International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1415 Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents using Novel Biodegradable Polymeric Flocculants based on Anionic Polysaccharides: a New Way to Treat the Waste Water Shashi Kumar1,*, Tamoghna Saha2, Sachin Sharma3 1M.Tech , Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India. 2M.Tech, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad-826004 Jharkhand, India. 3M.Tech , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------AbstractWastewater and industrial effluent treatment requireremoval ofsuspendedsolidsforpurificationandpossiblere-usage. Despitetheimpactoftheindustryontheenvironment,the worldofpulpandpaperindustrycontinuestoexpandat alarmingratesandsomoreandmorepapermillsare boomingupinthenewlyindustrializedcountries.Pulpand papermillproduceslargenumberofhighlyheterogeneous wastewaterscontainingsulphurbasedcompounds,nitrogen oxide, chlorinated based and manyother toxicpollutants. All theseleadtoveryhighchemicaloxygendemand(COD) valuesofeffluentwater.Althoughtherearemanycheapest processes available for treatment of various organic effluents, butpresentneedistouseaprocesswhichisefficientin reducing pollution and also eco- friendly. Available industrial wastetreatmentprocessesareexpensiveandposeamajor threattotheenvironment.Severalmethodshavebeen attempted by various researchers throughout the world for the reductioninCODofpulpandpapermilleffluents.Sothis paper is a comprehensive review of various literature sources foradaptationinpollutantsandchemicaloxygendemandby biodegradableanionicpolymers.Theseanionicpolymersare morefrequentlyemployedinindustrialwaterclarification plantsbecauseofimprovedflocculation.Alsotheyfrequently permitappreciabledosagereductioninprimarycoagulants. Theyareexposedtoagreaternumberofseparateparticles whenaddedtothewaterbecauseoftheirstrongbridging action.Hencethispapercomprisesthepotentialofvarious biodegradableanionicpolymersinpurifyingtheeffluent waterandtoreducethedoseofCODandbiologicaloxygen demand (BOD). Key Words: Biodegradable, Anionic polysaccharides, Flocculants, Polymer, Pulp, Paper, Effluent, Environment, Pollutants, Coagulants. [1] Introduction Thepulpandpaperindustryhasbeenfacingmore stringentlimitationsonitsdischargesduringthe last few decades and the same trend will continue in the future. Pulp and paper mill is a major industrial sectorutilizingahugeamountoflignocellulogic materialsandwaterduringthemanufacturing processandreleasechlorinatedlignosulphonic acids,chlorinatedresinacids,chlorinatedphenols and chlorinated hydrocarbon in the effluent [1]. Thehighlytoxicandrecalcitrantcompounds, dibenzo-p-dioxinanddibenzofuranareformed unintentionallyintheeffluentofpulpandpaper mill[2,3].Theuntreatedeffluentsfrompulpand papermillsthataredischargedintowaterbodies, damagesthewaterquality.Theundilutedeffluents are toxic for aquatic organisms and exhibit a strong mutageniceffect.Inspiteofthemajorprocess investmentsinenvironmentalprotection,the supplementarytreatmentofwastewaterwill becomeever-moreimportantinthefuturedueto thelargequantitiesofwastewaterthatare generated. The de-colorization of effluents, at least, shouldbeperformed.Conventionalbiological treatmentprocesseshavelittleornoeffecton wastewaterde-colorization.Thebrownishcoloris mainlyduetoligninanditsderivateswhichare difficulttodegradenaturally.Biologicaltreatment removesmostofthewoodextractivesandthe effluentishighlydilutedinthereceivingwater system. However, wood extractives (e.g. resin acids andsterols)cangettransformedtoothertoxic compoundsduringbiologicaltreatment. Furthermore,thereisnoguaranteethatbiological International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1416 treatmentwillalwaysworkproperlyandserious toxicitybreakthroughsmayoccasionallyoccur. However,thebiologicalcolorremovalprocessis particularly attractive since in addition to color and COD,italsoreducesBODandlowmolecular weightchloro-lignins[4,5].Intensivewater recirculation in pulp mills leads to an accumulation ofwoodextractivesinthewatercycles,aswellas otherharmfulsubstancessuchasnon-process elements.Non-processelements,whichare unintendedcomponentsofthepulpingand bleachingchemicals,entertheprocessastrace elementsinwoodandimpuritiesinprocess chemicalsandrawwater.Amongotherthings, theseelementscausecorrosion(mainlyChlorine), depositsonequipment(Aluminum,Barium, Calcium,andSilicon)increasetheconsumptionof bleaching chemicals (Manganese, Iron and Copper) andhaveanegativeimpactontheenvironment (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and heavy metals) [6,7].The principleofbiodegradationtechnologiesisan optimization of nutrient ratios and an application of suitablyselectedisolatedmicroorganismstrains with relevant degradation abilities [8]. Although the physicalandchemicalmethodsareonthetrackof treatment,theyarenotonparwithbiological treatmentbecauseofcostineffectivenessand residualeffects.Thebiologicaltreatmentisknown tobeeffectiveinreducingtheorganicloadand toxiceffectsofkraftsmilleffluents[9].The microorganismtreatstheeffluentsmainlybytwo process;actionofenzymesandbiosorption[10]. Thevariousenzymesinvolvedinthetreatmentof pulpandpapermilleffluentareligninperoxidase, manganeseperoxidaseandlaccase[11]. Microorganismsshowinggoodproductionofthese enzymes have the potency to treat the effluent. The efficientremovaloftoxicsubstancesfromprocess waterswillmakeitpossibletoclosethewater circuits.Thissupplementarytreatmentof wastewaterwould,inturnlowertheamountof detrimentalcompoundsandtheiraccesstothe watersystem.Pre-treatmentbeforebiological wastewatertreatmentcouldhaveapositiveimpact ontheperformanceofthebiological process.Effluent disposal is a major problem around theworld.Growingalongwiththepopulation growth,industriescreateenvironmentalproblems and health hazards for the population. The effluents arehighlyundesirableandunsafetouse. Wastewatercontainssolidparticleswithawide varietyofshapes,sizes,densitiesandcomposition. Specificpropertiesoftheseparticlesaffecttheir behaviourinliquidphasesandthustheremoval capabilities.Manychemicalandmicrobiological contaminantsfoundinwastewaterareadsorbedon orincorporatedinthesolidparticlesandisthus essentialforpurificationandrecyclingofboth wastewaterandindustrialeffluentsistheremoval ofsolidparticles.Henceenvironmentalconcerns and progressing depletion of raw material resources behovescientistsandengineerstodevelop materialsfromrenewableagriculturalandplant resourcestolowertheextentofenvironmental pollution.Thesepolymericmaterialsalreadyplay animportantroleasalternativestofossilraw materials due to both their non-toxic nature and the constantly rising global demand for energy and raw materials. Depending upon the source these contain variousimpuritiesandalsoexhibitavarietyof molecular characteristics. However, by purification, graftingandanionization,usefulproductscanbe madeusableasflocculating,dragreducingand viscosityenhancing[12].Alsocomprehensiveand appropriateinformationaboutthecharacteristicsof effluentisessentialforoptimizingexisting treatmentmethodsandfordevelopingnewones. Hencewediscussbiodegradableanionicbased polymerssincetheyprovidebothstabilityand bridgingactionandanionicpolymersareperhaps the most reliable coagulant aids inasmuch as drastic overdoseshavelittleornoeffectonzetapotential. However, over treatment is still possible since good International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1417 flocculation does not occur if more than 50% of the particle surface is covered by polymer. [2] Pulp and Paper MillThepulpandpaperindustriesusethreetypesof rawmaterialsnamelyhardwood,softwood,and non-woodfibersources(straw,bagasse,bamboo, kenaf,andsoon).Hardwoods(oaks,maples,and birches)arederivedfromdeciduoustrees.Soft woods(spruces,firs,hemlocks,pines,cedar)are obtainedfromevergreenconiferoustrees.Inthe pulp mills the potential of the pulp is muchgreater thanthepapermakingunits.Theutilizationof plant fiber for paper production is one of the oldest manufacturingindustriesandisbuiltuponage-old technologies.Itwasnotuntilthisbecame mechanized and the scale of production escalated in theearlypartoflastcenturyandmanyoftodays environmentalproblemsassociatedwiththepulp andpaperindustryemerged.Forexample,inthe industrial manufacture of paper from wood fiber, it wasknownthatnaturalcompoundswerereleased duringprocessingthatcausedharmtotheaquatic population[12].Pulpandpaperaremanufactured fromrawmaterialscontainingcellulosefibers, generallywood,recycledpaperandagricultural residues.Indevelopingcountries,about60%of cellulosefibersoriginatefromnon-woodraw materials such as bagasse (sugar cane fibers), cereal straw,bamboo,reeds,espartograss,jute,flaxand sisal.InWorldBankstudies[13],pulpandpaper manufacturingunitshaveproductioncapacities greaterthan100metrictonsperday.Asperthe MinistryofEnvironmentandForest(MoEF), Government of India, the pulp and paper sector is in the Red Category list of 17 industries having a high pollutingpotential.Pulpandpaperproductionisa major industry in India with a total capacity of over 3milliontonsperannum[14].Thepulpandpaper industryusuallyproducehighvolumeofwaste amountingto225to320m3/tonsofthepaper produced.Thepulpandpaperwastehavehigh colorwithhighCODmainlybecauseoflignin derivativesderivedfromcellulosicrawmaterial. Ligninisnoteasilydegradedbymicroorganisms; hencetheBODremainsmuchlowerthanCOD values.ThepHofwasteremainsinthealkaline rangewithhighamountoftotalsuspendedsolids. Thepaperandpulpindustrialprocedureflowchart was given in Figure-1. [3] Waste source and characterization Pulpandpapermillsarecategorizedasacore sectorindustryandarethefifthlargestcontributor toindustrialwaterpollution.Pulpandpaper industryisoneofthemostwaterandenergy consumingindustryintheworld.Itusesthefifth largestenergyconsumerprocesses,approximately 4%oftotalenergythatisusedworldwide.Also during pulp and paper process, important amount of wasteisproduced.Ithasbeenestimatedthat500 milliontonsofpaperandetc.peryearwillbe producedin2020.Wasteandwastewatersare generatedfrombothofpulpandbleaching processes.Additionally,100millionkgoftoxic pollutants are released every year from this industry [15]. [4] Composition of spent pulping liquorsAgro-residuemillstypicallyemployasodaor alkaline sulfite pulping. Typical composition of the spentliquorsgeneratedfromthesmall-scaleagro-residueutilizingpulpandpapermillsareshownin Table-1.Itisevidentfromthetablethat4550% of the total solids were represented by lignin. Most oftheligninpresentintheblackliquorwashigh molecular weight fraction, a key factor contributing to low BOD/COD ratio. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1418 [5] Pulp bleaching process About510%oftheoriginallignincannotbe removedfromthepulpwithoutsubstantialdamage tothecellulosicfraction.Removaloftheresidual ligninwhichareresponsibleforimpartingdark colortothepulpandtheproductionofwhitepulp, requiresaseriesofstepsemployingbleaching chemicals.Pulpbleachingisnormally accomplishedbysequentialtreatmentswith elementalchlorine,alkali,chlorinedioxide,and alkaliandchlorinedioxide.Thestagechlorination (C) consists of charging slurry of the pulp (at 34% consistency) with elemental chlorine (6070 kg/ton ofpulp)at153080CatpH1.52.0[16].The largestquantityofpulpisdissolvedduringthe Chlorine and alkali stages. Alternate pulp bleaching techniquessuchastheelementalchlorinefree (ECF),totalchlorinefree(TCF).Compounds responsibleforimpartingtoxicitytothespent bleacheffluentsoriginateduringthechlorination (C)stageandcausticextraction(E)stages.The majorclassesoftoxiccompoundsareresinacids, fattyacids,andadsorbableorganichalide(AOX). Fattyandresinacidsinbleachliquorsoften originatefromthewashingofunbleachedpulps. Adsorbableorganichalidesaretheproductsof lignin degradation formed exclusively during theC stageofpulpbleachingandgetdissolvedintothe bleachingliquorsduringtheEstage.About13% oftheAOXfractionisextractableintonon-polar organic solvents and is referred to as extractable Table -1: Characteristics of Agro-Residue Based Spent Black Liquors. fraction posesgreater environmental risks than the remaining99%oftheAOXandcomprises compoundsthatarelipophilicwiththeabilityto penetratecellmembranesandpotentialto bioaccumulateinthefattytissuesofhigher organisms. [6] Characteristics of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents Thepulpandpaperindustryproduceseffluents withlargeBODsandCODs.Oneofthespecific problemsthathaveyetnotbeensolvedproperlyis the strong black brown colour of the effluent, which isprimarilyduetoligninanditsderivatives releasedfromthesubstrateanddischargedinthe effluents,mainlyfrompulping,bleachingand chemicalrecoverystages.Thebrowncolourofthe effluentmayincreasewatertemperatureand decrease photosynthesis, both of which may lead to decreasedconcentrationofdissolvedoxygen[17]. The generation of waste water and characteristics of pulp and paper mill effluent depends upon the type International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1419 of manufacturing process adopted and the extent of reuse of water employed in plant. Effluents depend upontypeofmanufacturingprocessadoptedand theextentofreuseofwateremployedinplant. EffluentofKraftpulpingishighlypollutedand characterizedbyparametersuniquetosuchwastes suchascolour,AOXandrelatedorganic compound.Thealkalineextractionstageofbleach planteffluentisthemajorsourceofcolourandis mainlyduetoligninandderivativesoflignin[18]. Ligninwastewaterisdischargedfromthepulping, bleaching and chemical recovery sections. Lignin is aheterogeneous,threedimensionalpolymer, composedofoxyphenylpropanoidunits.Thehigh chlorine content of bleached plant reacts with lignin and its derivatives formed to form highly toxic and recalcitrant compounds and are responsible for high biologicalandchemicaloxygendemand. Trichlorophenol,trichloroguicol,tetrachloroguicol, dichlorophenol,dichoroguicoland pentachlorophenolaremajorcontaminatesformed in the effluent of pulp and paper mill [19]. Thepollutantsatvariousstagesofthepulpingand papermakingprocessarepresentedinFigure 2[20]. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1420 Figure-1: Pulp and paper industrial procedure flow chart. Wood, Recycle Paper Cotton, Bagasse Digestion for pulping Pulp Separation Pulp Washing and Dewatering Bleaching of pulp by Chlorine, caustic, hypochlorite Stock Proportion Paper Machine Wire & Press Part Dryers Paper Black Liquor Lignin Brown stock + chemicals Brown stock White Water International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1421 Owingtoitsseriouspollutionthreat,itis mandatoryforpulpandpapermillstotake appropriatemeasurestocomplywiththedischarge standardssetbytheCentralPollutionControl Board(CPCB)[21],whichisthenationalagency responsibleforenvironmentalcompliance.The minimumnationalstandardsforpulpandpaper millswastewaterdischargeaccordingtoCBCPare shown in Table-2. Table: 2. Minimum national Standards for pulp and paper mills wastewater discharge (CPCB, 2000) PARAMETER LARGE PAPER MILLS SMALL PAPER MILLS pH6.5-8.55.5-9.0 Suspended Solids (mg/l)100100 BOD AT 270C(mg/l)30Inland: 30 Land: 100 COD (mg/l) 350 - Total Organic Chlorine (TOCL)2.0- (kg/ton paper 1992 onwards) Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)-26

[7] Treatment of pulp and paper wastewater Pulpandpapereffluentscontainanumberof compoundswhichareharmfulinreceivingalters andareinhibitoryorrecalcitranttobiological treatment.Commonlyusedphysicalandchemical treatmentmethodsareelectrocoagulation[22], ultrasound[23],reverseosmosis[24],photo catalytic systems using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zincoxide(ZnO)underUV/solarirradiation[25], hydrogenperoxide,Fentonsreagent(H2O2/Fe2+), UV,UV/H2O2,photo-Fenton(UV/H2O2/Fe2+), International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1422 ozonation and peroxon (ozone/ H2O2) [24].Some of thesestudieshaveoptimizedtheoperating conditions for effluent treatment [26-27]. TheFigure-2.showingdifferenttechniquesusedinthe treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents. biologicaltreatmentstudieshavealsoconfined themselvestotheevaluationofmicroorganism, basicmechanismbehindtreatmentandchangesin the effluent after treatment. Not even a single study has optimized the process of effluent treatment. The conventional treatment processes like chemical pre-treatment,lagooning,andactivatedsludgeprocess (ASP)arenotadequatetomeettheregulatory effluent standards for being discharged into sewers. Therefore,thepulpandpaperindustryhastouse tertiarypolishingstagetomeettheeffluent dischargestandards.Theanionicpolymers techniqueusestheactionofbridgingaction.This treatmentwillmakethesecondarytreatmentcost effectiveaswellasefficientintheremovalof residualtoxicorganiccompoundsandcolour. Whenanionicbiodegradablepolymersareusedas coagulantaidswithinorganiccoagulants,dosages intherangeof0.1to0.5ppmaremostfrequently employed.Dosagesfrom0.1to0.2areusually sufficientformostwaters.Likemostcoagulant aids,thesepolymersareusuallymosteffective whenfedshortlyaftertheprimarycoagulantorat thepointofinitialfloccformation[41].Different techniquesusedinthetreatmentofpulpandpaper mill effluents are shown in the Figure-2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1423 [8] Bridging mechanism Longchainpolymers[42,43]whenaddedinsmall dosage to a suspension of colloidalparticles, adsorbonto them in such a manner that an individual chain canbecomeattachedtotwoormoreparticlesthus Bridging[42]themtogether.Interestinglythis phenomenon is observed up to a particular optimum polymerdosagebeyondwhichflocculation diminishes,knownasStericstabilization.The essentialrequirementsforpolymerbridgingarethat thereshouldbesufficientunoccupiedparticle surfaceforattachmentofpolymersegmentsfrom chainsattachedtootherparticlesandthepolymer bridgesshouldbeofsuchanextentthattheyspan thedistanceoverwhichinter-particlerepulsion prevails.Thusatlowerdosages,thereisinsufficient polymer to form adequate bridging links between the particles.Withexcesspolymer,thereisnolonger enoughbareparticlesurfaceavailablefor attachmentofsegmentsandtheparticlesbecome destabilized,whichmayalsoinvolvesomesteric repulsion.Onaverage,bridgingflocculationgives aggregates(flocs)whicharemuchstrongerthan thoseproducedbytheadditionofsalts(i.e.,by reductioninelectricalrepulsion).However,such stronger floccs produced by the bridging mechanism [28] may not reform once broken at high shear rates. The schematic illustration of Bridging action (a) and re-stabilization by adsorbed polymers (b) is shown in the Figure-3. [9] Environmental Impact of Paper and Pulp Mills Theenvironmentalimpactofpaperandpulpmills isofparticularconcernsincetheseunitsgenerate 150-200 m3 effluent/ton paper with a high pollution loadingof90-240kgsuspendedsolids/tonpaper, 85-370kgbiochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)/ton paperand500-1100kgchemicaloxygendemand (COD)/tonpaper[29].Apartfromthepollution, thereisagrowingwaterscarcityanddeterioration in water quality in many parts of India [30]. ]. Thus, inthecontextofreducedfreshwateravailability, decliningwaterqualityandenvironmentpollution frominadequatelytreatedeffluent,thereisan urgent need for efficient water management in pulp andpapermills.About500differentchlorinated organiccompoundshavebeenidentifiedinpaper milleffluents[31].Thehighchemicaldiversityof thesepollutantscausesavarietyofclastogenic, carcinogenic,endocrinicandmutageniceffectson fishesandotheraquaticcommunitiesinrecipient water bodies [32-33]. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1424 Figure-3. Schematic illustration of bridging action (a) and re-stabilization by adsorbed polymers (b). [10] Future Prospect and Affects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents Various studies have reported detrimental effects of pulpandpapermilleffluentonanimalslivingin waterbodiesreceivingtheeffluent.Theeffectsare informofrespiratorystress,liverdamageand geno-toxicity[34-36].Astudyreportedhealth impactssuchasvomiting,headaches,nauseaand diarrhoea and eye irritation on children and workers due to the pulp and paper mill wastewater discharge totheenvironment[37].Theeffluenthashigh chemicaldiversityoforganicchemicalspresentin it.Manyofthemarecarcinogenic,mutagenicand endocrinicdisrupters.Exposuretotheeffluent adverselyaffectsdiversityandabundanceof phytoplankton,zooplanktonandzoobenthos, disruptingbenthicalgalandinvertebrate communities [35]. Therefore it is obligatory to treat the effluent before disposal. [11]Polymercoagulantsoverphysio-chemical and cationic coagulants The main aim of this study is demonstrating the use ofanionicpolymers(Starch,Carboxymethyl-chitin (Chitosan),Cellulosegumetc.)asabio-coagulant for uptake of chemical coagulant for paper and pulp effluent.Chemicalcoagulantshavethedemeritsto producechemicalsludgeandnonbiodegradable, whereasStarch,Carboxymethyl-chitin(Chitosan), Cellulosegum,Chitosanarebiodegradableandthe sludgeproducedisalsobiodegradableandeco-friendly.Theoveralltreatmentcostofeffluent watervaries,dependingontheprocessemployed andthelocalconditions.Ingeneral,thetechnical applicability,plantsimplicity,readyavailability andinexpensivenessarethekeyfactorsfor selectingthisanionicpolymerstreatmentforthe effluent.

[12] Anionic Polysaccharides Nativestarchisoneofthemostabundantbio-polymers available on earth and is present in living plantsasenergystoragematerial.Starchesare mixturesoftwopolyglucans,amylopectinand amylose,buttheycontainonlyasingletypeof carbohydrate,glucose.Chitinisanaturally abundantmucopolysaccharideextractedfrom crustaceanshells,whicharewastesproductsof seafoodprocessingindustries.Chitinisthesecond biopolymerinnature,aftercellulose,intermsof abundance,butitisthemostabundantamino polysaccharide. The polymer contains 2-acetamido- 2-deoxy-b-D-glucosethroughab(1/4)linkage.It mayberegardedascellulosewithhydroxylat position C-2 replaced by an acetamido group. Since suchwastes(shrimp,lobsterandcrabshells)are abundantlyavailable,chitosanmaybeproduced commerciallyatlowcost.Starchandchitinare biologicallyinert,safeforhumansandnatural environment.Theypossessseveralother advantagesandcharacteristicsthatmakethem excellent materials for industrial use [38,39]. There arealsosomemoreanionicpolysaccharidelike Pectin,HyaluronicAcid,ChondroitinSulfate. PectinalsocalledPectinpolysaccharideisusedas thickingandstabilizingagent.Chondroitinsulfate isalsomajorcomponentamonganionic polysaccharideswhichisprimarilyusedin moisturizerbasedontheirgreatwater-binding capacity in effluent water. Hence it can also be used forcoagulatingagentforeffluenttreatment. ChemicalstructureofStarch,Chitosan,Pectin, Chondroitin sulfate is given below in Figure-4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1425 [13]ApplicationofAnionicPolysaccharides other than flocculants Apart from the use of these polymers in the field of effluenttreatment,theyalsoplayasignificantrole asthickeningagent[40]inthecosmeticindustry, mineralprocessingindustry,film-formersornail polishers,suspendingagents,hairconditioners, moisturizers,emulsifiers,emollientsandevenas wound-healing agents. Figure- 4. Chemical structure of Starch, Chitosan, Pectin, Chondroitin sulfate

[14] Concluding remarks Thisreviewarticlemaythereforeserveasa challengetoresearcherstocontinuedeveloping bettermethodstodegradetheeffluents.These anionic polymers are highly efficient flocculants for industrialeffluenttreatment,municipalsewage wastewatertreatmentandremovalofcolorfrom simulatedreactivedye.Environmentalproblems caused by the industrial effluents are mainly due to accumulationofpollutantshavingtoxic compounds. There is a quick need to degrade these toxiccompoundsinaneco-friendlywayoutof variousanionicpolymers,starch,chitosan,pectin, chondroitinsulfate,thatarefoundtoprovidethe bestperformanceinvariouswastewaters.This literaturesurveysuggeststhatthispolymeric techniquegivesthebestandfastbridgingaction because their polymer chains are more uncoiled and arethereforeexposedtoagreaternumberof separate particles when added to the water. Anionic polymers may function as primary coagulants when thecolloidalparticlesarepositivelycharged.One major advantage is that they have little or no effect inneutralizingthenegativeparticlechanges,but insteadfunctionbyimprovingthebridgingaction oftheprimarycoagulants.Duetoimproved flocculationwiththesepolymers,theyfrequently permitappreciabledosagereductionofother primarycoagulantsthancationicpolymers. However, over treatment is still possible since good flocculation does not occur if more than 50% of the particlesurfaceiscoveredbypolymer. However thistreatmentcanalsobeusedasaneffective primarytreatmentmethodtoremovemuchofthe toxicity, color, CODand BOD. This treatment will make the secondary treatment cost effective as well as efficient in the removal of residual toxic organic compounds and color which in turn will have better approachabilitytothecontaminantsintheeffluent inaccordance.Onthewholeanionicpolymeric polymerswerefoundtocoverwiderangeof recalcitrant degradation and are known to be a best choice because of its nature of degradation and less StarchChitosan Chondroitin sulfate International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1426 toxicity.Theobjectiveofthisstudywasto introducesuchflocculantswhichforms biodegradablesludgeandeco-friendly.These anionic polymers fulfill this basic objective. Acknowledgement Theauthorwouldliketoofferhissincerethanks toco-authorsforprovidingtheirvaluablesupport whichwereveryusefulininterpretingthe inferencestothisarticle.Wealsoappreciateevery contributions made by everyone to this work. Conflict Of Interest Author declares no conflict of interest. Financial Disclosure The work is not supported by any grant. References [1]FukuzumiT.[1980]Microbialdecolourisation anddefoamingofpulpingwasteliquors.In:Kirk TK,ChangHM,HiguchiT,editors.Lignin biodegradation:microbiology,chemistryand potentialapplications,Vol.2.BocaRaton,FL, USA: CRC Press; 1980 p 161171. [2]WittichRM,WilkesH,SinwellV,FrankeW, Fortnagel P.[1992] Metabolism of dibenzo-p-dioxin bySphingomonassp.strainRW1.ApplEnviron Microbiol 58:10051010. [3] Thakur IS. [1996] Use of monoclonal antibodies againstdibenzo-p-dioxindegradingphingomonas sp. strain RW1. Lett Appl Microbiol 22:141144. 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