War of 1812

“Habited in a close leather dress, his athletic portions were admirably delineated, while a large plume of ostrich feathers, by which he was generally distinguished, overshadowing his brow, and contrasting with the darkness of his complexion and the brilliance of his black and piercing eyes, gave a singularly wild and terrific expression to his features. It was evident that he could be terrible.” (Sugden p. 358) -British Teenage Militia Volunteer

He was routinely described in diaries as “one of the finest looking men I ever saw” or “one of the most finished forms I ever met” (Sugden p. 5). The great defender of Canada, Sir Isaac Brock, referred to him as, “The Wellington of the Indians,” and declared that “a more sagacious and gallant warrior does not, I believe exist.” (Berton p166).

Tecumseh According to the images:

Hero

British ally

Important to Canada, honoured on stamps

Powerful warrior

Leader and chief

Attractive

According to his own speech:

Violent & scary

Racist

Anger

Wants all First Nations to join together

Tecumseh was BOTH an ally of the British AND wanted all First Nations to rise up against “the white man” – how does that work?

Notebook 5

Tecumseh and the War of 1812 mark a shift in the history of war and First Nations alliances in present-day Canada. Describe this change in ONE thesis statement.

• Include specific time periods.

The Conflict at Seven Oaks

Context:

• Hudson’s Bay Company technically owns the land.

• North West Company and Métis bison hunters use the land.

• HBC sells a piece of land to the Lord Selkirk in 1812; settlers begin to arrive.

• New settlers are starving; HBC’s Miles Macdonell issues the Pemmican Proclamation, prohibiting any food from leaving the new colony.

• The Métis and NWC fight for their right to sell and

trade; there are a series of conflicts.

Your task:

The following two accounts describe the conflict at Seven Oaks.

1. List the facts common to both accounts.

2. Identify the differences in the two accounts.

3. Explain why these two encyclopedia entries might be so different.

Seven Oaks Massacre, (1816), destruction of the Hudson’s Bay Red River Settlement in what is now Manitoba, Canada, by agents of the rival North West Company.

On June 19, 1816, a party of about 60 Metis under Cuthbert Grant, a North West Company employee, set out to run provisions for North West Company canoes past the Red River colony; they plundered some outlying posts on the Assiniboine River and then stopped at a place called Seven Oaks, near the Hudson’s Bay Company’s post at Fort Douglas. Robert Semple, the governor of the colony and governor in chief of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s territories in North America, led a group of about 25 soldiers and settlers to parley with the Metis. A fight broke out in which Semple and 20 of his men were killed; Grant lost only one man. The Métis gave no quarter to their wounded opponents, and in the following days they forced the remaining settlers to leave under the threat of massacre. The destruction of the Red River colony, however, was only temporary; it was restored the following year.

From the Encyclopedia Britannica

Seven Oaks Incident

Prior to the union of the North West Co and the Hudson's Bay Co in 1821, the endemic struggles between the 2 fur-trading rivals were capped by a violent incident 19 June 1816 at Seven Oaks, a few km from the HBC's Fort Douglas in the Red River Settlement. The so-called massacre of Seven Oaks provoked retaliation and led to a merger of the 2 companies. The colony at the vital junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, established by Thomas Douglas, fifth earl of Selkirk, was perceived by the Nor'Westers as the base from which the HBC was preparing to launch its penetration of the Athabaska country. It posed a threat, as well, to the annual brigades of the Montréal-based company, lying athwart their main communication route.

In the spring of 1816, the HBC officers and men seized and destroyed the Nor'Westers' Fort Gibraltar at the forks, thus exposing the latter's canoe brigades, just as the pemmican supplies were being moved down the Assiniboine to meet the Nor'Westers returning from the annual council at Fort William. The HBC's Fort Douglas thus dominated the Red and denied passage both to the Nor'Westers and the provision boats of their Métis allies.

From The Canadian Encyclopedia

Brandon House, a HBC post on the upper Assiniboine, was captured by the Métis on 1 June 1816 under Cuthbert GRANT, who then organized an escort to secure the pemmican supplies. Leaving the Assiniboine near Portage la Prairie, Grant and his men struck northeast across the plain to intercept the Nor'Westers on the Red. But they were, in fact, themselves intercepted by the HBC's local governor, Robert SEMPLE, who with a score of his men, had unwisely ventured out of Fort Douglas. Although the clash was not premeditated, the Métis quickly enveloped Semple's party and he and 20 of his men were killed. The Métis suffered only one casualty.

In retaliation, Selkirk captured the Nor'Westers' primary base at Fort William and reoccupied Fort Douglas. Law suits and countersuits ensued. Only Selkirk's death in 1820 cleared the way for an end to the rivalry. As for the Métis, they came to see Red River as a place of settlement and for several decades were a permanent element in the colony.

Royal Proclamation Anticipation

Treaty History The Story of First Nations Land

Pre-Confederation How did the following events impact First Nations’ use of the land?

Great Peace of 1701

Peace & Friendship Treaties in Nova Scotia – 1700s

Royal Proclamation - 1763

Quebec Act - 1774

Treaty of Paris (end of American War of Independence)

Loyalists

Selkirk Settlers

1867

Setting the Stage

1. What is a treaty?

2. Have settlers and First Nations always made treaties?

3. Why did Canada need treaties after Confederation?

4. Why did the First Nations need treaties after Confederation?

1873

The Numbered Treaties 1871-1921

5. Who was included?

6. How were they negotiated?

• Treaty 1 example

7. What did the Canadian government promise?

8. What did the First Nations people promise?

Numbered Treaties

The Treaty Legacy

9. Do these Treaties still hold today?

10. What do these Treaties mean today?

11. Why did the Treaties fail to create a good relationship between First Nations and the Canadian government?

Indian Act

Indian Act The Story of First Nations Subjugation

Notebook 8a: How does the Indian Act demonstrate the following?

1. assimilation

2. paternalism

3. Eurocentrism

Use specific examples and make reference to the definition of the term.

Notebook 8b: Which parts of the Indian Act get special mention in the textbook? Do you notice a trend?

Residential School Stories

William George Lathlin (7:45-11:45)

Rev. Mary Battaja (0-7:00; 16:40-30:00)

Patricia Lewis (0-10:00)

Notebook 9:

How do you think you would respond if you had gone through a residential school experience? Refer to 6 different examples from the stories you heard.

The Practice of Potlatch

1. What is a potlatch?

2. When and where was the potlatch practiced?

3. Why did they practice potlatch?

4. Why did the Canadian government oppose the potlatch?

5. When did the potlatch become illegal?

6. How did the FN people respond?

7. Do people practice potlatch now?

Red River Resistance

1905