iron: is too much harmful?

ANIMAL SOURCES FORTIFIED PRODUCTS CEREAL OTHER SOURCES MILK Iron: Is Too Much Harmful? IMPACT OF EXCESS IRON IN THE BODY IRON IN THE BODY Iron is an essential element in the human body mostly found in red blood cells. Iron helps cells "breathe" by carrying oxygen to cells and tissues, and is essential to giving the body energy and having a properly functioning immune system 1 . Most people get iron from the food they eat 2 . When the body’s iron capacity is exceeded and the body cannot get rid of it, iron builds up— ﬁrst in the liver, and eventually in the heart. This condition is called chronic iron overload 3 . Iron circulates through the body continuously and any unused iron is stored for future use 3 . • People with too little iron in their body can develop iron deficiency, which causes anemia 1 . • People who accumulate too much iron in their body may develop chronic iron overload 3 .

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ANIMAL SOURCES FORTIFIED PRODUCTS

CEREAL

OTHER SOURCES

MILK

Iron: Is Too Much Harmful?IMPACT OF EXCESS IRON IN THE BODY

IRON IN THE BODYIron is an essential element in the human body mostly found in

red blood cells. Iron helps cells "breathe" by carrying oxygen

to cells and tissues, and is essential to giving the body energy

and having a properly functioning immune system1.

Most people get ironfrom the food they eat2.

When the body’s iron capacity is exceeded and

the body cannot get rid of it, iron builds up—

first in the liver, and eventually in the heart.

This condition is called chronic iron overload3.

Iron circulates through the body continuously and any unused iron is stored for future use3.

• People with too little iron in their

body can develop iron deficiency,

which causes anemia1.

• People who accumulate too much

iron in their body may develop

chronic iron overload3.

MILK

ABSORBED1-2 MG TAKEN IN

10-15% ABSORBED3-4 MG TAKEN IN20%

A person with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) absorbs twice as much

iron from their food as a normal person, amounting to 3-4 mg of iron each day, or about 20% of the iron in a normal diet5,1.

A healthy person absorbs and releases about 1-2 mg of iron each day, or about 10-15% of

the iron in a normal diet1,2.

INTESTINALABSORPTION

BLOODTRANSFUSIONFOOD

A person who receives blood transfusions absorbs an average of 200 mg of extra

iron from each unit of blood transfused6.

As few as 20 units of blood (10 in children)can lead to chronic iron overload3.

10-15% 20% BLOOD TRANSFUSION200 MG TAKEN IN

REFERENCES1. Muñoz M, Villar I, García-Erce JA. An update on iron physiology. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Oct 7;15(37):4617-26.2. National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Factsheet: Iron. Accessed June 25, 2013 from http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/.3. Shander A, Cappellini MD, et al., Iron overload and toxicity: the hidden risk of multiple blood transfusions. Vox Sanguinis 2009; 97, 185-197.4. Kohgo Y, Ikuta K, Ohtake T, Torimoto Y, Kato J. Body iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron overload. Int J Hematol. 2008 Jul;88(1):7-15.).5. Musallam K. Iron overload in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Thalassemia Reports 2013;3:34-36.6. Thalassemia International Federation. Guidelines for the clinical management of thalassemia. Nov. 2008.7. Yen A. W. et al., Revisiting Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Current Concepts and Progress. The American Journal of Medicine 2006; 119, 391-399. 8. Taher AT. Age-related complications in treatment-naive patients with thalassaemia intermedia. B J Haematol. 2010;150:480-97.

HOW IRON ENTERS THE BODYPeople can develop chronic iron overload through:• Blood transfusions required for managing many chronic health conditions such as sickle cell

disease, thalassemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)3,4.

• Increased absorption through the stomach and intestines. This can happen even in patients who do not receive regular blood transfusions, such as non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) patients3. Increased iron absorption in NTDT patients is triggered by the body’s need for more red blood cells.

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