ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

arqeologiis instituti

irakli anCabaZe

SeiaraReba

antikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis iberia-kolxeTSi

(Zv.w. VII-ax.w. VIIss)

arqeologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.)akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

disertacia

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori, arqeologiis

institutis swavluli mdivani-zviad kviciani

Tbilisi

2016

‐ 1 ‐  

avtoris stili daculia

Sinaarsi

anotacia…...........................................................................................................3

Annotation ………………………………………………………………………5 Sesavali ……………………………………………….. ................................6

TaviI. SeteviTi sabrZolo iaraRebi

&I. maxvilebi da satevrebi..............................................................................................9

&IIdanebi.......................................................................................................................................62

&III. culebi......................................................................................................................................66

&IV. mSvildi da isrispirebi......................................................................................78

&V. Subispirebi..........................................................................................................................93

&VI. saalyo-sainJinro SeiaraReba [urnali, lodsatyorcnebi,

Katapulta)........................................................................................................................................112

&VII. Surduli...........................................................................................................................118

TaviVIII. sabrZolo etlebi...........................................................................................119

Tavi II. TavdacviTi SeiaraReba

&I. fari.........................................................................................................................................121

&II.abjari.......................................................................................................................................131

&III.Mmuzaradebi................................................................................................................150

&IV. knemidebi.............................................................................................................................158

daskvna.............................................................................................................161

danarTi ……………………………………………………………………… 171

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………194 bibliografia…………………………………………………………… 196

tabulebis aRweriloba........................................................................ 213

tabulebi........................................................................................................220

‐ 2 ‐  

anotacia

saqarTvelos istoria, romelic ramodenime aTaswleuls moicavs, aris

omebis istoria. rTuli geopolitikuri mdgomareobis gamo, mravali

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze (Zveli

iberia da kolxeTi) mcxovrebi qarTveluri tomebi permanentul omebs

awarmoebdnen momxdurebis winaaRmdeg. maTi samxedro gamocdileba,

strategia, taqtika da samxedro aRWurviloba Seesabamebodaim drois

nebismier etapze arsebul realiebsa damoTxovnebs. Sesabamisad, sruliad

araa gasakviri rodesac saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sabrZolo iaraRebs. maTi Seswavla

gvexmareba aramxolod imdroindeli samxedro, aramed politikuri,

eTnikurida socialuri mdgomareobis ukeT gaazrebaSi.

garda uSualod arqeologiuri masalisa, aRniSnuli periodis sabrZolo

iaraRebis sakvlevad garkveulwilad gvexmareba berZnul-romauli

werilobiTi wyaroebi, sadac aRwerilia qarTveluri tomebis calkeuli

sabrZolo scenebi da SeiaraReba.

adreantikuri xanidan moyolebuli, adreSuasaukuneebis CaTvliT,

ZiriTadad dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda ori

politikur-kulturuli areali, kolxeTisa da iberiis samefos saxiT,

romelTa samxedro istoria faqtobrivad asaxulia arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul sabrZolo iaraRebSi.

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda sxvdasxva saxeobis sabrZolo iaraRebis

tipebi, saerTod qreboda an Cndeboda axali formebi, rac pirdapir iyo

dakavSirebuli sinqronul periodSi iberia-kolxeTSi da mis mezoblad

arsebul eTno-politikur situaciaze.

sxva xalxebis arqeologiur kulturebTan Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom

iberia-kolxeTSi arsebuli samxedro saqme ZiriTadad imeorebda nomaduri

xalxebis samxedro xelovnebas, romelic gansxvavdeba momTabare

xalxebisagan. aq igulisxmeba rogorc sabrZolo iaraRebi, ise sabrZolo

taqtika. maRalganviTarebadi kulturis, saxelmwifoebriobis mqone

nomaduri erebisaTvis wamyvan Zalas warmoadgenda qveiTi jari, xolo

cxenosani SenaerTebi damxmare funqcias asrulebdnen. arqeologiur

‐ 3 ‐  

Zeglebze, sabrZolo iaraRebidan Warbobs Subispirebi, danebi, Semdeg

modis culebi, rac qveiTi meomris yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli atributia.

amave dros SedarebiT iSviaTia isrispirebi da cxeniani samarxebi,

romlebic ase damaxasiaTebelia momTabare xalxebis arqeologiuri

kulturebisaTvis.

socialuri diferenciacia asaxulia iaraRebis saxeobebSic. ase

magaliTad, maxvili da TavdacviTi iaraRis sxvadasxva elementebi

(muzaradi, abjari, fari) warCinebulTa atributia, maSin roca Subispiri,

dana, culi da isrispirebi SeiZleba Raribul samarxebSic Segvxvdes.

‐ 4 ‐  

Annotation

The long and specific process of the historical-cultural development of the Georgians on

Georgian land continued over the millennia. For many centuries the Georgians were engaged in

permanent warfare. Their military and fighting experience, strategy, tactics and armament

developed and were perfected in battles.

In the classical period political hegemony on Georgian territory was attained by the

kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, on whose place and basis Georgia was formed in the future. The

present work discusses the history of the Georgian military equipment and warfare of the cited

period. The history of military-warfare is researched on the basis of a study of the available

written sources and archaeological evidence on the cultural and historical development of Iberia

and Colchis. It should be noted that, unfortunately, factual data for the reconstruction of the

military history of the ancient period is scarce. Nevertheless, reconstruction of the military

history of the 7th cent. BC-7th cent. AD is feasible to a greater or lesser extent on the basis of a

mutual collation and critical analysis of the evidences of the written sources and archaeological

and epigraphic remains.

Armament constitutes one of the principal sources for the study of military art of ancient

Georgia and generally of the ancient World. Its development is directly proportional to the

development of society. Both offensive and defensive types of armament occur in the

archaeological material of Georgia.

From The types of offensive weapons, in the 7th cent. BC-7th cent. AD archaeological material

are represented by spears, battle-axes, daggers, swords, knives, bows and arrows, siege engines

and slings. The helmets, armours and shields represent the defensive types of armament.

The main corpus of archaeological materials related to the Colchians and Iberians comes from

the cemeteries. A part of the objectswas found without apparentarchaeological contextand it is

very possiblethat we aredealing with objectsleft on the places of ancient battles.

‐ 5 ‐  

Sesavali

saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze qarTvelebis istoriul-kulturuli

ganviTarebis, sxvadasxva xalxebTan urTierTobis xangrZlivi da

Taviseburi procesi aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos gezi saxelmwifoebriobis gamtkicebis da

evroatlantikuri erTobisaken aqvs aRebuli. qveynis myari

saxelmwifoebriobis, stabilurobisa da winsvlis mTavar garants maRali

Tavdacvisunarianoba warmoadgens. amitom, samxedro saqmis istoriuli

gamocdilebis Seswavla-gaazreba prioritetul mniSvnelobas iZens.

kacobriobis istoria ZiriTada omebis istoriaa. samxedro saqme xdeba

adamianis cxovrebis Zalzed mniSvnelovani da ganuyofeli nawili.

antikur xanaSi da Sua saukuneebSi is xelovnebis doneze adis da xdeba

saerTo kulturis, civilizaciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawili.

amitom samxedro saqmis, samxedro xelovnebis Seswavlis gareSe

warmoudgenelia rogorc mTlianad Zveli civilizaciis, ise calke

aRebuli eTnosebis, saxelmwifoebis istoriisa da kulturis

srulyofili Seswavla da aRqma. gamonakliss arc Zveli iberia da

kolxeTi warmoadgens.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos istoriis samxedro mxare, gansakuTrebiT

ki antikuri xanisa da adre Susaukuneebis qarTveluri tomebis

SeiaraReba da samxedro taqtika qarTul istoriografiasa da

arqeologiaSi arasaTanadodaa Seswavlili. miuxedavad araerTi

calkeuli statiebisa, romlebic sxvadasxva krebulebSia mimofantuli da

exeba SeiaraRebis calkeul tipebs an konkretuli samarovnis

SeiaraRebas, aseve naSromebisa, sadac zogadad da mokledaa aRwerili

erTdroulad samxedro-politikuri istoria, werilobiTi wyaroebi,

samxedro taqtika, fortipikaciebi da SeiaraReba, jer kidev xelT ar

gvaqvs fundamentalurad Seswavlili da sistemaSi moyvanili samxedro

sferos zemoT CamoTvlili arc erTi komponenti [gansakutrebiT antikuri

xanisa da adre Suasaukuneebis sabrZolo iaraRebi]. aseve unda aRiniSnos,

‐ 6 ‐  

rom am TvalsazrisiT, samwuxarod, mniSvnelovnad CamovrCebiT mezobeli

qveynebis, pirvel rigSi ki ruseTis mecnierebas.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, nebismieri statia, samagistro,

sadoqtoro Tumonografiuli naSromi, romelic Seexeba ganxilul

sakiTxebs da Seecdeba metnaklebad gamoasworos am sferoSi arsebuli

xarvezebi, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.

warmodgenili naSromis kvlevis sagania mTlianad antikur da adre

SuasaukuneebSiiberia-kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli sabrZolo iaraRebi (Zv.w.

VII-ax.w- VII ss-bi). kvlevis obieqtia saqarTvelos teritoriaze mocemuli

periodiT daTariRebuli yvela is arqeologiuri artefaqti, romelsac

pirdapir Tu iribad kavSiri aqvs individualur sabrZolo iaraRebTan. aq

igulisxmeba rogorc uSualod sabrZolo iaraRebi aseve iseTi

arasaomari daniSnulebis nivTebi, sadac iaraRi an brZolis scenaa

gamosaxuli. aseve werilobiTi wyaroebi, sadac saubaria qarTveluri

tomebis SeiaraRebaze.

naSromSi moyvanilia, arqeologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT, klasikuri,

elinisturi, gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis iberia-kolxeTSi

gavrcelebuli individualuri sabrZolo iaraRebis yvela saxeoba [Subi,

maxvili, satevari, culi, isrispiri da mSvildis nawilebi, saalyo

teqnika, muzaradi, jaWv-javSani, fari da knemidi]. TiToeuli maTgani ki

dayofilia calkeul tipebad da naCvenebia TiToeuli tipis ganviTarebis

dinamika, gavrcelebis topografia, prototipebi-warmomavloba, aRwerilia

maTi formebi da zomebi. naCvenebia maTi analogiebi saqarTvelos

farglebs gareT raTa Seiqmnas maTi ganviTarebis, gavrcelebis mokle da

zogadi suraTi mTlianad regionSi. zogierT SemTxvevebSi, arqeologiuri

monacemebi Sejerebulia werilobiT wyaroebTan. Sedgenil iqna sabrZolo

iaraRebis calkeuli saxeobis gavrcelebis topografiuli rukebi da

konkretul samarovnebze maTi procentuli maCveneblebi.

iaraRis zogierTi saxeobis aRwerisas, gamoyofilia ori

qronologiuri periodi: adreantikuri da elinisturi erTis mxriv da

gvianantikuri-adreSuasaukuneebi meores mxriv.

wyaroebad gamoyenebulia qarTuli, rusuli da sxva ucxoenovani

literatura. rogorc statiebi, aseve monografiebi.

‐ 7 ‐  

naSromis umTavres Rirsebas da siaxles warmoadgens is faqti, rom

pirvelad qarTul samecniero literaturaSi, moxda sakmaod farTo

qronologiuri diapazonis yvela saxeobis individualuri sabrZolo

iaraRis siRrmiseuli Seswavla. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom gamoyenebulia

iaraRis calkeuli saxeobis axleburi tipologizacia da zogierTi

artefaqti pirvelad aris aRwerili.

Tavi I. SeteviTi sabrZolo iaraRebi

‐ 8 ‐  

&I.maxvilebi da satevrebi

adreantikuri da elinisturi xana. maxvili, iseve rogorc satevari,

mSvildTan da SubTan erTad individualuri sabrZolo SeteviTi iaraRis

mTavari saxeobaa, romelic xelCarTul brZolaSi gamoiyeneboda. satevari

da maxvili Sedgeba tarisagan, romelic Tavis mxriv iyofa tarisTavad da

taris Rerod, pirisagan da vadisagan. am nawilebis arseboba da maTi

moyvaniloba, aseve piris ganivkveTi safuZvlad udevs saqarTveloSi da

mis farglebs gareT gavrcelebuli satevrebisa da maxvilebis

klasifikacias [gamyreliZe.... 2005: 133. tab.XXXVI, XXXVII]. maxvili da

satevari SeiZleba iyos orpirlesili (upiratesad aseTebia mTels

antikur xanaSi) da calpirlesili. TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba iyos

tarisTaviani da yunwiani [gamyreliZe...... 2005: 133].

unda aRiniSnos, rom adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis maxvilebisa

da satevrebis erTmeneTisagan gamijvna Zalzed pirobiTia, rameTu is

efuZneba, rogorc wesi, garkveul tradiciebs an iaraRis sigrZes, xolo

calkeuli mkvlevarebis aRqma imisa, Tu ra sigrZis iaraRi unda

CaiTvalos satevrad an maxvilad SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos.

umravles SemTxvevaSi satevrad miiCneven im nimuSebs, romelTa sigrZe 20

sm-dan 40 sm-de aRwevs, xolo 40 sm-is zemoT ukve maxvilad iTvleba.aqedan

gamomdinare, iaraRis erTi konkretuli tipis sxvadasxva egzemplarebi,

sigrZis mixedviT, SeiZleba rogorc maxvilis, ise satevris kategoriaSi

CaiTvalos.

iberia-kolxeTSi Zv.w. VII-VI ss-dan gardatexa xdeba sabrZolo iaraRebis

formebSi. es pirvel rigSi Seexo isrispirebs, satevrebsa da maxvilebs.

brinjaos xanaSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva brinjaos iaraRebi: e.w. mokle

foTlisebri satevrispirebi, Wviruli Tavis mqone Sedgeniltariani an

mTlianadsxmuli satevrebi da maxvilebi (e.w aRmosavlur-qarTuli tipi),

oTxwaxnagovani maxvilebi Zv.w VII-VI ss-dan icvleba sruliad axali

tipis rkinis satevrebiTa da maxvilebiT[lomTaTiZe, 1974: 49-103],

romlebsac araviTari genetikuri kavSiri ar aqvT winamorbed brinjaos

nimuSebTan. es movlena unda daukavSirdes sagareo faqtorebs, kerZod ki,

‐ 9 ‐  

aRniSnul periodSi mimdinare eTno-politikur Zvrebs: am dros xdeba

erTis mxriv skviTebis, meores mxriv ki berZnuli samyaros gaaqtiureba,

erTgvari eqspansia, ramac garkveuli asaxva hpova sabrZolo iaraRebis

sferoSic.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili adreantikuri da elinisturixanis

maxvilebi da satevrebi SesaZlebelia ramodenime tipad dajgufdes:

1. e.w sindo-meoturi tipis maxvilebi. gamoiyofa maxvilebis erTi jgufi,

romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: taris brtyeli Rero, romelic

pirTan erTadaa gamoWedilia erTi saerTo firfitiT; brtyeli, ganieri,

wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis formis an wverisken TandaTan daviwroebuli

piri; daqanebuli an swori mxrebi; sustad gaformebuli tarisTavi

(tarisTavi warmoadgens taris Reroze miduRabebul Zelakisebur Tavs an

Reros gafarToebul bolos); sigrZe am maxvilebisa 60-85 sm-ia, sigane ki

5,5-6 sm Soris meryeobs [tab.I]. aRniSnuli tipis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli

niSania liTonis vadis uqonloba. aseTi maxvilebi ZiriTadad

damaxasiaTebelia Zv.w. V-III ss-is sindo-meoturi samarxebisaTvis, tamanis

naxevarkunZulsa da yubanispireTSi [Смирнов,1958: 304. Рис.5 6,8 10, 914].

yubanispireTSi daaxloebiT 70-ze meti meoturi tipis maxvilia

dafiqsirebuli [Эрлих, 1991: 77]. analogiuri nimuSebi gvxvdeba aseve

CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT da centralur nawilSi [CrdiloeT oseTis

CaTvliT][Абрамова, 2004: 17-22]. saqarTveloSi isini aRmoCenilia:

alekseevkas xeobaSi, qveda eSeraSi[Шамба, 1972:110. Таб.I 19],aguZeraSi, axul-

abaaSi, soxumis mTis #8 samarxSi [kalandaZe, 1954: 34. tab.IX, 2], guadixus

umcrosi jgufis #1 samarxSi [Трапш, 1969: 249. Таб.XXXIII, 1], vanis

naqalaqaris #9 samarxSi [lorTqifaniZe..... 1972: 211. sur.174] da

dablagomis kramitsamarxSi[Tolordava, 1976:75-78]. zemoxsenebuli

samarxeuli kompleqsebiZv.w. IV-III ss-is farglebSi Tavsdeba. rogorc

vxedavT,aseTi maxvilebi jerjerobiT mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi

gvxvdeba.

2. akinakebi. adreantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul satevrebsa

da maxvilebs Soris aris nimuSebi, romlebic specifikuri

morfologiuri niSnebiT xasiaTdebian. saqme exeba satevrebisa da

maxvilebis Taviseburi formis vadas, romelsac e.w. skviTologiur

‐ 10 ‐  

gamokvlevebSi “pepliseburs”, ”Tirkmliseburs” da “crusamkuTxiseburs”

uwodeben. specialur samecniero literaturaSi am formis vadis mqone

satevrebsa da maxvilebs akinakebs uwodeben.

akinakebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia saqarTvelos nivTier kulturaSi Zv.w.

VII-V ss-iT daTariRebul Zeglebze, mogvianebiT ki SedarebiT iSviaTad

gvxvdeba [gamyreliZe, .........2005: 133].

am tipis maxvilebisa da satevrebis ramodenime variantia cnobili.

pirvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia swori Zelakiseburi tarisTavi da

e.w.Tirkmliseburi vada. pirs wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis forma aqvs an

swori paraleruli kideebi, romelic bolo mesamedSi viwrovdeba. aseTi

iaraRis piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia an rombiseburi[tab.II,1]. aRniSnuli

forma akinakebis yvelaze uadresi variantia da TariRdeba Zv.w. VII-VI ss-

iT [Мелюкова, 1964: 47,48. Таб.XV]. aseTi maxvili merxeulis samarxeul

inventarSi erTi egzemplariT aris warmodgenili. aqve aris agreTve erTi

zustad msgavsi iaraRis satarec. maT axasiaTebT zemodan Sebrtyelebuli

oTkuTxa Zelakiseburi Tavi, swori satare, mkveTrad gamoyofili da

zemodan momrgvalebuli Tirkmliseburi vada[baramiZe, 1977: 37]. eSeris

naqalaqaris maxloblad SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenili Tirkmliseburi

vadis mqone akinaki [Шамба,1980: 47. Таб.LXIV, 2]. erT-erTi bolo egzemplari

nanaxia2005 wels eSeris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,sofel kutiSxaSi,Zv.w. VI s-

is samarxSi[Шамба, ....... 2007: Рис. 6 1]. analogiuri maxvilebi da satevrebi

ZiriTadad napovnia Zv.w. VII-VI ss-iT daTariRebul Crdilo

SavizRvispireTis skviTur samarxebSi, volgisa da uralis savromatul

samarxebSi. erTi msgavsi egzemplari dafiqsirda karmir-bluris Zv.w. VII

s-is dasasrulisa da VI s-is dasawyisis fenebSi [Пиотровский, 1950: 39.

Рис.18]. zogadad maTi sigrZe meryeobs 40-60 sm-s Soris, piris

maqsimaluri siganea 3-4 sm.

meore variantic miekuTvneba e.w. skviTuri tipis akinakebis adreul

jgufs, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zelakiseburi Tavi da

pepliseburi vada[tab.II,2]. maTi piris moyvaniloba, ganivkveTi da zomebi

iseTivea rogorc pirvelisa. RviZliseburi da pepliseburi vadis mqone

akinakebi TiTqmis Tanadroulia, Tumca es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans,

ufro didxans SemorCa xmarebaSi. isini ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Zv.w. VII-V ss-

‐ 11 ‐  

is Zeglebze [Смирнов, 1961: 10-12,19]. Manalogiuri iaraRebi cnobilia

rogorc amierkavkasiis, ise CrdiloeT kavkasiis mravali samarovanidan.

aseTi iaraRebiaRmoCenilia brilis samarovnis Zv.w. VI s-is kremaciul

moedanze da individualur samarxebSi[gobejiSvili,1952: 26,27. tab.XIV],

aseve nigzvianis Zv.w. VI s-iT daTariRebul koleqtiur samarxebSi

[Микеладзе, ....1977: 33-35]. skviTuri akinakebis Semcveli saintereso

kompleqsebia gamovlenili paluris samarovanze: #46 samarxSi aRmoCnda

rkinis akinaki napirebakecili, welSi gamoyvanili satariT, zemodan

dabrtyelebuli Zelakiseburi TaviT, pepliseburi vadiTa da samkuTxa

formis piriT. Tanmxlebi masalis mixedviT samarxi Zv.w. VI s-iT

TariRdeba. akinaki napovnia paluris #48 samarxSic. Ggansxvaveba zemoT

naxseneb iaraRTan isaa, rom es ukanaskneli swori da oTkuTxa satariT

xasiaTdeba, aseve misi piri ufro farToa da wverisaken TandaTan

viwrovdeba. Ppaluris samarovanze mesame akinaki napovnia #64 samarxSi.

formiT igi ufro meore iaraRs emgavseba. zomiT yvelaze ufro

mozrdilia da SesaZloa maxvilsac ki warmoadgendes. aqve iyo viwro da

mogrZo piris mqone gaurkveveli tipis maxvili. samive samarxi Zv.w. VI s-

iT TariRdeba[baramiZe, 1977: 37-39].

PsaqarTveloSi peplisebur vadianiakinakebis yvelaze adreuli

egzemplari napovnia fiWvnaris adreelinisturi xanis fenaSi. Mmas aqvs

Zelakiseburi tarisTavi, pepliseburi vada da wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis

formis piri. mTliani sigrZea 58 sm [kaxiZe, ... 2004: 118. sur.271].

sakmaod aris am tipis iaraRebi afxazeTSic. am TvalsazrisiT

aRsaniSnavia guadixus nekropolis Zv.w. VI s-iT daTariRebuli #8

samarxi, sadac gamovlinda peplisebur vadiani akinaki[Трапш, 1969:

26,27].Aanalogiuri satevari napovnia soxumis mTaze [Каландадзе,1969: 77-80],

wiTeli Suquras samarovnis umcrosi jgufis #1 samarxSi [Трапш, 1969: 268.

Таб.XXXVI,5], sof.CobanlukSi [Воронов, 1969: 48. Таб.XXXIX, 2], eSeris

naqalaqaris Zv.w.V-IV ss-is fenaSi [Шамба,1980: 47. Таб.LXIV, 1], gagraSi

[Трапш, 1970: 194. Таб.XVII] da gagris raionis sof.kolxidaSi, sadac

satevari Cadebuli iyo mdidrulad ornamentirebul brinjaos qarqaSSi.

samarxi Zv.w. VI s-is pirveli naxevriT daTariRda[Трапш, 1954: 139].

‐ 12 ‐  

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi isini aRmoCenilia samTavros [Каландадзе, 1969:

67], dvanisa [makalaTia, 1948: 28. tab.II-I] da Tlis samarovnebze, sadac isini

e.w. skviTuri isrispirebis Semcvel samarxebSi gvxvdebian.

peplisebur vadiani iaraRebi didi raodenobiT aris cnobili Crdilo

kavkasiis teritoriaze [krasnodaris, psadoxas, piatigorskis, nesterovis,

mineraluri wylebis, lugovoes da sxva samarovnebze], sadac isini

ZiriTadad Zv.w. VI s-is kompleqsebSi gvxvdebian[Крупнов,1960: 205,208,

21,47].sakmao raodenobiTaa isini warmodgenili ukrainis

(smelis,staroselies, Juravkis da volskis samarovnebi), moldaveTisa da

samxreT ruseTis stepebis masalebSi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni zemoT aRniSnuli akinakebi yvelaze

did msgavsebas mainc skviTuri arqaikis im iaraRebTan avlenen, romlebic

yvelaze adreul nakeTobebad aris miCneuli. Aamgvaria kelermesis da

melgunovis yorRanebis akinakebi, yorRan “starSaia mogilas” mokle

maxvili, amu-dariis ganZis oqros firfitaze gamosaxuli maxvili da

persepolis reliefebis maxvilebi. aRniSnuli uadresi akinakebi

mkvlevarTa mier Zv.w. VII-VI s-iT, an Zv.w. VI s-is bolo da V s-is pirveli

naxevriTaa daTariRebuli [Илинская, 1968: 88,89].

pepliseburvadiani akinakebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens is

akinakebi, romlebsac e.w. cru-samkuTxediseburi vada (waagavs peplisebur

vadas, magram SedarebiT mcire zomiT) da swori, Zelakiseburi an brtyel-

ovaluri tarisTavi aqvT. maT aqvT wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis formis an

swori da bolo mesamedSi daviwroebuli piri, romlebic ganivkveTSi

SeiZleba iyvnen linziseburianrombiseburi. iaraRis zomebi

gansxvavebulia da meryeobs 40-71 sm-s Soris. cru-samkuTxediseburvadiani

akinakebi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT daTariRebul skviTur

Zeglebze [Мелюкова, 1964: 51,52. Таб.XVIII, 1-3,6-10]. saqarTveloSi isini

aRmoCenilia soxumis mTaze, soxumSi da sof.xifsTaSi [tab.II,4]. afxazeTSi

aRmoCenili nimuSebi unda daTariRdes Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT [Воронов, 1975: Рис.5

13,14,17].

akinakiseburi iaraRebis gansakuTrebul jgufs qmnis

e.w.anteniseburTaviani nakeTobebi. zogjer taris Sverilebi zoomorfuli

motivebiT aris Sesrulebuli[tab.II, 3]. anteniseburTaviani maxvilebi da

‐ 13 ‐  

satevrebi erTnairadaa damaxasiaTebeli Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is rogorc skviTuri

samarxebisaTvis, ise savromatuli ZeglebisaTvis uralisa da volgis

ormdinareTSi. maT Tirkmliseburi, pepliseburi an e.w. segmentiseburi

formis vada aqvT. iaraRis piri wagrZelebuli samkuTxediviTaa,

romelic TandaTan viwrovdeba wvetisken. iaraRebis sigrZe varirebs 35-51

sm-s Soris. ganivkveTSi rombiseburia an linziseburi [Мелюкова, 1964: 53-55.

Таб.XX, 1-5,7,12]. analogiuri nimuSebi mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba

saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebzec: soxumis mTis #4 kompleqsis

satevars (sigrZe 29,5 sm) aqvs pepliseburi vada da anteniseburi

tarisTavi, romlis Sverilebis boloebi frinvelis Tavis

gamosaxulebiTaa dasrulebuli.taris Rero sadaa da zemoTken

gafarToebuli. Ppirs wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis forma aqvs

[kalandaZe,1954: 32. tab.VIII, 19]. soxumis mTis #4 samarxis satevris

calkeuli detalebis moyvaniloba xsnis misi daTariRebis sakiTxs: Zv.w.

V-s-Si jer kidev aris xmarebaSi anteniseburTaviani da pepliseburvadiani

nimuSebi, xolo Zv.w. V s-is dasawyisSi Cndeba e.w. cxovelsaxovani

Sverilebi. pepliseburi vada ki Zv.w. V s-is dasasrulidan e.w. cru-

samkuTxa moyvanilobis vadiT icvleba. ase rom pepliseburi vadisa da

cxovelsaxovani Sverilebis Tanaarsebobis xanaa Zv.w.V saukune, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi Zv.w. IV s-is dasawyisi. soxumis mTis #4 samarxic am xanas

unda mivakuTvnoT [gamyreliZe, ........2005: 134]. aqve iyo aRmoCenili msgavsi

iaraRis tari, mTvariseburi tarisTaviT.anteniseburTaviani da

pepliseburvadiani nakeTobebi afxazeTSi aseve nanaxia soxumSi, bomboraSi

da maWaraSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom Tu soxumis mTis #4 kompleqsSi

aRmoCenili artefaqti aSkarad warmoadgens Zv.w. VI-V ss-is savromatuli

da skviTuri zoomorfulSverilebiani nimuSebis minabaZs [Пиотровский,

1959: 177], danarCen iaraRebi gamoirCevian gaformebis aSkara adgilobrivi

TaviseburebiT, aq pirvel rigSi igulisxmeba wvetebiT qvemoT daSvebuli

naxevarmTvariseburi tarisTavebi, romlebic garkveul msgavsebas

amJRavneben kolxur-yobanuri wris brinjaos satevrebis tarisTavebTan.

sayovelTaod miRebulia mosazreba, rom ZelakiseburTaviani da

pepliseburvadiani [iSviaTad Tirkmliseburvadiani] satevrebi skviTur

kulturaSi gavrcelebulia wina aziidan, amierkavkasiis gziT. aqemenidur

‐ 14 ‐  

aRmosavleTSi, am formam Zv.w. IV-III ss-Sic iarseba, maSin roca skviTur

samyaroSi ukve akinakebis sxva variantebi iyo gavrcelebuli.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom skviTur kulturaSi damowmebuli

akinakebi formaTa nairgvarobiT xasiaTdeba, rasac ver vityviT

saqarTvelos masalebis mixedviT. Aaq ZiriTadad erTi tipis nakeTobasTan

gvaqvs saqme[RviZlisebur an peplisebur vadiani], romelsac Semdgomi

ganviTareba ar ganucdia da Semoinaxa Tavi Tavis pirvelad variantSi.

maTi arsebobac saqarTvelos teritoriaze drois xanmokle periods

ganekuTvneba (Zv.w. VII s-is meore naxevari-VI saukune). is garemoeba, rom

maT ar ganucdiaT Semdgomi ganviTareba da arc eZebnebaT prototipebi

saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi, im mosazrebis sasargeblod

metyvelebs, rom iaraRis es forma winaaziidanaa gavrcelebuli

saqarTvelos gziT sakuTriv skviTur kulturaSi [baramiZe, 1977: 37-39].

A samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia akinakebis kavkasiuri

warmoSobis versiac, roca akinakebis prototipebad miCneulia rkinis

xanis kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli e.w. “bimetaluri” satevrebi da maxvilebi

(sxvanairad “Crdilokavkasiuri” an “yabardino-piatigorskuli”). isini

ZiriTadad gvxvdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi: yabardino-balyareTis,

CrdiloeT oseTis, CeCneTisa da daRestnis Zv.w.VIII-VII ss-is samarxebSi

[Валъчак, 2008: 6-25]. saqarTveloSi isini aRmoCenilia Zv.w.VIII-VII ss-is

CiTaxevis, borniReles, nigozeTis, nacargoris, Tliis[kvirkvaia, 2009: 7-9],

primorskoesa [Стражев, 1926: 106,107] da sxva Zeglebze.

brilisa da kulanurxvis egzemplarebis metalografiuli kvleva

aCvenebs, rom akinakebs sxvadasxva meTodiT amzadebdnen. gamoiyeneboda

rogorc maRali, ise dabalnaxSirbadiani foladi. zogierTs etyoba

Termuli damuSavebisa da e.w. cementaciis kvali.

3. calpirlesili maxvilebi. calpirlesili maxvilebi aRmoCenilia

dasavleT saqarTvelos rogorc zRvispira punqtebSi (eSera, fiWvnari),

aseve Sida raionebSi (raWa, svaneTi, imereTi).gamoiyofa tariani da

yunwiani egzemplarebi. isini nanaxia guadixus umcrosi jgufis #7

kompleqsSi, romelic Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT TariRdeba [Квирквелия,1981: 7],

yanCaeTSi [gagoSiZe, 1964: 51. tab.XII,32], iTxvisSi[Лордкипанидзе ,1978: 90.

Таб.VIII,6], Sromis ubanSi da brilSi[gobejiSvili, 1952: 29].maxairebis

‐ 15 ‐  

msgavsi calpirlesili egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia Rebis Zv.w. V s-is

samarxebSi. garda amisa, ramdenime cali SemTxveviT yofila mopovebuli

zemo laxamSi (svaneTi). eSeris erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenili aseTive

iaraRi, Tanmxlebi kompleqsis mixedviT, Zv.w. IV s-iT TariRdeba [Шамба,

1972: 105].Aaseve eSeris naqalaqaris Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevris fenaSi iyo

aRmoCenili rgoliseburi tarisTavis mqonecalpirlesili maxvili

[Шамба,1980: 47]. aRsaniSnavia wiTeli Suquras samarovnis umcrosi jgufis

#3 samarxis calpirlesili maxvili. aRniSnuli artefaqti rkinisaa, misi

sqeli zurgi bolomde sworia, xolo basri piri moxrilia mxolod

wverisken. gaaCnia mrgvalganivkveTiani da viwro satare Rero. vadaze ori

lursmania SemorCenili xis firfitis dasamagreblad. Ppiris sigrZea 35

sm, sigane 5,2 sm[Трапш, 1969: 270. Таб.XXXVII,14].

calpirlesili maxvilebi napovnia CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTis Zv.w. IV-III ss-is Zeglebzeda bosforis qalaqebis

samarovnebze,sadac maxvilebs ovaluri tarisTavi da swori an

trapeciiseburi vada aqvT.

calpirlesil maxvilebs xSirad berZnul maxairebTan [an kopisi]

aigiveben [Лордкипанидзе, 1978: 89], Tumca ramdenad gamarTlebulia

calpirlesili maxvilebis maincdamainc berZnul maxairasTan

dakavSireba, Zneli saTqmelia, miT ufro, rom kavkasiaSi Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si

farTodaa gavrcelebuli didi zomis rkinis moxrili danebi, romelTac,

advili SesaZlebelia, safuZveli daudes iaraRis am formas. calpira

namgliseburi maxvilebi cnobili iyo maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

xalxebisaTvis jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi da Semdgomac, amitom TviT

berZnul samyaroSi, maxairebad da kopisebad wodebuli calpira

maxvilebi SesaZlebelia aziidan gavrcelda. qsenofonte sityva “kopiss”

(berZuli sityvaa da aRniSnavs calpirlesil moxril danas) iyenebs

sparselebisa da egviptelebis iaraRis aRsaniSnavad, aseve herodote

moixseniebs maT sparselTa cxenosan jarSi. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom

kavkasiasa da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi aRmoCenili adreantikuri

xanis calpirlesili maxvilebi uSualod berZnuli maxairas gavleniT

Seiqmna, tarisTavisa da vadis adgilobrivi stilis SenarCunebiT.am

ukanasknel versias amyarebs maTi aRmoCenis topografiac: isini gvxvdeba

‐ 16 ‐  

dasavleT kavkasiaSi, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, maSasadame berZnuli

gavlenis arealSi.

berZnuli maxaira sruliad garkveuli tipologiuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba.

saberZneTSi maxairas damaxasiaTebeli tari hqonda: wagrZelebuli,

Seukravi rgolis tipisa. calpira iyo, ganieri, Sua nawilSi

gafarToebulpiriani; blagvi mxare Sesqelebuli iyo. yovelTvis ar iyo

moxrili; tari xSirad frinvelis Tavis niskartmoxrili saxiT iyo

warmodgenili. maxairebze piria moxrili, taris mimarT ki sworia.

qarqaSebi iyo xisa, tyav an liTongadakruli. atarebdnen TasmiT,

romelic mxarze iyo gadebuli da qarqaSs uerTdeboda, iSviaTad

imagrebdnen qamarze [Соколъский, 1954: 130]. rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi

dadasturebuli calpirlesili maxvilebis berZnul maxairasTan srul

msgavsebaze saubari ar SegviZlia imitom, rom ar ikiTxeba swored is

detalebi, romlebic ganmsazRvrelia.

Mmaxairebis an maTi adgilobrivi minabaZebis Sesaxeb saintereso

cnobebi moipoveba werilobiT wyaroebSic: Hherodote Tavis istoriis VII

wignis 7.79 nakveTSi wers, rom “...kolxebs ki hqondaT xis muzaradebi,

gamouqneli tyavis momcro farebi, mokle Subispirebi da garda amisa

maxairebi”[yauxCiSvili, 1959: 113]. marTalia am Txzulebis TargmnebSi

sityva “maxaira” xSirad danad an xanjlad iTargmneba, magram zogierTi

mkvlevaris, magaliTad g.lorTqifaniZis azriT, is zustad aRniSnavda

berZnul 60-70 sm-is sigrZis tarmorkalul, yuasqel, calpira,

vadagamoyvanil, bolofarTo da wagrZelebul wverian saCex iaraRs

[lorTqifaniZe, 1979: 97]. Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom herodote

zustad maxairas Tu ara, mis msgavs iaraRs mainc gulisxmobda, romelTa

arseboba, rogorc vnaxeT, arqeologiuradac dasturdeba.

sainteresoa am tipis iaraRebis liTonis struqtura. brilis or nimuSze

dakvirvebam aCvena, rom isini damzadebulia dabalnaxSirbadiani erTi

mTliani foladis furclisagan.

4. e.w. winaaziuri tipis rkinis satevrebi. afxazeTSi, yulanurxvis Zv.w.

VII-VI ss-is erT-erT samarxSi, skviTuri tipis isrispirebTan erTad,

aRmoCnda aRniSnuli tipis iaraRi. taris dasagebad mis brtyel

saxelurze da piris mxrebze or-ori naxvretia datanili. piri TandaTan

‐ 17 ‐  

viwrovdeba wvetisaken da ganivkveTSi rombiseburia. mTliani sigrZea 38

sm, piris maqsimaluri sigane mxrebTan 3,5 sm [Трапш,1962: 45]. analogiuri

rkinis satevrebi aRmoCenilia brilis Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is kompleqsebSi

[gobejiSvili, 1952: 99] da ori cali azerbaijanSi, sof.mirzikSi. msgavsi

oRond brinjaos satevrebi da maxvilebi napovnia amiekavkasiisa da

CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxvadasxva Zeglebzec. erTi analogiuri satevari,

uadresi formis skviTur isrispirebTan erTad, aRmoCnda karmir-bluris

gaTxrebis drosac [Трапш, 1969: 247. Таб.VI, XXXIII 3]. maT ar moepovebaT

prototipebi rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise mTlianad

kavkasiaSi, maSin rodesac isini gvxvdeba wina aziis Zv.w. XV-IX ss-is

Zeglebze [Трапш, 1962: 45,46]. amierkavkasiis teritoriaze skviTur

isrispirebTan erTad maTi aRmoCenis faqtebi, zogierT mkvlevars

afiqrebinebs, rom maTi winaaziidan amierkavkasiaSi gavrceleba SeiZleba

ukavSirdebodes skviTebis moZraobas.

calke unda vaxsenoT cudad Semonaxuli artefaqtebi, romelTa aRwera

da miT ufro tipis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia maTi daculobis xarisxis

gamo. aseTia kamaraxevis satevrebi, romlebic Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT TariRdeba

[jRarkava, 1982: 163. sur.1177,1178,966,1005]. aqvea napovnia erTi rkinis

calpira iaraRi, 51 sm sigrZisa, #6 kompleqsSi, romelic zogadad, Zv.w V-

III ss-iT aris daTariRebuli [ramiSvili, 1959: 23,32. tab.X, 1].

rogorc vxedavT, adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis iberia-kolxeTSi

(Zv.w. VII-I ss) gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva tipis maxvilebi da satevrebi, maTi

sxvadasxva variaciebiT. TiToeul maTgans eZebneba mravali Tanadrouli

analogiebi da prototipebi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, romlebic

sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili rusi da evropeli mecnierebis mier da

Sesabamisad, maT warmomavlobaze saubari did siZneles ar warmoadgens.

rogorc naSromis dasawyisSive aRiniSna, Zv.w. VII-VI ss-dan xdeba

gardatexa iaraRebis am saxeobaSi. Zveli brinjaos satevrebi da

maxvilebi adgils uTmoben sruliad axal rkinis formebs, rac unda

daukavSirdes sagareo faqtorebs. warmomavlobis mixedviT, adreantikur

xanaSi gavrcelebuli maxvilebi da satevrebi, or mTavar jgufad

SeiZleba daiyos, e.w. “barbarosuli” (skviTuri da savromatuli akinakebi;

e.w. sindo-meoturi maxvilebi da winaaziur-sparsuli satevrebi) da

‐ 18 ‐  

elinuri tipis nimuSebad(am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba berZnuli maxairebi

da maTi adgilobrivi minabaZebicalpiralesili maxvilebis saxiT). ufro

adreul periodSi gavrcelebuli iaraRebisagan gansxvavebiT [magaliTad,

e.w. aRmosavlur-qarTuli tipis WvirulTaviani brinjaos maxvilebi]

adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis maxvilebisa da satevrebis romelime

tipis adgilobriv warmomavlobaze saubari Znelia.

adreantikuri xanisa da elinisturi periodis saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili

maxvilebisa da satevrebis gansxvavebuli formebi da dekori,

dakavSirebulia maT gansxvavebul warmomavlobasTan, sxvadasxva sawarmoo

centrebSi maT damzadebasTan. Tumca iaraRis formebisa da zomebis

mravalferovneba maTi daniSnulebis mixedviTac SeiZleba aixsnas. mokle

skviTuri akinakebi warmoadgenda saZgerebel iaraRs, qveiTad brZolis

dros. ufro grZeli piris mqone orpirlesili an calpirlesili

maxvilebi albaT ufro cxenida saCexi iaraRi iyo. am TvalsazrisiT

erTob sainteresoa qsenofontes cnobebi, roca is erTgvar rCevebs iZleva

cxenosani meomrebisaTvis, roca mouwodebs maT gamoiyenon maxairebi.

gvianantikuri periodi da adreSuasaukuneebi.Zv.w. II s-dan

SavizRvispireTSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, xolo ax.w. I s-dan iberiasa da

kolxeTSi Cndeba axali formis maxvilebida satevrebi, romlebic

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen adrindeli “berZnuli” da e.w

“skviTuri”tipis satevar-maxvilebisagan.

ax.w. I-VI ss-Si iberiasa da kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli maxvilebidan da

satevrebidan, ramdenime ZiriTadi tipis gamoyofa SeiZleba: pirvelia e.w.

tarrgoliani mokle maxvilebi, romlebic ufro adreul, ax.w. I_III ss-is

samarxebSi gvxvdeba. ufro grZeli piris mqone maxvilebi, romlebsac

yunwiseburi, uTavo saxeluri aqvT, ax.w. I-VII ss-s moicaven.am ukanaskneli

tipis SigniT kidev ori varianti gamoirCeva.satevrebi warmodgenilia

orpirlesili da calpirlesili (e.w. skramasaqsi)nimuSebiT.

1.tarrgoliani maxvilebi.tarrgolian maxvilebs [tab.III] genezisi daudo,

albaT yvelaze metad, skviTur–savromatuli akinakebis erT–erTma tipma,

kerZod ki e.w “antenisebur” Tavianma da misgan ganviTarebulma e.w

“zoomorful Tavianma” maxvilebma, romlebic Zv.w. VI-V ss–Si

‐ 19 ‐  

gavrcelebuli iyo volgispireTSi, samxreT uralSi, ukrainaSi, yirimSi,

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da a.S. aRniSnuli mosazrebis sasargeblod

metyvelebs maxvilebis tipologiuri da funqcionaluri siaxlove, maTi

gavrcelebis teritoria da celkeuli gardamavali formebis arseboba.

tarrgoliani maxvilebis genezisi ar momxdara CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTSi. isini aq Cndebian ufro mogvianebiT, Suasarmatul

periodSi, sarmatTa eqspansiis dros. didi albaTobiT, maTi formireba

moxda volgisa da uralis ormdinareTSi, sadac aRmoCenilia rogorc

maTi winamorbedi originaluri Sekrulvolutiani maxvilebi [tab.IV,1], ise

tarrgolian maxvilTa yvelaze adreuli egzemplarebi da gardamavali

tipis nimuSebic [tab.IV,2-5]. es gardamavali egzemplarebi mowmobs, rom

taris rgoli yalibdeba swori vadis formirebis paralerulad.

sarmatul maxvilebSi vadis evolucia mimdinareobda RviZliseburi

formidan, guliseburi formis gavliT e.w. pepliseburisken, xolo Semdeg

swordeba. swori vada yalibdeba upirveles yovlisa uralispireTis

savromatebSi. Zv.w. IV s–Si aq gavrcelebas iwyebs orferda an

rkaliseburi vadis mqone maxvilebi, e.w namgliseburi an swori TaviT.

Zv.w. III s–Si ki vada iRebs swor formas [Хазанов, 1971: 8]. proxorovis

epoqaSi („proxorovis kultura“-adresarmatuli periodi. Zv.w. IV-II ss)

targoliani da namglisebur Taviani maxvilebi Tanaarsebobdnen, xandaxan

isini samarxebSi erTad fiqsirdeba. tarrgoliani maxvilebisa da

satevrebis saboloo formireba Zv.w. II s–Si mTavrdeba. yvelaze

masobrivad tarrgoliani maxvilebis gavrceleba iwyeba e.w suslovskis

periodidan (Suasarmatuli periodi. Zv.w. I-ax.w I ss), rodesac sarmatuli

tomebis farTo gansaxleba iwyeba da maTTan erTad targoliani

maxvilebic vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropaSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da

bosforis samefoSi. tarrgoliani maxvilebis gavrceleba CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi iwyeba Zv.w. I saukunidan. aq maTi umravlesoba aRmoCenilia

yubanispireTSi. SeiZleba es dakavSirebuli iyos aorsebisa da sirakebis

samxreTisken gadaadgilebasTan. tarrgoliani maxvilebi aRweven

daRestanSic. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi maTi arsebobis qronologiuri

diapazoni moicavs Zv.w. I-ax.w. II saukuneebs. axali welTaRvricxvidan

tarrgoliani maxvilebi gamoiyeneba samxreT kavkasiaSic: iberiasa da

‐ 20 ‐  

kolxeTSi, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze. isini aRmoCenilia

iranSic. aRmosavleTiT maTi gavrcelebis ukiduresi areali aRwevda

CineTamde [Смирнов, 1961: 9-40].

rac Seexeba qarTul egzemplarebs, jer mxolod 21 calia

dafiqsirebuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Zeglebze. yvelaze uadresia

eSeris naqalaqaris gvianelinistur fenaSi aRmoCenili nimuSi, romelic

naklulia da mxolod taris nawilia SemorCenili, Tavisi rgoliT

[Шамба, 1980: 47. tab.LXI, 3]. naqalaqarSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala

aCvenebs (isrispirebi, Subispirebi da naxanZrali fena), rom araugvianes

Zv.w. I s-is pirveli naxevrisa, qalaqi ganicdis Semosevas da ingreva.

straboni da pliniusic saubroben am periodSi aq zixebisa da henioxebis

laSqrobebze. naqalaqarze nanaxi tarrgoliani maxvilic SesaZlebelia

swored am movlenas ukavSirdebodes. amrigad, kolxeTis teritoriaze

tarrgoliani tipi ukve gvianelinistur xanaSi aRwevs, magram samarxebSi

isini mxolod axali welTaRvricxvidan gvxvdeba, rogor kolxeTis ise

Zveli iberiis teritoriaze. afxazeTSi kidev ori tarrgoliani iaraRia

nanaxi. erTi cali SemTxveviT aRmoCnda sof.webeldaSi, didi albaTobiT

darRveuli samarxidan. misi satare yunwi brtyelia, ganivkveTSi

sworkuTxa. aqvs swori vada da mrgvali satare rgoli, romlis

diametri 6 sm–ia. piris sigane vadasTan 6 sm–ia, gadanatexTan 5 sm.

maxvilis piri ganvkveTSi linziseburia. gasagebi mizezebis gamo, am

konkretuli maxvilis zusti TariRis gansazRvra rTulia, Tumca,

saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze aRmoCenili analogiebis mixedviT,

webelduri artefaqtic albaT ax.w. I_III ss–Si Tavsdeba [Гунба, 1978: 79].

meore iaraRi aRmoCnda webeldis raionSi, e.w wibilimis kompleqsis

erT–erT samarxSi. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens tarrgolian,

calpirlesilda odnavmoxril danas. artefaqtis adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT, rogorc Cans, dana micvalebuls qamarze ekida. sxva Tanmxlebi

masalis mixedviT, samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. II s–iT [Воронов, 1979: 181]. unda

aRiniSnos, rom naSromis avtorisTvis ucnobia msgavsi nimuSiaramarto

saqarTveloSi, aramed sarmatTa gansaxlebis teritoriidanac, rac

mianiSnebs mis unikalurobaze.

‐ 21 ‐  

tarrgoliani rkinis maxvili aRmoCnda lias samarovnis #1

samarxSi. is moTavsebuli iyo micvalebulis welis areSi, Zlier

daJanguli da daSlili. maxvilis wveris nawilTan, 8 sm–is sigrZeze,

aSkarad SeimCneva xis mTliani Txeli firfita, romelic rogorc Cans,

xis qarqaSis nawilia. maxvilis pirze qedi ar SeimCneva, amitom piri

SeiZleba ganivkveTSi linziseburi yofiliyo. piris SemorCenili nawilis

mixedviT Cans, romMis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo rogorc

saZgerebel ise saCex iaraRad. satare nawili (yunwi) SedarebiT moklea,

romlis bolo, rogorc daSlamde dafiqsirda, rgoliT mTavrdeboda.

yunwze samanWvle naxvretebi ar SeimCneva, amitom rogorc Cans, sxva

meTodiT xdeboda satare garsakravis mimagreba yunwze. satare safari

Zvlis unda yofiliyo, radganac yunwze SemorCenilia 0,5 sm–is sisqis da

5 sm–de sigrZis Zvlis firfitis fragmenti. maxvilis piris sigrZea 56 sm,

misi sigane mxrebTan 6 sm, udidesi sisqe (JangTan erTad) 1 sm, mis gareSe

ki 0,6 sm. satare yunwis sigrZe rgolis SemorCenili nawiliTurT 8 sm–ia

[jafariZe, 2006: 158]. inventaris mixedviTsamarxiax.w. I s–iT TariRdeba.

Terjolis raionis sofel Cxaris saskolo muzeumSi inaxeba oTxi

tarrgoliani maxvili. isini SemTxveviTaa napovni da savaraudod oqonis

goris ax.w. I-III ss–is darRveul samarxebs ekuTvnis. mcire detalebis

garda, oTxive egzemplari erTmaneTis msgavsia. maTi piris sigrZe

meryeobs 30–40 santimetrs Soris, maqsimaluri sigane vadasTan 5

santimetria, rac standartulia am tipis iaraRisaTvis. maTi piris

kideebi Tanabrad miemarTeba qvemoT da bolo mesamedSi iwyebs mkveTr

daviwroebas, xolo ganivkveTSi linziseburi forma aqvs. taris Rero

brtyelia, ganivkveTSi sworkuTxa, sigrZe 6–8 sm. rgolebis diametri

daaxloebiT 3 santimetria. vadis sigrZea 5–6 sm [xarabaZe, 2003: 165].

analogiuria sof.Zevris ukidures Crdilo–aRmosavleT nawilSi,

v.fanCuliZis sakarmidamo nakveTSi1952 welsSemTxveviT aRmoCenili ori

maxvili. orive maxvili aRmoCnda ormosamarxebSi da orives Tan axlda

imperator traianes, adrianes da antonine piusis monetebi,Sesabamisad es

maxvilebi ax.w. II –iT unda daTariRdes. am maxvilebidan erTi mTlianad

rkinisaa [tab.V,1].misi orad gatexilitaris Rero bolovdeba rkinisave

rgoliT. maxvilis sigrZea 82 sm-ia, udidesi sigane 7 sm. meore maxvilic

‐ 22 ‐  

rkinisaa, magram tarze brinjaos rgoli aqvs [tab.V2].meore iaraRis piri

ufro moklea. sigrZe 58 sm, udidesi sigane 5,5 sm. taris pirTan

SeerTebis adgilas aqvs Zgide. Kkidev erTi tarrgoliani maxviliagreTve

aRmoCnda amave midamoebSi, Zevrulhesis mSeneblobis drosac [fuTuriZe,

1959: 74-76].

sof.zeda goras samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili rkinisaa, orpirlesili,

tarrgoliani. swor da brtyeltaris Rerozerkinis manWvliT

damagrebuli iyo xis garsakravi. vada sworia, ganivkveTSi

rombiseburipiri vadidanve TandaTan viwrovdeba da wagrZelebuli

samkuTxedis forma aqvs [tab.VI]. sigrZe 66,5 sm, udidesi sigane mxrebTan

5,6 sm, taris sigrZe 12 sm, rgolis diametri 4,3 sm, vadis sigrZe 6,6 sm.

savade firfitas zemo xedidan rombis forma aqvs. misi sigrZe 6

santimetria.rogorc Cans, satevars xis qarqaSi hqonia.

sof.zeda gorasTan axlos, inaSaurSi gaTxril erT samarxSi

aRmoCndatarrgoliani maxvili, romelic daculia vanis arqeologiur

muzeumSi. misi piri, romelic bolo mesamedSi viwrovdeba, ganivkveTSi

rombiseburia. sigrZea–45 sm, sigane–5 sm. satare yunwi brtyelia,

ganivkveTSi sworkuTxa. taris sigrZea–7 sm, sigane–2 sm. satare rgolis

diametria– 3 santimetri. rac Seexeba samarxis TariRs, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom samarxis inventari ZiriTadad paralelebs poulobs da.saqarTvelos

ax.w. I-II ss–is masalebTan, yvelaze metad ki lias samarovnis ax.w. I-II ss–

is samarxebTan [xarabaZe, 2003: 164-166].

CxorowyuSi, ax.w. I s–is miwuruliT daTariRebul samarxSi aRmoCnda

specialurad dazianebuli tarrgoliani maxvili[tab.VII]. rogorc Cans,

micvalebuls specialurad moxrili iaraRi Caatanes. mis tarze

SenarCunebulia taris garsakravisTvis gankuTvnili sami manWvali.

satevris sigrZea 22,8 sm [Хоштария, 1941: 53].

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSitarrgoliani maxvilebi nanaxia Jinvalis

samarovanze. aq Seswavlilia 558 samarxi, romlebic zogadad Zv.w. I-ax.w.

VIII ss–iT TariRdeba [CixlaZe, 1999: 5,6].

samarovnis centralur nawilSi calke jgufad gamoiyo sabrZolo

iaraRi–saWurvlis Semcveli samarxeuli kompleqsebi. aRniSnul

kompleqsebSi aRmoCenilma inventarma, isini II-IV ss–iT daaTariRa.

‐ 23 ‐  

Seswavlil iqna 38 iaraRis Semcveli samarxi. meomarTa ConCxebi

dadasturda yorekedlian, qvamiwayrilian, miwayrilian da xis ZelebiT

gadaxurul ormosamarxebSi. samarxebi ZiriTadad individualuri iyo,

Tumca iyo wyvilad dakrZalvac. yvela iaraRis Semcveli samarxi

damxrobili iyo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT, kidureb mokecil

mdgomareobaSi, TaviT dasavleTiT. samarovanze aRmoCnda 4 maxvili, 5

satevari, 8 Subispiri, 9 isrispiri, 32 sabrZolo dana, 7 salesi qva da 3

umboni. meomarTa samarxebSi aseve aRmoCnda: oryura Tixis WurWlebi, 6

insignia–sartyeli, erTi cali vercxlis insignia samklauri, 20 cali

parTuli da romauli monetebi, 5 wyvili wvivsakravebi, minis WurWlebi,

samajurebi, beWdebi, mSvildsakinZeebi, winwilebi da sxva.

aq aRmoCenili oTxive maxvili tarrgolian tips ganekuTvneba.

pirveli orpirlesilia, Sedgenili tariT. kotas fuZe da zeda rgoli

brinjaosia, TviTon kota ki rkinisa. tarze gadakruli hqonia xe da zedve

gadahkruli hqonia brinjaos brtyeli da Txeli firfita. sigrZe

tarianad–64 sm, piris sigrZe 49 sm, taris sigrZe 15 sm, piris sigane

vadasTan 6 sm, rgolis diametria 5 sm [tab.VIII,1]. piri ganivkveTSi

rombiseburi iyo. es maxvili II s–iT daTariRebul 277–e yorekedlian

samarxSi aRmoCnda [CixlaZe, 1999: 67-70]. igive tipis meore maxvils,

aSkarad ufro grZeli da viwro piri aqvs [tab.VIII, 2].pirze, vadasTan

axlos, SemorCenilia erTi cali brinjaos prtyeli salte, romelic,

rogorc Cans, xis an tyavis qarqaSis nawili iyo. tarianad maxvilis

sigrZea–79 sm, piris sigrZe–66 sm, taris sigrZe–13 sm, satare rgolis

diametri–4 sm [CixlaZe, 1999: 66,67]. Jinvalis samarovanze kidev ori

tarrgoliani maxvili aRmoCnda (ar aris gamoqveynebuli). erTi napovnia

xis ZelebiT gadaxurul 479–e ormosamarxSi, romelic masSi aRmoCenili

inventariT III s–iT TariRdeba. meore egzemplari iyo IV s–iT

daTariRebul 525–e ormosamarxSi [CixlaZe, 1999: 69].

arqeolog vaxtang nikolaiSvilis monacemebiT, analogiuri tipis rkinis

maxvili aRmoCenilia diRomSic, ax.w. III s–iT daTariRebul meomris

samarxSi.

ori analogiuri formis maxvilinapovnia azerbaijanSi, mingeCauris ax.w. I-

II ss–iT daTariRebul qvevrsamarxebSi[Казиев, 1960:25].

‐ 24 ‐  

rogorc Tavidanve aRiniSna, tarrgoliani iaraRi sarmatul maxviladaa

aRiarebuli da iTvleba sarmatuli inventaris tipiur sagnad. rogorc

Cans, isini gamoiyeneboda qveiTad brZolis dros da warmoadgenda ufro

saZgerebel iaraRs vidre saCexs. mas albaT iseTive daniSnuleba hqonda,

rogoric gladiuss romaul armiaSi. zogadad, piris sigrZis mixedviT,

gamoiyofa tarrgoliani danebi, satevrebi da maxvilebi. Tumca am ori

ukanasknelis gamoyofa pirobiTia, rameTu is damokidebulia ama Tu im

mecnieris aRqmasTan, ra sigrZis iaraRs CaTvlis is satevrad Tu mokle

maxvilad. savromatuli da sarmatuli iaraRebis cnobili mkvlevarebis,

n.sokolskis, k.smirnovis, a.xazanovisa da a.simonenkos mosazrebiT,

tarrgoliani satevrebis piris sigrZe meryeobs 20–dan 30 sm Soris, sigane

3–4 sm–ia. xolo tipiuri sarmatuli maxvilis piris sigrZe 35–50

santimetria da swored aseTia ukrainisa da ruseTis terotoriaze

aRmoCenili am tipis iaraRis 66%. 50–60 santimetrze meti piris mqone

maxvilebi ki, SedarebiT iSviaTia [Симоненко, 2009: 32]. swored aseT

iSviaT nimuSebs warmoadgens liaSi, ZevrSi, zeda goraSi da JinvalSi

aRmoCenili maxvilebi, magaliTad, Zevris erT–erTi maxvili 82

santimetria. inaSaurSi da CxarSi aRmoCenili maxvilebis sigrZe ki 30–45

santimetria. brilSi, banZaSi da CxorowyuSi dafiqsirebuli

egzemplarebi, zomebis mixedviT, ufro satevrebad CaiTvleba. rogorc

saqarTveloSi, ise mis gareT, tarrgoliani maxvilebisa da satevrebis

pirTa maqsimaluri sigane meryeobs 4–7 ss-s Soris. sigrZeSi da siganeSi

iaraRis piris aseTi sxvaoba, romelic iwvevda mis saerTo wonis,

balansirebis, dartymiTi Zalis cvlilebas, SeiZleba gamowveuli

yofiliyo iaraRis mflobel–damkveTis individualuri monacemebiTa da

surviliT.

tarrgoliani iaraRis piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia an rombiseburi.

magaliTad, sof.zeda goraSi, JinvalSi, inaSaurSi da sof.webeldaSi

aRmoCenili maxvilebi rombisebur ganivkveTiania. yvela danarCens ki

linziseburi ganivkveTi aqvs, an Zlier dazianebis gamo, maTi ganivkveTis

formis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. sarmatTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze–

uralispireTSi, volgispireTSi, donisa da dnepris auzSi, CrdiloeT

‐ 25 ‐  

SavizRvispireTSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, tarrgoliani satevrebisa da

maxvilebis umravlesoba linzisebur ganivkveTiania.

piris moyvanilobiT, ori forma Warbobs, pirveli, roca piri bolo

mesamedSi viwrovdeba da qmnis maxvilis wvets. meore, roca piri

daviwroebas iwyebs vadidanve da amitom aqvs wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis

forma. magaliTad aseTia zeda goras maxvili. iSviaTi gamonaklisis

garda, yvela orpirlesilia.

rogorc wesi, am tipis maxvilebisa da satevrebis vada sworia. is

Sedgeba ori liTonis firfitisagan, romlebic TavianTi boloebiT

erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli da ase qmnis erT mTlian firfitas, romlis

Sua nawili mWidrod ekvris im nawils, sadac erTmaneTs uerTdeba

iaraRis piri da saxeluri. gegmaSi mas (zemo xedidan) ovalis an rombis

forma aqvs [Симоненко, 2009: 36-38]. vadis sigrZe tolia piris udides

siganesTan, an scildeba mas 1–2 santimetriT. zogierT egzemplars

saerTod ar gaaCnia savade firfita, albaT is xisgan iyo damzadebuli

da Cvenamde ver moaRwia. maT swori an odnav daxrili mxrebi aqvT.

satare yunwi sworia, xandaxan odnav farTovdeba qvemoT. ganivkveTSi

linziseburi, ovaluri an sworkuTxaa, magram Zlieri koroziis gamo

Znelia maTi garCeva. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gvxdeba rombisebur

ganivkveTiani saxelurebic, es ukanaskneli ufro e.w namglisebur Taviani

maxvilebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli [Соколъский, 1954: 11]. taris

garsakravad gamoiyeneboda organuli masala–xe, tyavi, xandaxan amisTvis

iyenebdnen Zvlis masalas. amaze metyvelebs lias samarxSi aRmoCenili

tarrgoliani maxvili, romlis satare yunwze SemorCenilia 0,5 sm–is

sisqis da 5 sm–de sigrZis Zvlis firfitis fragmenti. garsakravis yunwze

damagrebis ori xerxi ikveTeba–erT SemTxvevaSi yunwi or an ramdenime

adgilas ixvriteboda da manWvlebis meSveobiT umagrdeboda xis an Zvlis

garsakravi. es meTodi gamoyenebulia Cxorowyus maxvilze, romelsac aqvs

naxvretebi, manWvlebiTurT. sxvebis yunwi naxvretebis gareSea, aseT

SemTxvevaSi, garsakravis yunwze dasamagreblad gamoiyeneboda tyavis an

liTonis firfita, romelsac gars Semoaxvevdnen garsakravs. es kargad

Cans Jinvalis egzemplarze, romlis tarze daxveulia brinjaos farTo,

brtyeli firfita.

‐ 26 ‐  

rgolis diametri umeteswulad daaxloebiT 3–5 santimetris

farglebSia. formiT mrgvalia, iSviaTad ovaluri. wriuli,

naxevradwriuli an ovaluria ganivkveTSic. rgoli calke mzaddeboda da

Semdeg xdeboda misi miduRabeba yunwTan an misi gagrZeleba iyo.

savaraudod mas wminda dekoratiuli funqcia gaaCnda da ara

utilitaruli.

tarrgoliani danebis, satevrebisa da maxvilebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda xis

qarqaSi, razec metyvelebs zogierT artefaqtze SenarCunebuli maTi

nakvalevi. lias samarxSi nanaxi maxvilis wveris nawilTan, 8 sm–is

sigrZeze, SeimCneoda xis mTliani Txeli firfita, romelic xis qarqaSis

SemorCenili nawilia. zeda goraze aRmoCenil maxvilzec, piris orive

mxares, SeimCneva xis naSTebi. azerbaijanSi, mingeCauris ax.w. I-II ss–is

qvevrsamarxebis gaTxrisas aRmoCenil erT–erT maxvilzec SeimCneva

analogiuri suraTi. msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana SeiZleba ruseTisa da

ukrainis teritoriidanac.

tarrgoliani iaraRis sxeulze tarebis wesebze, garkveul

warmodgenasgviqmnis, maTi ganlageba samarxebSi da sxvadasxva

gamosaxulebebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxis Seswavla, ZiriTadad

ucxour arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT aris SesaZlebeli.

Tanamedrove ruseTisa da ukrainis teritoriaze, umravles

SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli tipis iaraRi sarmatul samarxebSi fiqsirdeba

micvalebulis marjvniv, barZayisa da welis gaswvriv [tab.IX].

analogiuri suraTia wibiliumis, liasa da zeda goras samarxebSic.

sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebiT ufro zustdeba iaraRis tarebis detalebi.

is ekida meomris marjvena barZayze. maxvilis zeda nawili TasmebiT

ekvroda qamars, qveda nawili ki, aseve TasmebiT, magrdeboda fexze [tab.X].

iaraRis tarebis es meTodi, mosaxerxebeli iyo gansakuTrebiT cxenosani

meomrisaTvis, mWidrod ekvroda ra sxeuls, ar aZlevda iaraRs mkveTri

moZraobis SesaZleblobas. cxadia aseTi wesi gamoiyeneboda mxolod

satevrebisaTvis da mokle maxvilebisaTvis, romlebic muxls ver

wvdebodnen [Хазанов, 1971: 13]. ufro grZel maxvilebs yawimiT atarebdnen

marcxniv.

‐ 27 ‐  

dasavleT saqarTvelos ax.w. I-III ss–is materialuri kultura, garda

zemoT aRwerili tarrgoliani iaraRisa, mTeli rigi detalebiT,

analogebs Crdiloul samyaroSi povebs. budeabmuli jgufis fibulebis

pirveli variantebi aq CrdiloeTis gziT unda Semosuliyo. amaze

miuTiTebs Wvintiani fibulis adreuli variantis aRmoCena lias

samarovanze, romlis analogiebi yirimze da yubanze mravlad moipoveba.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas samfrTian, yunwian isrispirebzec. g.lomTaTiZe da

sxva avtorebi aRniSnaven am drois kolxeTis (lazikis) materialuri

kulturis „sarmatul“ samyarosTan siaxloves [lomTaTiZe, 1957: 189].

TvalSi sacemia agreTve adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis mSvidobiani

miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis „militarizacia“ gvianantikur xanaSi

(arqeologiur masalaSi xSiria sabrZolo iaraRi). es movlena sruliad

gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu istoriul situacias gaviTvaliswinebT. Zv.w. I s–is

kolxeTi mZimed unda dazaralebuliyo gamudmebuli samxedro

operaciebiT. kolxeTis dasustebuli bari mezobel mTiel tomebs

izidavs. „barbarosul“ tomTa kolxeTis barSi Camosaxlebis debulebas

TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari iziarebs. „ucxo elementi“ ZiriTadad

CrdiloeT–dasavleTis gziT unda mosuliyo. I saukunisa da momdevno

xanis wyaroebSi, erTiani kolxeTis nacvlad, dasavleT saqarTvelos

teritoriaze ramodenime tomi Tu tomTa gaerTianeba Cans: magaliTad

abazgebis, afSilebis, sanigebis. amasTan, rogorc pliniusi aRniSnavs,

pitiunti henioxebs gauZarcvavT. zogi mecnieri ar iziarebs kolxeTis

barSi tomTa didi masebis momZlavrebis azrss da kolxeTis

„daSlilobis“ suraTSi calkeul „skeptuxTa“ gaaqtiurebis Sedegs

xedavs, magram igi mTlianad ar uaryofs Zveli kolxeTis teritoriaze

calkeul tomTa Camosaxlebis SesaZleblobas [afxazava,1797:16]. amrigad,

Zv.w. I-ax.w II ss–Si, kolxeTSi „mduRare“ politikur–eTnikuri situaciaa

da SeiZleba amiT aixsnas sarmatuli tarrgoliani satevrebisa da

maxvilebis gamoCena dasavleT saqarTvelos samarxebSi. Tumca, kamaTis

sagnad mainc rCeba sakiTxi, ganekuTvneboda Tu ara es samarxebi uSualod

ucxour eTnikur elements, Tu iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, romelic,

zemoT moyvanili politikuri movlenebis gamo mxolod CrdiloeTis

kulturis gavlenas ganicdida. am bolo mosazrebas amyarebs is faqti,

‐ 28 ‐  

rom am samarxebSi arsebuli danarCeni samarxeuli inventari, ZiriTadi

monacemebiT, genetikurad kolxeTs ukavSirdeba. savaWro–ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis mauwyebeli masala (polemonis da romauli monetebi,

wiTellakiani keramika da misi minabaZebi, „avcisas“ tipis fibula)

ZiriTadad samxreTul nakadebs gulisxmobs [jafariZe, 2006: 177,178].

igive SeiZleba iTqvas iberiazec. cnobili romaeli geografi, straboni

aRniSnavs, rom iberiis mTianeTSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, mWidro

savaWro–ekonomikuri da naTesauri kavSiri hqonda maT Crdiloel

mezobelTan, sarmatebTan. aseve sxva wyaroebi xSirad aRniSnaven

CrdilokavkasielTa da „alan–osTa“ laSqris gamoyenebas iberiis mefeTa

mier (gansakuTrebiT ax.w. I-II ss–Si). es mWidro urTierTobebi,

garkveulwilad aisaxa yofiT cxovrebaSi, rac gamoixata samarxebSi

garkveuli „sarmatuli“ elementebis gaCeniT, rogoricaa tarrgoliani

maxvilebi Tu II-III ss–is cxenis mosarTavis ormagi balTebi, romelTa

analogiurebi sakmaodaa aRmoCenili volgisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis

sinqronul Zeglebze [afxazava, 1979: 15].

2.yunwianigrZeli maxvilebi. am ukanasknelTa umTavresi maxasiaTeblebia:

orlesili grZeli piri (90 metramde) da satare yunwi, romelic pirTan

erTadaa gamoWedili[tab.XI]. aseT maxvilebs liTonis tarisTavi ar aqvT

da maT magivrad gamoyenebulia minisa da qvis sxvadasxva formis

figurebi, romlebic xSirad samarxebSiiaraRTan erTad gvxvdeba.

analogiuri tarisTavebi aRmoCenilia sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze,

yazaxeTidan ungreTamde. maTi uadresi egzemplarebi momdinareobs

Suaaziis qveynebis Zeglebidan, rac mianiSnebs am tradiciis aRmosavlur

[Cinur-Suaaziuri] warmomavlobaze [Симоненко, 2009: 46-49]. tradiciulad

miCneulia, rom yunwiani grZeli maxvilebis gamoCena

amierkavkasiaSidakavSirebulia sarmatebTan[Хазанов,1971: 15]. sarmatebSi

aRniSnuli formis iaraRebi ufro adre Cndeba: im dros, rodesac

skviთebsa da aqemenidur iranSi batonobda mokle maxvili-akinaki,

sarmatul tomebSi, volgisa da uralispireTSi, gavrcelebas povebs

grZeli, uTavo yunwis mqone maxvilebi(e.w. “guliseburi”formis

vadiT)[Смирнов,1961: 22,23]. Uukve Zv.w. IV s-dan [proxorovis periodi]

‐ 29 ‐  

sarmatul tomebSi სxvadasxva tipis grZeli maxvilebia cnobili: 1. uTavo

yunwianida guliseburi vadis mqone maxvilebi; 2. namgliseburi

tarisTavini da morkaluri, Semdeg ki swori vadis mqone egzemplarebida

3. Zelakiseburi tarisTaviani da samkuTxa (wveriT zemoT) an morkaluri

vadis mqone maxvilebi[Смирнов,1961: 29].droTa ganmavlobaSi(daaxloebiT

Zv.w. III s-dan)yvela sarmatuli maxvilis vada swori xdeba. sarmatebis

paralerulad, grZeli maxvilebis adre gamoyeneba daiwyes yubanispireTis

meoturma tomebma [Соколъский, 1954: 143,144], romlebic samecniero

literaturaSi meoturi tipis maxvilebad arian cnobili(maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Zelakiseburi tarisTavi da daxrili mxrebi,savade

firfitis gareSe).teritoria, sadac aseve adre gavrcelda grZeli

maxvilebi, Sua aziaa[Толстов,….1966: 166. Рис.14].swored aRniSnuli

teritoriebi unda CaiTvalosyunwiანი grZeli maxvilebis

samSoblod.pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba Suaazia da sarmatTa uadresi

gansaxlebis teritoria: mdinareebis volgisa da uralis mimdebare

teritoriebi,radganac swored aqaa napovni maTi uadresi egzemplarebi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze analogiuri nimuSebi ax.w. I s-dan Cans, rac

emTxveva am dros saqarTvelos sazRvrebze sarmatul tomebis

gaaqtiurebas da maTTan mWidro urTierTobis dawyebas.

Mmaxvilis aRniSnuli tipis SigniT gamoiyofa ori varianti:

a)-liTonis vadis mqone orpirlesili maxvilebi. pirveli variantis

iaraRebi [tab.XI,1,2]saqarTveloSi axali welTaRvricxvis pirveli

saukuneebidanve Cans. es SeiZleba rogorc sparsuli, ise sarmatuli

gavlenis Sedegi iyos, radganac maTSi Tanabrad iyo gavrcelebuli

liTonis vadis mqone maxvilebi. sarmatuli adreuli egzemplarebi

gamovlenilia jer kidev Zv.w. II-I ss-is Zeglebze, romlebsac gegmaSi

sxvadasxva formis brinjaos an rkinis savade firfita aqvT (rombiseburi,

sworkuTxa da sxva). arsebobs mosazreba, rom sarmatebma Cinelebisagan

aiTvises aRniSnuli forma [Маслов, 1999: 221; Скрипкин, 2000: 17-24],Tumca

vadiani maxvilebis formireba, sarmatTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze,

daiwyo ufro adre, jer kidev proxorovis periodSi(Zv.w. IV-III ss),

savaraudod aseve Cinuri maxvilebis gavleniT [Хазанов,1971:19].es

‐ 30 ‐  

aRmosavluri tipis maxvilebi sarmatebSi gamoiyenebodamomdevno

periodSic (ax.w. I-IV ss-Si).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli formis maxvilebi sarmatebma aiTvises

aRmosavleTidan da maTSi TvalnaTliv ikveTeba Cinuri da Suaaziuri

tradiciebi. aseve Suaazidan xvdeba isini sasanidur iranSi,xolo misi

gavliT ki, ax.w. I-II ss-Si aRwevs iberiaSi.

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili am variantis uadres nimuSad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos kaxeTSi, beJanbaRis ormosamarxSi nanaxi iaraRi. mas aqvs

orpirlesili, wverisken TandaTan Seviwroebuli grZeli piri, romelic

ganivkveTSi rombiseburia. mTel sigrZeze dabali qedi dauyveba. vadaze

Camocmuli aqvs brtyeli da viwro savade firfita. satare yunwi

brtyeli, grZeli da viwroa. iaraRis mTliani sigrZea-98 sm. mxrebis

sigane-6,5 sm, mxrebis simaRle-2,1 sm, sisqe-0,8-1,2 sm. piris sigane mxrebTan-

4,3 sm. satare yunwis sigrZe-14,2 sm, sigane-2,2 sm, sisqe-0,5-0,2 sm.

beJanbaRis maxvili, zomiT da nawilobrivformiTac, uaxlovdeba

kldeeTis #3 samarxSi aRmoCenil maxvils. Tumca am ukanasknels ufro

mokle satare yunwi aqvs da uvadoa, e.i. mxrebze ar aqvs Camocmuli savade

firfita [mamaiSvili, 1980: 119]. sxva Tanmxlebi masalis mixedviT,

beJanbaRis samarxi ax.w. I-II ss-iT TariRdeba [mamaiSvili, 1980: 124].

erTob sainteresoa rganis samarovnis ax.w. V s-is #3 samarxSi

aRmoCenili nakluli maxvili. iaraRis piri SuaSia gadatexili. Mmisi

savade firfitis orive bolos burTulis forma aqvs [bragvaZe,2000:

108].rganis aRniSnuli maxvili vadis gaformebiT uaxlovdeba 2013 wels

darialSi, adreSuasaukuneebis erT-erT samarxSi napovn maxvils.

CxarSi, oqonis goraze arsebul samarovanze napovnia ramodenime rkinis

maxvili. #0 samarxSi aRmoCnda sagangebod moxrili rkinis maxvili,

romlis piri wvetisken TandaTan viwrovdeba da ganivkveTSi rombulia.

mxrebze Camocmuli aqvs brtyeli da viwro, mxrebidan odnav

gamoSverilisavade firfita. satare yunwi brtyelia da viwro. iaraRis

mTliani sigrZe-75 sm, piris maqsimaluri sigane-6 sm. sataris sigrZe-10 sm

[bragvaZe, 1997: 7]. zustad analogiuri maxvili iyo #4 samarxSic. sigrZe-

80 sm, piris sigane-4 sm. taris sigrZe-7 sm, sigane-1 sm[bragvaZe, 1997: 9,10].

msgavsi maxvili aRmoCnda igive samarovnis #14 samarxSi. mxrebze

‐ 31 ‐  

Camocmuli aqvs mxrebidan odnav gamoSverili Tavmomrgvalebuli savade

firfita. satare yunwi viwroa da brtyeli. maxvilis sigrZe-65 sm, piris

sigane vadasTan 5 sm, taris sigrZe-10 sm[bragvaZe, 1997: 14].

Cxaris samarovanis #0 da #4 samarxebSi aRmoCenili maxvilebi TiTqmis

identuria. maTTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebelia orlesiloba, WrilSi

rombuli formis piri, dabali qedi, viwro mxrebi, mxrebidan

odnavgamoSverili vada, brtyeli da viwro satare yunwi. ramdenadme

gansxvavebulia #14 samarxis nimuSi. gansxvaveba tarisa da vadis

SemkulobaSi vlindeba. mas mxrebze damagrebuli aqvs Tavmomrgvalebuli,

gamoSverili savade firfita. misi zusti asli dafiqsirebulia jieTis

samarovnis #15 samarxSi [bragvaZe, 1997: 30].

wibiliumi I-is erT-erT samarxSi (№275) maxvili dafiqsirda

micvalebulis marcxena fexebTan, xolomarcxena xelebis gverdiT

(maxvilis zemoT) ewyo ori Subispiri. maxvilis orpirlesili piri

mxolod bolo mesamedSi viwrovdeba. pirs SuaSi dauyveba farTo Rari.

maxvils aqvs savade firfita daerT naxvretiani brtyeli yunwi. piris

sigrZe 45-50 sm, sigane-5-6 sm. vadis sigrZe-6-7 sm. samarxi ganekuTvneba ax.w.

IV s-is meore naxevarsa da V s-is dasawyiss [Voronov, 2007: 64. Fig.129 17].

wibiliumi I-is №155 samarxSi iyo maxvili, Subispiri da dana. maxvils

gaaCnia savade firfita, romelic gegmaSi linziseburia. ganivkveTSi

linziseburipiri sworia da boloSi viwrovdeba. maxvilis mTliani

sigrZe 1 metria, sigane-5 sm. savade firfitis sigrZe-6-7 sm. yunwis sigrZea

12 sm. samarxi TariRdeba III-IV ss-is mijniT [Voronov 2007: 42. Fig.76 10].

gudauTis ax.w. VII s-is samarxSi napovnia maxvili da ori aliseburi

formis Subispiri, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia webelduri kulturis

bolo etapisaTvis (ax.w.VI-VII ss).maxvilis brtyeli saxeluri vercxlis

firfitebiTaa SemoWedili. satare yunwi sakmaod grZelia-20 sm, xolo

maxvilis mTliani sigrZe1 m-mde aRwevs. rombulganivkveTiani piris sigane

mxrebTan5 sm-ia. piris kideebi sworad miemarTeba da mxolod bolosken

iwyebs Tanabrad daviwroebas. maxvilsgegmaSi rombuli formis vadaaqvs

[Воронов,....1979: 70. Рис.22,22а].

Sapkis Церковный холм-is №5 samarxSi Seswavlil orlesil maxvils

rombiseburi formis brinjaos vada aqvs. aqve iyo sami vercxlisa da erTi

‐ 32 ‐  

brinjaos balTa, rgolebi, vercxlis ornamentirebuli firfita,

romlebic savaraudod iaraRis yawimsa da qarqaSs amkobdnen. pirs SuaSi

farTo Rari dauyveba, rac pirs ganivkveTSi ormagrombul formas aZlevs.

yunwi brtyelia, romlis bolos erTi naxvretia datanili. iaraRis

mTliani sigrZea1metri, maqsimaluri sigane6-7 sm. amave samarxSi,

micvalebulis marcxena fexTan ido ufro mokle, sworzurgiani

calpirlesili e.w. “skramasaqsi”. (“skramasaqsebze” qvemoT calke iqneba

saubari)[Воронов, .... 1973: 176. Рис.5 27,26].

igive formisorlesili maxvilicnobilia md.cixervas marcxena sanapiroze

gamovleniligvianantikuri xanis samarxidan.iaraRis pirs SuaSi farTo

Rari dauyveboda. mis vadas warmoadgenda linziseburi formis minis

inkrustirebuli qva. maxvils Tan axlda webelduri tipis culi

[Воронов,1969: 85. Табл.XXXIX,11].aqve ufro adre napovni yofilasinqronuli

periodis ori maxvili[Шамба, 1974: 62. Рис.19 1,2,7].

savade firfitis mqone analogiuri maxvilebi cnobilia CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTSic. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa sof.vesnianeSi

aristokratiul sarmatul samarxSi aRmoCenili egzemplari. misi

orlesili piri grZelia, wvetisken TandaTan viwrovdeba da ganivkveTSi

linziseburia. yunwi ganivkveTSi ovaluria da odnav viwrovdeba Tavisken.

piris sigrZea-81,3 sm, maqsimaluri sigane-4,3 sm, yunwis sigrZe-18 sm,

maqsimaluri sigane vadasTan-3 sm [Симоненко, 2010: 44. Рис.27 1,1а].sami

analogiurimaxvili aRmoCenili iqna moldaveTis ax.w. II-III ss-is

samarxebSi da rumineTis teritoriaze.

b)-uvado orpirlesili maxvilebi.meore variantis maxvilebs ar aqvT

savade liTonis firfita[tab.XI,3-6], Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom maT

saerTod ar gaaCndaT is. rogorc Cans, aseTi iaraRebis vada xis

masalisgan keTdeboda da SesaZlebelia is xis taris uSualo nawils

warmoadgenda, rogorc es iyo miRebuli gvianromaul grZel maxvilebze

(Spatha).gamoiyofa ori forma, pirvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia daxrili

mxrebi, meore ki swori mxrebiT gadadis satare yunwze. piris ganivkveTi

SeiZleba iyos-rombuli, e.w. ormagrombuli (es maSin, roca pirs SuaSi

dauyveba erTi farTo Rari), linziseburi (sadazedapiriani) da aseve

gvxvdeba nimuSebi, romelTa pirs ramodenime wvrili Rari

‐ 33 ‐  

dauyveba.swormxrebiani da mravalRariani piris mqone maxvilebi, xSirad

wminda romaul iaraRad (spatha) aris miCneuli.

gansaxilveli maxvilebi yvelaze mravalricxovania rogorc

saqarTveloSi,ise sarmatTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze da maT Soris

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi aRmoCenil gvianantikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis maxvilebs Soris. afxazeTis samarxebSixSirad maT

Tan axlavT calpirlesili satevrebi (calke TavSi iqneba ganxiluli

qvemoT). maxvilisaRniSnuli varianti, liTonis savade firfitis mqone

maxvilebisagan gansxvavebiT, sarmatulad iwodeba da Cndeba

Tavdapirvelad volgispireTSi, Zv.w. II-I ss-Si, Semdeg ki farTod

vrceldebian samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi,sarmatuli tomebis

gansaxlebis teritoriazedonsa da urals Soris[Трапш, 1971: 143-146].

savade firfitis armqone swormxrebiani an daxrilmxrebiani maxvilebi

cnobili yofila ax.w. I-V ss-is centralur da dasavleT evropiSic,

Tumca maT gansxvavebuli warmomavloba hqondaT.  

saqarTveloSi maTi umravlesoba gamovlenilia afxazeTSi, e.w.

“webelduri kulturis” samarxebSi. isini aRmoCenilia dasavleT

saqarTvelos sxva Zeglebzec da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.

kldeeTis №3 samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis didi maxvili. iaraRi Zlier

daJangulia. naJangis natexebze da miwis monaWerzec mkafiod Cans xis

naSTebi, romlebic aSkarad qarqaSs unda ekuTvnodnen. aqve aRmoCenili

gemmiani vercxlis balTa albaT qarqaSze an yawimis Rvedze ekra maxvils,

rogorc misi patroni meomris warCinebis niSani.maxvili Tanazomierad

deformirebulia da SesaZloa aqac gvqondes saqme micvalebulis

dakrZalvisas, misi iaraRis ganzrax waxdenis wesTan, rac ase aSkaradaa

damowmebuli saqarTvelos arqeologiur ganaTxarebSi, jer kidev

adreuli rkinis xanidan mokidebuli [magaliTad samTavroSi]. maxvili

grZelia da viwro, orpirlesili, Tanazomierad Seviwroebuli wvetisaken.

mTel sigrZeze dauyveba dabali Sua qedi. mxrebi viwro da sakmaod

kuTxovani aqvs, satare yunwi-brtyeli, mokle, sakmaod viwro da

gauxvretavi. maxvilis sigrZe-87 sm, udidesi sigane mxrebTan-4,5 sm,

udidesi sisqe-0,6 sm, yunwis sigrZe-2,3 sm, udidesi sigane-2,6 sm

[lomTaTiZe, 1957: 131,132].

‐ 34 ‐  

zemo avWalaSi, hidroeleqtro sadgurisTvis arxis gayvanis dros,

SemTxveviT aRmoCnda aguris filaqnebisagan Semdgari ori akldama. erT-

erT akldamaSi aRmoCnda ori cali keisar avgustusis vercxlis moneta

da oric gotarzesis vercxlis draqma. orive es nekropoli, aRmoCenili

monetebis mixedviT, SeiZleba ax.w.I-II ss-iT daTariRdes. sxva nivTebs

Soris aRmoCnda rkinis maxvili qarqaSSi, Jangisagan daSlili. sigrZe-94

sm [makalaTia, 1928: 28].

1959 wels, sof.vaSlijvarTan, diRmis wyalze xidis mSeneblobis dros

aRmoCnda gvianantikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis masala. aRniSnuli

koleqciis erTi nawili ax.w. II-III ss-iT unda daTariRdes. ax.w. III

saukunes unda ekuTvnodes amave koleqciaSia daculi yunwiani, grZeli

orpirlesili rkinis maxvili. analogiuri maxvili aRmoCnda 1968 wels

diRmis masivSi gaTxril samarxSi, romelic Tanmxlebi masalis mixedviT

ax.w. III s-iT TariRdeba [nikolaiSvili, 1978: 92,93].

banZis qvevrsamarxSi aRmoCenili orlesili maxvili brtyeli da grZelia.

taris dasagebi Reraki viwro da grZeli aqvs. mTliani sigrZe-72 sm, piris

udidesi sigane-5 sm. aRniSnuli iaraRi waagavs kldeeTis nimuSs, magram

igi ufro grZeli da viwroa. Tumca taris dasagebi Rero mas bevrad

ufro mokle aqvs, vidre banZis maxvils. rogorc maxvilis sigrZe, ise

misi aRmoCenis pirobebi miuTiTebs, rom es iaraRi cxenosnis saxmaria.

maxvili aRmoCenilia cxenis ConCxTan axlos[fuTuriZe, 1959: 74-76].

Cxorowyus mesame samarxSi aRmoCenilia rkinis ori maxvili. isini

saerTo moyvanilobiT hgaven banZisa da kldeeTis maxvilebs. pirveli

iaraRis piri WrilSi rombiseburia, yunwi grZeli da viwro aqvs. mTliani

sigrZea-73 sm, piris sigane-5 sm [Хоштария, 1941: 67,68]. meore maxvili ufro

pataraa da bolo motexili, danarCeni nawilis sigrZea-50 sm [Хоштария,

1941: 81]. analogiuria sof.lias samarovanze aRmoCenili iaraRic

[wiTlanaZe,1973: 66,67].

axaCCarxus №10 samarxSi aRmoCenil maxvils aqvs brtyeli, ganivkveTSi

oTkuTxa yunwi, sadac ramdenime naxvretia datanili satare garsakravis

dasagebad. saerTo sigrZea-66,2 sm, piris maqsimaluri sigane vadasTan-4,9

sm. maxvili samarxSi ido micvalebulis marcxena mxares da rogorc Cans,

meomarze portupeiT yofila mimagrebuli. es ukanaskneli ki, rogorc

‐ 35 ‐  

wesi, rgolebiT ukavSirdeboda qarqaSs. samarxSi ramodenime aseTi

brinjaos rgoli aRmoCnda.

eqvsi msgavsi artefaqtia napovni sof.webeldis samarxebSi: abgiZraxus

samarovnis ax.w. IV-V s-is №14,№12,13,27 samarxebSi da danarCeni ori

axacaraxus samarovnis №6 da №11 samarxebSi. analogiuri nimuSebi

aRmoCenilia afxazeTis sxva punqtebSic, magaliTad xaSupses, merxeulis

da atarasax.w.III-IV ss-is samarxebSi.

zemoTCamoTvlili iaraRebi samarxSi gvxvdeba abzindebTan da rgolebTan

erTad, romlebic savaraudod maxvilis yawims ganekuTvnebian.

swormxrebiani an daxrilmxrebiani “uvado”maxvilebi didi raodenobiT

gamovlinda cixe-simagre wibiliumis mimdebare samarovnebze:

wibiliumi I-is №15 samarxSi iaraRebidan aRmoCnda maxvili, yuakveriani

culi da ori Subispiri. Aaqve iyo traianes kesariuli draxma da abzinda.

maxvili orlesilia da ganivkveTSi linziseburi. Ppiris kideebi mxolod

boloSi viwrovdeba mkveTrad. mTliani sigrZe-30 sm, sigane-3-4 sm. masalis

mixedviT samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. III s-niT [Воронов,.... 1979: 195. Рис.9 28].

wibiliumi I-is ax.w. IV-V ss-is №13samarxSi iyo maxvili, ori Subispiri,

culi, faris umboni da dana. maxvilis orlesili piriganivkveTSi

linziseburia da bolo mesamedidan iwyebs mkveTr daviwroebas. Bbrtyeli

satare yunwi SuaSigaxvretilia, sadac samanWvle lursmania gayrili.

piris sigrZe 75-80 s, sigane-4 sm, yunwis sigrZe 10 sm [Voronov, 2007: 22. Fig.25

25].

wibiliumi I-is №43 mdidrul samarxSi aRmoCeniliaorlesili satevari da

maxvili, oTkuTxa faris nawilebi [umboni, kidis liTonis garsakravebi

lursmnebiTurT da saxeluri], Subispiri, dana da isrispirebi.

maxvili sakmao mdidrulad aris ornamentirebuli. pirze SemorCenilia

wiTlad SeRebili xis qarqaSi, romelsac kideebze vercxlis kanti

Semouyveba. xis satare garsakravi, vadasTan da TavTan, vercxlis

firfitiTaa Semokruli, xolo maT Soris xis garsakravSi CaWedilia

brtyel Taviani vercxlis lursmani da oqros CarCoSi Casmuli

serdolikis Tvali. qarqaSis zeda nawils amSvenebs vercxlis ori

gveliseburi firfita, romelic xis safuZvelze patara vercxlis

lursmnebiTaa damagrebuli. qarqaSis boloc vercxlis salteSia Casmuli.

‐ 36 ‐  

samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is pirveli naxevriT

[Воронов,...1982: 152.Рис.18 1,1а,1б,1в,1д].

qarqaSis gaformebis analogiuri stili, romelic bizantiurad

iTvleba, aseve aqvT diursos ax.w. V s-is erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenil

maxvils [Kazanski, 2013: 509] da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, ekaJevo 1-is №3

yorRanSi aRmoCenil iaraRs, romelic ax.w. IV s-is boloTi TariRdeba

[Воронин, ...... 2006: Рис.8 2, 9 4].

wibiliumi I-is №50 samarxSi micvalebulis marcxena TeZosTan

dadasturda grZeli maxvili, romlis orlesili piri ganivkveTSi

rombiseburia. piri bolo mesamedSi iwyebs mkveTr daviwroebas. yunwi

brtyelia da Tavisken viwrovdeba, sadac erTi naxvretia manWvliT.

mTliani sigrZe-75 sm [piris-66 sm, yunwis-9 sm], sigane-4-5 sm

[Воронов,....1982:154,155. Рис.20 9].

wibiliumi I-is №82 samarxSi gamovlenili maxvili orpirlesilia da

mxrebidanve TandaTan viwrovdeba. pirs dauyveba Svidi viwro Rari. mxrebi

daqanebulia. brtyeli satare yunwi Tavisken viwrovdeba. savaraudod

maxvilis xis garsakravs ekuTvnoda brinjaos mrgvali Wviruli firfita,

romelic tarisTavad iyo gamoyenebuli. maxvilis mTliani sigrZea-78 sm,

piris sigane-6,5 sm. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. III s-iTa da IV s-is dasawyisiT

[Воронов,....1982: 136. Рис.7 9,13].

wibiliumi I-is №133 samarxSi gamovlinda maxvili da ori Subispiri.

maxvili daSlilia. iaraRis piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia da mokle

daxrili mxrebiT gadadis yunwze, romelsac erTi naxvreti aqvs

datanili. sigrZe pirisa-60 sm. yunwis sigrZe da siganear ikiTxeba. samarxi

III s-is boloTi da IV s-is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba [Voronov, 2007: 38.

Fig.69 9].

wibiliumi I-is №183 samarxs ganekuTvneba Subispiri, webelduri tipis

culi,orlesili maxvili da dana. Mmaxvilis piri daqanebuli mxrebiT

gadadis brtyel satare yunze, romelic TavSi gadatexilia.piris swori

kideebimxolod boloSi viwrovdebamkveTrad. piris sigrZe-60-65 sm, sigane-

6 sm [Voronov, 2007: 42. Fig.83 19].

wibiliumi I-is №229 samarxSi napovnia maxvili, ori Subispiri da dana.

maxvilis orlesili piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia da daqanebuli

‐ 37 ‐  

mxrebiT gadadis brtyel satare yunwze, romelsac TavTan axlos erTi

naxvreti aqvs. piris sigrZe-55 sm, sigane-5-6 sm. yunwis sigrZe-8 sm. mTliani

masala samarxs aTariRebs ax.w. IV-V ss-iT [Voronov, 2007: 55. Fig.107 9].

wibiliumi I-is №236samarxidanmomdinareobs maxvili, ori Subispiri da

dana. maxvilis orlesili piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia daSua

nawilidan iwyebs Tanazomierad daviwroebas. odnavgamoyofili mxrebiT

gadadis brtyel satare yunwze. piris sigrZe-50 sm, sigane-5 sm. yunwis

sigrZe-7 sm. mTliani masala samarxs aTariRebs ax.w. IV-V ss-iT [Voronov,

2007: 56. Fig.109 13].

wibiliumi I-is №248 samarxs ekuTvnismaxvili, webeduri tipis culi, ori

Subispiri da dana. maxvili daSlilia, Tumca SeiZleba misi tipis

gansazRvra. maxvilis orlesili piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia. wveti

bolo mesamedSi iwyebs Tanazomierad daviwroebas. odnav daqanebuli

mxrebiT gadadis brtyel satare yunwze, romelic sworia da

bolomomrvvalebuli. piris sigrZe-60 sm, sigane-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-8-9 sm

da sigane 2 sm. samarxi miekuTvneba ax.w. IV saukunes[Voronov, 2007: 59. Fig.116

24].

wibiliumi I-is №250 samarxSi aRmoCnda maxvili, ori Subispiri da dana.

maxvilis orlesili piris kideebi mxolod bolo mesamedSi iwyebs

daviwroebas. SuaSi gasdevs erTi farTo Rari [Sesabamisad ganivkveTSi

ormagrombiseburia]. yunwi odnav viwrovdeba zemoT, sadac TavTan axlos

erTi naxvretia. piris sigrZe-70 sm, sigane-6 sm. yunwis sigrZe-10 sm.

mTliani masala samarxs aTariRebs ax.w. IV-V ss-iT [Voronov, 2007: 59,60.

Fig.117 11].

wibiliumi I-is №257 samarxSi iaraRebidan dadasturda maxvili da

Subispiri. maxvili naklulia. piris siganea 6 santimetri. samarxi ax.w. IV

s-is meore naxevriTa da V s-is dasawyisiT TariRdeba [Voronov, 2007: 61.

Fig.120 18].

wibiliumi II-is №295-e samarxSi gamovlinda ori dana, ori Subispiri

marcxena mxarTan da rac yvelaze sainteresoa, ori satevari da erTi

maxvili. satevari da maxvili marcxena fexTan, xolo meore satevari

micvalebulis marjvena xelTan iyo moTavsebuli. maxvilis piri boloSia

mkveTrad maxvili, xolo ganivkveTSi linziseburia. piri daxrili

‐ 38 ‐  

mxrebiT gadadis brtyel yunwze, romelic boloSi gaxvretilia. piris

sigrZe-40 sm, sigane-4 sm. am maxvilTan axlos dafiqsirebuli satevris

piric orlesilia da ganivkveTSi linziseburi, Tumca pirvelisagan

gansxvavebiT ufro farTo piri aqvs da Sua nawilidan iwyebs

Tanazomierad wawvetebas. daxrili mxrebiT gadadis yunwze. piris sigrZe-

30 sm, sigane-6-7 sm. meore satevari(skramasaqsi) calpirlesilia da aqvs

savade firfita. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is

dasawyisiT [Voronov, 2007: 69. Fig.138 12-14].

wibiliumi II-is №312-e samarxSi micvalebulis marcxena mxarTan aRmoCnda

ori Subispiri da webelduri tipis culi, marcxena menjisa da qveda

kiduris gaswvriv moTavsebuli iyo maxvili da iqve brinjaos abzinda,

menjis areSi dana. maxvilis orlesili piri boloSia mkveTrad maxvili

da daxrili mxrebiT gadadis brtyel yunwze. SuaSi dauyveba erTi farTo

Rari. yunwze xis taris dasamagreblad gamoyenebuli yofila ori

lursmani. erTi gayrili iyo yunwis qveda nawilze datanil naxvretSi,

meore ki aRmoCnda yunwis TavTan. piris sigrZe-50-60 sm, sigane-5 sm. yunwis

sigrZe-10 sm. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is

dasawyisiT [Voronov, 2007: 72. Fig.145 11].

wibiliumi II-is №349-e samarxSi micvalebulis marjvena mxarTanidoori

Subispiri, xolo marjvena zeda kiduris gaswvriv maxvili da masTan

axlos brinjaos abzinda. aqve iyo aseve oTkuTxa faris naSTebi

umboniTurT. maxvilis piri daxrili mxrebiT gadadis yunwze, romelic

sworia da boloSi momrgvalebuli. pirs SuaSi dauyveba erTi farTo

Rari. sigrZe-50 sm, sigane-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-10 sm. masalis mixedviT,

samarxi unda daTariRdesax.w. IV s-is meore naxevariTa da V s-is

dasawyisiT[Voronov, 2007: 78. Fig.162 12].

wibiliumi II-is №356-e samarxSi micvalebulis marcxena mxarTan

dafiqsirda ori Subispiri, xolo ufro qvemoT maxvili. marjvena mxares

webelduri tipis culi da menjis areSi dana. maxvilis orlesili da

farToRariani piri bolo mesamedidan iwyebs daviwroebas da daxrili

mxrebiT gadadis yunwze, romelic sworia da boloSi momrgvalebuli.

yunwi SuaSi gaxvretilia. piris sigrZe-50-55 sm, sigane-4-5 sm. yunwis

‐ 39 ‐  

sigrZe-10 sm. samarxi TariRdeba IV s-is meore naxevariTa da V s-is

dasawyisiT [Voronov, 2007: 80. Fig.167 15].

wibiliumi II-is №399-e samarxSi micvalebulis marjvena mxarTan

gaiTxaraori Subispiri da webelduri tipis culi, marcxena welis

gaswvriv maxvili da satevari. maxvilis orlesil pirs erTi farTo Rari

dauyvebaSuaSi da boloSia mkveTrad wamaxvilebuli. swori mxrebiT

gadadisbrtyel bolomomrgvalebulyunwze. piris sigrZe-60-65 sm, sigane-5-6

sm. yunwis sigrZe-10 sm. maxvilTan axlos aRmoCnda brinjaos abzinda,

albaT yawimis kuTvnili. satevari(didi dana an satevari) calpirlesilia

[Voronov, 2007: 89. Fig.191 7,8].

wibiliumi II-is №420-e inhumaciur samarxSi gaiTxara ori sxvadasxva

tipis Subispiri, romelic moTavsebuli iyo micvalebulis marjvena

mxarTan, ufro qvemoT webelduri tipis culi, marjvena fexis gaswvriv

orlesili grZeli maxvili, xolo menjis areSi dana da calpirlesili

skramasaqsi. maxvilis orlesil pirs erTi farTo Rari dauyveba

garkveul manZilze, Semdeg ki ganivkveTSi rombiseburia wvetis CaTvliT.

odnavSesamCnevi mxrebi gadadis brtyel yunwze, romelic Tavisken

viwrovdeba. piris sigrZe-65-70 sm, sigane-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-10 sm.

inventari samarxs aTariRebs ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is pirveli

naxevariT [Voronov, 2007: 93. Fig.201 22,23].

wibiliumi X-is №455cxenian samarxSi, ori kremaciuli urnis gareT

gaiTxara yuakveriani da e.w. “webelduri tipis” culi, ori Subispiri

erTi bunikiTurT da maxvili. maxvilis pirs ori paraleruli

Raridauyveba da swori mxrebiT gadadis sakmaod grZel brtyelyunwze,

romelic Tavisken Tanazomierad viwrovdeba. piris sigrZe-30-35 sm, sigane-5

sm. yunwis sigrZe-12 sm. samarxi ax.w. III saukunisaa[Voronov, 2007: 103. Fig.216

13].

analogiuriformis maxvilebi napovnia afxazeTis ufro mogviano xanis

Zeglebzec. magaliTad, piStas borcvze aRmoCenil ax.w. VII s-is

samarxsekuTvnis grZeli orlesili maxvili, romlis viwro piri

vadidanve Tanazomierad viwrovdeba wvetisaken. pirs dauyveba ori farTo

Rari. misi mxrebi sworia da swori kuTxiT gadadis brtyel satare

yunwze, romelic Tavisken viwrovdeba. yunwis bolo nawili gaxvretilia

‐ 40 ‐  

da gayrilia manWvali, romelzec, Tavis mxriv, TasmisaTvis gankuTvnili

rgolia Camokidebuli [rogorc es aqvT ax.w. VII-VIII ss-is avarul da

aRmosavlur egzemplarebs]. piStas artefaqtis zeda nawilze,

mxarTan,SemorCenilialiTonis Sverili [rogorc wesi maxvilebze aseTi

oria, Tumca piStis nimuSs mxolod erTi aqvs], romelic gankuTvnili iyo

qamarze maxvilis cerad dasakidad, rogorc es iyo miRebuli ax.w. VI-VII

ss-is preriis xalxebSi. piStas analogiuri maxvilebi gvxvdeba evraziis

sxvadasxva nawilebSi da TariRdeba ax.w. VI s-is meore naxevriTa da ax.w.

VII-VIII ss-iT. analogiuri iaraRebi aseve napovnia-kiSzomboreSi

(ungreTi), 602-610 ww-is monetebiT; ukrainis teritoriaze, 641-668 ww-is

monetebiT; azerbaijanis, CrdiloeT oseTis teritoriaze da sxva. aseve

cnobilia msgavsi maxvilebis gamosaxuleba panjikentis ax.w. VIII s-is

Zeglze (tajikeTi).VI s-is meore naxevris egzemplarebi SedarebiT

iSviaTia da ZiriTadi masa TariRdeba VII s-iT. piStas artefaqtic am

ukanasknel periods unda miekuTvnos [Воронов,....1979: 68. Рис.1,1а].

apuStas ax.w. III-VI ss-iT daTariRebuli samarovnis №2 samarxSi

aRmoCnda yunwmotexili mokle maxvili. maxvilis piri ganivkveTSi

linziseburia. piris sigrZe-45 sm, maqsimaluri sigane-8 sm [Воронов, ......

1970: 175,176].

Sapkis e.w. Церковныйхолм-is №4 samarxSi, micvalebulis marjvena fexTan

aRmoCnda orpirlesili maxvili. iaraRistarisTavad gamoyenebuli

yofilakristalis mravalwaxnaga qva[Воронов, .... 1973: Рис.4 25].misi

sadazedapiriani piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia da aqvs swori mxrebi.

sigrZe-90 sm, piris sigane-6 sm. aqve iyo brinjaos balTa, albaT

yawimisTvis[Воронов, .... 1973: 176. Рис.4 30]. sxva Tamxlebi masalis mixedviT,

samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. VI s-iT [Воронов, .... 1973: 191].

Sapkis cixe-simagresTan gaTxrili erT-erTi samarovanze, konkretulad ki

Веринхолм-is ax.w. V s-is meore naxevriT daTariRebul№5 samarxSi

napovnia orlesili maxvili, calpirlesili satevari e.w. skramasaqsi, ori

Subispiri da culi. orlesili maxvilis piris kideebi sworia da bolo

mesamedSi iwyebs daviwroebas. SuaSi erTi farTo Rari dauyveba. swori

mxrebiT gadadis brtyel yunwze, romelic Tavisken viwrovdeba. piris

sigrZe-60 sm, sigane-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-10 sm [Воронов,......1990: 28. Рис.23 1,2].

‐ 41 ‐  

sof.azantSi gamovlenil ax.w. V-VI ss-is dangreul samarxs ekuTvnoda

rkinis maxvili da Subispiri. maxvilis orlesili piri sworia da bolo

mesamedSi iwyebs daviwroebas. SuaSi farTo Rari dauyveba. swori mxrebiT

gadadis brtyel yunwze, romelic Tavisken viwrovdeba. piris sigrZe-60 sm,

sigane-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-10 sm [Воронов,......1990: 29. 24 18].

erTi analogiuri maxvili momdinareobs sof.zeda eSeris „webelduri

kulturis“ ramodenime dangreuli samarxis kompleqsebidan[Воронов, 1971:

378].

q.soCidan samxreTiT, macestas samkurnalo wyaroebis axlos aRmoCenil

iqna mdidruli samarxi. samarxeul kompleqss ganekuTvneba doqi, sami

moneta, vercxlis Tasi, minis balzamiri, maxvili da adamianTan erTad

cxenis Zvlebic [Шамба, 1970: 232].daxrilmxrebiani maxvilis orlesili

piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia. satare yunwi brtyelia da Tavisken

viwrovdeba. Sua nawilSi SemorCenilia rkinis lursmani-manWvali, xis an

Zvlis garsakravis dasagebad. maxvilis SemorCenili nawilis mTliani

sigrZea-81,5 sm, xolo piris sigane-4 sm [Шамба, 1970: Рис.1 10].danarCeni

inventari-vercxlis kanfari, monetebi da balzamiri macestas samarxs

aTariRebs araugvianes ax.w. II saukunisa [Шамба, 1970: 237].

apianCas mTis Crdilo-dasavleT ferdobze gaiTxara mdidari samarovani,

romelic Seicavs rogorc gvianantikuri ise adreSuasaukuneebis 25

samarxs.№19 kremaciuli urnis gverdiT gamovlindaSuaSi gadatexili da

wvermotexiliorlesili maxvili. iaraRis piri ganivkveTSi linziseburia.

piris sigrZe daaxloebiT 85 santimetria[Гунба, 1978: 26,27].

grZelyunwiani orlesili maxvili aRmoCnda aseve apianCas №19 inhumaciur

samarxSi. piris ganivkveTi linziseburia. amave samarxSi iyo

calpirlesili satevari[Гунба, 1978: 47]. orive samarxi ax.w. III-V ss-iT

TariRdeba [Гунба, 1978: 49].

gulrifSis raionSi, sof.Saumianovkis ax.w. IV s-is samarxeul

kompleqssekuTvnisdanawevrebuli da cudad Semonaxuliorlesili

maxvili,romelic ganivkveTSi linziseburi unda yofiliyo [Гунба, 1978: 60].

gudauTis raionSi, sof.aCandaraSi SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenil ax.w. III

s-is inhumaciuri samarxi. samarxeul kompleqsSi Sedioda erTi nakluli

maxvili. SemorCenilia piris zeda nawili satare yunwTan erTad. yunwi

‐ 42 ‐  

sakmaod grZelia-16 sm, ganivkveTSi oTkuTxedi. piris maqsimaluri sigane

vadasTan-6 sm. piris zedapiri daRarulia (dauyveba ramdenime viwro Rari),

riTac emsgavseba ax.w. III-IV ss-Si gavrcelebul romaul daRarul

maxvilebs, e.w. spatebs [Гунба, 1978: 62].

md.jimeles xidis dasavleTiT Seswavlilia 18samarxi,№1 samarxSi

micvalebulis fexebTan ido Suaze gatexili maxvili da misi xis

qarqaSis vercxlis garsakravebi. satare yunwi brtyelia da gaxvretili.

iaraRis piri mxrebidanveTanazomierad maxvildeba. saerTo sigrZea 1

metri, piris udidesi sigane mxrebTan 4-5 sm. samarxSi aRmoCenili sxva

masalis mixedviT Zegli ax.w. VI s-is meore naxevriTa da VII s-is pirveli

naxevriT TariRdeba [Воронов, 1982: Рис.13 4 а,б,в].aRniSnuli samarxebidan

msgavsi maxvili aseve aRmoCnda ax.w. IV s-iT daTariRebul №5 samarxSi.

[Воронов, 1982: Рис.15 11].

sof.gerzeulis dangreuli kompleqsebs ganekuTvneba Semdegi

sabrZolo iaraRebi-rkinis erTi maxvili da satevari, xuTi Subispiri,

ori culi da erTi isrispiri.maxvili orlesilia, mTliani sigrZea-71 sm.

satevari ki calpirlesili “skramasaqsebis” tips ganekuTvneba[Воронов,

1980: 82].

sof.xuapis dangreul samarxs ukavSirdeba maxvili da Subispiri. maxvili

orpirlesilia, ganivkveTi kombinirebuli: pirs garkveul manZilze erTi

farTo Rari gazdevs, Semdegi nawiliki wvetis CaTvliT

rombulganivkveTiania. piri Sua nawilidan iwyebs Tanazomierad

wawvetebas. piris sigrZe-54 sm, maqsimaluri sigane 5s. yunwi brtyelia da

Tavisken viwrovdeba. sigrZe-8 sm [Воронов, 1979: 53. Рис.36 27].

sof.xaSupseSi, ax.w. VI s-is meomris samarxSi napovnia orpirlesili

maxvili da calpirlesili satevari, culi da ori Subispiri. maxvilis

piri Sua nawilidanaaTanazomierad wawvetebulida ganivkveTSi

rombiseburia. swori mxrebiTgadadis brtyel yunwze, romelic Tavisken

viwrovdeba. piris sigrZe-50 sm, maqsimaluri sigane-4-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-10

sm [Воронов, 1979: 54,55. Рис.37 29,30].

krasnaia palianasTan gaTxril ax.w. IV s-is samarxSi aRmoCnda

analogiuri formisrkinis orlesili maxvili, romlis tarisTavs

warmoadgenda brolis mravalwaxnagovani qva. samarxSi iyo aseve rkinis

‐ 43 ‐  

sami Subispiri, dana da webelduri tipis culi. micvalebulis fexebTan

ido mooqrovili brinjaos umboni da sxva Zvirfasi nivTebi [Воронов,

1979: 76-78. Рис. 39 1-3].

soCis raionSi, macestaSi, ax.w. III s-is mdidrul samarxSi aRmoCnda

orlesili grZeli maxvili, ganivkveTSi linziseburi. piri swori

mxrebiT gadadis dabrtyelebul saxelurze, romelic Tavisken

viwrovdeba. satare yunwis SuaSi patara lursmania gayrili, taris

dasagebad. piris sigrZe-66 sm, maqsimaluri sigane mxrebTan-5 sm. yunwis

sigrZe-12sm [Воронов, 1979: 76. Рис. 38 1].

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, aRniSnulivariantis ori cali

maxvili gaiTxara qerCSi, ax.w. II s-is samarxebSi da aqve erTi cali

aRmoCnda 1945 wels. aseve 2 calia cnobili tamanis naxevarkunZulze, 1951

wels gaTxrili ax.w. I-II ss-is meoturi samarxebidan. maTi sigrZe

varirebda 75-80 sm-s Soris, piris maksimaluri sigane-4,5 sm. rogorc

zogierT webeldur nimuSebze, aqac tarisTavebad gamoyenebuli iyo

cilindruli formis minis pasta. taris yunwze CamosacmeladmaT hqondaT

naxvreti. v.blavatskis mier fanagoriaSiaRmoCenil ax.w. I-II ss-is

maxvilebsac tarisTavad Savi pastis momrgvalebuli figurebi hqondaT.

analogiuri sami maxvili aseve napovnia krasnodaris mxareSi da

md.farsTan, dasaxleba kolosovkaSi, maikopis mTis axlos, ax.w. I-III ss-is

samarxebSi. am aRmoCenebis avtori,p.ditleri, maT Tvlida yubanispireTis

sarmatizaciis periodis meomris tipiur SeiaraRebad [Трапш, 1971: 143-146].

orpirlesili maxvilebis metalografiuli kvlevis Sedegad [Seswavlili

iqna afxazeTSi aRmoCenili ramdenime egzemplari], dadginda, rom

zogierTi maTgani damzadebulia damaskuri foladisagan.

damaskuri foladis iaraRis upiratesoba Cvevlebriv rkinis nimuSebTan

cnobili faqtia. rogorc Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebi ityobinebian,

romaelebi galebTan brZolaSi SeiaraRebuli iyvnen damaskuri

foladisagan damzadebuli maxvilebiT, maSin rodesac es ukanasknelni

Cvevlebrivi rkinis iaraRiT, amitom brZolis dros galTa maxvilebi

pirvelive dartymisTanave deformacias iRebdnen. kargi xarisxis iaraRi

kargad fasobda da SeeZlo emsaxura ramodenime TaobisaTvis. damaskuri

‐ 44 ‐  

foladis maxvilebi warmoadgenda vaWrobis obieqts da xSirad gahqondaT

iseT qveynebSi, romlebic sakmaod daSorebulni iyvnen maTi warmoebis

centrebisagan. dRes arsebuli monacemebiT, ax.w. III—VI ss-Si damaskuri

foladis maxvilebi jer kidev iSviaTobas warmoadgendnen, xolo VII—VIII

ss-Si maTi gavrcelebis pikia. XI s-dan gaqrobas iwyeben. afxazeTis erT-

erT orlesil maxvilze Catarebulma analizma aCvena, rom misi safuZveli

damzadebulia urTierTmonacvle 6 cali damaskuri foladisa da rkinis

firfitis SeduRabebiT. mikroskopulma dakvirvebam rkinis fenebSi aCvena

wvrili marcvlebi, rac mowmobs Wedvis Zalian maRal doneze. foladis

fenebi damzadebulia maRalnaxSirbadiani foladisagan. SeduRabebuli

fenebi sakmaod Txeli da sufTaa. maxvilis piri mTlianad damaskuri

foladisagan arasodes ar keTdeboda[Бгажба, 1979: 59-61. Рис.41].

afxazeTis teritoriaze damaskuri maxvilebis gavrceleba moulodneli

ar unda iyos, rameTu aq mdebareobda romis da Semdeg bizantiis iseTi

mZlavri samxedro bazebi, rogoricaa sebastopolisi, pitiunti, ziganisi

da sxva, sadac ganlagebuli iyo romauli kohortebi. am garnizonebSi

msaxurobdnen sxvadasxva xelosnebi, maT Soris mesaWurWleebic,

romlebic SesaZlebelia TavianT gamocdilebas gadascemdnen adgilobriv

tomebs. damaskuri maxvilebi adgilobriv kulturul-eTnikur garemoSi

SesaZlebelia moxvedriliyo aseve nadavlis saxiT an gacvlis Sedegad.

damaskuri maxvilebi farTod gamoiyeneboda ax.w. VI s-is sparsul-

bizantiur omebSi, sadac monawileobdnen dasavlur qarTuli tomebic

(lazebi, afsilebi, abazgebi, misimielebi).

gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli

yofila orpirlesili da calpirlesilisatevrebi. pirveli tipi

faqtobrivad imeorebs zemoT aRwerili savade firfitis mqone maxvilebis

formas da mis mokle variants warmoadgens. maxvilis meore tipi,

dasavlur da rusul samecniero literaturaSi xSirad skramasaqsebis

saxeliT ixsenieba da warmoadgens calpirlesil grZel danas, Tumca,

misi piris sigrZe xandaxan maxvilebis sigrZes uaxlovdeba (40-70 sm).

grZeli skramasaqsebi, rogorc Cans, maxvilis funqcias asrulebda da

samarxebSi martoa, maSin roca ufro mokle nimuSebi samarxebSi gvxvdeba

‐ 45 ‐  

orlesil grZel maxvilebTan erTad, e.i am SemTxvevaSi is warmogvidgeba

rogorc damxmare iaraRi, satevari. radganac skramasaqsebi, umravles

SemTxvevebSi, danisa da satevrebis msgavsad iaraRebis kompleqsSi Sedian

rogorc meoradi, damxmare iaraRi, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia misi

satevrebis kategoriaSi mikuTvneba.

gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis orive tipis satevari

ZiriTadadkavkasiis dasavleT nawilSigvxvdeba: dasavleT

saqarTveloSi[afxazeTis e.w. “webelduri kulturis” samarxebSi] da

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis Zeglebze.iberiasada CrdiloeT kavkasiis

alanTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze isini SedarebiT iSviaTia da rogorc

wesi, gvxvdeba e.w. aristokratiul samarxebSi.mTian CeCneTsa da

daRestanSi maTi ricxvi kvlav izrdeba. ganvixiloT orive maTgani.

1-orpirlesili satevrebi.saqarTveloSimaTi arsebobis qronologiuri

CarComoicavs ax.w. II-V saukuneebs.zogierT SemorCenil qarqaSs aqvs oTxi

naxevradwriuli samagri firfita, wyvilad vadasTan da wverTan, rac

erTob damaxasiaTebelia iranuli da sarmatuli iaraRebisaTvis

[Bespalyi,..... 1995: 74, 80].

romauli xanis saqarTvelos arqeologir Zeglebze aRmoCenili

orpirlesili satevrispirebi (armazisxevis ax.w. II s-is asparug

erisTavisa da III s-is bersuma erisTavis samarxebi, dedoflis gora,

kldeeTi, banZis qvevrsamarxi, Cxaris, modinaxes da lias

samarovnebi.afxazeTis Zeglebze: wibiliumis, abgiZraxus samarxebSi da

sxva] metnaklebad erTnairia da emsgavseba rogorc parTul [pirvel

rigSi qarqaSis gaformebiT), ise principatis xanis romauli armiis

satevrispirebis C tips, romlebic bevrad viwroa vidre pirveli ori

variantis(A,B)satevrebi da piris kideebic mas ufro sworxazovani aqvs.

romauli C tipis satevrebisyunwis formac saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli

nimuSebis msgavsia.

aRmosavleT evropaSi aseTi satevrebi kargadaa warmodgenili pontos

regionis sarmatul samarxebSi [Хазанов, 1971:Таб.X,2,3. XI,3,4. XIII,6],

kimeriul bosforSi da yirimis naxevarkunZulze [Веймарн,.... 1993: Рис.79 12].

iSviaTia hunTa samarxebSi. analogiuri nimuSebi gamovlenilia

‐ 46 ‐  

sinqronuli periodis CrdiloeT kavkasiis Zeglebzec [Абрамова,1997:

Рис.739] da azerbaijanSi, mingeCauris qvevrsamarxebSi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenili uadresi nimuSia dedoflis

goris satevari.dedoflis goris satevaris piri viwro da grZelia,

bolosken wawvetebuli. taris dasamagrebeli yunwi pirTan erTadaa

gamoWedili da oTxwaxnaga ganivkveTiania (yunwis bolo motexilia).

vadasTan SemoWedili aqvs rkinis salte, romelsac organuli

nivTierebisagan (xe, rqa) damzadebuli tari unda dayrdnoboda.

ax.w. II-III ss-is armazisxevis erisTavTa pirvel samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis

satevari da misi qarqaSis oqroTi moTvaluli garsakravi [mcxeTa I. 1955:

22]. satevars vadaze zednaWedi, gamoSverili mxrebi aqvs. satevris sigrZea

23 sm, vadasTan sigane-4,0 sm, sisqe-0,4 sm. vadasTan SerCenili Zvlis

naSTebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom tari Zvlisa hqonia. xis qarqaSi oqros

firfitebiT iyo moWedili da mis 12 TvalbudeSi wiTeli minis Tvalebi

iyo Casmuli [mcxeTa I. 1955: 28,29].

Jinvalis №525-e samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis orpirlesili satevari,

rkinisave vadiT. satevars zedapirze SemorCenili hqonda xis qarqaSis

nawili. piri Tanabari siganisaa 2/3-ze, xolo Semdeg ki mkveTrad

viwrovdeba da qmnis maxvil wvers. sigrZe tarianad-41 sm, piris sigrZe-32

sm, sigane vadasTan-7 sm. danarCeni igive formis oTxi satevridan erTi

warCinebuli mxedris ax.w. II s-iT daTariRebul №277-e yorekedlian

samarxSi aRmoCnda, ori cali ax.w. III s-is №110-e da №587-e samarxebSi da

bolo meoTxe egzemplari iyo ax.w. IV s-is pirveli naxevris №15-e

ormosamarxSi[CixlaZe, 1999: 68,69].

Jinvalis samarovanze mopovebuli saomari iaraRis specialuri

metalografiuli kvleva Caatara akc-s laboratoriam g.inaniSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT: gamoyenebulia ZiriTadad saSualo da

maRalnaxSirbadiani foladi. dafiqsirda ramodenime SemTxveva, rodesac

nivTis fxamaxvilobisa da simtkicis gazrdis mizniT gamoyenebulia

cementaciis procesi. gansakutrebiT aRsaniSnavia yorekedliani

samarxebis inventari. maTze modis maRali xarisxis da optimaluri

meqanikuri Tvisebebis mqone iaraRis didi nawili [CixlaZe, 1999: 69,70].

‐ 47 ‐  

diRmis №1samarxSi, maxvilTan erTad iyo nakluli rkinis

satevari,romelic Camohgavs armazisxevisa da

kldeeTisegzemplarebs[nikolaiSvili, 1978: 99].

modinaxes gvianantikuri xanis samarovani mdidaria sabrZolo iaraRebiT.

mamakacebs Catanebuli aqvT foladis orlesili satevrebi, masraSekruli

Subispirebi, odnavmoxrili rkinis danebi da isris pirebi[nadiraZe, 1975:

58. tab.XX].aqSeswavlili iqna gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis 80

samarxi, sadac aRmoCnda 10 satevari. isini,rogorc wesi,micvalebulis

marjvena barZayis ZvalTan fiqsirdebodnen. ori egzemplari Zlier

deformirebuli da daSlilia, xolo danarCeni rva erT tips

ganekuTvneba. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia orlesili piri, romelic

vadidanve iwyebs Tanabrad daviwroebas wvetisaken. ganivkveTSi

rombiseburia. piris ganier mxrebze damagrebulia savade firfita,

romelic odnav scdeba mxrebs. firfita gegmaSi [zemo xedidan] ovaluri

an rombiseburia, SuaSi naxvretiT, romliTac xdeboda misi yunwze

Camocma da mxrebTan fiqsacia. satevrebis yunwi brtyelia da Tavisken

odnav viwrovdeba. satevrebis sigrZe meryeobs 19-34 sm-s Soris. piris

maqsimaluri siganea mxrebTan 5-6 sm. yunwis sigrZe 6-7 sm.zogierTi

egzemplaris yunwze Zvlis firfitebia SemorCenili, romlebic Zvlis

satares unda miekuTvnebodes.zogierTis pirze SeimCneva xis kvali, rac

mianiSnebs xisqarqaSze [bragvaZe, 2002: 93. sur.44, 94. sur.48, 95. sur.85,

96. sur.96, 99. sur.173, 100. sur.193, 94. sur.62].

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aqve ax.w. IV s-iT daTariRebul erT-erT

samarxSi nanaxi oqroTi gawyobili daSlili satevari. vadasTan oqros

deformirebuli salte aqvs Semokruli. yunws, romelzedac xis taris

anabeWdebi SeiniSneba, oqros bude aqvs. satevris wverTan ido oqros

brtyelZiriani qarqaSis bude[nadiraZe, 1975: 57. tab.X,L3].

modinaxes analogiuri satevrebi aRmoCnda rganis samarovnis

gvianantikuri xanis ramodenime samarxSi [bragvaZe, 2000: 107-151].

msgavsisami satevari Seswavlilia Cxaris samarovanze.#14

samarxSimicvalebuls marcxena fexze mibmuli hqonda satevari. mas

kargad gamokveTili piri, qedi da satare aqvs. sigrZe-25 sm, piris sigane-4

sm, taris sigrZe-5 sm [bragvaZe, 1997: 14].#4 samarxs ekuTvnisori nakluli

‐ 48 ‐  

satevari [bragvaZe, 1997: 9,10]. CxarSi mikvleuli samive satevari TiTqmis

erTnairi formisaa: farTo, wverisken Tanazomierad Seviwroebuli

orlesili tani da viwro satare yunwi [bragvaZe, 1997: 30].

abgiZraxus samarovnis ax.w. IV s-is№44 samarxSiaRmoCnda satevari.

misiorlesili piri Tanabrad viwrovdeba wverisaken,ganivkveTSi brtyel-

ovaluria da zedapirs xis qarqaSis nakvalevi etyoba. satevaris yunwze

SemorCeniliarombiseburi Tavis mqone patara lursmnebi. xis tari

Semokruli yofila vercxlis garsakraviT.es artefaqti Tavisi formiTa

da taris konstruqciiT axlos dgas gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

wiTeliSuquras samarovanze 1958 wels aRmoCenil rkinis satevarTan

[Трапш, 1971: 143-146].

wibiliumi I-is №39 mdidrul samarxSi dadasturda oTkuTxa faris

garsakravebi, oTxi samfrTiani isrispiri, namgliseburi dana da

orlesili satevari. am ukanasknelze SemorCenilia qarqaSis vercxlis

garsakravi, oTxi SveriliTmxrisa da wveris adgilas.am detalebiT is

waagavs №43 samarxSi aRmoCenili satevris qarqaSs (ixileT qvemoT).

qarqaSis wyvili Sverilebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba brtyeli vercxlisave

firfitebiT, romelTagan qvedaze wertilovani ornamentebia datanili da

safasado mxares naxevarwriuli ornamentebia amokawruli. satevars aqvs

gegmaSi linziseburi formis savade firfita, aseve linziseburi formis

WriliT SuaSi, romliTac igi yunwzeaCamocmulida dafiqsirebuli piris

mxrebTan. yunwi odnav viwrovdeba Tavisken da ganivkveTSi linziseburia.

satevris orlesili piri mxrebidanve Tanazomierad viwrovdeba da

ganivkveTSi linziseburia. piris sigrZe-25-30 sm, sigane-6 sm, vadis sigrZe-7

sm. yunwis sigrZe-6 sm, maqsimaluri sigane vadasTan-3 sm. satevars

ekuTvnoda yawimis ori brinjaos abzinda. sxva danarCeni inventaris

mixedviT samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. V s-iT da VI s-is pirveli naxevriT

[Воронов,...1982: 154.Рис.19 9,27,28].

wibiliumi I-is №43 mdidrul samarxSi gamovlenilsatevris yunwze

SemorCenilia xis satare garsakravi da gvirgviniseburi vercxlis

tarisTavi, Tvlebis Casasmeli budeebiT. vercxlis savade firfita,

safasade mxares, inkrustirebulia (or rigad)minis wiTeli da mwvane

‐ 49 ‐  

TvlebiT. xis qarqaSis wveti Casmulia vercxlis CarCoSi. qarqaSis orive

mxares, vadasTan da wverTan, vercxlis or-ori Sverilebia(zemoT

oTkuTxa, qvemoT naxevarwriuli). iaraRTan axlos misi yawimis detalebia

napovni: erTi vercxlisa da ori brinjaos abzindebi [Воронов,....1982: 1952.

Рис.18 3. 19. 1].

wibiliumi I-is №76 samarxSi micvalebulis marcxena mxarTan ido

webelduri tipis culi, marjvena mxarTan ori Subispiri da rkinis

umboni. micvalebulis marjvniv dafiqsirda satevari damasTan

dakavSirebulivercxlis, brinjaosa da rkinis abzindebi. menjis

midamoebSi dana da karakalas kesariuli vercxlis didraqma. satevris

orlesili piri bolo mesamedSi iwyebs wawvetebas da ganivkveTSi

linziseburia. mxrebi sworia da odnav scdeba satare yunws. samkuTxedis

formis brtyel yunwze erTi naxvreti datanili. piris sigrZe-30 s, sigane-

4 sm. yunwis sigrZe-6 sm. kompleqsi ganekuTvneba ax .w IV

saukunes[Воронов,....1982: 140. Рис.11 17].

wibiliumi I-is №102samarxis sabrZolo iaraRebi warmodgenilia erTi

satevariTada SubispiriT. satevris piri naklulia da dauyveba ori Rari.

mxrebi sworia, yunwi bolosken viwrovdeba. samarxeuli

masalaZeglsaTariRebs ax.w. III s-iT[Voronov, 2007: 31. Fig.60 26].

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi analogiuriiaraRi napovnia diursos, sapinos,

bJidis, jamagatisa daxaraCois ax.w. V-VI ss-is samarxebSi. Crdilo-

dasavleT kavkasiisaTvis tradiciulia mxrebTan erTi an ori Wrilis

mqone orpirlesili satevrebi [Казанский, 2012: 332]. gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa brutis samarovanze (CrdiloeT oseTi) aRmoCenili

egzemplari, romlis qarqaSis savade nawilze da wverTan SemorCenilia П-

s magvari liTonis firfita. gaformebis aseTi stili damaxasiaTebelia

aseve dnestrispireTis hunTa samarxebSi aRmoCenili nimuSebisaTvis

[Казанский, 2012: 332. Рис.1 1]. amave samarovnze aRmoCenil meore satevris

qarqaSs oTxi naxevradwriuli Sverilihqonda, romelic parTul-

sasanidur stilad aris miCneuli [Казанский, 2012: 332. Рис.1 2]. sruliad

gansxvavebuli gaformeba aqvs zaragaJis (yabardino-balyareTi) ax.w. V s-

is samarxSi aRmoCenil egzemplars: misi qarqaSis wveris nawili

‐ 50 ‐  

Semosilia qercliseburi da zoomorfuli dekoriT [Казанский, 2012: 332.

Рис.1 3]. analogiuri dekoracia aqvs frankebis mefis, xilderikis

satevars. gaformebis aRniSnul wess xmelTaSuazRvispiruli (bizantiuri

an dasavlur romauli) warmomavloba unda hqondes.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, wibilium I-is ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is

pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul or samarxSi (№39,43)aRmoCenilia

orpirlesili satevrebi, romelTa qarqaSebs liTonis oTxi Sverilebi

aqvT, savaraudod iaraRis fexze dasamagreblad. analogiuri qarqaSis

mqone satevrebi kargad aris cnobili aRmosavleTisaTvis, rogorc

arqeologiuri monapovrebiT ise ikonografiuladac. yvelaze uadresi

egzemplari dadasturebulia altais regionSi (cimbiris mxare), romelic

TariRdeba Zv.w. III-II ss-iT [Кубарев, 1981: 44-47]. ufro mogviano periodisaa

samxreT cimbirSi aRmoCenili iaraRebi, romlebic ax.w. I-VI ss-s

ganekuTvneba [Вадецкая,1987: 69,70.Рис.1]. rogorc Cans, momTabareTa

gadaadgilebis paralerulad, oTxSverilebiani qarqaSis mqone satevrebi

Suaaziidan, e.w “didi stepebis” gavliT, vrceldebian dasavleTisken.

isini aseve gvxvdeba rogorc maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, ise CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTSi. oTxSverilebiani satevrebia gamosaxuli buxaris

oazisis (uzbekeTi) momTabare mmarTvelebis monetebze. msgavsi

egzemplarebi nanaxia CrdiloeT avRaneTSi, tillia-tepes e.w. “mefeTa

samarxebis” №2-e samarxSi[Сарианиди, 1989: Рис.3 3]. analogiuri gaformebis

mqone satevrebi aRmoCenilia sarmatTa samarxebSi, dRevandeli ruseTis

teritoriaze: rostov-na-donus Zv.w. I s-isa da ax.w. I s-is mijnis erT-erT

yorRanSi, aseve e.w. qveda volgis mxaris erT-erT “samefo samarxSi” da

sarmati beladis samarxSi azovis zRvasTan, sof.daCiSi [Казанский, 2011:

146]. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es ukanaskneli sarmatuli samarxebi

ekuTvnoda Sua aziidan gamosul alanebs, romlebic im dros

akontrolebdnen donis mxaris stepebs [Казанский, 2011: 146]. ukiduresi

dasavleTis sazRvari, sadac dafiqsirda aRniSnuli iaraRi (ax.w. I s),

dnestrispireTia[Симоненко,.... 1991: 215-220].

rogorc Cans, Sua aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, iseve rogorc

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, oTxi firfitis mqone satevrebi

‐ 51 ‐  

aristokratiuli kulturis erT-erTi elementi xdeba da es exeba rogorc

momTabare xalxebs, ise elinizirebul saxelmwifoebs. isini gamosaxulia

antioqi I-is Zv.w. I s-isstelaze[Кубарев,1981: 50. Рис.9 6] da q.palmiras ax.w.

III s-is reliefebze, sadac erT-erT gamosaxulebaze satevari meomris

marjvena barZayze damagrebuli. aqve dadasturebulia erTdroulad ori

satevris tareba, orive fexze.

oTxSverilebiani satevrebis gamosaxuleba xSirad gvxvdeba sasanidur

vercxlis WurWelze. magaliTad, aseTia Sapur II-is (309-379 ww) nadirobis

scena vercxlis langarze, Sapur III-is (383-388 ww) onagrze nadirobis

scena vercxlis langarze, Sapur III-is leopardze nadirobis

gamosaxuleba da iezdigerd I-is (399-421 ww) iremze nadiroba [Казанский,

2011: 147. Рис.4 4,5]. unda aRiniSnos, rom drois mixedviT, sasaniduri

gamosaxulebebi yvelaze axlos dgas webeldur aRmoCenebTan.

zemoT aRwerili satevrebi, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe, swored

sasaniduri aristokratiuli modis gavleniT vrceldeba somxeTis

teritoriaze [Тирациян, 1960: 475,476], iberia-kolxeTSi da CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi. analogiuri formebi kimeriul bosforSi ukve sarmatuli

gavleniT vrceldeba. erTi aseTi egzemplari damowmebulia qerCSi, meore

ki bosforis antikur qalaq gorgipiaSi, romelic ax.w. II-III ss-iT

TariRdeba. pontos da stepisufro mogvino xanis Zeglebze isini ukve ar

gvxvdeba,Sesabamisad, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan isini afxazeTSi ver

moxvdeboda ax.w. IV s-is bolosa da V s-is pirvel naxevarSi [Казанский,

2011: 147].

webelduri artefaqtebis aRmosavlur, iranul warmomavlobaze kidev

erTi detali mianiSnebs: esaa satevris gumbaTiseburi tarisTavi,

romelic damaxasiaTebelia iranuli warmoSobis aRmosavluri

maxvilebisaTvis [Засецкая,.......2007: 139].am TvalsazrisiT webeldurTan

axlos dgas samxreT cimbirSi, tugozvonovaSi da qerCSi, gliniSes

samarxSi aRmoCenili “iranuli” maxvilebi. maTi prototipebi cnobilia

axlo aRmosavleTidan, sadac isini gamosaxulia palmiris bareliefebze

[Казанский, 2011: 147].

2. e.w. skramasaqsebi.skramasqsi calpirlesili saCex-saZgeri iaraRia,

romlis maqsimaluri sigrZe ar aRemateba 72 sm-s. rusul da evropul

‐ 52 ‐  

samecniero literaturaSi, analogiuri iaraRi “skramasaqsis” terminiT

aRiniSneba. rig SemTxvevebSi, mas moixsenieben rogorc “didi danis” an

calpirlesili maxvilis mniSvnelobiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi is aRiniSneba

rogorc satevari an maxvili, sigrZis mixedviT.umetes

SemTxvevebSimaTTvis damaxasiaTebelia bolomde swori qveda basri piri,

xolo blagvi zurgi wvetTan odnav ixreba, basri piris

mimarTulebiT[tab.XII,1].rig SemTxvevebSi piriqiTaa [tab.XII,2].xSirad maT

aqvT liTonis savade firfita.zogirT nimuSs pirze (zurgTan axlos)

erTi an ori Rari dauyveba da SemorCenili aqvs qarqaSis vercxlis

garsakravebi.skramasaqsiZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda rogorc damxmare

iaraRi, romelsac meomrebi grZel maxvilTan erTadatarebdnen(samarxebSi,

maT Soris afxazeTis samarxebSic, rogorc wesi, calpirlesili mokle

satevrebi orpirlesil maxvilebTan an sxva iaraRebTan erTad gvxvdeba).

aRniSnuli iaraRebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cndeba ax.w. IV s-is meore

naxevridan da savaraudod sparsuli an bizantiuri warmomavloba aqvT.

isini ZiriTadad gvxvdeba afxazeTSi: sof.webeldisa [Воронов,.... 1971: 100-104.

Рис.41]da wibiliumis kompleqsebis garda [Воронов,...1982: Рис.4 14-21,23. 16 6,28. 20

9. 21 8]skramasaqsebi gamovlenilia Tanamedrove afxazeTis sxva Zeglebzec,

rogoricaa Sapkis samarovnebi-Церковный холм-4, Юстинианов холм [Воронов, ....

1973: Рис.5 25. 6 20, 7.22. 11 17],aseve abgiZraxus [Трапш, 1971:Рис.7 8], axaCCarxus

[Шамба, 1970: Рис.15 17], apianCas[Гунба, 1978: Рис.29 4], merxeulisa da

gerzeulis samarxebi [Воронов, 1980:Рис.4 19. 9 2], ufro dasavleTiT ki,

abazgebisa da sanigebis gansaxlebis terioriaze-anuxvisa da xaSupses

kompleqsebSi [Воронов, 1979: Рис.37 29. 51 22]. ganvixiloT ufro

detalurad:

axaCCarxus ax.w. IV-V ss-iT daTariRebul №43 samarxSi

aRmoCndajvarisebri vadis mqone calpirlesili iaraRi. garsakravis

dasagebadsaxeluris yunws gamWoli naxvretebihqonda. maxvili

moTavsebuli iyo micvalebulis marjvniv ise, rom saxeluri iyo

micvalebulis welis doneze. damzadebulia erTi mTliani rkinis

firfitisagan. artefaqtis saerTo sigrZea 58 sm, piris maqsimaluri

sigane-3,5 sm, zurgis maqsimaluri sisqe-8 mm.

‐ 53 ‐  

SemorCenili xisa da brinjaos firfitebi niSnavs, rom iaraRs gaaCnda

xis qarqaSi, romelic zemodan tyaviT iyo Semokruli da Semdeg brinjaos

firfitebiT SemoWedili [Шамба, 1970: 39,40].

sworzurgiani, calpirlesili maxvili aRmoCnda abgiZraxus samarovnis

№47 samarxSi. sxva Tanmxlebi masalebis mixedviT [B-formis abzinda,

konusuri minis WurWeli, Zabriseburi yelis mqone erTyuriani da

oryuriani doqebi] samarxi TariRdeba araugvianes ax.w.V-e saukunisa

[Трапш, 1971: 143-146].

sof.webeldaSi gaiTxara ax.w. VI-VII ss-is erTi samarxi. micvalebulis

menjis marcxena mxares ido calpirlesili maxvili.Mmaxvils piris

kideebze, wversa da vadaze Semouyveboda vercxlis salte. amave samarxSi

iyo erTi Subispiri, webelduri tipis culi da calpirlesili

sworgzurgiani ori dana [Воронов,.... 1971: 100-104. Рис.41].

wibiliumi I-is №50 samarxSi gamovlinda orpirlesili da calpirlesili

maxvili, sami Subispiri da dana. calpirlesil nimuSsgaaCnda savade

firfita. misi piris zurgi bolomde swori iyo, xolo basri piri ki

boloSi ixreboda. mTliani sigrZe-44 sm, piris sigane-4 sm. misi

erTnaxvretiani brtyeli yunwi, Tavisken odav viwrovdeboda. aqve iyo

saqamre da sayawime balTebi [Воронов,....1982:154,155. Рис.20 10].

wibiliumi I-is №58 samarxis inventari Sedgeboda calpirlesili

satevaris, ori Subispiris, webelduri tipis culis, isrispirebisa da

danisagan. satevaris qveda basri piri sworia, maSin roca blagvi zurgi

wvetisken ixreba, rac „skramasaqsebs“ mogvagonebs. yunwi brtyelia, erTi

naxvretiT. piris sigrZe-34 sm, sigane-4 sm [Воронов,....1982: 156,157. Рис.21 8].

wibiliumi I-is №171samarxs ekuTvnodasatevari, Subispiri, konusuri

buniki, webelduri tipis culi da dana. satevars hqondabolomde swori

zurgi dawvetisken moxrili basri qveda piri.iaraRs gaaCnda savade

firfita daboloSi momrgvalebulibrtyeliyunwi, romelzec brinjaos

salte iyo Semokruli. piris sigrZe-30 sm, sigane-6 sm. vadis sigrZe-7-8 sm.

samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is pirveli naxevriT

[Voronov 2007: 45. Fig.85 9].

‐ 54 ‐  

wibiliumi II-is №295 samarxi gamoirCeoda sabrZolo iaraRebis siuxviT.

micvalebulis menjis areSi dafiqsirda ori dana, marcxena mxarTan ori

Subispiri, qvemoT marcxena fexTan satevari da maxvili, xolo meore

satevari marjvena xelTan iyo moTavsebuli. maxvili da misi Tanmxlebi

satevari iyo orpirlesili(maTze zemoT gvqonda saubari), xolo meore

satevari calpirlesili. am ukanasknelis savade firfita gegmaSi

linziseburia, SuaSi grZeli sworkuTxa WriliT. piris sigrZe-30 sm,

sigane-5 sm. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is dasawyisiT

[Voronov 2007: 69. Fig.138 12-14].

wibiliumi II-is №295-e samarxSi iyo calpirlesili satevari da dana.

maxvilis basri piri bolomde sworia, blagvi zurgi boloSiwvetisken

mkveTrad ixreba. yinwi brtyelia da dazianebuli. piris sigrZe-30 sm,

sigane-5 sm. samarxi ganekuTvneba ax.w. VI-VII ss-s [Voronov 2007: 71. Fig.142 6].

wibiliumi II-is №362 samarxSi micvalebulis marjvena mxarTan gaiTxara

ori sxvadasxva tipis Subispiri, ufro qvemoT ki webelduri tipis culi,

ori dana menjis areSi da skramasaqsis tipis iaraRi marcxena gverdis

gaswvriv. esukanaskneli calpirlesilia, basri piri da zurgi sworad

miemarTeba da boloSi viwrovdeba-zurgis mxare ufro mkveTrad vidre

basri piri. gaaCnia savade firfita. yunwze SenarCunebulia xis satare

garsakravi. wverTan dafiqsirda vercxlis naxevarwriuli salte da ufro

qvemoT samnaxvretiani firfita, romliTac meomarsiaraRi qamarze an

yawimzeekida. piris sigrZe-40 sm, sigane-4-5 sm. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV

s-is boloTi da V s-is dasawyisiT [Voronov 2007: 81. Fig.169 2].

wibiliumi II-is №383samarxSi kremaciuli urnis gareT aRmoCnda

Subispiri, webelduri tipis culi, 8 isrispiri, ori dana da

calpirlesili satevari,romlis basri piri da blagvi zurgi bolo

mesamedSi erTdroulad viwrovdeba. iaraRs aqvs savade firfita, romelic

odnav scdeba piris siganes. brtyeli yunwi Tavisken viwrovdeba da erTi

naxvretia datanili. piris sigrZe-30 sm, sigane-4-5 sm. savade firfitis

sigrZe-5-6 sm, yunwisa-5 6 sm. samarxi ganekuTvneba ax.w. IV s-is bolosa da

V s-is pirvel naxevars [Voronov 2007: 86. Fig.181 6].

‐ 55 ‐  

wibiliumi II-is №399 samarxSi micvalebulismarjvena mxarTan ori

Subispiri da webelduri tipis culi iyo moTavsebuli. marcxena welis

gaswvriv ki orlesili maxvili da skramasaqsi.skramasaqsisbasri mxare

bolomde sworia, zurgi bolosken ixreba. iaraRs aqvs savade firfita.

brtyeli yunwi Tavisken odnav viwrovdeba. piris sigrZe-30 sm, sigane-4-5

sm. savade firfitis sigrZe-5-6 sm. yunwis sigrZe-6 sm. inventari samarxs

aTariRebs ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is pirveli naxevariT [Voronov

2007: 89. Fig.191 7,8].

wibiliumi II-is №419 inhumaciur samarxSi micvalebulis marjvena mxarTan

gaiTxara ori Subispiri da webelduri tipis culi, ori dana menjis

areSi da skramasaqsi menjisa da qveda kiduris gaswvriv, marcxena mxares.

piris sigrZe-25-30 sm, sigane-4-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-6 sm. samarxeuli

inventari samarxs aTariRebs ax.w. IV s-is meore naxevriTa da V s-is

dasawyisiT [Voronov 2007: 93. Fig.200 11].

wibiliumi II-is №420 inhumaciur samarxSi aRmoCnda ori sxvadasxva tipis

Subispiri, webelduri tipis culi, orlesili grZeli maxvili, dana da

calpirlesilisatevari. misi basri piri da blagvi zurgic boloSi

viwrovdeba. savade firfita odnav scdeba piris siganes. brtyeli yunwi

SuaSi gaxvretilia. piris sigrZe-20-25 sm, sigane-4-5 sm. yunwis sigrZe-7-8

sm. inventari samarxs aTariRebs ax.w. IV s-is boloTi da V s-is pirveli

naxevriT [Voronov 2007: 93. Fig.201 22,23].

wibiliumi II-is №3 samarxSi Seswavlilia ori Subispiri,webelduri tipis

culi,rkinis ramdenime isrispiri da satevari. satevris calpirlesili

piri ganivkveTSi samkuTxaa. basri mxare wvetisken ufro mkveTrad ixreba

vidre zurgi. maxvils aqvs savade firfita, romelic cdeba piris siganes.

satare yunwi brtyelia da bolomotexili. piris sigrZe-25 sm, sigane-4 sm.

vadis sigrZe-6 sm. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is bolo da V s-is

pirveli naxevriT[Воронов,....1982: 148. Рис.16 6].

wibiliumi II-is №8samarxSi micvalebulis marjvena mxarTan ewyo ori

Subispiri, xolo marcxena welis gaswvriv calpirlesili satevari da

dana. aRniSnul satevars, zemoT moyvanili №3-e samarxis nimuSisagan

gansxvavebiT, basri piri ufro swori aqvs, zurgi ki bolosken ufro

‐ 56 ‐  

ixreba. misi savade firfitacdeba piris siganes. satare yunwi brtyelia

da TavTan gaxvretili. piris sigrZe-25 sm, sigane-4 sm. vadis sigrZe-6 sm.

samarxi ax.w. IV s-is bolosa da V s-is pirvel naxevars ekuTvnis

[Воронов,....1982: 148. Рис.16 28].

calpirlesili maxvili nanaxiaЦерковный Холм-is №6 samarxSic. piri

boloSi Tanabradaa wawvetebuli. taris dasagebi yunwi brtyelia da

bolosken viwrovdeba. savade firfitagegmaSi linziseburia. mTliani

sigrZea 70 sm, piris sigane mxrebTan-5 sm [Воронов, .... 1973: 176. Рис.6 20].

analogiuri artefaqtiaRmoCndaЦерковный Холм-is №7 samarxSi, aqve iyo

qarqaSis vercxlis garsakravebi [Воронов, .... 1973: 176. Рис.7 22].

Церковный Холм-is №5 samarxSi“skramasaqsi” dafiqsirda micvalebulis

marcxena fexTan. taris dasagebi yunwi brtyelia dagaxvretili. piris

sigrZea-50 sm, maqsimaluri sigane-5 sm [Воронов, .... 1973: 176. Рис.5 27,26].

zemoT CamoTvlili ЦерковныйХолм-is yvela samarxi, Tamxlebi masalis

mixedviT, TariRdeba ax.w. VI s-iT [Воронов, .... 1973: 191].

Sapkis saojaxo samarovanis (“Юстиниановхолм”)№2 samarxSi

napovnimaxvilic calpirlesilia. iaraRis pirs aqvs bolomde swori

zurgi, xolo misi qveda alesili mxare boloSi wverTan ixreba. piri

sada zedapiriania da ganivkveTSi, rogorc yvela aseT maxvils,

wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis forma aqvs. brtyeli yunwi Tavisken

viwrovdeba. piris sigrZe-60 sm, sigane-5 sm. samarxSi arsebuli brinjaos

detalebi savaraudod qarqaSs ekuTvnoda. samarxi ganekuTvneba ax.w. VII s-

is dasawyiss [Воронов, .... 1973: 182. Рис.11 17,7,9,12-14].

Aanalogiuri satevari aRmoCnda Sapkis cixe-simagresTan gaTxrili kidev

erT samarovanze, kerZod ki,“Верин холм”-is ax.w. V s-is №5

samarxSi[Воронов,......1990: 28. Рис.23 1,2].

aRniSnul tips ekuTvnisapianCas ax.w.Vs-is№19samarxSi [Гунба, 1978:

49],sof.gerzeulSi[Воронов, 1980: 132]da sof.xaSupseSi SemTxveviT

aRmoCenili egzemplarebic [Воронов, 1979: 54,55. Рис.37 29,30].

afxazeTis gardaamierkavkasiaSi calpirlesili satevrebi aRmoCenilia

azerbaijanSi, xinislis naqalaqaris ax.w. V s-is fenaSi[Халилов, 1962: Рис.6

7].

‐ 57 ‐  

skramasaqsebi warmodgenilia aseve CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTisa

[Дмитриев, 2003: Таб.82 29]da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis Tanadroul

Zeglebze[Минаева, 1971: Рис.35 4,5. Абрамова, 1997: Рис.73 10].

calpirlesili satevari napovnia bujakis regionSi(ukraina, md.dnestrisa

da dunais Soris)[Засецкая, 1993: 34. Рис.46 18]. analogiuri iaraRi cnobilia

amave regionis Sipovos №3 samarxidan, romelic ax.w. V s-is boloTi

TariRdeba [Засецкая, 1993: 34. Рис.41 1].ruseTis teritoriaze nanaxia

dobrinkis, zavxoz kalininasa da pokrovskis [soflebi ruseTis ukidures

dasavleTSi] hunTa samarxebSi[Засецкая, 1993: 33]. skramasaqsebi

dadasturebulia centralur evropaSic, ax.w. V s-is germanelTa da hunTa

samarxebSi. ax.w. V s-is Sua xanebidan skramasaqsebis farTo gavrceleba

iwyeba dasavleT evropaSi[Казанский, 2012: 111,112].

rogorc afxazeTis, ise evropuli nimuSebi SeiZleba momdinareobdnen

bizantiidan an sasaniduri iranidan, radganac analogiuri nimuSebi

aRmoCenilia mcire aziis da qveda dunais bizantiuri limesisi cixe-

simagreebSi: iartus-krivinaSi da babadagSi. aseve bulgareTis

teritoriaze, koSarevos #1 samarxSi [Даскалов, Трендафилова,2003: 149-151].

bizantiur da aRmosavlur gavlenaze metyvelebs evropis adreuli

skramasaqsebis dekoric. magaliTad, frankTa mefis xilderikis (ax.w.V s-is

meore naxevari)skramasaqsis qarqaSis dekori, inkrustaciis stili, mis

xmelTaSuazRvispirul (bizantiur an ravenul) warmomavlobaze

miuTiTebs. Г-s magvari gamonaSveri dasavleT evropis adreuli

skramasaqsebis qarqaSze(magaliTad eSbornisa da igive xilderikis

iaraRze) paralelebs poulobs dunaisa da aRmosavleTis nimuSebTan,

aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da afxazeTis analogiur artefaqtebTan.

romaul samxedro saqmeSi cnobilia sxva aRmosavluri tradiciebic,

magaliTad, qamarze iaraRis tarebis “sparsuli” wesi, romelic

gulisxmobda maxvilis qamarze dakidebas. misi naxva SeiZleba stilixonis

diptixze da turinis anonimuri imperatoris statuetze [Kazanski, 1991: 133.

Fig.1 18-22]. qamarze iaraRis dakidebis aRniSnuli forma kargad iyo

cnobili maxlobel aRmosavleTSi-siriasa da sasanidur iranSi [Kazanski,

‐ 58 ‐  

1991: 133. Fig.1 18-22], maSin roca romis imperiaSi, rogorc wesi, maxvils

atarebdnen mxrebze gadacmuli yawimiT [Kazanski, 1991: 133. Fig.1 10-15].

dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, iseve rogorc bizantiisa da misi

mokavSireebis teritoriebze (maT Soris afxazeTSi), samarxebSi

skramasaqsebs Tan axlavs qamris morTuloba. EbalkaneTis, CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTisa da afxazeTis samarxebSi gvxvdeba ovalur CarCoiani

abzindebi, abzindis ovaluri an sworkuTxa firfitebi. dasavleT

evropaSi, merovinguli periodis dasawyisis samarxebSi, skramasaqsebs Tan

axlavs ovalurian RviZliseburi formis abzindebi. rogorc Cans, saqme

gvaqvs saerTo evropul modasTan, mcire adgilobrivi variaciebiT,

romelic gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc dasavleTis romano-germanul

samefoebSi, ise bizantiasa da mis mikavSire qveynebSi[Казанский,2012:

114,115].

unda aRniSnos, rom dasavleT evropuli skramasaqsebis formirebisas,

aRmosavleTi ar unda yofiliyo erTaderTi wyaro. zogierTi avtoris

azriT, merovinguli mokle skramasaqsebi ar aris kavSirSi aRmosavleTis

grZel skramasaqsebTan. adremerovinguli mokle skramasaqsebis

prototipebad unda CaiTvalos gvianromauli sabrZolo danebi

[Bishop,.....1993: 165].

skramasaqsebi dadasturebulia skandinaviasa da baltiispireTSic,

romlebic aseve naklebad arian kavSirSi aRmosavlur gavlenasTan. maTi

prototipebi SiZleba yofiliyo gvianantikuri xanis adgilobrivi

calpirlesili danebi.

evropuli skramasaqsebis msgavsicalpirlesili satevrebi kargadaa

cnobili axlo aRmosavleTisa da Suaaziis ax.w. IV-V ss-is Zeglebidan.

magaliTad, isini aRmoCenilia tajikeTSi-kobadianis IV-V ss-is samarxebSi

[Седов, 1987: Таб.1,4], penjikenTSi [Распопова, 1980: Рис.49 1], uzbekeTis kizil-

tepes IV s-is dasasrulisa da V s-is dasawyisis erT-erT samarxSi

[Обельченко, 1978: 121. Рис.3 8], yazaxeTis teritoriaze,alTinasar 4-is №293 da

№304 samarxebSi, romlebic ax.w. V-VI ss-iT TariRdebian[Левина, 1994:

Рис.132 1,2]da iranis teritoriaze, noruzmahaleSi. uZvelesia iemenSi

aRmoCenili ax.w. II-III saukuneebis iaraRi. ufro mokle satevrebi [20-25 sm]

‐ 59 ‐  

gamovlinda samxreT yazaxeTis teritoriaze, kzil-kainar-Tobesa da

amantogais ax.w. IV s-is samarxSi, aseve jetiasaris kulturis samarxebSi.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc Cans,calpirlesili

skramasaqsebi Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva sadRac aRmosavleTSi [SuaaziaSi

an sasanur iranSi] da aqedan, bizantiis gavliT da gavleniT, gavrcelda

saqarTveloSi, aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, xolo sarmatTa

Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis teritoriaze, md.volgasa da uralispireTSi,

maT SemoaRwies uSualod Suaaziidan.

maSasadame, dasavleT, centralursa da aRmosavleT evropaSi, CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTSi, saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki afxazeTis teritoriaze, ax.w.

V-VIII ss-Si gavrcelebuli calpirlesili maxvil-satevrebis formirebis

ramodenime wyaro arsebobda. erTi momdinareobda bizantiur-sasaniduri

zonidan, meore ki ukavSirdeba dasavlur, romaul-germanuli prototipebs

[Казанский, 2012: 121]. 

SesaZlebelia zemoT aRwerili iaraRi warmoadgenda calpirlesili,

morkaluri grZeli maxvilis prototips, romelic adreSuasaukuneebidan

iwyebs gavrcelebas aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze [Мерперт,

1955: 88].

webeldisax.w.VI-VII ss-is erT-erTi calpirlesili maxvilis

metalografiulma kvlevamsaintereso Sedegi aCvena. analizisaTvis,

maxvilis piridan ori patara naWeriiqnaaRebuli. erTi basri nawilidan

da meore saxeluridan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi rkinis xuTi firfita yofila

SeduRabebuli, meorem mxolod erTi fena aCvena. e.i Zveli mWedlebis

mizani iyo piris basri nawili ufro mkvrivi yofiliyo, xolo vadasTan

ufro rbili da drekadi, raTa brZolis dros maxvili ar gadamtydariyo.

amave mizans emsaxureboda Rari, romelic SuaSi dauyveboda pirs da

amavdroulad iaraRis wonasac amcirebda. piris sisqe mudmivad izrdeba

basri nawilidan zurgisken, rac aseve zrdida iaraRis simkvrives[Бгажба,

1979: 59-61. Рис.41].

cementaciis meTodi saqarTveloSi cnobilia jer kidev rkinis xanis

adreuli etapidan. magaliTad amaze miuTiTebs Tliis samarovanis

zogierTi masala [Вознесенская,..... 1973: 153-162].

 

‐ 60 ‐  

&II.danebi

dana yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraRebs

Soris. es gamowveuli iyo, funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, misi

‐ 61 ‐  

universalurobiT. dana iyo aucilebeli Tanamgzavri yvela socialuri

fenis mamakacisa da qalisa (amitomac is erTnairad gvxvdeba rogorc

mamakacebis, ise qalebis samarxebSi), mas atarebdnen xelosnebi,

monadireebi da meomrebi. misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba rogorc brZolis

dros, ise sxvadasxva xelobisa da sakvebis momzadebisas.safiqrebelia,

rom rkinis danebi sxvadasxva saojaxo daniSnulebis garda,

miwaTmoqmedebaSic gamoiyeneboda TavTavebisa da velur mcenareTa

mosakrefad.

adrerkinis xanidan moyolebuli, mTeli antikuri periodis CaTvliT,

rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, gamoiyeneboda ori

ZiriTadi forma: sworzurgiani da moxrili, e.w. namgliseburi formis

danebi, romlebsac raime arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar ganucdiaT mravali

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.

Aadreantikuri da elinisturi xana.orive tipi erTad gvxvdeba jer kidev

adrerkinis xanis TiTqmis yvela samarxeul kompleqsSi: 19 egzemplaria

napovni urekis Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is samarovnis №№2,3,18 samarx ormoebSi,

samarxis gareT 2 egzemplari xolo sakulto moedanze 1 cali.

aRniSnuli danebidan 16 aris swortaniani, xolo 5 moxriltaniani

[miqelaZe, 1985: 20-27]. nigvzianis Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is samarovnis №№1,12

samarxeul ormoSi gamovlinda 3 dana, xolo sakulto moedanze 1

egzemplari [miqelaZe, 1985: 20-27]. paluris Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is

samarovanzeorive formis nimuSebidamowmebulia TiTqmis yvela samarxSi

[baramiZe, 1998: 150-155]. brilis Zv.w. VII-V ss-is kremaciul samarxSi

Seswavlilia 2 cali [gobejiSvili, 1952: 165]. afxazeTSi, yulanurxvasa

[Трапш, 1962: 78,79]da wiTeli Suquras [kvirkvelia, 1981: 25-30] Zv.w. VIII-V ss-

is ramodenime samarxSi napovnia 21 dana. ergetis Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is

samarovnebze 170-mde danaa aRmoCenili, xolo dRvabas amave periodis

samarxebSi 25-mde egzemplari.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, adrerkinis xanis swortaniani da

moxriltaniani danebi aRmoCenilia sof.TranSi, e.w. rkinis kalos Zv.w. VII-

VI ss-is samarovanze [kobaiZe, 1978: 35], aseve samTavros samarovnis Zv.w.

VII-VI ss-is ramodenime samarxSi da nacargoras Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-is

samarxebSi [Наридзе, 1991: 7].analogiuri iaraRebi dadasturebulia

‐ 62 ‐  

somxeTis teritoriaze,lalvaris Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-is samarovanze

[Мартиросиян, 1954: 5]daazerbaijanSi, qedebekis Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

pirveli naxevris samarxebSi.

moxriltaniani danebi gvxvdeba mTlianad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [Аханов,

1969: 145; Крупнов, 1961: 280]da ukraina-ruseTis skviTur yorRanebSi.

igive tendencia grZeldebamomdevno saukuneebSic. Zv.w. VI-I ss-is

kolxeTis ZeglebzexSirad gvxvdeba moxriltaniani, e.w. namgliseburi

danebi. magaliTad aseTi nimuSebi dadasturebulia eSeris naqalaqaris

Zv.w. IV-I ss-is fenebSi [Шамба, 1980: 47]. analogiuri iaraRebi gvxvdeba

Crdilo SavizRvispireTis Zv.w. III-II ss-is namosaxlarebze da mTels

xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi.aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi namgliseburi danebi

gamovlenilia samTavros Zv.w. III-II ss-is qvevrsamarxebSi [Tolordava,

1963: 151].

namgliseburi danebi mravlad aris damowmebuli azerbaijanis Zv.w. III-

ax.w III ss-is samarxebSi da namosaxlarebze. somxeTSi isini aRmoCnda

armavirisa da artaSaTis Zv.w. III-I ss-is fenebSi da garnisis ax.w. II-III

ss-is Zeglebze.

iSviaT nimuSebs warmoadgens anteniseburTaviani saxeluris mqone

egzemplarebi, romlebic eSeris Zv.w. II-I ss-is fenebSia napovni.

analogiuri iaraRebi cnobilia adreantikuri xanis CrdiloeT kavkasiis

Zeglebidan.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili adreantikuri da elinisturi

xanis zogierTi danis metalografiulma Seswavlam aCvena [Бгажба, ....... 1989:

117-139], rom danebi, am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba daiyos or teqnologiur

jgufad. pirveli gamoirCeva gamoWedvis sxvadasxva teqnologiuri

sqemebiT: 1. damzadebuli erTi mTliani foladis firfitisagan; 2. ori,

sami an meti firfitisagan; 3. gamoyenebulia basri piris lokaluri

cementacia. gamoyenebulia kargi xarisxis, saSualo an

maRalnaxSirbadiani foladi, romelic gamoirCeva widis dabali

SemcvelobiT. am teqnologiur jgufs ganekuTvneba swortaniani danebi.

meore teqnologiur jgufs ganekuTvnebian is nimuSebi, romlebic

damzadebulia erTi mTliani dabalnaxSirbadiani foladisagan,

yovelgvari damatebiTi damuSavebis gareSe, samuSao xarisxis

‐ 63 ‐  

gasaumjobeseblad. isini gamoirCevian widis maRali SemcvelobiT.

aRniSnul jgufSi Sedis ZiriTadad namgliseburi formis egzemplarebi.

konstruqciuli sqema martivia: jer xdeboda saxeluris Camosxma,

romelsac cxel mdgomareobaSi erTi an ramodenime naxvreti ukeTdeboda,

Semdegi etapi iyo piris gamoWedva da galesva.

Ggvianantikuri periodi da adreSuasaukuneebi.swortaniani da

moxriltaniani danebi erTad gvxvdeba gvianantikuri xanis dasavleT

saqarTvelos mraval samarxeul kompleqsSi. maTi zomebi meryeobs 10-28

sm-s Soris.

erTi cali namgliseburi dana aRmoCnda biWvinTaSi. orive formis 36

cali egzemplari gamovlinda-abgiZraxus, axaCaraxus, alraxusa da

auxuamaxus ax.w. III-VI ss-is samarxebSi [Трапш, 1971: 44]. afianCas ax.w. III-VI

ss-is sxvadasxva samarxebSi aRmoCnda orive tipis 13 dana [Гунба, 1978: 126].

saqarTvelos gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis danebis damzadebis

tqnologiaze, garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis webeldur danebze

Catarebuli analizi [Бгажба,1979: 44-45]. Sesaswavlad aRebuli iqna 25

cali sworzurgiani da moxriltaniani egzemplari. dadginda, rom

gamoiyeneboda danebis gamoWedvis sami sxvadasxva teqnologia: 1. erTi

mTliani rkinis an foladis naWrisagan danis gamoWedva; 2. mravalfeniani,

e.i ori an sami liTonis furclisagan damzadeba; 3. rkinis safuZvelze

foladis gadaduReba. umTavresad iaraRebi damzadebulia pirveli

meTodologiiT. amisTvis dabalnaxSirbadiani foladis paralerulad

gamoiyeneboda saSualo da maRalnaxSirbadiani kargi xarisxis foladi.

iaraRis damuSavebis Semdgom etaps warmoadgenda misi cementacia,

normalizacia da Termuli damuSaveba, romlebic cnobili iyo

saqarTveloSi jer kidev adreul rkinis xanaSi, Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-Si

[Тавадзе,1963: 34]. cementaciis Sedegad [umravles SemTxvevaSi iaraRis

samuSao nawilis wementacia xdeboda] rkinis iaraRi iRebda foladisebur

zedapirs. normalizacia gulisxmobda haerSi mis gacivebas, xolo

Termuli damuSaveba [wrToba] mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs iaraRis

samuSao xarisxs.

danebis Wedvis meore umTavresi meTodi iyo orfeniani an samfeniani

duRabis gamoyeneba (e.i ori an sami sxvadasxva firfitis SeduRabeba).

‐ 64 ‐  

aseTi wesi saqarTveloSi cnobilia jer kidev Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-dan [Тавадзе,

1963: 34].

mesame meTodi, romelic gamoyenebulia ax.w. V-VI ss-is or webeldur

egzemplarze, erT-erTi urTulesi teqnologiaa da iTvaliswinebda

rkinisa da foladis urTierTSerwymas, roca samuSao nawili foladisaa

da rkinis safuZvelzea miduRabebuli. es ukanaskneli xerxi cnobili iyo

dasavleT evropaSi Zv.w. VI-I ss-Si, xolo aRmosavleT evropaSi mas

flobdnen skviTebi [Шрамко,...... 1963: 37-40]. ax.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisidan is aiTvises baltebma (dRevandeli baltiispireTi) da

Cerniaxovis (ukrainisa da moldaveTis teritoriis nawilze ax.w. II-IV ss-

Si gavrcelebuli kultura) kulturis matarebelma xalxma [Вознесенская,

1972: 17]. ax.w. V-VI ss-idan gvxvdeba saqarTvelos teritoriazec, kerZod

ki, e.w webelduri kulturis samarxebSi da ruseTSi, e.w „adreuli

slavebis“ Zeglebze [Гопак, 1976: 49-52].ax.w. XI s-dan liTonis damuSavebis

mesame wesi yvelaze popularulia centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi,

xolo XII s-dan Zvel ruseTSi [Хомутова, 1973: 217].

&III.sabrZolo culebi

ASeteviTi SeiaraRebis saxeobas ganekuTvneba culi, romelic

gamoiyeneboda SeteviTi xelCarTuli brZolisas. xis tarze dagebuli

liTonis es iaraRi gamoiyeneboda sameurneo daniSnulebiTac, amitom

‐ 65 ‐  

xSirad rTulia sabrZolo da sameurneo culebis erTmaneTisagan

gamijvna. arqeologiuri monacemebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Subis Semdeg

culi iyo yvelaze masiuri sabrZolo iaraRi antikuri periodis iberia-

kolxeTSi.

amierkavkasiaSi rkinis culebi Cndeba daaxloebiT Zv.w. VIII s-dan.

Tavdapirvelad isini Tanaarseboben kolxur-yobanuri tipis brinjaos

culebTan da maT formas imeoreben. rogorc Cans, maT am dros ZiriTadad

saomari daniSnuleba hqondaT, Tumca, aseve SesaZlebelia maT sakulto

funqciac gaaCndaT, razec metyvelebs samarxebSi araerTi miniaturuli

culis aRmoCena. rogorc brinjaos, ise rkinis culebi, rogorc wesi,

samarxebSi gvxvdeba sxva iaraRebTan kompleqsSi (yvelaze xSirad

SubispirebTan erTad). mniSvnelovnad izrdeba rkinis culebis raodenoba

Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is Zeglebze, xolo Zv.w VI s-dan mxolod rkinis nimuSebi

gvxvdeba [Есаян, .. 1985: 79]. am dros brinjaos culebTan msgavseba irRveva

da rkinis culebi Taviseburi formebiT yalibdeba.

culebis klasifikaciisaTvis amosavalia culis nawilebis

moyvaniloba, ganivkveTi da proporciebi. magaliTad, culis piri

SeiZleba iyos asimetriuli, rac niSnavs, rom sataredan piri araTanabrad

farTovdeba da simetriuli, anu piri sataredan Tanabrad farTovdeba

orive mxares. culis iers gansazRvravs Tanafardoba saerTo sigrZesa da

piris udides siganes Soris, ris mixedviTac vRebulobT farTopirian

nimuSebs, roca piris sigane uaxlovdeba an utoldeba culis saerTo

simaRles da viwropirian nimuSebs, romelTa piris sigane saerTo

sigrZeze naklebia orjer an metjer [gamyreliZe, .... 2005:129].

zemoT moyvanili kriteriumebiT, antikur xanisa da adreSuasaukuneebis

iberia-kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli rkinis culebidan, sami ZiriTadi tipis

gamoyofa SeiZleba: yuakveriani culi, cul-weraqvi da e.w. webelduri

tipis culi. aqedan pirveli ori tipi gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc

adreantikur da elinistur, ise gvianantikur da adreSuasaukuneebis

iberia-kolxeTSi, maSin roca mesame tipi, e.w. “webelduri culi” mxolod

gvianantikuri xanis bolo etapisa da adreSuasaukuneebis produqtia

(ax.w IV-VII ss).

‐ 66 ‐  

1-yuakveriani culi. yuakveriani culebis sxvadasxva variantebi

gamoirCeva:

pirveli xasiaTdeba viwro, wagrZelebuli konturiT. satare xvreli

culis Sua nawilzea. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRali, oTkuTxa an

mrgvalganivkveTiani yua da viwro piri(saSualo simaRle-21 sm. piris

sigane 3-4 sm)[tab.XIII,1,2]. aseTi culebi amierkavkasiaSi Zv.w. VII s-is meore

naxevridan Cndeba da rkinis culebis yvelaze uadres formas

warmoadgens [kvirkvelia, 1982: 25]. aRmoCenis adgilebia-wiTeli Suquras

samarovnis №11 samarxi, romelic Zv.w. VII s-is meore naxevriTa da VI s-

is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba [Трапш, 1969: 78-162], ergeta I-is №6

samarxi, ergeta II-is №1 samarxi, ergeta III-is №4 samarxi da ergeta IV–is

№4 samarxi [ZiZiguri, 2002: 84]. msgavsi formis culebi aRmoCenilia

centralur amierkavkasiaSic: Tlis samarovnis Zv.w. VII-V ss-is ramodenime

samarxSi [Техов, 1980: 57-64] da nacargoras samarovnis Zv.w. VII-VI ss is

№311 samarxSi [Рамишвили, 1991: 25].

meore varianti gamoirCeva pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro farTo piriTa da

dabali yuiT [tab.XIII,3,4,7]. zogierTs momrgvalebuli da zemodan

dabrtyelebuli CaquCiseburi yua aqvs [tab.XIII, 7],sxvebs swori da

marTkuTxa[tab.XIII,3,4][piris simaRle meryeobs 12-18sm-sSoris. piris

saS.sigane 6-8 sm]. aRniSnuli cul-CaquCebi pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro

gviandel Zeglebze gvxvdeba da maT prototipebad kolxuri da yobanuri

culebi miiCneva [Мелюкова, 1964: 67,68], kerZod ki, p.uvarovas

klasifikaciiT, kolxuri culebis В tipi, o.jafariZis klasifikaciiT II

tipi [Джапаридзе, 1953: 285], xolo d.qoriZis naSromis mixedviT,

kolxuri culebis IV saxeoba, romlebic Zv.w. XI-VIII ss–Si iyo

gavrcelebuli [qoriZe, 1965: 68–74]. isini aRmoCenilia ergetasa da

dRvabis Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is samarxebSi [papuaSvili, 1998: 40-50], 7 egzemplari

yulanurxvas Zv.w. VII s-is meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI s-iT daTariRebul

samarxebSi [Трапш, 1951: 23], 3 cali Zv.w. VII s-is meore naxevriTa da Zv.w.

VI s-iT daTariRebul urekis samarovanze [miqelaZe, 1985: 33-34]. 15

analogiuri culi aRmoCnda Zv.w. VII s-is meore naxevrisa da Zv.w. VI s-is

brilis samarovanze [gobejiSvili, 1952: 50-52] da muxurCas analogiuri

‐ 67 ‐  

periodis samarovanze [Гогадзе, 1984: 28-55]. 3 egzemplari iyo paluris Zv.w.

VII-V ss-is samarxebSi [baramiZe, 1998: 150-155], fiCoris Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is

samarovanze [baramiZe, 1998: 28-30], dRvabis samarovnis Zv.w. VI s-is erT-erT

samarxSi [Микеладзе, 1995: 39-43] da sairxeSi, sabaduris goris Zv.w. VII-VI

ss-iT daTariRebul kulturul fenaSi [maxaraZe, 1991: 11-12]. isini gvxvdeba

zemo svaneTSic [CarTolani, 1996: 357]. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi isini

nanaxia Tlis Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is samarxebSi [Техов, 1980: 57-64], narekvavis Zv.w.

VII-VI ss-is samarovanze [oqropiriZe, 1984: 212. tab.X, 3], 5 egzemplari

samTavros Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is samarxebSi [abramiSvili, 1957: 115-140] da erTi

cali Zv.w. VII s-iT daTariRebul mcxeTijvris “meomris samarxSi”

[daviTaSvili, 1998: 106-107]. isini dafiqsirebulia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic:

gelenjika [Аханов, 1969: 143-145], dergavisi, korta [Уварова, 1900: 180], zemo

ruTxa [Погребова, 1969: 179-188], Cmi, goliati [Уварова, 1900: 117,285-292]. aseTi

formis culebi damowmebulia iranSic da somxeTSic, magaliTad Tofrax-

qales Zv.w. VII s-is namosaxlarze [Пиотровский, 1939: 162-163].

culCaquCebi gamoiyeneboda aseve mTels klasikur (Zv.w. VI-IV ss) da

elinistur [Zv.w. IV-I ss] periodSic, rogorc dasavleT ise aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi. isini aRmoCnda dafnaris Zv.w. IV s-is samarxSi [Кигурадзе,

1976: 61. tab.V, 3], dablagomSi [kuftin, 1950: 36], Zevrulhesis elinisturi

epoqis samarovanze [kuftin, 1950: 198], oTxi cali nigvzianis Zv.w. VI s-is

kompleqsebSi [baramiZe, 1977: 41-43] da quTaisSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 52].

afxazeTSi isini aRmoCenilia guadixus e.w. “ufrosi jgufis” VI-IV ss-is

samarxebSi [Трапш, 1969: 76-78], wiTeli Suquras samarovnis ufrosi jgufis

or samarxSi [Трапш, 1969: 183], q.soCis midamoebSi [Воронов, 1979: 69. Рис.33],

soxumis mTis V-II ss-is samarxebSi [kalandaZe, 1954: 12-23], 4 cali eSeris

naqalaqaris III-II s-is fenaSi [Шамба, 1980: 47,48. tab.XII, 1-4] da 3

egzemplari merxeulis Zv.w. VI s-is samarxebSi [baramiZe, 1977: 39].

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi isini gamovlinda beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1949: 224-

232], nacargorasa da bazaleTis V-III ss-is samarxebSi [Рамишвили, 2004:

97,98], ori cali abulmugis VI-IV ss-is samarxebSi [xoxobaSvili, 2008: 118-

121], aseve manglisSi, gomareTSi, asureTSi, sanTaSi [davlianiZe, 1983:

‐ 68 ‐  

50,139. tab.VII, 17,23; XVI, 6] da ecos samarovanze [SatberaSvili 2003: 121.

tab.III,IV,VI].

zemoT aRwerili yuakveriani culebis orive varianti [pirveli da meore]

did msgavsebas amJRavnebs skviTur nimuSebTan, amitom samecniero

literaturaSi isini xSirad “skviTur culebad” moixseniebian da

Sesabamisad, gaCnda mosazreba, rom isini kavkasiaSi skviTebma Semoitanes

[мартиросян, 1964: 290].Tumca, mecnierebis mniSvnelovani nawilis azriT,

piriqiT, skviTebma aiTvises is amierkavkasiaSi. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si,

dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi, kolxur-yobanuri tipis brinjaos culebis

safuZvelze, mimdinareobs rkinis yuakveriani culebis formirebis

procesi. Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si isini farTod vrceldebian centralur

amierkavkasiaSic. swored am dros, Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si, dasavleT da

aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi xdeba skviTebis mier maTi aTviseba,wina

aziidan ukan mgzavrobis dros[Есаян, ... 1985: 86]. Zv.w. VI-V ss-Si rkinis

yuakveriani culebi centraluri amierkavkasiidan vrceldebian CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi [Виноградов, 1972: 250,251].

kolxeTSi, Zv.w. IV-II ss-Si, gavrcelebuli iyo e.w. “sekiriseburi”

(naxevarmTvariseburi) piris mqone yuakveriani culebi (simaRle meryeobs

11-17 sm-s Soris. piris sigane 8-12 sm)[XIII,5,6]. isini gamoirCevian sakmaod

ganieri simetriuli an asimetriuli piriT, romelic zogjer culis

saerTo simaRles utoldeba. aseTi 1 cali culi aRmoCnda vanSi,

axvledianebis goraze, II saZiebo Txrilis elinistur xanis fenaSi

[lorTqifaniZe, 1976: 182], 7 egzemplari iyo soxumis mTis V-II ss-is

ramodenime samarxSi [kalandaZe, 1954: 27-35], 6 cali guadixus umcrosi

jgufis samarxebSi [Трапш, 1969: 242,247,260. tab.XXXIII,6,7,11] da 3 analogiuri

culi eSeris naqalaqaris Zv.w. III-II ss-is fenebSi [Шамба, 1980: 48. tab.

LXIII,5-7]. aseTivea md.besleTis napirze da bomboraze SemTxveviT

aRmoCenili rkinis culebi [Воронов, 1969: 53. tab.XXXVI 2,6]. analogiuri

culi SemTxveviT aris napovni q.soCis maxloblad [Воронов, 1979: 70. Рис.34].

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am tipis culi yanCaeTis samarxSia aRmoCenili

[gagoSiZe, 1964: 52. tab.XI,33]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yuakveriani culebis

aRniSnuli varianti Zv.w. V-IV ss-is mijnaze Cndeba da Zv.w. III-II ss-is

CaTvliT arsebobs. isini ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba

‐ 69 ‐  

(afxazeTSi). naxevarmTvariseburi formis culebis gamosaxulebebi

gvxvdeba rig skviTur artefaqtebze, romlebic dRevandeli ruseTis

teritoriazea aRmoCenili.

calke jgufad SeiZleba gamoiyos pirwamaxuli yuakverian culebi.

napovnia brilSi, samTavroSi [Есаян, ...1985: 86], nacargoras Zv.w. V-III ss-is

samarxebSi da somxeTis teritoriaze (musieri Zv.w. VII-VIII). isini ufro

gavrcelebulia kavkasiis gareT, skviTur kompleqsebSi da Sesabamisad,

savaraudebelia misi skviTuri warmoSoba.

calke SeiZleba gamoiyos welSi odnav moxrili da pirisken odnav

gafarToebuli culebi. aseTi culia napovni sarkines naqalaqaris Zv.w. II

s-is fenaSi [ZiZiguri 2002: 177,178].

klasikuri da elinisturi xanis yuakveriani culebis metalografiulma

kvlevam aCvena [Бгажба, ......1989: 117-139], rom iaraRi SeiZleba

damazadebuli yofiliyo mTlianad rkinisagan, mTlianad foladisagan

[maRali, saSualo da dabali naxSirbadiani foladi] da gamoiyeneboda e.w.

lokaluri cementaciis meTodic. zogierTi gadioda Termul

damuSavebas (analizi Cautarda guadixus, soxumis mTis, kulanurxvisa,

brilis, vanisa da samTavros pirveli da meore qvetipis egzemplarebs).

aseve Seswavlili iqna guadixus, soxumis mTisa da eSeris

naqalaqaris 14 cali mesame qvetipis e.w. „sekiriseburi“ culi. am

SemTxvevaSi, iaraRis damzadebis zemoT aRweril meTodologiebis

paralerulad, damatebiT gamovlinda e.w. „paketuri“ gamoWedvis

teqnologiac, romelic gulisxmobs rkinisa da foladis Sexamebas.

garkveul egzemplarebze SeimCneva Termuli damuSavebis kvali.

culis korpusis konstruireba xdeboda Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:

liTonis ZelakisaTvis deformaciis unaris misaRebad, garkveul

temperaturaze xdeboda misi gaxureba, Semdeg TanmimdevrobiT yuis

gamoyvana, naxvretis gakeTeba da piris gamoWedva. bolo etapze xdeboda

culis gaprialeba da alesva.

iberia-kolxeTis gvianantikuri xanis arqeologiur Zeglebze kvlav

gvxvdeba yuakveriani culebi, romlebic yvelaze axlos dgas, zemoT

aRweril, adreantukuri xanis yuakveriani culebis meore qvetipTan.

‐ 70 ‐  

maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia mrgvalganivkveTiani an oTkuTxaganivkveTiani

dabali yua, ovaluri satare xvreli da asimetriuli viwro piri. isini

zogadad ax.w. II-VI ss–iT TariRdeba. saqarTveloSi cnobilia ax.w. II-VI

ss-iT daTariRebuli 40 cali yuakveriani culi, aqedan 30 afxazeTSi.

afxazeTis gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis arqeologiuri kultura,

kerZod ki e.w. „webelduri kultura“, gamoirCeva mravalricxovani

culebiT. mis sxvadasxva kompleqsebSi gamovlenilia daaxloebiT 200-ze

meti sxvadasxva tipis culi (maTi didi umravlesoba ganekuTvneba e.w.

„webelduri tipis“ culebs). aq TiTqmis yvela meore meomari

SeiaraRebuli iyo culiT. umravles SemTxvevaSi, isini samarxebSi

gvxvdeba SubispirebTan erTad. sami yuakveriani culi aRmoCenilia

apuStas ax.w. IV-VI ss–iT daTariRebul sam samarxSi [Воронов, ..... 1970: 188],

14 cali yuakveriani culia dafiqsirebuli wibiliumis sxvadasxva

samarovnebze (wibilium–I, II, X da XI)[Kazanski, ...... 2007: 29]. md.kodoris

marjvena mxares, sof.xutiaSi, ax.w. IV-VI ss-is darRveul samarxebSi

aRmoCnda eqvsi culi, aqedan oTxi ganekuTvneboda yuakverian tips

[CarTolani, 2010: 14. tab.XI,3-6]. TiTo calia nanaxi axaCCarxus ax.w. IV-V

ss–iT daTariRebul №44 samarxSi [Шамба, 1970: 44,45], abgidzraxus erT–

erT samarxSi [Воронов, 1969: 60], aseve axacaraxus, azantis da laris

samarxebSi, axal aTonSi, sof. abgarxukSi [gudauTis raioni],

sof.gerzeulis erT-erT darRveul samarxSi [Воронов, 1980: 130] da

biWvinTis naqalaqarSi, ax.w. IV s–is kulturul fenaSi [Шамба, 1970:

44,45].

aRniSnuli tipis culebi fiqsirdeba afxazeTis gareTac, saqarTvelos

danarCen teritoriaze. igi nanaxia sof.lias samarovnis №1 samarxSi,

romelic ax.w. II s-iT TariRdeba [ZiZiguri, 2002: 117]. ax.w. II saukunes

ganekuTvneba kldeeTSi da armazisxevSi aRmoCenili nimuSebic

[lomTaTiZe, 1957: 18]. erTi aseTi yuakveriani culi aRmoCnda fiWvnaris

gvianromauli xanis samarovanze, mas aqvs mrgvali satare xvreli da

masiuri oTxwaxnaga, odnav moxrili, pirisken Tanazomierad Seviwroebuli

tani. sxva masalis mixedviT, aRniSnuli culis Semcveli samarxi

TariRdeba ax.w. IV saukuniT [kaxiZe, ..... 2004: 128]. analogiuri culebia

nanaxi aseve noqalaqevSi, vardcixeSi da cixuraSi [Рамишвили, 2003: 25].

‐ 71 ‐  

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi isini aRmoCenilia axrisis ax.w. I-III ss-is

samarxSi [Макалатия, 1951: 185], neZixis samarovanze da urbnisSi [Рамишвили,

2003: 25]. saqarTvelos gareT analogiuri nimuSebi gvxvdeba yirimis

zogierT samarovanze, magaliTad xaraksis samarovanze, romelic

v.blavatskis mier ax.w. V s-is pirveli naxevriTaa daTariRebuli da

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kerZod ki, korcas samarxSi [Шамба, 1970: 44,45].

gvianantikur da adreSuasaukuneebSi arsebuli yuakveriani culebis

prototipad SeiZleba CaiTvalos winare xanaSi (Zv.w. VI-I ss)

saqarTvelosa da mTlianad skviTur samyaroSi gavrcelebuli

yuakveriani culebi.

savaraudod am tipis culi gamoiyeneboda ufro sameurneo

saqmianobisaTvis, magaliTad WedvisaTvis, morebze naxvretebis

amosaTlelad da sxva. vidre saomrad, Tumca, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

sabrZolveladac SeiZleboda misi gamoyeneba [Артилаква, 1976: 48].

2. cul-weraqvi. calketipad SeiZleba gamovyoT e.w. „cul–

weraqvebi“,romelTa aRmoCenis faqtebi ar aris xSiri. mas aqvs mrgvali

satare naxvreti, viwro piri da maRali brtyeli yua. gvianantikuri xanis

yuakveriani culebis msgavsad, maTi prototipebic unda veZeboT

adreantikur da elinistur periodSi gavrcelebuli msgavsi formis

iaraRebTan. magaliTad isini garkveul msgavsebas amJRavneben elinisturi

xanis yuakveriani culebis zemoT moyvanilmexuTe variantTan. aRniSnuli

iaraRic wminda sameurneo daniSnulebis iyo da gamoiyeneboda qvis, xis

saTlelad an sxva daniSnulebiTac.

3. webelduri culi. mesame tipia e.w. „webelduri culi“. Tu zemoT

aRwerili yuakveriani da „cul–weraqvis“ tipis nimuSebi sameurneo

daniSnulebis iyo, „webelduri culi“ wminda sabrZolo iaraRs

warmoadgenda. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTrad gamoyofili an odnav

SesamCnevi yuamili, odnav moxrili Sublis nawili da morkaluri,

asimetriuli, qvemoT daSvebuli farTo piri.

termini „webelduri“ samecniero literaturaSi damkviddrda misi

pirveli aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT. dasavleT kavkasiaSi pirvelad

aseTi formis culi napovni iqna webeldaSi, 1915 wels, botanikosi

i.voronovis mier.

‐ 72 ‐  

TviTon webelduri tipis culebSic ramodenime varianti gamoirCeva.

arqeologi i.voronovi or formas gamoyofda: kuTxovani an

momrgvalebuli satare xvrelis mqone culebs. m.kazanskim ufro vrceli

klasifikacia warmoadgina: pirvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZeli

yuamili [tab.XIV], romelic yvelaze adreulia da gavrcelebuli iyo

ZiriTadad III s-is bolo etapsa da IV s–Si. meore formis culebi

gamoirCeva mokle ovaluri miliTa da aseve SedarebiT mokle piriT

[tab.XV], romlebic umetesad gvxvdeba IV-V ss–is samarxebSi. mesame aris

aseve mokle yuiani, magram ukve wagrZelebuli, „wverebiani“ piriT

[tab.XVI]. es ukanaskneli yvelaze mogviano, ax.w. IV-VII ss-is Zeglebze

gvxvdeba [Kazanski, 2007: 29]. maTi zomebic ganxvavebulia: culebis simaRle

meryeobs 11 sm–dan 19 sm–de, piris sigane meryeobs 9 sm–dan 15 sm–de.

yuis diametria saSualod 2,7X4 sm. arsebobs mosazreba, rom misi sruli

ganviTareba mxolod XIII-XIV ss–Si moxda da rom igi eTnografiul

yofaSi Semdgomac agrZelebda arsebobas.

webelduri tipis culebi aRmoCenilia afxazeTis ax.w. III–VII ss–is

kompleqsebSi, rogoricaa: axacaraxu, alraxu, axaCCarxu, apianCa,

abgiZraxu, auxuamaxu, atara, lari, wibiliumi, cixe-simagre apuStas

calkeul saojaxo samarxebSi-„Церковныйхолм“, „Монетныйхолм“,

„Юстиниановхолм“, “Веринхолм”. aq aRmoCenili culebis umravlesoba ax.w.

IV-VI ss–s ganekuTvneba. olginskoes 12 kremaciuli urnasamarxSi sxva

inventerTan erTad aRmoCnda aRniSnuli tipis 8 culi [Гзелишвили, 1947:

93]. webelduri tipis culebi gvxvdeba calkeul samarxebSic: erTi

calia napovni wibiliumis cixesimagris gaTxrisas, VI s–is kulturul

fenaSi [Воронов, 1982: 127] da sof.webeldis ax.w. VII s-is erT samarxSi

[Воронов,....1971: 104. Рис.41 2]. analogiuri tipis nimuSebi napovnia afxazeTis

sxva punqtebSic: SemTxveviT aRmoCenili oTxi culi sof.CxalTaSi

[CarTolani, 2010: 10. tab.VI,1-4], ori analogiuri egzemplari md.kodoris

marjvena mxares, sof.xutias ax.w. IV-VI ss-iT daTariRebul darRveul

samarxebSi [CarTolani, 2010: 14. tab.XI,1,2]. TiTo cali ataraSi,

ganaxlebaSi, gagraSi, biWvinTaSi, xaSupseSi, laTaSi, merxeulSi,

md.cixervas marcxena sanapiroze [Трапш, 1971: 148], sof.gerzeulis

darRveul samarxSi [Воронов, 1980: 134] da 6 cali qalaq soWis midamoebSi

‐ 73 ‐  

[Воронов, 1979: 97]. afxazeTSi sul napovnia daaxloebiT 160 „webelduri

tipis“ culi (rac saerTo raodenobis did umravlesobas warmoadgens),

aqedan 25–30% SemTxveviT. umravles SemTxvevaSi, samarxebSi isini

fiqsirdeba erT an ramdenime SubispirTan erTad, iSviaTad Subispirebis

gareSe. zogierT SemTxvevaSi erT an or maxvilTan erTad. es garemoeba

miuTiTebs imaze, rom culi ar warmoadgenda umTavres iaraRs da igi

yovelTvis Sedioda sxva iaraRebTan kompleqsSi, rogorc damxmare

iaraRi.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos danarCen teritorias, 2 cali analogiuri culi

napovnia urekSi, romelic n. xoStarias mier TariRdeba gvianantikuri

xaniT [Хоштария, 1955: 63]. erTi cali msgavsi culi aRmoCnda

noqalaqevSi, vanSi da cixisZiris №1 inhumaciur samarxSi, romelic ax.w.

IV s–iT TariRdeba [inaiSvili, 1993: 83,84]. webelduri tipis culi

aRmoCnda zugdidis raionis sof. maxariaSi, romelic inaxeba zugdidis

muzeumSi. sami webelduri tipis culi napovnia fiWvnarSi, aqedan ori

ax.w. IV-V ss–is samarxebSi, xolo mesame SemTxveviT [kaxiZe,…... 2004: 128].

vardcixis V-VI ss–is fenaSi gaTxrili iqna miniaturuli webelduri

tipis culi [jafariZe, 1989: 107,108]. sof.kinoTSi SemTxveviT aRmoCnda

brinjaos culi [lomTaTiZe, 1957: 6], romelic Tavisi formiT SeiZleba

webeldur tips miekuTvnos.aRniSnul tips SesaZlebelia miekuTvnebodes

aseve rganis ax.w.IV s-is erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenili culi [bragvaZe,

2000: 112]. arsebobs sxva cnobebic maTi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb: raWa–leCxumSi

(ist.mecn.kand. v.arTilayvas cnoba), ZevrSi (g.cqitiSvili. „sagvarjilis“

ormosamarxebis Txris angariSi), Terjolis r–nis sof.gognasa da isev

ZevrSi (daculia Cxaris saskolo muzeumSi), ajameTSi [jafariZe, 1989:

107,108]. ukansknel wlebSi aseTive culebi gamovlenilia md.engurisa

[sof.lenjeri] da cxeniswylis (sof.xofuri) mTian zolis ax.w. V s-is

samarxebSi [CarTolani, 2010: 10]. erT–erTi bolo monapovaria 2011 wels

mestiis raionis sof.nakifarSi SemTxveviT napovni culi (arqeolog

z.kvicianis cnoba). jieTis samarovnis (WiaTuris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT)

II-III ss-iT daTariRebul №6 da№27 samarxebSi aRmoCnda webelduri tipis

culebi. pirveli xasiaTdeba mokle piriTa da odnavSesamCnevi yuamiliT.

‐ 74 ‐  

simaRlea 15 sm, satare milis diametri 4 sm. meore samarxis culi

gamoirCeva farTo piriTa da odnav gamoyofili yuamiliT. simaRlea 12

sm, satare milis diametri 2 sm [sonRulaSvili, 2006: 83. tab.XXXV,35].

jieTis artefaqtebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom №6 samarxSi

nanaxi culi Tavisi formiT ganekuTvneba m.kazanskis klasifikaciiT meore

tips, romelic IV-V ss-Si Tavsdeba, xolo meore, №27 samarxSi

aRmoCenili nimuSi ki ganekuTvneba amave klasifikaciiT mesame tips,

romelic warmoadgens webelduri culis yvelaze tipiur da gviandel

modifikacias da TariRdeba ax.w. IV-VII ss-iT. aqedan gamomdinare, am

samarxebis II-III saukuneebiT daTariReba sakamaToa.

afxazeTis gareT maTi aRmoCenis mravali SemTxveva adasturebs, rom es

tipi ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli mxolod erTi viwro regionisTvis,

afxazeTisaTvis, aramed is gavrcelebuli yofila mTel dasavleT

saqarTveloSi. amaze miuTiTebs vardcixeSi aRmoCenili miniaturuli

culic, romelic sakulto an saTamaSo nivTad unda iqnes miCneuli, rac

kidev ufro metad gulisxmobs amgvari formis iaraRis farTod

gavrcelebas istoriuli egrisis mTel teritoriaze [jafariZe, 2006: 179].

rogorc wesi, samarxebSi culebi fiqsirdeba micvalebulis marcxena

mxarTan, SubispirebTan erTad. iSviaTad marjvena mxarTan. zogierT

SemTxvevaSi isini aRmoCnda micvalebulis saqamre nawilidan marcxniv an

marcxena barZayTan, yuiT qvemoT. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom aseT culebs atarebdnen marcxniv, qamarze [Воронов,

1982: 128].

aRniSnuli tipis warmomavlobis sakiTxi jer garkveuli ar aris.

webeldur tipTan garkveul msgavsebas avlens germaniasa da CexeT–

slovakeTSi aRmoCenili gvianromauli xanis culebi [Куфтин, 1949: 93].

arqeologi b.kuftini, v.osbornes naSromze dayrdnobiT, miuTiTebda

amgvari formis culebis povnis faqtze germaniasa da bohemiaSi. qalaq m a

i n d e s (germania) muzeumis fondebSi inaxeba culebi, romelic

germanul samecniero literaturaSi „Bartacht”-is (iTargmneba rogorc

„wverebiani“) saxeliTaa cnobili da arafriT gansxvavdeba e.w.

„webeldurebisagan“ [jafariZe, 2006: 178,179]. dasavlur da rusul

samecniero literaturaSic, xSirad maT „wverebian“ culebs uwodeben,

‐ 75 ‐  

maTi piris moyvanilobis gamo [berulava, 2009: 28]. aseTi erTi culia

napovni TurqeTis teritoriazec, amitom ar aris gamoricxuli VI

saukunis bizantiur armiaSi arsebuli culebi, romlebic werilobiT

wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba, formiT webelduri tipis msgavsi yofiliyo

[Воронов, 1982: 128]. aseve axloa masTan frankuli culebi, e.w.

franciskebi, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo evropaSi ax.w. IV-VI ss–Si.

webelduri tipis culsa da franciskebs Soris msgavseba gansakuTrebiT

saxeluris sigrZeSi SeimCneva. webelduri culis tarze warmodgenas

gviqmnis guarapis sakulto qvaze arsebuli gamosaxuleba [tab.XVII],

romelic Seesatyviseba frankTa samarxebSi aRmoCenili culebis tarTa

sigrZes (30–40 sm). aseT mokletarian culebs frankebi iyenebdnen rogors

satyorcn iaraRs. prokopi kesarielis mixedviT, am culebs „rkina

hqondaT mtkice.....xis tari ki Zalian mokle. pirvelive Setevisas, rogorc

wesi, isini am culebs styorcnian mters, romlebic amsxvreven mterTa

farebs da aseve klaven maT“. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom webelduri

culebic igive formiT gamoiyeneboda, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca is

Sedioda kompleqtSi maxvilTan erTad. afxazeTSi da mTlianad

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, webelduri tipis culis prototipi ar aris

dadgenili. gvianbrinjao–adrerkinis xanis kolxur culebTan da

Semdgom, klasikur da elinistur xanaSi gavrcelebul culebTan

kavSiris gabmas, xels uSlis maT Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavebuli formebi, aseve maTi damzadebis rigi teqnologiuri

Taviseburebebi [jafariZe, 2006: 178,179]. amave mizeziTve maT prototipebad

ver CaiTvleba adrebrinjaosa da Suabrinjaos xanaSi arsebuli

yuamiliani culebic, aseve maT Soris didi qronologiuri daSorebisa da

raime Sualeduri tipis ararsebobis gamoc. sainteresoa is, rom

gvianromaul xanaSi germanuli tomebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebzec,

msgavsi tipis culi Cndeba SedarebiT mogvianebiT, igive dros rac

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom savaraudoT „webelduri tipis“

culebis gavrceleba imports ukavSirdeba, romelic Crdilo–

dasavleTidan Semodioda da romelic dakavSirebulia germanuli tomebis

gaaqtiurebasTan. SesaZlebelia es importi saqarTvelos SavizRvispira

‐ 76 ‐  

romaul–bizantiuri garnizonebis meSveobiT xdeboda, rameTu cnobilia,

rom romauli legionebis „germanizaciis“ procesi aqtiurad iwyeba III s–

is bolodan, rac gulisxmobda aramarto germanuli warmoSobis

jariskacebis momravlebas legionebSi, aramed garkveulwilad germanuli

iaraRebis adaptirebasac romaul arsenalSi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad, cnobili xdeba, rom ax.w III-IV ss–is mijnidan kvlav xdeba

saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro zolze arsebuli romauli cixe–

simagreebis kvlav gamococxleba da xelaxali gamagreba–gafarToeba.

savaraudebelia, rom am droisaTvis aq Cayenebuli garnizonebi ukve

sakmaod „barbarizebulia“ (germanizebuli). swored am periods emTxveva

„webelduri culis“ gamoCenis droc. rogorc Cans, SemdgomSi xdeba misi

swrafi da farTo aTviseba adgilobriv mosaxleobaSic, ukve adgilzeve

xdeba misi damzadeba da iRebs lokalur, Tavisebur formasac. zemoT

gamoTqmul mosazrebas mxars uWers saqarTveloSi maTi gavrcelebis

topografiac: yvela nimuSi aRmoCenilia dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rac

adasturebs maT dasavlur warmoSobas, xolo maTi didi umravlesobis

aRmoCena zRvis sanapirosTan axlos, gansakuTrebiT ki webeldaSi, sadac

gadioda sebastopilisidan qluxorisken mimavali mniSvnelovani

samxedro–strategiuli gza da sadac Tavmoyrili iyo cixe–simagreebis

mTeli sistema, mianiSnebs maT uSualo kavSirs romaul, Semdeg ki

bizantiur samxedro garnizonebTan.

$IV.mSvildi da isrispirebi

saqarTvelos teritoriaze yvelaze uadresi isrispirebi qvis xaniT

TariRdeba. es iyo Zvlis an qvis [kaJis Tu obsidianis] isrispirebi,

romlebic sakmaod didxans SemorCa da miuxedavad imisa, rom brinjaos

‐ 77 ‐  

xanaSi, kerZod ki, Suabrinjaos xanidan iwyeba brinjaos isrispirebis

gavrceleba, qvis isrispirebs mainc dominirebuli pozicia ekavaT

brinjaos xanaSic. magaliTad aseTi iyo fuZeamoRaruli obsidianis

isrispirebi, romlebsac vxvdebiT adreyorRanuli, bedenisa da TrialeTis

kulturis yorRanebSi, aseve gvianbrinjaos xanis fenebSic.

ukve Suabrinjaos xanidan vrceldeba liTonis isrispirebi.

adreyorRanuli kulturis martyofis TiTqmis yvela yorRanSi aRmoCnda

grZelyunwiani, oTxwaxnaga, piramidisebrTaviani isrispirebi. Tumca

bedenis safexurze isini TiTqmis aRar Cans da maT adgils ikavebs

SesaniSnavad nakeTebi kaJisa da obsidianis isrispirebi[jafariZe, 2003:

152].

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi vrceldeba axali forma, brinjaos

(iSviaTad rkinis) yunwiani, e.w. „harpuniseburi“ isrispirebi, romelsac

hqonda Txelfirfitovani, samkuTxa moyvanilobis piri, qvemoT

CamoSvebuli frTebiT. aseTi nimuSebi aRmoCenilia Sida qarTlSi, ior-

alaznis ormdinareTis Zeglebze da kolxuri kulturis zogierT

samarxSi. isrispiris aRniSnuli forma garkveuli saxecvlilebiT

(mcirdeba misi proporciebi), mTels antikur da adreSuasaukuneebSic

ganagrZobs arsebobas.

Zv.w. VII-VI ss-dan Cndeba e.w. „skviTuri“ brinjaos masriani

isrispirebi. Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si yunwiani „harpuniseburi“ da skviTuri,

masriani isrispirebi Tanaarseboben. xSiria am periodis namosaxlarebze

Tu samarovnebze maTi erTad aRmoCenis faqtebi, Tumca Zv.w.VI s-dan

moyolebuli mTel adreantikur periodSi „skviTuri“ tipebi

domonireben. masriani nimuSebi gvianantikur da adreSuasaukuneebis

Zeglebzec gvxvdeba, magram SedarebiT iSviaTad, am dros ZiriTadad

gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva tipis rkinis yunwiani isrispirebi.

ganvixiloT detalurad TiToeuli tipi:

A1.masriani isrispirebi–saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili e.w.

„skviTuri“ isrsipirebi mravalferovania da skviTuri iaraRebis

mkvlevaris, a.meliukovas mier gamoyofil yvela jgufs moicavs: a)

orfrTiani; b) samfrTiani; g) samwaxnaga; da d] oTxwaxnaga. piris

moyvanilobis mixedviT, pirvel jgufSi gamoiyofa rombiseburi

‐ 78 ‐  

[tab.XVIII,1-5; 10-12]da ovaluri piris mqone isrispirebi [tab.XVIII,6-9].meore

jgufi Sedgeba "TaRisebur" piriani nimuSebisagan [tab.XVIII,13-18] da

umasro, e.w. „farul masriani“ an mrgvalRruiani isrispirebisagan,

romlebsac aseve TaRiseburi moxazuloba aqvT [tab.XVIII,19-21]. es

ukanaskneli skviTuri isrispiris Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens da

yvelaze gviandelia, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo Zv.w. V-II ss–Si

[magaliTad aseTia vanis №9 samarxSi aRmoCenili isrispirebi]. mesame da

meoTxe jgufis isrispirebs foTliseburi an konusuri moyvaniloba aqvT

[tab.XVIII, 22-24]. 

mecnierebiamtipisgamoCenas, rogorcsaqarTvelos,

isemTelievraziisteritoriaze, skviTebsukavSireben. Zv.w.VIIs-

SiskviTebikavkasiaze gavliT wina aziaSi Semodian. maT, rogorc Cans,

kavkasionis qedi sxvadasxva uReltexilebiT gadalaxes. skviTebis

moZraobis mTavari gza albaT darubandis,mamisonisa da sxva

gadasasvlelebze gadioda. kaxeTSi sof.CalaubanTan mdebare namosaxlari

„moWrili gora“ uecradaa mitovebuli da dangreuli, sadac mis zeda

fenebSi skviTuri isrispirebi aRmoCnda. Siraqis velze „ciskaraanT

goris“ dangreul fenaSi ramdenime skviTuri isrispiri aRmoCnda,

romlebic albaT mters ekuTvnoda. am tipis isrispirebi napovnia

melaanis samlocveloze, romelic savaraudod am dros wyvets arsebobas.

skviTuri tipis isrispirebi aRmoCnda xovlegoris namosaxlaris III da II

horizontebSi. am iaraRis arseboba yovelTvis skviTebis namoqmedaris

maniSnebeli ar iyo. mas farTod iyenebdnen agreTve sxva xalxebi rogorc

aziaSi, ise evropaSi. magram amierkavkasiaSi, es isrispirebi, albaT ufro

metad skviTebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. samTavros samarovanze, Tlis

samarovnebSi, dvanis nekropolze, wiwamuris samarxSi daaseve qvemo

qarTlSi kargadaa cnobili skviTebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iaraR-

samkauli: akinakebi, isrispirebi, cxenis aRkazmuloba, skviTuri

xelosnobis nimuSebi da sxva. samTavros samarovanze, Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is

cxra samarxSi ormocamde skviTuri isrispiri da eqvsi akinaki aRmoCnda.

Tlis samarovanze rkinis cametamde akinaki da sami skviTuri isrispiri

iyo. SesaZloa skviTi meomaria dakrZaluli qvemo qarTlSi, SulaverTan

gaTxril erT-erT yorRanSi aRmoCenil CaSvebul samarxSi. mas Tan axlda

‐ 79 ‐  

brinjaos skviTuri tipis cxra isrispiri. skviTebs miakuTvneben ior-

alaznis ormdinareTSi da mingeCauris samarovanze gaTxril ramdenime

samarxs[jafarize, 2003: 247,248]. skviTuri tipis orfrTiani, deziani

isrispirebi aRmoCnda iTxvisis namosaxlaris Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-is

fenebSi[gagoSiZe,....2004: 78. sur.49.50], amave periodis naurialis

samarxebSi[daviTaSvili, …. 2006: 32,33]damodinaxes namosaxlaris mesame

fenaSi[nadiraZe, 1975: 24. tab.VII,9,10].orfrTiani, rombiseburi an

foTliseburi moyvanilobis piris mqone nimuSebi (deziani an

udezo)skviTuri isrispirebis erT-erTi uadresi tipia da TariRdeba Zv.w.

VIII-VI ss-iT.

ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli brinjaos masriani isrispirebi klasikuri

da elinisturi xanis fenebSi. isini aRmoCenilia VI-II ss-is kompleqsebSi:

iTxvisis Zv.w. V s-is or samarxSi [gagoSiZe, 1968: 35. tab.4,5], vanis

naqalaqarze, meomris №9 samarxSi [lorTqifaniZe o. 1969: 211],

ivrispirebis №1 da №2 samarxebSi [mamaiSvili n. 1980: 110. tab.XXX,6,

XXXI,8], gomareTis samarovanze[davlianiZe, 1983: 138. tab.XVI,1], sionis№4

qvayuTSi[menabde, …. 1981: 83. XIX,3], sairxes naqalaqarze [nadiraZe, 1990: 54],

nastakisis namosaxlarze, Walis samarovanze, cixianis samarovanze,

samadloSi da sxva. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi isini dafiqsirda

kutiSxas erT-erT samarxSi [Шамба, ....... 2007: Рис. 7 5-13], kulanurxvasa da

wiTeli Suquras samarovnebze. aseve eSeris naqalaqarze, gvianelinisturi

xanis fenaSi, sadac aRmoCnda aTeulobiT samfrTiani da oTxwaxnaga piris

mqone masriani isrispirebi[Шамба, 1980: 49. Таб.XV,1-8].

masriani isrispirebi gvxvdeba gvianantikur da adreSuasaukuneebis

Zeglebzec. Tu adreantikuri da elinisturi periodis masriani

isrispirebi ZiriTadad brinjaosia, gvianantikur da gansakuTrebiT

adreSuasaukuneebSi isini, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, rkinisaa. aseve

izrdeba maTi zomebic.

Aam SemTxvevaSi gamoirCeva xuTi varianti: mTlianad konusuri

[tab.XIX,3].aseTi iaraRi dafiqsirda wibiliumi 2-is ax.w. VI-VII ss-iT

daTariRebul samarxSi, wibiliumi 1-is IV s-is samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 55],

sami cali wibiliumi 1-is ax.w. II-V ss-is №206 samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 51],

erTi egzemlari wibiliumi 1-is ax.w. IV-V ss-is erT samarxSi [Voronov,2007:

‐ 80 ‐  

47]. maTi prototipebi fiqsirdeba romaul aRWurvilobaSi. adreul Sua

saukuneebSi msgavsi nimuSebi gvxvdeba Zveli bizantiis teritoriaze da

slavebSi [Kazanski,…. 2007: 31];meore variants ganekuTvnebian brtyelpiriani

nimuSebi[tab.XIX,4]; aseve gvaqvs oTxwaxnagianida samwaxnagiani

isrispirebi[tab.XIX, 5], romlebic napovnia wibiliumis cixeSi[Воронов,….

1980: 23. Фо.26,14-19]. samfrTiani piris mqone masriani isrispiri nanaxia

jieTis samarovnis ax.w.II-III ss-iT daTariRebul №19

samarxSi[sonRulaSvili,2006: 80]da wibiliumi 1-is ax.w. V s-is №57

samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 22. Pl.26 9-12].

2.yunwiani isrispirebi. Tu Zv.w. VII-II ss–Si ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo

brinjaos masriani isrispirebi, gvianelinisturi xanidan iwyeba maTi

Canacvleba rkinis yunwiani isrispirebiT. msgavsi tendencia SeimCneva

mTels evraziis teritoriaze da es SesaZlebelia ukavSirdebodes

sarmatul faqtors. arsebobs yunwiani isrispirebi ramdenime varianti:

a)yunwiani, samfrTiani isrispirebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rkinis

samfrTiani da Rerakiani isrispirebis yvelaze uadresi egzemplarebi

TariRdeba gvianelinisturi periodiT. analogiebs savromatul-sarmatul

samyaroSi mivyavarT. rkinis samfrTiani, yunwiani isrispirebi “sarmatuli

isrispirebis” saxeliT moixseniebian. msgavsi tipis isrispirebi

aRmoCenilia samxreT uralispireTSi, Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevriT

daTariRebul sarmatul samarxebSi. Zv.w. IV s–dan iwyeba savromatebs

Soris brinjaos masriani isrispirebis rkinis yunwiani isrispirebiT

Canacvlebis procesi, romelic arsebiTad dasrulda Zv.w. II s–Si. Zv.w. II

s-is dasawyisidan isrispirebis es saxeoba da saerTod rkinis yunwiani

formebi farTod vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropaSi, wina aziaSi da

ukavSirdeba sarmatul gavlenas. isini aqac TandaTan cvlian brinjaos

masrian isrispirebs[Смирнов, 1961: 66-70]. samfrTiani yunwiani isrispirebi

farTod aris gavrcelebuli welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kavkasiis

albaneTSi, Tanamedrove azerbaijanisa da samxreT–aRmosavleT daRestnis

teritoriaze[Халилов,1985: 138,139]. analogiuri formebi aRmoCenilia

somxeTSi, Zv.w. II-ax.w III ss–is Zeglebze[Тирацян,1988: 139,140].

saqarTveloSic aRniSnuli tipi daaxloebiT Zv.w. II s–dan vrceldeba.

yunwiani, samfrTiani isrispirebis sami sxvadasxva varianti

‐ 81 ‐  

gamoirCeva(piris moyvanilobis mixedviT): samkuTxa[tab.XIX,9,11],

rombiseburi[tab.XIX, 10,12-15],“TaRiseburi”[tab.XIX,16]da wagrZelebuli

formis, welSi odnav Sezneqili, paraleluli swori frTebiT [tab.XIX, 8],

romelic yvelaze masiuria. pirveli sami forma ufro adreulia da

gvxvdeba elinisturi periodidan moyolebuli mTels gvianantikur xanasa

da adreSuasaukuneebSi [droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi zomebi izrdeba].

meoTxe forma mxolod ax.w. IV-VI ss-is Zeglebze gvxvdeba. aris

SemTxvevebi, roca isrispirebis oTxive varianti erTad aris aRmoCenili.  

yunwiani, samfrTiani isrispirebis yvelaze uadresi nimuSebi aRmoCenilia

eSeris gvianelinisturi xanis fenebSi[ШамбаГ.К.1980: 50. Таб.XV, 16] da

vanis naqalaqaris Zv. w. II-I ss-is fenebSi. vanis artefaqtebis zomebia:

sigrZe 4 sm, frTebs Soris manZili 1,2 sm, yunwis sigrZe 1-1,5

sm[lorTqifaniZe, 1976: 179,180]. axali welTaRvricxvidan aRniSnuli iaraRi

ufro masiurad vrceldeba: sarkines naqalaqarze gaTxril saxelosnoSi

aRmoCnda ramdenime aseuli aseTi isrispiri [afaqiZe,1963: 209-212]. igive

formis nimuSebia nanaxi urbnisSic, sadac isini ax.w. V s–is koSkis

kedlebSi iyo garedan SerWobili [WilaSvili, 1964: 124,125]. biWvinTis

naqalaqarze, III-IV ss–is ocdaaTamde sxvadasxva tipis yunwiani rkinis

isrispirebia napovni: samfrTiani, samwaxnaga, oTxwaxnaga da rombiseburi

formisa [Todua,1992: 1-4]. am TvalsazrisiT, metad sainteresoa dedoflis

goris monapovari. aq aRmoCenilia 800–ze meti isrispiri. isini napovnia

sasaxlis ezoSi da mis sxvadasxva oTaxebSi. gamTxrelTa (i.gagoSiZe)

azriT iaraRi sasaxlis garnizons ekuTvnoda [gagoSiZe,2004: 120]. ocamde

aseTi isrispiri iyo ax.w. II s-is kldeeTis samarovanze, yvela erTi

formisaa, oRond sxvadasxva zomisa: maT samfrTian pirebs samkuTxedis

moyvaniloba da mrgvalReroiani yunwiT aqvT. erT–erTi yvelaze ufro

didi isrispiris sigrZea 8,8 sm, udidesi sigane 1,3 sm, yunwis sigrZe 1,65

sm, diametri 0,7 sm. sxva isrispiris sigrZe 0,95 sm, udidesi diametri 0,6

sm [lomTaTiZe, 1957: 143,144. sur.30. tab.XIX,24]. Jinvalis samarovnis ax.w. IV

s-is samarxebSi 9 cali samfrTiani, yunwiani isrispiria napovni [CixlaZe,

1999: 71]. analogiuri iaraRebia gamovlenili diRomSi, ax.w. III s-iT

daTariRebul Trelis №1 meomris samarxSi [nikolaiSvili, 1978: 94. tab.43-

45], gvianantikuri xanis modinaxes samarovanze [nadiraZe,1975: 59], oqonis

‐ 82 ‐  

goris samarovanze [bragvaZe,1997: 7. tab.XI], rganis samarovanze

[bragvaZe,1997: 31], neZixis, wifranisZiris samarovnebze [CixlaZe,1999: 72]da

arqeopolisSi[Леквинадзе,……1981: 128].“sarmatuli” tipis isrispirebi

nanaxia adreSuasaukuneebis somxur Zeglebzec[Калантариян,2003: 23-25.

Рис.152].

Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis teritoriaze (afxazeTSi), aRniSnuli tipis

isrispirebi gvxvdeba abgiZraxusa da axaCaraxus ax.w. IV s-iT

daTariRebul samarxebSi[Трапш,1971: 151,152] da wibiliumis cixe-simagris

gaTxrisas, ax.w. VI s-is fenebSi[Гунба, 1982: 37. Рис.53 1-20]. erTi analogiuri

egzemplari cnobilia merxeulis kiris qarxanasTan aRmoCenili

darRveuli samarxebidan[Бгажба, …. 1980: 12,13]. sxvadasxva formis

samfrTiani isrispirebia napovni wibiliumi 2-is V s-iT daTariRebul

№392, №393, №383 samarxebSi da aTi cali sxvadasxva formis samfrTiani

isrispiri amave samarovnis VI s-is №376 samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 85-88].

b)e.w. „harpuniseburi“ isrispirebi.Yyunwiani da frTebCamoSvebuli

isrispirebi [tab.XIX,1,2] jer kidev gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi iyo

gavrcelebuli mTels kavkasiaSi[ufro xSirad gvxvdeba isini

centralursa da samxreT-aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi] da SeiZleba

ganviTardnen ufro adre gavrcelebuli kaJis isrispirebisagan[Крупнов,

1960: 68]. isini nanaxia modinaxes namosaxlarze, Taq-qilisas, narekvavis

samarxebSi, dmanisSi, samTavros samarovanze[nadiraZe, 1975: 20, tab.VII],

urartus cixe-qalaq TeiSebainis nangrevebSi da sxva gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis xanis Zeglebze. klasikur da adreelinistur xanaSi (Zv.w. VI-III

ss) isini ukve ar gvxvdeba samarxebSi da mxolod „skviTuri“ masriani

irispirebia gamoyenebuli. ukve gvianelinisturi periodis fenebSi kvlav

Cndeba msgavsi tipis isrispirebi, Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli:

adreulebisagan gansxvavebiT isini ufro rkinisagan mzaddeboda, aseve

ufro brtyelida momcro piri aqvT, daSvebuli frTebic ufro

moklea.mogviano xanis egzemplarebs (elinisturi xanis bolodan

adreSuasaukuneebis CaTvliT) yunwic gansxvavebuli formisa aqvT: Tu

adreulebis yunwi grZelia da ganivkveTSi oTkuTxa, Zv.w. II-I ss-dan is

ufro mokle da brtyeli xdeba. “meore etapis” yunwiani harpuniseburi

‐ 83 ‐  

isrispirebis yvelaze uadresi egzemplarebi TariRdeba gvianelinisturi

periodiT: ramodenime aTeuli aseTi isrispiri aRmoCnda eSeris

naqalaqarze[Шамба, 1980:49. Таб.XV, 9-15.]. Zv.w. II s-iT TariRdeba somxeTSi,

garnisSi aRmoCenili analogiuri isrispirebi[Хачатурян, 1976: 112,113].

amrigad,garkveuli pauzis Semdeg gvianelinisturi xanidan rogorc

saqarTveloSi ise mTlianad kavkasiaSi, aRniSnuli tipi kvlav Cndeba da

ganagrZobs arsebobas momdevno saukuneebSic. aseTi brinjaos isrispirebi

aRmoCenilia ax.w. IV-VI ss-is Sapkis samarovnebze („Юстиниановхолм“-is da

«Мохаджировхолм“-is samarxebSi)[Воронов, 1979: 189]. xuTi analogiuri iaraRi

aRmoCnda wibiliumi 1-s ax.w. II-V ss-is erT-erT samarxSi, wibiliumi 2-is

ax.w. VI s-is№376 samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 85] da ori cali wibiliumi 1-is

ax.w. III s-is №83 samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 27]. brinjaos analogiuri erTi

isrispiriaRmoCnda Zevris erT–erT samarxSic[fuTuriZe, 1956: 90].

g)yunwiani, brtyelpiriani isrispirebi. gamoirCeva ori varianti.

pirvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia brtyeli, foTliseburi moyvanilobis

piri. erTi aseTi artefaqti Seswavlilia wibiliumi I-isax.w. IV s-iT

daTariRebul№116 samarxSi[Voronov, 2007: 35]. analogiuri isrispirebi

gavrcelebuli iyo aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis „barbarosebs“

Soris da bizantiaSi[Магомедов,…..1996: 304-323. Рис.73,5].meore varianti

xasiaTdeba rombiseburi piriT. ori msgavsi egzemplari aRmoCnda

abgiZraxus №44 samarxSi, romelic ax.w. IV s-is meore naxevriT

TariRdeba[Трапш, 1971: 151].

d)yunwiani, mravalwaxnaga isrispirebi. arsebobs misi oTxi varianti:

pirvels aqvs ganivkveTSi oTkuTxa piri [tab.XIX,6]. msgavsi grZelyunwiani

da oTxwaxnaga piramidiseburpiriani brinjaos isrispirebi jer kidev

Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanebSi gvxvdeba. kerZod ki martyofis TiTqmis

yvela yorRanSi[jafariZe, 2003: 142. sur.111]. es ukanasknelni

adreSuasaukuneebis isrispirebisagan gamoirCevian ufro grZeli yunwiT.

uadres yorRanebSi gavrcelebuli isrispirebi bedenis safaxurze ukve

TiTqmis aRar Cans da maT adgils ikavebs kaJisa da ofsidianis

fuZeamoRaruli isrispirebi [jafariZe, 2003: 152]. elinistur xanaSi aseTi

formebi kvlav Cndebian, amjerad ukve rkinisa. magaliTad aseTia eSeris

‐ 84 ‐  

elinisturi xanis fenaSi aRmoCenili egzemplarebi [Шамба, 1980:

50.Таб.XV,17].Aanalogiuri formebi gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis

Zeglebzec gvxvdeba: abgiZraxus №54 samarxSi aRmoCnda 25 aseTi

isrispiri. sxva Tanmxlebi masalis mixedviT, es samarxi da Sesabamisad

isrispirebi, ax.w. IV s-iT TariRdeba[Трапш, 1971: 151].analogiur

isrispirebs iyenebdnen romaul armiaSic.

meore varianti xasiaTdeba samwaxnaga piriT. aseTiisrispirebi sxva

formis isrispirebTan erTad napovnia wibiliumi II-is №376 samarxSi,

romelic ax.w. VI s-iT TariRdeba [Voronov, 2007: 85].

mesamejgufs ekuTvniskonusuri piris mqone (mrgvalganivkveTiani)yunwiani

isrispirebi. aseTi iaraRi nanaxia wibiliumis cixe-simagris ax.w.VI s-is

fenebSi[Гунба, 1982: 37. Ри.531-20], aseve samarovan wibiliumi II-is №3

samarxSi (ax.w. Ivs)[Voronov, 2007: 96], wibiliumi I-is IV-V ss-iT

daTariRebul sam samarxSi [Voronov, 2007: 41,54,57].

meoTxe varianti Zalzed iSviaTia, esenia ormagfrTiani

isrispirebi[tab.XIX, 7].isini dafiqsirda afxazeTis ax.w. IV-VI ss-iT

daTariRebul zogierT Zeglze.

oTxi cali sxvadasxva tipis isrispiri aRmoCnda wibiliumi I-is ax.w. V s-

is meore naxevriTa da VI s-is pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul samarxSi.

aqedan ori cali iyo yunwiani isrispiri, samfrTiani da samwaxnaga piriT.

danarCeni ori warmoadgenda masrian nimuSebs, romelTagan pirvels

mTlianad konusuri, xolo meores samfrTiani piri hqonda [Voronov, 2007:

27.PL.41,11-15]. analogiurisuraTi dafiqsirda wibiliumis cixesimagris

Seswavlis dros, roca erT fenaSi sxvadasxva tipis Tanadrouli

isrispiri aRmoCnda. msgavsi SemTxvevebi ar aris iSviaTi. es metyvelebs

imaze, rom sxvadasxva tipis isrispiri Tanadroulad arsebobda da maTi

formebis mravalferovneba gamowveuli iyo ara imdenad qronologiuri

sxvaobiT, ramdenadac sxvadasxva funqciuri datvirTviTa Tu damzadebis

adgiliT.

AsaqarTvelos antikuri da adreSuasaukunebis sxvadasxva tipis

isrispirebi sxvadasxva wesiTaa damzadebuli, razec eSeris naqalaqaris

5 isrispirze Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi mowmobs. Osami maTgani

‐ 85 ‐  

ekuTvnoda e.w. harpuniseburi isrispirebis tips, xolo danarCeni yunwian,

samfrTiani nimuSebs warmoadgenda. Mmikroskopulma analizma aCvena, rom

isrebis gamoWedvisas gamouyenebiaT oTxi sxvadasxva teqnologiuri sqema:

1. ori egzemplari damzadebulia mTlianad dabalnaxSirbadiani

foladisagan; 2. erTi mTlianad rkinisagan; 3. erT-erT nimuSze

gamovlinda e.w. zedapiruli cementaciis kvali, romelic gulisxmobs

rkinis iaraRisaTvis, garkveuli zedapiruli zemoqmedebis Sedegad,

foladiseburi Tvisebis SeZenas. 4. meoTxe SemTxvevaSi isrispiris

foladis yunwsa da korpusze rkinis frTebi iyo SeduRabebuli, Tumca

sxva kvlevebSi ufro xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca rkinis safuZvelze

foladis frTebia daduRebuli. Ees ukanaskneli meTodi gansakuTrebiT

Sromatevadi saqmianoba iyo, rameTu is moiTxovda rkinisa da

maRalnaxSirbadiani foladis erTmaneTTan SeduRabebas, rac sakmaod

rTuli operaciaa. is moiTxovda temperaturuli reJimisa da sxvadasxva

xarisxis liTonis gaxurebis karg codnas. gamoyenebuli foladi

umeteswilad gamoirCeoda maRali xarisxiT da ar Seicavda widis

CanarTebs.

eSeruli artefaqtebis metalografiuli kvlevis Sedegebis mTlianad

saqarTveloze ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia, rameTu aq gamovlenili

teqnologiebi isrispirebisa da zogadad iaraRebis damzadebis

imdroindel standarts warmoadgenda da dasturdeba sxva qveynebSi

Catarebuli kvlevebiTac.

antikur xanaSi, arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT (sadac igulisxmeba

rogorc isrispirebi da mSvildTan dakavSirebuli detalebi, aseve

mSvildis gamosaxulebebi sxvadasxva arqeologiur artefaqtebze)

saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneboda martivi da orgzis moxrili,e.w.

“Sedgenili” mSvildi.

‐ 86 ‐  

iberiasa da kolxeTSi e.w. skviTuri da Semdeg sarmatuli tipis

Sedgenili mSvildebi rom gamoiyeneboda, metyvelebs rogorc Sesabamisi

arqeologiuri masala, ise strabonis cnoba, sadac naTqvamia, rom

iberTagan isini, vinc mTaSi cxovroben, skviTebisa da sarmatebis msgavsad

aRiWurvebian. es yvelaferi uflebas gvaZlevs SevCerdeT e.w. skviTur-

sarmatul mSvildebze [gamyreliZe,  2002: 42].

“martiv” mSvildze mianiSnebs gomis sasmisze arsebuli gamosaxuleba,

sadac erT–erT meomars marcxena xelSi mSvild–isari uWiravs da Subian

meomars umiznebs. mSvildi momcro da Tanabrad morkalulia. laris

mobmis adgilebi horizontaluradaa gamosaxuli. isrispiri samkuTxa,

daqanebul frTebiania [gamyreliZe,2002: 43. tab.I]. dedoflis goris

sasaxleSi napovnia ramodenime Zvlis firfita, sadac gamosaxul mxedrebs

„rTuli“ orgzismoxrili mSvildi upyriaT xelT da gaWenebuli cxenidan

isars tyorcnian nadirs [gagoSiZe,2004: 120]. orjer moxrili mSvildis

gamosaxulebas vxvdebiT vercxlis surebze, romlebic aragvispiris № 13

samarxSi aris aRmoCenili [ramiSvili, 1999: 71. sur.2,3]. erTze irmebze

nadirobis scenaa, xlo meoreze taxebze nadirobis scena. surebi iberiaSi

damzadebuladaa miCneuli, ax.w. III s-is 50-ian wlebSi. scenebi nadirobis

amsaxvelia, da ara brZolisa, magram CvenTvis amjerad sainteresoa TviT

faqti gviaantikuri xanis iberiaSi „rTuli“ tipis mSvildis arsebobisa.

gamosaxulebis proporciebis mixedviT, xsenebuli mSvildebi ufro didi

zomisaa, vidre skviTuri mokle mSvildebi, rac Zv.w. bolo saukuneebidan

rTuli, Sedgenili mSvildebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba[Хазанов,

1971: 31].

unda vivaraudoT, rom saqarTveloSi Sedgenili “skviTuri” mSvildi

vrceldeba Zv.w. VII-VI ss-dan, skviTuri tipis isrispirebis

paralerulad.logikuria vivaraudoT, rom skviTuri isrispirebis

paralerulad, skviTuri tipis mokle mSvildebic iqneboda xmarebaSi. am

tipis mSvildi mravali xalxis kulturaSi iyo gavrcelebuli: evraziis

stepebsa da wina aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo iranul

samyaroSi[Хазанов, 1971: 29]. gvianelinisturi xanidan, roca gavrcelebas

iwyebs e.w. “sarmatuli“ samfrTiani yunwiani isrispirebi, Sesabamisi

„sarmatuli“ tipis mSvildic unda gamoeyenebinaT, romelsac skviTuris

‐ 87 ‐  

msgavsi konstruqcia hqonda, Tumca am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT

ufro didi iyo.

orgzis moxril e.w.“rTul mSvilds” saxelurze da boloebze

ukeTdeboda Zvlisa da rqis garsakravebi. aseTi Sua da kidura Zvlis

garsakravebi mravladaa napovni evraziis stepebSi, CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi[Хазанов, 1971: 28-32]. msgavsi

detalebi, marTalia mcire raodenobiT, magram saqarTveloSicaa napovni:

afxazeTSi, ax.w.V s-is meore naxevrisa da ax.w. VI s-is pirveli naxevris

samarxSi aRmoCenil iqna mSvildis Zvlis garsakravebi[Трапш,1971: 68].

aseTive garsakravebi napovnia cibiliumis cixesimagris gaTxris dros,

meore da mesame koSkebSi, ax.w. VI s-is Sua xanebiTa da meore naxevriT

daTariRebul fenebSi[Воронов,…. 1982: 122-124].igive funqciis matarebeli

nivTebia napovni dedoflis goris sasaxlis gaTxrebis dros: sasaxlis

№10 da №11 oTaxebSi isrispirebTan erTad aRmoCnda Zvlisagan

gamoTlili oTx-oTxi firfita-Sedgenili mSvildis boloebis

safarebi.aseTive oTxi firfita aRmoCnda №8 oTaxSic. dedoflisgoris

mSvildis safari daaxloebiT 1sm siganis brtyeli, zeda mxares

amoburculi da calbolo momrgvalebuli Zvlis firfitaa,

momrgvalebul bolosTan laris gamosadebi WriliT. TiToeul mSvilds

esaWiroeboda oTxi aseTi firfita, romlebic magrdeboda mSvildis

boloebis orive mxares. laris mosadebi Wrilebis ganlageba gvarwmunebs,

rom samive SemTxvevaSi mSvildis boloebis safarebis TiTo srul

kompleqsTan gvaqvs saqme. or SemTxvevaSi mSvildis safaris boloSi 0,2

sm diametris naxvretia amoWrili, safaris mSvildTan damatebiT

dasamagreblad. Cvevlebriv , safarebi mSvildze weboTi magrdeboda.

Sedgenili mSvildis boloebis Zvlis safarebi, dedoflis goris garda,

Zveli iberiis teritoriaze sxvaganacaa napovni, kerZod ki, armazcixis

(bagineTis) romauli xanis kulturul fenaSi[gagoSiZe,2004: 121, 122].

aseTive safarebia aRmoCenili Zveli baqtriis teritoriaze, tajikeTSi,

taxti-sanginis gaTxrebis dros (iqve didi raodenobiT aris napovni

rkinis yunwiani samfrTiani isrispirebi imave tipisa, rogoric dedoflis

goris sasaxleSi aRmoCnda). Zvlis aseTi mSvildsafarebis momravlebas

mkvlevarebi ukavSireben mokle skviTuri mSvildis, grZeli da mZlavri

‐ 88 ‐  

Sorsmtyorcneli sarmatuli mSvildiT TandaTanobiT Canacvlebis

process[АрхеологияСССР 1989: 197,198].

Zvlis an rqis fragmentirebuli firfitebi, romelTa daniSnuleba iyo

mSvildis boloebisTvis („yurebisaTvis“) sixiste mieniWebina, evropaSi

cnobilia oberadenidan da dangaStetenidan (avgustusis xana), velsenidan

[klavdiusis xana], vadon hilidan (neronis xana), ristisenidan [gviani

neronis-adreuli flaviusebis xana] da vindonandidan (gviani flaviusebis

xana)[gagoSiZe,2004: 122].

dedoflis goris sasaxlis №11 oTaxis iatakze mSvildis boloebis

zemoTganxilul safarebTan erTad aRmoCnda Zvlisave daaxloebiT 15 sm

sigrZis Txeli (0,1-0,2 sm sisqis)ori firfita, romlebic Sua nawilSi 1,7

sm siganisaa da boloebisaken Tanabrad viwrovdeba. firfitebis

momrgvalebuli boloebi sul 0,3 sm-is siganisaa. es unda iyos Sedgenili

mSvildis Sua nawilis safari. aseTive formis safarebi hqonda

Sedgenil mSvilds, romelsac xmarobdnen hunebi da maTTan erTad da maT

Semdegac samxreTiT cimbirisa da centraluri aziis nomadebi Zv.w. III s-

dan ax.w I aTaswleulis bolomde. nomadebis am mSvilds imave formis

boloebis safarebi hqondaT, rogorebic dedoflis gorazec aRmoCnda,

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom hunebis mSvildebis safarebi, rogorc

boloebisa, ise Sua nawilisa SedarebiT ufro grZelebia, rac imas

gulisxmobs, rom Sedgenili mSvildi, romelsac dedoflis goris

sasaxlis garnizoni xmarobda, rogorc Cans, ufro mokle iyo (ufro

sarmatuli), vidre Zveli hunebisa, romelTa sigrZe 150 sm-s

aRwevda[gagoSiZe, 2004: 122].mSvildi, romelsac mxolod boloebze da Sua

nawilze aqvs Zvlis wyvil-wyvili safari [sul 6 cali], hunebis

mSvildebis klasifikaciiT I tips ganekuTvneba da iTvleba, rom swored

es tipi gaxda safuZveli mSvildis mTeli Semdgomi evoluciisa Sua

saukuneebSi[Худяков,1986: 206].

dedoflis goris sasaxleSi ramdenime isris zro, marTalia,

danaxSirebuli, magram mainc gadarCa. gairkva, rom isini gamoTlilia xis

masiuri merqnisagan: gadanatexSi kargad SeimCneva mWidrod ganlagebuli

xis wliuri rkalebi, romlebic gardigardmo Wris zros kveTas. wliuri

rkalebi metad mWidrod aris ganlagebuli. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom

‐ 89 ‐  

zroebi gamoTlilia romeliRac nelad mzardi magarmerqniani xisagan,

magaliTad Svindisagan. zros diametria 0,5-0,6 sm-s ar aRemateba da

kidev ufro wvrildeba Tavisaken, sadac zroSi Casmulia isrispiris

yunwi, romlis ganivkveTi 0,2 sm-ze naklebia. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

zros qveda bolo, romelic 5-sm-is sigrZisaa da TandaTan wvrildeba, ise

rom wawvetebul boloSi ganivkveTis diametri sul 0,1 sm-ia. aSkaraa, rom

es xuTsantimetriani bolo Casmuli iyo sagangebod gamzadebul

stabilizatorSi, romelic ar SerCenila, magram romelsac, cxadia,

sakmarisi sisqe unda hqonoda, rom misi mSvildisris larze modeba

yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. asevea dawvrilebuli vindonisaSi aRmoCenili

adreuli principatis xanis isris zros bolo, oRond iq gadasvla zros

Rerodan dawvrilebul boloze mkveTria, safexurisebri, maSin roca

dedoflisgoruli isris zro bolosken TandaTanobiT wvrildeba.

vindonisas isris zros dawvrilebuli bolos sigrZe 4 sm-ia. xolo

ganivkveTis maqsimaluri diametri samjer mainc naklebia, vidre sakuTriv

zrosi, rac 0,8 sm Seadgens[gagoSiZe,2004: 120,121].

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iberia-kolxeTSi jer e.w. “skviTuri”

masriani isrispirebis, Semdeg Zv.w. II s-dan yunwiani, samfrTiani

isrispirebis gavrceleba da paralerulad progresuli konstruqciis

mSvildis SemoRweva saqarTveloSi unda ganxilul iqnas, rogorc Sedegi

mWidro kontaqtebisa evraziis tramalebis nomadebTan. Tumca unda

aRiniSnos, rom iberiasa da kolxeTSi sxva iaraRebisagan gansxvavebiT,

mSvild-isari SedarebiT naklebad gamoiyeneboda. is sanadiro da

damxmare sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda. aseTi varaudis saSualebas

iZleva arqeologiur Zeglebze isrispirpirebis sxva iaraRebTan

SedarebiT (Subispirebi, maxvilebi, culebi)iSviaTad aRmoCenis faqtebi.

amasve adasturebs sxvadasxva drois berZnuli da romauli werilobiTi

wyaroebic, sadac saubaria qarTveluri tomebis SeiaraRebaze.

Hherodote[yauxCiSvili, 1975-1976:herodote VII. 78,79.] da

qsenofonte[miqelaZe,1967:qsenofontis anabasisi. wigni XI. IV. 7-15,16. IV. 8-

31. V. 2-22. V.4-12] kolxebis, mosxebis, mosinikebisa da xalibebis

SeiaraRebis CamoTvla-aRwerisas, mSvild-isars ar axseneben. Tumca,

mogvianebiT, romaeli avtorebi aRniSnaven qarTveluri tomebis mier

‐ 90 ‐  

mSvil-isris aqtiurad gamoyenebas: romaelebis [pompeusis] iberia-

albaneTSi laSqrobis dros, straboni, iberebis SeiaraRebis CamoTvlisas

mSvild-isarsac axsenebs [yauxCiSvili, 1957:strabonis geografia XI. 4-5].

mSvildosani iberebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems apianec[apiane. miTridates

omebis historia. 101] da dion kasiosic [dion kasiosis cnobebi

saqarTvelos SesaxebXXXVII. 2]. svanebis mowamluli isrebis Sesaxeb

aRniSnavs straboni [yauxCiSvili, 1957:strabonis geografia. XI. 2-19].

werilobiTi wyaroebidan TiTqos Cans, rom romaul xanaSi izrdeba

mSvild-isaris roli qarTvelur tomebSi, Tumca, arqeologiuri

monacemebiT gvianantikur xanis Zeglebze ar SeimCneva isrispirebis

gansakuTrebuli mateba winare epoqebTan SedarebiT. SesaZlebelia

gvianantikur xanaSi iberia-kolxeTSi ufro xSirad iyenebdnen maT, magram

is mainc ar warmoadgenda wamyvan sabrZolo iaraRs.

xSiria erT Zeglze (es iqneba samarxi Tu namosaxlari) sxvadasxva

formisa da zomis Tanadrouli isrispirebis aRmoCenis faqtebi, aq

igulisxmeba rogorc erTi konkretuli tipis sxvadasxva variantebi,

TavianTi gansxvavebuli proporciebiT, ise sxvadasxva tipebi. es faqti

SeiZleba aixsnas rogorc maTi sxvadasxva warmomavlobiT, sxvadasxva

saxelosno centrebSi maTi damzadebiT, aseve maTi gansxvavebuli

daniSnulebiT. roca Mmeomris erT kaparWSi sxvadasxva formisa da zomis

isrebia, es maT sxvadasxva funqciaze unda mianiSnebdes. amasTan

dakavSirebiT saintereso ganmartebas iZleva sulxan-saba orbeliani

Tavis “sityvis konaSi” da vaxuSti batoniSvili,roca isini calke

gamoyofen sabrZolo da sanadiro isrebs. TviT sanadiro da sabrZolo

isrebsac sxvadasxva daniSnuleba hqondaT, magaliTad gamoiyofa

isrispirebi javSnis gasarRvevad an msubuqad SeiaraRebuli

mowinaaRmdegisaTvis, Sesabamisi formisa da zomis pirebiT. sxvadasxva

formisa da zomis isrispirebi gamoiyeneboda frinvelebze, cxovelebze

sanadirod.

‐ 91 ‐  

&V.Subispirebi A adreantikuri da elinisturi periodi (Zv.w. VI-I ss).SeteviTi SeiaraRebis

satyorcn-saZgerebeli iaraRis erT-erT saxeobas ganekuTvneba Subi.

rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze ise mis farglebs gareT, TiTqmis

yvela periodis samarxebSi, es iqneba brinjaos xana, antikuri periodi Tu

adreSuasaukuneebi, sabrZolo iaraRebidan Subispiri gvxvdeba yvelaze

xSirad. es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom warsulSi yvelaze masobriv

‐ 92 ‐  

sabrZolo iaraRs Subispiri warmoadgenda. es albaT gamowveuli iyo

iaraRis efeqturobiT, moxmarebis simartiviTa da sxva iaraRebTan

SedarebiT dabali TviTRirebulebiT, rac xelmisawvdoms xdida

sazogadoebis yvela fenisaTvis. Aamasve gvidasturebs werilobiTi

wyaroebi, antikuri epoqis sxvadasxva etapze, sadac ki qarTveluri

mosaxleobis SeiaraRebazea saubari, yvelgan da yovelTvis, yvelaze

metad figurirebs Subi. brinjaosagan damzadebuli pirveli Subispirebi

adrebrinjaos xanaSi gvxvdeba. Aam drois Subispirebs, taris dasagebi

masris nacvlad, met-naklebad wagrZelebuli Rero aqvT, romliTac isini

xis tarSi magrdebodnen. Suabrinjaos xanaSi masriani Subispiri iwyebs

gavrcelebas, xolo gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi maT TandaTanobiT

rkinis Subispirebi cvlian. swored am dros, masriani Subispirebi,

rogorc tipologiurad, aseve teqnikurad, ganviTarebis umaRles dones

aRweven da qmnian im ZiriTad formebs, romlebic didi konservatiulobiT

gamoirCevian da arseboben xangrZlivi droiT (antikuri da Sua

saukuneebi).

funqciis TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben saZgerebel Subebs da sartyocn,

anu e.w. xelSubebs. maTi morfologiuri klasifikaciisas ganmsazRvrelia

piris moyvaniloba, ganivkveTi da proporciebi [gamyreliZe, ......2005: 117].

zemoT moyvanili principebis mixedviT, adreantikuri da elinisturi

xanis SubispirebSi xuTi tipi gamoirCeva: 1. foTliseburi; 2. e.w. dafnis

foTliseburi; 3. Mmxrebdaxrili, e.w. wagrZelebul-rombisebrpiriani; 4.

alisebrpiriani; 5. samkuTxa piriani; 6. e.w. xiStiseburi. TiToeuli tipi,

piris ganivkveTis mixedviT, gansxvavebul variaciebs gvaZlevs.

1.foTliseburi Subispirebi. foTliseburi SubispirebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia momrgvalebuli mxrebi da swori, wverisken TandaTan an

mkveTrad daviwroebuli gverdebi. piris udidesi sigane modis mxrebze da

mxrebidan viwrovdeba wvetisaken [tab.XX,1,2]. ganivkveTis mixedviT gvxvdeba

centralurlilviani, rombulganivkveTiani, gluvzedapiriani, anu

ganivkveTSi linziseburi nimuSebi da e.w. kombinirebuli, roca Subispiris

centraluri qedi gadadis ganivkveTSi rombisebur wvetSi

[tab.XXV,2].aRniSnuli tipi Subispirebis uZvelesi formaa da brinjaos

xanidanaa cnobili mTeli evraziis teritoriaze, transkavkasia am mxriv

‐ 93 ‐  

gamonakliss ar warmoadgens. jer kidev mtkvar-araqsis kulturis

Zeglebze gvxvdeba yunwiani da centralurlilviani foTliseburi

moyvanilobis Subispirebi(momrgvalebuli qedi TiTqmis mTels sigrZeze

gasdevs pirs). analogiuri formis, oRond ukve masriani (masragaxsnili)

Subispirebia damaxasiaTebeli Suabrinjaos xanis TrialeTis da Semdeg

ufro mogviano, gvianbrinjaos xanis kolxuri kulturisaTvis.

masraSekruli (masraze reliefuri salteebiT), centralurlilviani an

rombulganivkveTiani foTliseburi moyvanilobis Subispirebi iyo

gavrcelebuli gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi.

FFfoTliseburi Subispirebi, misi sxvadasxva variaciebiT (rombuli an

centralurlilviani ganivkveTiT), Zv.w. VI-I ss-is Semdeg Zeglebze

gvxvdeba: soxumis mTaze [kalandaZe, 1953: 29. tab.VIII,3-7, tab.IX,19], wiTeli

Suqurasa da guadixus Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is samarxebSi [Квирквелия,1981: 7],

dablagomis Zv.w. III s-is kramitiT gadaxurul samarxSi [Tolordava, 1976:

76. tab.117], beSTaSenis Zv.w. V-IV ss-is samarxebSi, ecos samarovnis Zv.w. III

s-is samarxebSi [SatberaSvili, 1999: tab.1,5,6] da varsimanTkaaris Zv.w. V-IV

s-is erT-erT samarxSi [wiTlanaZe, 1983: tab.XVIII,8,508]. Aanalogiuri formis

Subispirebia napovnia yanCaeTis Zv.w. IV s-is dasasrulisa da III s-is

dasawyisis samarxSi [gagoSiZe, 1964: 52. #34,35], sanTas samarovnis Zv.w. V-IV

ss-is ramodenime qvayuTSi [gagoSiZe, 1982: 41. tab.I,II,IV,V] da TaSbaSis Zv.w.

V-IV ss-is erT qvayuTSi [gagoSiZe, 1982: 57. tab.III,1;tab.VIII]. foTliseburi

moyvanilobis, momrgvalebulmxrebiani da centralurlilviani eqvsi

Subispirebi aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqarze. aqedan sami nanaxia Crdilo-

dasavleTi sasimagro nagebobis gaTxrebisas, Zv.w. I s-is alizis kedlis

nangrevebSi [TavaZe, ..... 1976: 215], xolo danarCeni sami Subispiri ki

Tormetsafexurian sakurTxevelTan, “saganZurSi”, romelic Zv.w. I s-iTaa

daTariRebuli [fircxalava, ..... 1986: 75. sur.5513]. sxvadasxva zomis

rombulganivkveTianifoTliseburi Subispirebi iyo vanis #2 da #9 e.w.

meomris samarxebSi, romelTagan pirveli Zv.w. III s-iT, xolo meore Zv.w. IV

s-is mesame meoTxediT TariRdeba [lorTqifaniZe, ..... 1972: 203. sur.175].

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi msgavsi Subebi nanaxia- kamaraxevis [ramiSvili,

1959: 44; jRarkava, 1982: ## 22,65,128,157,257,288], winandlis, patarZeulisa

[ramiSvili, 1959: 43-44. tab.XVI,4;tab.XVII,5] da abulmugis [Кахиани, .....

‐ 94 ‐  

1986:54. tab.1332] samarxebSi. zemoT moyvanili Subispirebis sigrZe

sxvadasxvagvaria. rogorc wesi, centralurqediani Subispirebi ufro

moklea da maTi sigrZe meryeobs 21-36 sm-s Soris, xolo

rombulganivkveTiani nimuSebis sigrZea 25-47 sm-s Soris varirebs.

2. dafnisfoTliseburi Subispirebi. Kkidev erT nairsaxeobas gvaZlevs

Subispirebi, romelTa masra TandaTan gadadis pirze. Aam ukanasknels

mrudxazovani gverdebi aqvs da udides siganes piris Sua nawilSi aRwevs. 

ganivkveTis mixedviT gamoiyofa-centralurlilviani,

rombulganivkveTiani da gluvzedapiriani, e.i ganivkveTSi linziseburi

nimuSebi [tab.XX,3,4]. Aam tipis Subispirebi yvelaze metad Crdilo

kavkasiisa da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is skviTur

samarxebSi gvxvdeba[Мелюкова, 1964: 36-39] da Sesabamisad, skviTur tipadaa

miCneuli, Tumca, analogiuri brinjaosa da rkinis Subispirebi ufro

adrindel, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis yobanuri kulturis Zeglebzec

gvxvdeba [Козенкова, 1982: 17-19], romlebic skviTuri nimuSebis prototipad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. dafnisfoTliseburi Subispirebi aRmoCenilia

somxeTSi, urartuli cixe-simagre TeiSebainis Zv.w. VI s-is fenebSi

[Пиотровский, 1950: 39. Рис.21]. maT pouloben uralisa da volgis regionis

Zv.w. IV-I ss-is sarmatul samarxebSic, sadac isini, savaraudod, CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan gavrceldnen [Хазанов, 1971: 47]. dasavleT saqarTveloSi

amdagvari Subispirebi aRmoCenilia guadixus samarovnis Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is

ramodenime samarxSi [Трапш, 1969: 62. Рис.3,6. Таб.II,1,2,3,10; XXXIII,5], soxumis

mTis #9 samarxSi [sxvadasxva zomis 3 egzemplari][kalandaZe, 1953:

tab.VIII,3-7,IX,7-9] da eSeraSi [Шамба, 1980: 48. Таб.LXIV,2]. aRmosavleTSi am

tipis Subispirebi napovnia kamaraxevis samarovanze, Zv.w. IV-III ss-is

samarxebSi [jRarkava, 1982: 144-148. sur.71,951,976], narekvavis samarovnis Zv.w.

VI s-is samarxSi [oqropiriZe, 1984: 208,209]. mogvianebiT xdeba Subispiris

daviwroeba da dagrZeleba, ris Sedegadac, ukve elinistur xanaSi (Zv.w

III-I ss) is iRebs lancetisebur formas.

3. mxrebdaxrili, e.w. wagrZelebulrombiseburi Subispirebi. foTliseburi

Subispirebis msgavsad, aRniSnuli tipis Subispirebic [tab.XXI,1-3] erT-

erTi uadresi formaa da Suabrinjaos xanidan Cans egeosur samyaroSi,

mcire aziaSi, somxeTis teritoriaze, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiaSi.

‐ 95 ‐  

saqarTveloSi maTi yvelaze adreuli nimuSebi TrialeTis Suabrinjaos

xanis Zeglebze gvxvdeba, romlebic axlos dganan sinqronul periodSi

wina aziisa da egeosur samyaroSi gavrcelebul analogiur iaraRebTan.

SesaZloa siro-mikenuri masriani Subispirebi daedo safuZvlad

amierkavkasiaSi gavrcelebul am tipis iaraRs, sadac isini Zv.w. XVII s-dan

vrceldebian [jafariZe, 2003: 173]. momrgvalebulmxrebiani foTliseburi

da mxrebdaxrili, e.w. wagrZelebulrombiseburi Subispirebi erTmaneTis

paralerulad arsebobda da xSiria maTi erTad aRmoCenis faqtebi

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da gansakuTrebiT adreantikuri xanis

samarxebSi. gamoirCeva centralurlilviani da rombulganivkveTiani

variantebi.

mxrebdaxrili, e.w. wagrZelebulrombiseburi Subispirebis tips

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT erTi nawili im Subispirebisa, romlebic

aRmoCenilia wiTeli Suquras samarovnis e.w. ufrosi jgufis ramodenime

samarxSi, romlebic Zv.w. VII-V ss-is farglebSi Tavsdeba. maT mxrebs aqvT

aSkarad gamokveTili kuTxe, rombuli an centralurlilviani ganivkveTi

da gaxsnili konusuri masra. sigrZe meryeobs 15,25-36 sm-s Soris [Трапш,

1969: 137. Таб.VI, 13; XXI, 15]. wiTeli Suquras umcrosi jgufis #1

samarxSi (Zv.w. V s) napovni Subispiric am jgufs ganekuTvneba (amave

samarxSi iyo eqvsi foTliseburi tipis Subispiri). Mam ukanasknels aqvs

mkafiod gamokveTili mxrebi, grZeli viwro piri (saerTo sigrZe 62 sm) da

centralurlilviani ganivkveTi [Трапш, 1969: 209, 271. Таб.XXXVI,13].

analogiuri formis, rombulganivkveTiani an centralurlilviani

SubispirebiAnapovnia soxumis mTis Zv.w. IV-III ss-is ramodenime samarxSi

[Квирквелия, 1981: 5], guadixus ufrosi jgufis samarxebSi [Трапш, 1969: 62]da

eSeris namosaxlarze, Zv.w. III s-is samarxSi [Шамба, 1980: 48. Таб.XIV, 1]. vanis

naqalaqaris #9 samarxSi, romelic Zv.w. IV s-is mesame meoTxediT

TariRdeba, pirveli da mesame tipis 53 Subispiria Seswavlili. maTi

zomebi meryeobda 21-47 sm-s Soris. Mmxrebdaxrili, centralurlilviani

egzemplarebi aseve napovnia Semdeg Zeglebze: noqalaqevis Crdilo-

dasavleTi sasimagro zolis galavnis kedelTan da karibWesTan

[lorTqifaniZe, 1976: 181], Savsaydaras Zv.w. V-III ss-is samarovanze

[Тушишвили, .....1987: 17. Таб.XXVII, 5,15], yanCaeTis IV-III ss-is samarxSi

‐ 96 ‐  

[gagoSiZe, 1964: 52,53. tab.XI,36], kamaraxevis Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT daTariRebul

or samarxSi [jRarkava, 1982: sur.1385],…cixedidis samarovnis #15 qvayuTSi

[Апакидзе, ....1987: 47. Таб.XCIV, 5], nacargoras samarovanze (Zv.w. VI-IV ss),

ecos Zv.w. IV-III ss-is samarxebSi [SatberaSvili, 1999: tab.3,4],

varsimaanTkaris samarovanze [wiTlanaZe, 1983: 52. tab.XVIII,1; XIX,1; XXI,4,

XXIII,3,4], ufliscixis Zv.w. IV s-is dasasruliT daTariRebul kompleqsSi

[yifiani, 2000: 74], dablagomis kramitiT daxurul mdidrul samarxSi

(Zv.w. III s) da iTxvisis Zv.w. IV-III ss-is #2 samarxSi [Lordkipanidze, 2001:

176].mxrebdaxrili rombulganivkveTiani nimuSebia napovni aseve

beSTaSenis Zv.w. V s-is samarovanze [davlianiZe, 1983: tab.VI,1,4-6,7-10],

kumisisa da keTis Zv.w. V s-is samarovanze [davlianiZe, 1983: 38. tab.VI. 3],

gomareTis samarovnis Zv.w IV-III ss-iT daTariRebul qvayuTSi [davlianiZe,

1983: 139,170. tab.XVI,2].

amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, pirveli da mesame tipis Subispirebi farTod

yofila gavrcelebuli iberia-kolxeTSi. foTliseburi da

wagrZelebulrombiseburi Subispirebi, misi sxvadasxva variaciebiT,

damaxasiaTebelia mTeli evraziis teritoriis arqeologiuri

ZeglebisaTvis.

4. aliseburi Subispirebi. Aaliseburi Subispiri gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis

xanis kolxuri kulturis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli iaraRia. misi

gavrcelebis areali emTxveva kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis ZiriTad

sazRvrebs, amave dros Sida qarTlis aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT zols,

mesxeT-javaxeTis garkveul raionebs [saxarova, 1973: 89].

Aam tipis Subispirebis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba is aris,

rom maTi piri “tanadia”, welSigamoyvanili. amasTanave welis Sezneqa-

gamoyvaniloba ar aris yvelasaTvis erTnairi, zogierTze igi odnav

SesamCnevia da es Tavisebureba, rogorc Cans, umTavresad ufro

adreulebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Yyvelaze gviandelebi imdenad

“tanadia”, rom wels qvemoT aSkarad SeimCneva piris Zlieri gafarToeba

[qoriZe, 1972: 43]. ganivkveTSi ZiriTadad centralurlilviania, Tumca

gvxvdeba rombulganivkveTianebic. maTi mTliani sigrZe meryeobs 22-35 sm-s

Soris. adreuli egzemplarebi (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi da mesame

meoTxedi) sadaa, maSin rodesac gviandeli formebi (Zv.w. XI s-is

‐ 97 ‐  

dasasruli, VII s-is sawyisi periodi) SesaniSnavadaa gravirebuli

kolxuri kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli geometriuli saxeebiTa da

cxoveluri gamosaxulebebiT. ZiriTadad gaformebulia masra, romelic

rogorc wesi yovelTvis gaxsnilia.

5. samkuTxa Subispirebi. zemoT ganxilul SubispirTagan sruliad

gansxvavebul tips hqmnian Subispirebi, romelTac gverdSezneqili

samkuTxedis forma aqvT [tab.XXI, 4,5]. maT aqvT grZeli da viwro konusuri

gaxsnili masra, romelic pirs mrgvalganivkveTiani ReroTi uerTdeba.

samkuTxa piris qveda gverdis SezneqilobiT ori wvetiani “frTa” miiReba,

romelic Subispirs wagrZelebuli didi isris iers aZlevs

[lorTqifaniZe, 1976: 181]. ganivkveTSi piri SeiZleba iyos linziseburia an

rombuli. Subispirebis sigrZe meryeobs 21-27 sm-s Soris, frTebSorisi

manZili saSualod 5 sm-ia, piris sigrZe 13-14 sm, masris sigrZe 13 sm-sa da

17 sm-s Soris varirebs [gamyreliZe, ..... 2005: 126. tab.XXXII,8,9].

AaRniSnuli Subispirebi nanaxia mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi:

soxumis mTis #2 da #5 samarxeul kompleqsebSi, romlebic Zv.w. V-IV ss-

is mijniTa da Zv.w. IV s-is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba [kalandaZe, 1953:

tab.VIII,8,22], vanis Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT daTariRebul #2 samarxSi [Хоштария,

1979: 115], dablagomis samarxSi, romelsac Tanmxlebi masala Zv.w. IV-III ss-

is mijniT aTariRebs [Tolordava, 1976: 76-77. sur.117].

Sezneqilgverdiani samkuTxedis formis Subispirebi CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTSi Zv.w.IV s-dan Cndeba da didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili

Zv.w. IV-III ss-is donisa da dneprispireTis skviTur yorRanebSi, ax.w.III-I ss-

is meotur Zeglebze[Петренко, 1967: 49. Таб.3616,22].SesaZlebelia swored

aqedan gavrcelda is Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

specialur literaturaSi am tipis Subispirebs xelSubispirebad

moixsenieben [Петренко, 1967: 49]. piris moyvanilobiT, aRniSnuli tipi

garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs grZelyunwian, frTebCamoSvebul brinjaos

isrispirebTan, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis

xanis aRmosavleT da dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi. Aamitom SesaZlebelia mas

garkveuli gavlena moexdina samkuTxapiriani Subispiris CamoyalibebaSi.

vanis #2 samarxSi, garda am tipis Subispirebisa, iyo ori e.w.

foTliseburi [zemoT moyvanili pirveli tipi] Subispirebic. Eanalogiuri

‐ 98 ‐  

faqti soxumis mTis #2 da dablagomis mdidrul samarxSic fiqsirdeba.

erTdroulad erT samarxSi ramdenime Subispiria-foTliseburi, samkuTxa

piriani da mxrebdaxrli anu wagrZelebulrombuli [gamyreliZe... 2005: 126].

erTsa da imave kompleqsSi gansxavavebuli tipis Subispirebis aRmoCena

maT gansxvavebul funqcionalur datvirTvaze unda migvaniSnebdes

[gamyreliZe... 2005: 127].

6. xiStismagvari Subispiri. xiStismagvar SubispirebSiori varianti

gamoirCeva: pirveli Sedgeba mokle masrisa da oTxwaxnaga viwro

pirisagan [tab.XXII. 2,3]. Subispiris sigrZe SeiZleba varirebdes 23-50 sm-s

Soris, piris sigane saSualod 1 sm-ia. sami cali analogiuri iaraRi

aRmoCenilia soxumis mTis Zv.w. V-III ss-is samarxeul kompleqsebSi

[kalandaZe, 1953: 33,35,79. sur.10,13. tab.VIII. 18] da guadixus Zv.w. VI-IV ss-iT

daTariRebul #13 samarxSi [Трапш, 1969: 65]. analogiuri brinjaos

Subispirebi cnobilia jer kidev mtkvar-araqsisis kulturis Zeglebidan.

Aadrebrinjaos xanis xiStismagvari iaraRi napovnia saCxeris carcis

goraze, qvacxelebis erT-erT samarxSi da Jinvalis namosaxlarze

[jafariZe, 2003: 114. tab.XVIII]. adrebrinjaos xanaSi, analogiuri iaraRi

sakmaod farTod yofila gavrcelebuli winaaziaSi da amitom, samecniero

literaturaSi is winaaziur tipad moixsenieba. Suabrinjaosa da

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Zeglebze isini ukve ar fiqsirdeba,

rogorc saqarTvelos, ise mis farglebs gareT. Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is Semdeg

analogiuri formebi kvlav gvxvdeba ukve gvianantikuri xanis bolo

etapis Zeglebze. Sualeduri nimuSebis ararsebobis gamo, am etapze,

Znelia maT Soris memkvidreobiTobaze saubari. SesaZlebelia saqme

gvqondes konkretuli formis e.w. “xelmeored aRmoCenasTan” sam

sxvadasxva periodSi an arsebobda prototipebi magram dReisTvis

arasakmarisad aris Seswavlili.

xiStismagvari Subispiris meore varianti sami nawilisagan Sedgeba:

mokle masra, grZeli oTxwaxnaga Rero da momcro samkuTxa an

rombiseburi piri [tab.XXII,1]. sami aseTi Subispiri aRmoCnda soxumis mTis

Zv.w. V-III ss-iT daTariRebul #8 samarxeul kompleqsSi. maTi sigrZe 40-43

sm-ia [kalandaZe, 1953: 34. sur.12. tab.IX,4,5,6]. Aanalogiuri iaraRebi

‐ 99 ‐  

cnobilia yubanispireTis, donisa da dneprispireTis Zv.w. V-III ss-is

skviTuri samarxebidan [Мелюкова, 1964: 44,45].

7. buniki. samarxebSi zogjer Subispiris paralerulad gvxvdeba liTonis

konusuri an cilindruli moyvanilobis nivTi, romelic xSirad Subis

saTixrad anu bunikad aris miCneuli [tab.XXII,4,5]. xis taris meore bolos

rkinis buniki- konusuri moyvanilobis an sxva formis masra ecmeboda,

romelic garda imisa, rom iaraRad gamodgeboda Subis wveris dakargvis

SemTxvevaSi, icavde kidec taris bolos dazianebisagan miwasTan Sexebis

dros [Bishop, ….1992: 52-53, 69. Nnax.227-12, 3517-24].

saTixarebi erTnairad gvxvdeba rogorc dasavleT ise aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos Zeglebze. Nnarekvavis gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

samarovanze aRmoCenilia brinjaos gumbaTisebur Taviani da cilindrul

masriani bunikebi, romlebic Semkulia reliefuri swori da grexili

xazebiT, geometriuli sexeebiT [oqropiriZe, 1984: 210. tab.VIII,13,14]. msgavsi

bunikebi aRmoCenilia samTavros Zv.w. IX-VIII ss-is samarxebSi

[saqarTvelos arqeologia, 1959: 175,176], samxreT saqarTveloSi, Taq-

qilisas samarovnis adreuli rkinis xaniT daTariRebul Zeglebze

[Куфтин, 1941: 55,56] da dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze, mingeCaurSi

[Асланов, 1959: Таб.XVI,XVII].Uufro mogviano periodis Zeglebze mxolod

konusuri formebi gvxvdeba: oTxi cali konusuri formis buniki napovnia

guadixus Zv.w. VII-VI ss-is ramodenime samarxSi.Aanalogiuri formis

bunikebi aRmoCenilia samTavros Zv.w. VI-IV ss-is samarxebSi [Трапш, 1969:

65]. vanis naqalaqarze, Zv.w.Is-is brZolebTan dakavSirebul ngrevis fenaSi,

SubispirebTan erTad aRmoCnda saTixarebic [lorTqifaniZe, 1976: 177]. sami

cali aseTi buniki sam SubispirTan erTad iyo soxumis mTaze gaTxril

#9 samarxeul kompleqsSi [kalandaZe, 1954: 30,34. tab.IX,10-12],iseve rogorc

neZixis Zv.w.III s-is samarxebSi: aqac rkinis sami konusuri formis buniki

SubispirebTan erTad aRmoCnda [Рамишвили, .... 1986: Таб.227,2]. eSeris

namosaxlaris elinisturi xanis fenaSic da imave drois samarxebSic

SubispirebTan erTad rkinis saTixarebic aris aRmoCenili [Шамба, 1980:

48-49. Таб.XIV,8-11]. iTxvisis Zv.w.IVs-is erT-erT samarxSi da wiwamuri-

IIIsamarovnis #5 qvevrsamarxSi, romelic Zv.w.Is-iT TariRdeba, mxolod

‐ 100 ‐  

bunikebi iyo, Subispirebis gareSe [nikolaiSvili, ..... 1995: 64, #21,

sur.431,438].

aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTsa da

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Subis es nawili gavrcelebuli Cans adrerkinis

xanis dasawyisidan. CrdiloeT kavkasiis Zv.w. VII-IV ss-is yobanuri

kulturis samarxebSi da doni-dnepris ormdinareTis skviTur samarxebSi

oTxi sxvadasxva formis bunikebi gvxvdeba: konusuri, cilindruli

(CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilSi, CeCneTis samarxebSi

aRmoCenilia spiralurad daxveuli cilindruli bunikebi), cilindrul-

konusuri da qvemoT sferuli daboloebis mqone cilindruli

bunikebi.respublikuri da principatis xanis romis armiaSic Subis tars

qveda boloze, rogorc wesi, konusuri bunikebi ukeTdeboda.

zogadadbunikebis sigrZe meryeobs 5-20 sm-s Soris, diametri 1-3 sm-s

Soris [Козенкова, 1982: 19. Таб.XIX,1,2,3,4-6].

F funqciis TvalsazrisiT, samecniero literaturaSi, Subispirebs

yofen or kategoriad-pirvels miakuTvneben mZime saZgerebel Subebs,

xolo meores msubuq satyorcn Subebs, e.w. xelSubebs. aseTi dayofa

iaraRis formisa da misi proforciebis safuZvelze xdeba. zemoT

moyvanili tipebidan pirveli oTxi tipi saZgerebel Subs ganekuTvneba,

mexuTe da meeqvse satyorcn xelSubs, xolo buniki Subis sxva nawilia,

romelic SeiZleba hqonoda rogorc Subs, ise xelSubsac.

adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis zogierT Subispirze(soxumis mTaze,

guadixus samarovanze, eSeris naqalaqarze, brilsa da vanSi aRmoCenili

foTliseburi, samkuTxa, dafnisfoTliseburi da xiStismagvari

Subispirebi) Catarebulma metalografiulma kvlevam aCvena, rom

Subispirebis damzadebisas gamoiyeneboda Semdegi teqnologiuri sqemebi:

iaraRis gamoWedva xdeboda mTlianad rkinisagan an maRalnaxSirbadiani,

saSualo da dabalnaxSirbadiani foladisagan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi

iaraRs utardeboda e.w. zedapiruli cementacia. sxva nimuSebze

gamoyenebuli yofila e.w. “paketuri” Wedvis xerxi, romelic

gulisxmobda rkinisa da foladis firfitebis erTmaneTTan SeduRabebas,

monacvleobiT. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, rkina modioda piris Sua

nawilze, xolo kideebi,basri nawili keTdeboda foladisagan.

‐ 101 ‐  

SesaZlebelia erTi konkretuli tipis ramodenime Subispiri sxvadasxva

wesiT yofiliyo damzadebuli [Бгажба,......1989: 117 - 139].

gvianantikuri xana da adreSuasaukuneebi (ax.w. I-VII ss). gvianantikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis iberia-kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli Subispirebi, Tavisi

moyvanilobiT, ZiriTadad inarCuneben klasikur da elinistur xanaSi

gavrcelebuli Subispirebis formebs, Tumca garkveuli cvlilebebi mainc

SeimCneva, es pirvel rigSi Seexeba zomebsa da piris ganivkveTs. Aam dros

Subispirebi ufro masiuria da gavrcelebas iwyebs ufro e.w.

“kombinirebuli” ganivkveTis nimuSebi, rodesac piris qveda naxevari

ganivkveTSi centralurlilviania, xolo danarCeni nawili ki

rombulganivkveTiani (aseTi nimuSebi gansakuTrebiT bevri gvxvdeba

afxazeTis gvianantikuri xanis bolo etapisa da adreSuasaukuneebis

Zeglebze), e.i xdeba Subispirebis erTgvari “damZimeba”, rac zrdis mis

efqturobas nebismieri winaRobis garRvevisas. gvianantikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis Subispirebis tipologizacia unda ganxorcieldes

maTi piris ganivkveTis mixedviT, rameTu, moyvanilobis mixedviT, am

periodisa da adreantikuri-elinisturi periodis nimuSebis

erTmaneTisagan gamijvna Zalzed pirobiTi iqneboda, maTi msgavsebis gamo.

gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis iberia-kolxeTis mosaxleoba

sakmaod militarizebuli Cans. xSiria samarxebSi sabrZolo iaraRis

aRmoCenis faqtebi rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es

gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa afxazeTSi, e.w. webelduri kulturis

Zeglebze, romelic gamoirCeva sabrZolo iaraRebis didi raodenobiT,

riTac mecnierebs did daxmarebas uwevs aRniSnuli periodis sabrZolo

iaraRebis kvlevisaTvis. aq TiTqmis yvela mamakacis samarxSia Subispiri,

umravles SemTxvevaSi wyvilad. magaliTad, 1982 wels arqeolog

i.voronovis mier moyvanili monacemebiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze,

“webelduri kulturis” 110 samarxSi aRmoCnda 197 cali Subispiri. aqedan

29 kompleqsSi iyo TiTo Subispiri, 76-Si wyvili, 4 samarxSi sami da

erTSi oTxi Subispiri. 110 samarxidan mxolod 10-Si ar iyo Subispiri.

‐ 102 ‐  

1. centralurlilviani da rombulganivkveTiani foTliseburi

Subispirebi. Ppirveli variantisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia farTo

foTlisebri piri, momrgvalebuli Sua qediT, romelic mTel sigrZeze

dauyveba pirs da warmoadgens masris erTgvar gagrZelebas [tab.XXIII,1-3].

isini gansakuTrebiT xSirad gvxvdeba ax.w. II-IV ss-is samarxebSi.

qronologgiuri TvalsazrisiT, aseTi Subispirebi SeiZleba miviCnioT

yvelaze uadres formad gvianantikur da adrefeodalur xanaSi

gavrcelebul Subispirebs Soris. aseTi iaraRebi cnobiliagvianantikuri

xanis afxazeTis Zeglebidan-e.w. “webelduri kulturis” samarovnebis

(apianCa, abgiZraxu, axaCarxu, axacaraxu, lari, webelda, “Юстиниановхолм”)

ax.w. II-IV ss-is samarxebSi. aq isini samarxebSi fiqsirdeba calobiT,

wyvilad (laris ax.w. IV s-is samarxSi dafiqsirda oTxi cali) da meore

tipis SubispirebTan erTad(e.w. “kombinirebul ganivkveTian” foTlisebur

SubispirebTan erTad)[Воронов, 1982: 124]. analogiuri Subispirebi

dafiqsirebulia Zveli lazikis Zeglebzec, magaliTad isini aRmoCnda

fiWvnaris samarovnis ax.w. IV s-iT daTariRebul sam samarxSi [Кахидзе, ......

2001: 84], cixisZirSi [inaiSvili, 1993: 83. tab.32, 6], fereTaSi, goraSi

[xarabaZe, 2004: 165. tab.I,1,2], CxarSi [bragvaZe, 1997: 31. tab.XXIV,2, XXVI,2],

banZisa da Zevris ax.w. I-III ss-is ramodenime samarxSi [fuTuriZe, 1959: gv.76

tab.V,10,11]. centralurlilvian SubispirTan Tanaarsebobda analogiuri

moyvanilobis, magram ganivkveTSi rombuli Subispirebi. isini qvxvdeba

samarxebSi rogorc calke, ise centralurlilvian nimuSebTan erTad.

kldeeTis samarovanze, ax.w. II s-is samarxebSi napovni iqna 5 Subispiri.

aqedan sami centralurlilviani, xolo danarCeni sami rombul

ganivkveTiani. maTi sigrZe meryeobda 30-42 sm-s Soris, udidesi sigane ki 3-

4,5 sm-s Soris [lomTaTiZe, 1957: 15, 140-142, 149. tab.XXI,2; sur.2,29].

CxorowyuSi, ax.w. I-II ss-is kompleqsebSi aRmoCnda ori

rombulganivkveTiani da ori centralurqediani foTliseburi

Subispirebi [Хоштария, 1941: 81. Таб.VIII]. modinaxes samarovnis ax.w. IV s-is

samarxebSi iyo ori rombulganivkveTiani egzemplari [nadiraZe, 1975: 58,59.

tab.XX,1,2], erT-erTiaRWurvilia rkinisave oTkuTxa ganivkveTiani e.w.

samxreuliT, romelic Sekrul masrazea mimagrebuli da gankuTvnilia

Subispiris tarze mosargebad. msgavsi iaraRebi aRmoCenilia aseve

‐ 103 ‐  

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT kompleqsSi: mcxeTaSi, wiwamuri

IIIsamarovnis ax.w.Is-is #6 samarxSi [nikolaiSvili, ... 1995: 64. sur.446],

kaxeTSi- beJanbaRis ax.w.I-IIss-is ormosamarxSi [mamaiSvili, 1980: 119.

tab.XXXII,2]. ax.w. III s-iT TariRdeba aragvis xeobaSi, sof.neZixTan

gaTxrili ormosamarxebi, romlebSic sami centralurlilviani da

rombulganivkveTiani Subispiri aRmoCnda [Рамишвили, ....1986: 92, tab.2275].

sakmaod saintereso nimuSebi gamovlinda dedoflis goraze. maT

wagrZelebuli, foTliseburi forma, ganivkveTSi rombuli piri da

konusuri masra hqondaT. xuTi Subispiridan sams, grZeli milisebri

masris qveda boloSi, lilviseburad gafarToebuli, sakmaod sqeli

salte hqonda SemoWedili. sxvagan arsad saqarTveloSi da arc saerTod

amierkavkasiaSi aseTi Subispiri jerjerobiT ar aRmoCenila. Aarc

romaelebi xmarobdnen aseT iaraRs [gagoSiZe, 2002: 124,125. sur.10,11].

amgvari boloSi masragafarToebuli Subispiri sarmatul iaraRad aris

miCneuli [Археология СССР, 1984: 189. ტაბ.XXXIV, 11,12] da isini cnobilia

Crdilo SavizRvispireTis, md.donisa da yubanispireTis sarmatul

samarxebSi, sadac isini Zv.w.III-I-ax.w. I-II ss-iT TariRdeba [Либеров,

1965:tab.18,1,3,9;Мелюкова, 1975: 176; Анфимов, 1951: 182. sur.121]. v.blavatskis

azriT, masris am nawils unda Seeferxebina Subispiris metismetad Rrmad

SeRweva mowinaaRmdegis sxeulSi, raTa gaWenebul cxenze mjdar meomars

ufro iolad SesZleboda mtris sxeulSi SerWobili Subis amoZroba da

swrafi manevris saSualeba hqonoda [Блаватский, 1954: 117]. unda vifiqroT,

rom dedoflis goris sasaxleSi masragafarToebuli Subispirebi

samxreT ruseTis stepebidan moxvda. SesaZlebelia, isini aq sulac

qarTlis [iberiis] mefeTa samsaxurSi myofi daqiravebuli sarmati

meomrebis motanilia [gagoSiZe, 2002: 125].

zemoT moyvanili formebigvxvdeba agreTve Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi,

yirimSi, volgispireTis Zv.w. II-ax.w. IV ss-is sarmatul samarxebSi [Хазанов,

1971: Таб.XXIV, 1,2,5,6,7]da skandinaviisqveynebSi. cnobilia, rom aseTi Subebi

romauli armiis SeiaraRebaSic iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom foTliseburi

formis, centralurlilviani an rombulganivkveTiani Subispiri sakmaod

gavrcelebuli yofila gvianromauli xanis mTels evropaSi.

‐ 104 ‐  

rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis farglebs gareT aRmoCenili am tipis

iaraRebis zomebi sxvadasxvagvaria, ZiriTadad maTi sigrZe meryeobs 25-42

sm-s Soris, Tumca xandaxan gvxvdeba ufro didi zomis nimuSebic. mxrebis

sigane 3-5,6 santimetrs Soris varirebs.

a.xazanovi da m.trapSi maT warmomavlobis adgilad kavkasias

miiCnevdnen, radgan msgavsi formebi dadasturebulia gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis xanis kavkasiis samarxebSi [Хазанов, 1971: 46; Трапш, 1971:

150].isini gvxvdeba adreantikuri xanis Zeglebzec, magaliTad, wiTeli

Suquras samarovnis, AZv.w. VI-V ss-iT daTariRebul #4 samarxSi [Трапш,

1969:ტაბ.VI,12-13], guadixus ufrosi jgufis #7 samarxSi, romelic Zv.w. IV

s-iT TariRdeba [Квирквелия, 1981: 7]. elinistur xanas ganekuTvneba

baSTaSenisa da ecos samarovnebze napovni analogiuri formis nimuSebi

[gamyreliZe......2005: 124].

2. e.w. “kombinirebul ganivkveTiani” foTliseburi Subispirebi.

pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, meore tipi ufro viwroa da grZeli. is

gamoirCeva dawaxnagebuli Sua qediT, romelic Subispirs mxolod

naxevramde an ufro nakleb manZilze dauyveba, meore naxevari ki

ganivkveTSi rombiseburia [tab.XXIV, 1-4]. aRniSnuli formis iaraRi

TariRdeba ax.w. IV-VI ss-iT da garkveul periodSi pirveli tipis

SubispirTan Tanaarsebobs. 134–ze meti aseTi iaraRi nanaxia afxazeTSi-

abgiZraxus, azantis, axacaraxus, axaCaraxus, alraxus, apianCas, apuStas,

laris, webeldis, e.w.“Церковный холм”-isa da “Монетный холм”-is ax.w. IV-VI

ss-is samarxebSi [Воронов, ..… 1982: 124]. isini samarxebSi umravles

SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba wyvilad, iSviaTad TiTo cali. rig SemTxvevebSi

aRniSnuli forma fiqsirdeba rogorc foTlisebur SubispirTan, aseve

meoTxe da mexuTe tipis SubispirebTan erTad [meoTxe da mexuTe tipze

qvemoT iqneba saubari]. Aam tipSi ori variantis gamoyofa SeiZleba:

pirvels aqvs ufro momrgvalebuli mxrebi [tab.XXIV,1,2], meore ki pirveli

variantis Semdgomi ganviTarebaa. Mmas wagrZelebuli samkuTxedis forma

aqvs da pirveli formisagan ganxvavebiT, swori, daqanebuli mxrebiT

gamoirCeva [tab.XXIV,3,4]. orive maTganis piri ganivkveTSi kombinirebulia,

qveda nawils dauyveba dawaxnagebuli qedi, meore naxevari ki orferdaa

‐ 105 ‐  

da rombulganivkveTiani. afxazeTis garda isini gvxvdeba dasavleT

saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriazec, soCis raionSi, Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiaSi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

P pirveli tipis Subispirebisagan gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknelT ar

moeZebnebaT zusti da bevri analogiebi ufro adreul xanaSi da rogorc

Cans, ufro warmoadgenen ax.w. IV-V ss-is produqts. Tumca unda aRiniSnos,

rom moyvanilobis mixedviT, isini garkveul msgavsebas mainc amJRavneben

adreantikur da elinistur xanaSi arsebul foTliseburi da

mxrebdaxrili Subispirebis sxvadasxva variaciebTan[zemoT aRwerili

adreantikuri-elinisturi xanis pirveli da mesame tipi]. savaraudebelia,

rom isini ax.w. I-IV ss-Si gavrcelebuli pirveli tipis foTliseburi

Subispirebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibdnen.

3. aliseburi formis Subispirebi. Aaliseburi formis Subispirebi,

romlebic ganivkveTSi rombiseburia an kombinirebuli, ZiriTadad

gvxvdeba ax.w. VI-VII ss-is e.w. “webelduri kulturis” samarxebSi

[tab.XXV,1-3].mas Tavisi formis gamo, garda saZgerebelisa, erTgvari

saCexi funqciac eqneboda brZolis dros.Aam periodiswelSezneqili, e.w.

aliseburi nimuSebi SesaZlebelia zemoT moyvanili meore tipis

Subispirebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgendnen. aliseburi formis

Subispirebi qronologiurad ufro gviandelia vidre pirveli da meore

tipi Subispirebi.

4. e.w. xiStismagvari Subispirebi. Aadreuli nimuSebis msgavsad,

gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis xiStismagvari iaraRebic or

nawilad SeiZleba gaiyos, pirvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokle masra da

ganivkveTSi oTkuTxa xiStiseburi piri. sxvebs aqvT mokle masra da

ganivkveTSi oTkuTxa grZeli Rero, romelic miniaturuli TaviT

mTavrdeba [tab.XXV,4-7]. xiStismagvari Subispirebi aRmoCenilia afxazeTis

samarovnebis- axacaraxus, auxuamaxus, axaCaraxus, apianCasa da apuStas

ax.w. IV-VII ss-is samarxebSi. Aaq isini samarxebSi gvxvdeba marto an meore

da mexuTe tipis SubispirebTan erTad. romaul armiaSi msgavsi iaraRi

pilum‐is saxeliT iyo cnobili[Bishop, ….1992: 49-50, 65]. romaulipilum‐is

analogia saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi jerjerobiT erTaderTi caliT

aris warmodgenili: vanSi, karibWis win, Zv.w.I s-is ngrevis fenaSi aRmoCnda

‐ 106 ‐  

rkinis Reros natexi (sigrZe 32 sm, ganivkveTi 0,7 sm), 4,5 sm sigrZis

piramiduli wveriT. aRmoCenis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT

savaraudebeliaq, rom es pilum-iufro momxdurTa kuTvnili unda

yofiliyo, vidre qalaqis damcvelebisa [lorTqifaniZe, 1976: 177,178. sur.136

85].

5.rombulganivkveTiani Subispirebi. Mmoyvanilobis mixedviT, ori forma

gamoirCeva: pirvelis kideebi TandaTan viwrovdeba wvetisaken [tab.XXVI,

1,2], xolo meore SemTxvevaSi piris kideebi sworia da bolo mesamedSi

viwrovdeba [tab.XXVI,3,4]. droTa ganmavlobaSi am Subispirebis sigrZe

TandaTan izrdeba da ufro wvetiandeba. aRwerili iaraRebi nanaxia ax.w.

IV-VII ss-is Zeglebze: afxazeTis samarxebSi-abgiZraxus, alraxus, apuStas,

apianCas, auxuamaxus, axacaraxus, eSeris, laris, “Церковный холм”-isa da

“Юстинианов холм”-is samarxebSi. afxazeTis samarxebSi isini gvxvdeba

TiTo, wyvilad da zogierT SemTxvevaSi meore, mesame da meoTxe tipis

SubispirebTan erTad [Воронов, ..… 1982: 126]. afxazeTis gareT isini

aRmoCenilia arqeopolisSi [Леквинадзе, .... 1981: 144.Таб.LI,3]. saqarTvelos

gareT analogiuri iaraRebi gvxvdeba mcire aziaSi, Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiaSi, Crdilo SavizRvispireTis sxvadasxva regionebSi da mTlianad

evropaSi. is gamoiyeneboda romaul armiaSic [Bishop, …. 1993: 10-12].

SesaZlebelia maTi prototipebi iyos adreantikur da ufro adreul

xanaSi gavrcelebuli mxrebdaxrili, rombulganivkveTiani Subispirebi,

romlebic aRmoCenilia rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise

adreantikuri xanis skviTur [Мелюкова,1964: 35-45] da sarmatul samarxebSi

dRevandeli ruseTisa da ukrainis teritoriaze[Симоненко,2009: 70-75].

6. buniki. mcire satyorc Subebs an maT bunikebs ukavSirdeba

gvianantikuri xanis samarxebSi aRmoCenili konusuri formis nimuSebi

[tab.XXVI, 5-9]. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isini umTavresad nanaxia

afxazeTSi-abgiZraxus, axacaraxus, webeldisa da “Юстинианов холм”-is ax.w.

III-IV ss-is ramodenime samarxSi. erT SemTxvevaSi is samarxSi napovni

iqna Subispiris gareSe, meore SemTxvevaSi ori buniki iyo ori pirveli

tipis SubispirTan erTad. mesame SemTxvevaSi or aseT (pirveli tipis)

SubispirTan erTad dafiqsirda ukve sami buniki. meoTxe SemTxvevaSi

‐ 107 ‐  

saTixari iyo meore tipis SubispirTan erTad [Воронов, 1982: 127].konusuri

formis bunikebi SubispirebTan erTadgamovlinda cixisZiris #1

samarxSi[inaiSvili, 1993: 83] da fiWvnaris ax.w.IV s-is sam samarxSi [kaxiZe,

.. 2000: 78.]. dedoflis goris xuTi Subidan sams mainc hqonda aseTi buniki-

saTixari [gagoSiZe, 2002: 125]. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sruliad

analogiuri iaraRebi cnobilia saqarTvelos Zv.w. IV-I ss-is

samarxebidanac. 

amrigad irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mis farglebs gareT,

mTels antikur xanaSi, Subebis tarebs rig SemTxvevebSi qveda boloSi

rkinis sTixarebi ukeTdeboda, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom gvaqvs

SemTxvevebi, rodesac daxurul arqeologiur kompleqsSi-samarxSi

mxolod buniki-saTixari aris xolme warmodgenili Subispiris gareSe,

rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom konusuri formis buniki, Subisagan

gansxvavebuli, alpenStokis msgavsi iaraRis wveric SeiZleboda

yofiliyo [gagoSiZe,2002: 125].

gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis pirveli sami tipis Subispiri

faqtiurad gamoxatavs am iaraRis erTi formis ganviTarebis ramodenime

etaps, romlis adreuli formebi warmomavlobiT mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli im SubispirebTan, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc

dasavleT ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. IV-II ss-Si da ufro gvian.

meoTxe tipis (xiStismagvari) Subispirebic advilad pouloben TavianT

“prototipebs” aRniSnul teritoriebze Zv.w. IV-I ss-is iaraRebs Soris

da metic, xiStiseburi brinjaos nimuSebi adrebrinjaos xanidanaa

cnobili. miuxedavad adreuli analogiebis arsebobisa, afxazeTSi

aRmoCenili ax.w. IV-VII ss-is xiStismagvari Subebi SesaZlebelia

Tanadrouli importuli nimuSebis zegavleniT, magaliTad romauli

“pilum”-is, an sruliad damoukideblad, “xelmeored aRmoCenis” Sedegad

warmoiqmnen, rameTu, elinistur da zemoT moyvanili afxazeTis

gvianromauli-adrebizantiuri xanis kompleqsebSi aRmoCenil artefaqtebs

Soris 400 welia sxvaoba, ra drosac msgavsi formebi ar gavxdeba. Aam

TvalsazrisiT samagaliToa welSezneqili, e.w. “aliseburi” formis

Subispirebis (ax.w. VII s) istoria, romlebic warmoiSvnen sruliad

damoukideblad im brinjaos analogiuri Subispirebisagan, romlebic

‐ 108 ‐  

Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si gavrcelebuli iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aseTi

daskvnis SesaZleblobas iZleva is qronologiuri lakuna, rac arsebobs

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanisa da gvianromaul-adrebizantiuri xanis

alisebur Subispirebs Soris.

gvianantikur xanasa da adreSuasaukuneebSi Subispirebis damzadebis wesi

igivea, rac adreul periodSi. am drosac gamoiyeneba erTi mTliani an

ramodenime rkinisa da foladis firfitebisgan iaraRis gamoWedva, misi

zedapiruli cementacia da a.S. rogorc wesi, gaxurebuli zodisgan jer

gamoyavdaT masra, Semdeg xdeboda piris gamoWedva.

rogorc arqeologiuri masalidan Cans, antikuri periodis ganmavlobaSi

Subi ZiriTadi sabrZolo iaraRia saqarTveloSi. sxva saxis iaraRTan

SeadarebiT Subispirebi ricxobrivad pirvel adgilzea. nimuSad

gamodgeba meomris #9 samarxi vanSi, sadac xuTi aTeuli Subispiria

napovni da erTi maxvili. amasve gvidasturebs werilobiTi wyaroebi-

antikuri epoqis sxvadasxva etapze, sadac ki qarTveluri mosaxleobis

SeiaraRebis xsenebaa, yvelgan figurirebs Subi. Zv.w. V saukuneSi,

herodotesa da qsenofontis cnobebis Tanaxmad, Subebi aqvT kolxebs,

sasperebs, mosxebs, mosinikebs da xalibebs [yauxCiSvili, 1975-

1976:herodote VII, 76, 78, 79. gv.435],[miqelaZe, 1967:qsenofonti IV 3-4. gv.75;

IV 7,15-16. gv.81-82; IV 8-7. gv.87; V 2,22. gv.95; V 4,12-14. gv.100; V 4,25. gv.103].

Zv.w. I s-Si strabonis cnobiT iberebi Subosnebi arian [yauxCiSvili, 1957:

straboni XI 4-5. gv.133]. Subosan iberebs, rogorc gansakuTrebiT Zlier

meomrebs, axsenebs plutarqe Zv.w. I saukunis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT.

Subebis, sxva iaraRebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze xSiri gamoyeneba gamowveuli

iyo rogorc misi damzadebis siadviliTa da siiafiT, rac Tavis mxriv,

mas ufro xelmisawvdoms xdida farTo masebisaTvis, ise misi funqciisa

da xmarebis wesis gamoc, rodesac is brZolis dros xSirad ikargeba,

taris gadatydomis an srolis gamo.

arqeologiur kompleqsebSi ramdenime Subi ideba erTad, an TiTo

Subia warmodgenili. sagulisxmoa, rom zogierT kompleqsSi Subis

samarxSi Catanebis garkveuli wesi SeiniSneba. magaliTad, vanis #9

samarxSi meomars sami mxridan hqonda Semowyobili 53 Subispiri, xolo

#2 samarxSi Subispirebi wverebiT erT mxares-dasavleTisken iyo

‐ 109 ‐  

mimarTuli [Хоштария, 1979: 116]. varsimaanTkaris #3 samarxSi Subi

vertikalurad iyo CarWobili [wiTlanaZe, 1983: 54], xolo guadixus

ufrosi jgufis #19 da yanCaeTis samarxebSi sagangebod moRunuli

Subispirebi dafiqsirda, rac dakrZalvis Taviseburi ritualiTaa

axsnili [Трапш, 1969: 63; gagoSiZe, 1964: 52]. es faqti TrialeTis gviani

brinjaos xanaSicaa cnobili [Куфтин, 1941: 66]. samTavros samarovanze ki

analogiuri suraTi Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-is kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba [abramiSvili,

1957: 140]. Subispirebi damtvreuli saxiT Tavsdeboda yubanispireTSi

gaTxril samarxebSic [Хазанов, 1971: 45]. 

rogorc zemoT iTqva, yuradRebas impyrobs rogorc sxvadasxva tipis, ise

erTi tipis, oRond mkafiod gansxvavebuli zomis Subispirebis

Tanaarseboba erT samarxSi. magaliTad vanis #9 samarxi (Zv.w. IV s-is

mesame meoTxedi), sadac saxezea gansxvavebuli zomis foTliseburi da

wagrZelebulrombisebri Subispirebi. msgavsi mdgomareoba iyo soxumis

mTis #6 samarxSic (Zv.w. IV-III ss), wiTeli Suquras umcrosi jgufis #1

samarxSi (Zv.w. V s) da dablagomSi (Zv.w. III s-is dasawyisi). is, rom erT

meomars ramdenime saxis Subs atandnen, migviTiTebs Subebis gansxvavebul

funqciaze. SedarebiT msubuqi Subebi satyorcni SiZleboda yofiliyo,

sxva-saZgerebeli. arsebobs azri, rom viwropiriani Subebi gamiznuli iyo

abjris gasarRvevad da qveiTi meomrisaTvis mosaxerxebeli iqneboda

SejavSnul cxenosanTan xelCarTuli brZolis dros[gamyreliZe,….. 2005:

128].

qarTveluri mosaxleobis Subebis mravalferovnebaze mogviTxroben

werilobiTi wyaroebic. herodote da qsenofonte ara mxolod asaxeleben

qarTveluri mosaxleobis SeiaraRebis kategoriebs, aramed xSir

SemTxvevaSi maT aRweras gvTavazoben. herodotes mixedviT, kolxebs

hqondaT “mokle Subebi”, xolo mosxebis “Subis wverebi grZeli

iyo”[yauxCiSvili, 1975-1976:herodote VII 78-79. gv.435], xalibebSi ki

“TiToeuls ori Subi epyra” [yauxCiSvili, 1975-1976:herodote VII 76.gv.435].

igive xalibebs, qsenofontis mixedviT, “ekavaT xuTi wyrTis sigrZis

Subebi, romelTac mxolod TiTo Subispiri hqondaT” [miqelaZe, 1967:

qsenofonti IV7, 15-16. gv.81-82]. am cnobaSi xazgasmulia gansxvaveba

bunikiani Subisagan, romelic qsenofonts xvdeba piriqiTel mosinikebTan-

‐ 110 ‐  

maT ekavaT “marjvena xelSi eqvswyrTiani Subi, romelsac TavSi wveti

hqonda, boloSi ki sfero”[miqelaZe, 1967: qsenofonti V 4, 12-14. gv.100].Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom wyrTa 45 sm-ia, maSin es yofila 2,70 m-is sigrZis

Subi, romelsac TavSi aqvs Subispiri, meore boloze ki sferuli buniki

[gamyreliZe, ..... 2005: 128].Subebis sigrZis dasadgenad gvexmareba fiWvnaris

aRmoCenac, sadac ax.w. IV s-is sam samarxSi aRmoCnda TiTo Subispiri da

buniki In situ mdgomareobaSi. maT Soris manZili meryeobda 1,70-2,20 sm-s

Soris [kaxiZe, .. 2000: 78].

mosinikebis SeiaraRebaSi qsenofonti, TviTmxilveli am movlenebisa,

mkveTrad mijnavs satyorcn Subs saZgerebelisagan da ase axasiaTebs mas-

mowinaaRmdegem maT “dauSina Subebi. sxvebsac hqondaT Subebi, magram

imdenad msxvili da grZeli, rom kaci Znelad Tu SeZlebda mis tarebas.

am SubebiT cdilobdnen isini elinebis mogeriebas xelCarTul

brZolaSi” [miqelaZe, 1967: qsenofonti V 4-25. gv.103].

&VI.saalyo-sainJinro SeiaraReba [urnali, lodsatyorcnebi, balista]

antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul saalyo SeiaraRebaze

warmodgenas gviqmnis ZiriTadad vanisa da biWvinTis naqalaqaridan

momdinare arqeologiuri masala da werilobiTi wyaroebi.

1. urnali. 1966 wels vanis naqalaqaris 199 monakveTze, Zv.w. II-I ss-is

taZris iatakis donidan 14 sm siRrmeze aRmoCnda kargad daculi rkinis

mozrdili iaraRi-kedlis sangrevi mowyobilobis e.w. urnalis

piri[tab.XXVII]. iaraRi gamoWedilia maRalnaxSirbadis Semcveli rkinis

masiuri furclebisagan (sisqe 0,5 sm) da Zalze did isrispirs Camohgavs.

misi sigrZe 104 sm-ia. Sedgeba sami, erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gamoyofili

‐ 111 ‐  

nawilisagan: wveri, miliseburi tani da masra. wveri samfrTiania da

TiToeuli maTgani kargadaa gamoWedili, proporciulia, maqsimaluri

sigane 9 sm, sisqe 15 sm-ia. wveris sigrZe 30 sm-ia, bolo wvetiani aqvs.

miliseburi tanis sigrZe 40 sm-ia, sigane pirTan da SuaSi 10 sm, boloSi

12 sm. masra Zabriseburi formisaa, odnav welSi gamoyvanili. sigrZe-33 sm,

diametri-30 sm. masra odnav gaxsnilia da tanisken viwrovdeba. masrisa da

tanis sazRvarze amoWrilia 4 sm-is sigrZisa da 3 sm-is siganis tolferda

samkuTxedi, romlis wveridan iribad midis nakeri-masris gaxsnis xazi

[lorTqifaniZe,1976: 167-169. sur.134].

masris mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, is Camocmuli unda yofiliyo xis moris

wawvetebul Tavze. Tu konkretulad romel kategorias ganekuTvneboda

vanuri aRmoCena, borblebze dasadgmel Tu e.w. Camosakid taranebs, am

etapze Tqma Znelia, Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, misi wonisa da formis

gamo igi flobda udides damangrevel Zalas [Лордкипанидзе, 1969: 249.

Рис.1].

vanis urnalis aRmoCenis pirobebi da stratigrafiuli monacemebi im

varauds uWers mxars, rom igi saomari moqmedebebis dros ki ar moxvda

Zv.w. I s-is nagebobis qveS, aramed ufro adre, Zv.w. II s-is bolos, Zveli

nagebobis nangrevebis amovsebisas. SesaZlebelia urnali sagangebodac

damarxes, dafles taZris qveS da mas garkveuli sakulto daniSnulebac

hqonda [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 169].

antikuri tradiciiT kedlis sangrevi manqanebi pirvelad troas omis

dros gamoiyenes. urnalebis uZveles gamosaxulebebs Zv.w. IX s-dan,

asiriul bareliefebze vxedavT. analogiuri iaraRebi kargad iyo

cnobili elinistur samyaroSic. maT iyenebdnen skviTebic. romaeli

avtorebis cnobiT, romaul xanaSi, taranebs hqondaT blagvi, masiuri

Tavi, romelsac xSirad verZs (kpios, aries) uwodebdnen. ra droidan

vrceldeba es iaraRi CvenSi Zneli saTqmelia. formiT, vanuri egzemplari,

yvelaze axlos dgas asiriul bareliefebze gamosaxul basrwvetian

urnalebTan. werilobiT wyaroebSi saalyo iaraRebi moxseniebulia

egrisis e.w „ocliani omTan“ dakavSirebiT. ase magaliTad, prokofi

kesarielis mixedviT, romaelebis mier gamagrebuli petras karibWis

Sesalewad sparselebma urnali gamoiyenes. arqeopolisTan, sadac

‐ 112 ‐  

reliefi ar iZleoda saSualebas kedlis sangrevi manqanebis moZraobisa,

sparselebma mxarze gasadebi urnalebi gaakeTes[lorTqifaniZe,1976: 168].

2. satyorcni lodebi. erT-erTi uadresi 19 sm-is diametris Wurvi

aRmoCnda samadlos elinisturi xanis namosaxlarze.vanis naqalaqarze

Zv.w. II-I ss-is fenebSi didi raodenobiT iqna nanaxi sxvadasxva zomis qvis

mrgvali birTvebi, romelsac specialuri mowyobilobebiT, katapultebiT

isrodnen. Ees ukanaskneligamogonebulia savaraudod Zv.w. IV s-Si, qalaq

sirakuzSi, dionisios ufrosis mmarTvelobis dros. ufro Zveli

aRmosavleTisTvis es iaraRi ar iyo cnobili da rogorc Cans, aqac isini

elinistur xanaSi gavrceldnen [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 170-175].

vanis naqalaqaris sxvadasxva ubanze aRmoCenili 200-mde qvis Wurvi

ornairia-adgilobrivi biotituri tufisagan specialurad gamoTlili

birTvebi da specialurad SerCeuli momrgvalo formis riyis qvebi. qvis

Wurvebis diametri varirebs 11-30 sm-s Soris, wona 2-25 kg-s Soris. maTi

aRmoCenis garemoebebi (isini grovebad aris dawyobili qalaqis

sxvadasxva teritoriaze da arsenalis STabeWdilebas toveben) da

dasamzadebeli masala mianiSnebs imaze, rom satyorcni birTvebi

ekuTvnoda ara momxvdurs, aramed qalaqis damcvel garnizons

[lorTqifaniZe,1976: 170, 171].

4 cali sferuli formis riyis qva nanaxia fiWvnaris gvianelinisturi

epoqis fenebSi. maTi diametri meryeobs 12,2-16 sm-s Soris, wona 1.44-5.2 kg.

aRniSnuli Wurvebi, Tavisi kalibriTa da woniT, analogiuria vanis

ramodenime egzemplarisa[aslaniSvili, 2002: 80,81].

vanis analogiuri suraTia antikuri xanis bevr Tanadroul cixe-

qalaqebSi: Zv.w. III s-is pergamonis erT-erT maRal borcvze, sadac

gaSenebuli iyo attala I-is (Zv.w.241-197 ww) samefo rezidencia,

aRmoCenili iqna qviT aSenebuli ramdenime monumenturi nagebobis naSTebi,

romlebic sawyobisa da arsenalis funqciebs asrulebdnen. aqve

piramidebad ewyo vardisferi traqtisagan damzadebuli sxvadasxva wonisa

da kalibris 894 Wurvi. amave qvis jiSisagan iyo agebuli borcvze

mdebare nagebobebic. Wurvebi ewyo arsenalis gareT, radganac, rogorc

wesi, isini ar moiTxovdnen gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, xSirad maT Ria

cisqveS awyobdnen, satyorcn manqanebTan axlos. pergamonuli satyorcni

‐ 113 ‐  

qvebis diametri meryeobda 14-40 sm-s Soris, wona ki 6,420-76,141 kg-s Soris.

karTagenSi aRmoCnda Zv.w. II s-is 2500 kirqvis Wurvi, romelTa wona

meryeobda 12 kg-dan 29 kg-mde, rac vanis Wurvebis wonas uaxlovdeba.

pantikapeonis elinisuri periodis fenaSi adgilobrivi jiSis kirqvisagan

damzadebuli aTeulobiT birTvi gamovlinda, analogiuria fanagoriaSi,

Zv.w. I s-is fenaSi aRmoCenili kirqvis birTvic.msgavsi sacavebi

aRmoCenilia antikuri samyaros sxva punqtebSic [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 172]

pergamonSi gamoyenebuli traqiti ufro magaria, vidre karTagenis,

pantikapeonis kirqvisa da vanis tufis birTvebi, amitom, rogorc Cans,

WurvisTvis specialurad ar arCevdnen qvis jiSs da Cvevlebriv

xelmisawvdom masalas iyenebdnen.

garda sagangebod damuSavebuli Wurvebisa, xSirad satyorcnad riyis

mrgval qvebsac iyenebdnen. is sakmaod efeqturi unda yofiliyo misi

simZimis gamo da amavdroulad advilad xelmisawvdomic iyo.yvelaze mZime

lodebs (60-70 kg) savaraudod dasagoreblad iyenebdnen, amisTvis

gamoiyeneboda kedlebSi specialurad datanili e.w. salodeebi. xolo

ufro naklebi wonis qvebs katapultebidan isrodnen.

qvis satyorcni manqanebis energiis wyaros cxovelis, gansakuTrebiT

xaris, kisris dagrexili ZarRvebi Seadgenda. filakavanTa zomebi 4 m X 5

m-s aRwevda da ukuqcevis sagrZnobi Zala hqonda. imis gamo, rom dartyma-

SenjRrevisas mwyobridan ar gamosuliyvnen, maT saamortizaciod

sagangebo alizisa da kordovani fenisagan Sedgenil platformebs

umzadebdnen. satyorcni manqanebi moTavsebuli iyo galavanze, koSkze an

mis qveda nawilSi, e.w kazematSi, saidanac specialurad datovebuli

Riobidan SeiZleboda srola. filakavanTa sabrZolo gamzadeba did dros

moiTxovda da amitom tyorcnis siswrafe didi ar iyo. Cans srolis

gaxSireba maTi raodenobis gazrdis xarjze xdeboda. Tu vanSi

aRmoCenili Wurvebis raodenobiTa da maTi sxvadasxva zomis mixedviT

vimsjelebT, unda davaskvna, rom sxvadasxva kalibris satyorcni manqanebi

Zveli vanis damcvelebsac sakmaod hqondaT [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 174].

antikuri xanis satyorc manqanebs iyenebdnen rogorc qalaqis

damcvelebi, aseve moalyeebic. werilobiTi wyaroebis kritikuli

analizisa da araerTi Catarebuli eqsperimentis Sedegad dgindeba, rom

‐ 114 ‐  

satyorcni manqanebidan gasrolili qvebis frenis siSore ar aRemateboda

300-350 metrs[Дилъс, 1934: 91,92]. magram gansakuTrebiT efeqturi iyo igi

cixe-simagridan, didi simaRlidan srolis dros. cnobilia, rom

simaRlidan gasrolili Wurvebi ufro didi ZaliT ecemian qvemoT myofT

da imdenad ufro Sors vardebian, ramdenadac ufro maRlaa is adgili,

saidanac isvrian. rogorc Cans, es garemoeba kargad icodnen vanis

damcvelebmac. vanis „arsenali“ xom axvledianebis goris, akropolisis

zeda nawilSi iyo ganlagebuli [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 175].

vanSi da fiWvnarSi aRmoCenili Wurvebis umetesoba Zv.w.II-I ss-is fenebSia

mopovebuli da iseve rogorc CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi miTridate VI

evpatoris xanas ukavSirdeba. cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 80 wels miTridatem

Tavisi Svili, kolxeTis mmarTvel miTridate filopatori, RalatSi

amxila da sikvdiliT dasaja. Mmama-Svilis brZolebis Sedegi unda iyos

xanZrisa da ngrevis kvali vanSi, fiWvnarsa da eSeraSi[aslaniSvili, 2002:

80,81]. miTridate aseve romaelebTan brZolis dros, bosforSi didi

raodenobiT amzadebda iaraRs, isrebsa da samxedro manqanebs, ar

iSurebda arc xe-tyes, muSa-xarebs, romlis ZarRvebidan larebs

amzadebda. Tu vanSi aRmoCenili Wurvebis raodenobiT vimsjelebT,

analogiuri mdgomareoba unda yofiliyo kolxeTSic, romelic mis erT-

erT ekonomikur bazas warmoadgenda [Лордкипанидзе, 1970: 24].

qvis Wurvebi aRmoCenilia mogviano xanis saqarTvelos sxva Zeglebzec:

urbnissa da argveTis antikuri xanis namosaxlarebze, sadac vanisagan

gansxvavebiT, qvebi aSkarad moalyeebs ekuTvniT. satyorcni birTvebi

gvxvdeba feodaluri xanis sxvadasxva cixe-simagreebzec. gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa 2012 wlis Tbilisis aRmoCena. e.w. diRmis karis galavnisa da

koSkebis Seswavlisas, adreSuasaukuneebis fenebSi, pirveli koSkis Sida

kedelTan, grovebad iyo dawyobili specialurad SerCeuli riyis

mrgvali qvebi.

3. balista. balista warmoadgens didi da mZime isrebis mtyorcnel

arbaletis msgavs danadgars. Tavdapirvelad, elinistur xanaSi,

katapultebis msgavsad, balistac qvis Wurvebis satyorcnad

gamoiyeneboda, magram ukve axali welTaRvricxvidan isini mxolo didi

isrebis msrolel manqanebs warmoadgendnen.

‐ 115 ‐  

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, iaraRis am saxeobis SesaniSnav nimuSs

warmoadgens biWvinTis №18 koSkis ax.w. IV s-is fenaSi aRmoCenili

balistis peritretis tipis masiuri, brinjaosgan Camosxmuli RerZis

nawili. is gamoiyeneboda rogorc qvissatyorcnebSi ise balistebSi,

xaris an cxenis kisris dagrexili ZarRvebisagan, an cxenis dagrexili

Zuisagan damzadebuli bagirebis dasaWimad. msgavsi detalebi cnobilia

dunaispira romauli cixesimagreebidan, Crdilo mesopotamiis qalaq

hitradan da sxva. am aRmoCeniT dasturdeba arianes is cnoba, romlis

Tanaxmadac aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis cixesimagreebis garnizonebs

qvasatyorcni da isarsatyorcni, katapultebi, balistebi da onagrebi

hqoniaT. es garemoeba aseve kargad Cans pitiuntis kanabes damcvel

mravalwaxnaga, specialurad satyorcni meqanizmebisaTvis

gaTvaliswinebul №1, №3 da №18 koSkebis magaliTidanac. №5 da №6

maraoseburi koSkebi, romlis pirdapir analogiebs kapidavasa da

dinogetikis cixesimagreebS vxedavT, aseve am miznebs emsaxureboda

[lorTqifaniZe,1991: 84].

balistidan satyorcni didi isrispirebi napovnia vanis naqalaqarze. 1966

wels vanSi karibWis kompleqsidan 100 m-is samxreTiT, gzis marjvena

mxares (nakveTi 121), naqalaqaris II terasis ZirSi aRmoCnda alizis

Camongreuli kedlis naSTi. erTmaneTze mijril alizis blokebs

cecxlis Zlieri moqmedebis kvali aReniSnebodaT. alizis qveS kramitis

natexebi iyo. erT-erT alizSi, 15 sm-is siRrmeze SerWobili iyo rkinis

masiuri isari, romelic savaraudod mtris balistiT iyo natyorcni.

isris sigrZea 62 sm, ganivkveTSi mrgvalia, diametria 1,8 sm. Sedgeba

mkveTrad gamoyofili sami nawilisagan: 1. quslamoRadruli yunwi; 2.

stabilizatori-frTebi; 3. isrispiri. 4,5 sm-is sigrZis yunwi boloSi

SedarebiT farToa, ganivkveTSi mrgvalia, 1,5 diametrisa. qusli

naxevarmTvariseburadaa [naxevarwred] amoRaruli larze misadebad. misi

diametri 1,5 sm-ia, rac laris sisqes unda Seesabamebodes. yunwis Semdeg 3

mm-is sisqis samkuTxedis formis (WrilSi) frTebia. isini isris tanTan

erTad arian gamoWedilni. frTebis sigrZe 6 sm-ia. sigane 2,7 sm. isris

tani ganivkveTSi mrgvalia. naWedi isris piri 2 sm-is sigrZisaa,

oTxwaxnaga, mkveTrad gamoyofilia isris tanisagan. wverisken mkveTrad

‐ 116 ‐  

viwrovdeba, ganivkveTSi 1 sm-is sisqisaa. wveri motexili aqvs, rogorc

Cans, dartymis dros [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 176].

1959 wels vanSi, naqalaqaris Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi,

gvianelinisturi xanis fenaSi, Zv.w. II-I ss-iT daTariRebulisami uCveulo

sididis isrispiriaRmoCnda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maT tyorcnidnen

balistis, an ufro patara, gastrafetis anu e.w dazgis mSvild-isris

msgavsi, specialuri mowyobilobiT. aq aRmoCenili iaraRi, rogorc Cans,

qalaqSi Zv.w. I s-Si mimdinare brZolebs ukavSirdeba.aseTive

warmomavlobisaa karibWis win kramityrilsa da naxanZral fenaSi

aRmoCenili metad Taviseburi iaraRis piris natexi, romelic SesaZloa

romauli pilumis msgavs satyorcn iaraRs ukavSirdebodes. aRniSnuli

kramityrili da damwvari, naxSirnarevi fena dakavSirebulia qalaqis

ngrevasTan, Zv.w. I s-Si [lorTqifaniZe,1976: 178].

rkinis analogiuri isrispirebi Sua saukuneebSic iyo gavrcelebuli. maTi

sigrZe ar iyo standartuli. igi meryeobda 44 sm-dan 185 sm-de. yvelaze

gavrcelebuli iyo 66 sm-is sigrZis isrebi.

&VII. Surduli

saqarTveloSi antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc amas

arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, Surdulic gamoiyeneboda. martivi

konstruqciis es qvis sasroli iaraRi warmoadgenda orad mokecil

saltes an bawars, romelsac SuaSi brtyeli nawili hqonda qvis

‐ 117 ‐  

Casadebad da sasrolad. es iyo uZvelesi da advilad xelmisawvdomi

iaraRi [gamyreliZe,....2005: 141].

vanis naqalaqarze, Zv.w. IV-I ss-is fenebSi gvxvdeba 4-6 sm-is diametris

mrgvali riyis qvebi, romlebsac SurduliT tyorcnidnen. saSurdule

qvebi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda karibWis kompleqsis

gaTxrisas. rogorc Cans, qvebi mtris mier iyo nasroli. SesaZloa isini

rionis pirze yofiliyo Segrovebuli.

ramdenime aTeuli mrgvali kenWi, diametriT 5 sm, aRmoCnda Zv.w. III s-iT

daTariRebul №3 meomris samarxTan gamovlenil sakremacio moedanze

brinjaos sajavSne firfitebTan erTad. am xanis samarxebSi saSurdule

qvebis aRmoCenis faqtebi cnobilia antikuri samyaros sxva punqtebidanac

[lorTqifaniZe,1976: 175].

ramdenime saSurdule qva aRmoCnda anakofiis cixesimagris Txrisas,

elinisturi xanis fenebSi [Трапш, 1959: 136]. maTi aRmoCenebi sakmaod

xSiria antikuri xanis CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis kompleqsebSi.

rogorc cnobilia, advilad xelmisawvdomi es uZvelesi iaraRi msubuqad

SeiaraRebuli qveiTi laSqris kuTvnil SteviT satyorcn iaraRad

iTvleba.

&VIII.sabrZolo etlebi

ufliscixis Zv.w. IV s-is fenaSi napovnia ori e.w „didi“ da „mcire“ etlis

fragmentebi. didi anu „samefo etli“ Semdegi fragmentebiT aris

warmodgenili: borblebi-fersos rkinis garsakravis natexebi, lursmnebi,

sarWebi, RerZi, wriuli sagdulebi, manis fuZeebis garsakravebi da rkinis

‐ 118 ‐  

xelna [yifiani, 2000: 80. sur.40-56]. es iyo sabrZolo-ceremonialuri

orborbliani msubuqi etli, rkinis proteqtorebiani rvamaniani

borblebiT, e.w aRmosavluri tipisa. proteqtorebiani borblebis

arseboba mowmobs etlis praqtikul daniSnulebas.

rac Seexeba „mcre“ etlis fragmentebs, aq warmodgenilia fersos rkinis

salte, lursmnebi, manWvlebi da sarWebi [yifiani, 2000: 80,87. sur.32-39, 79-

80].

sabrZolo etlis sxmuli brinjaos modeli aRmoCnda TeTriwyaros

raionSi, adgil goxebSi. mis borbals aqvs gverdiTi celi, romelic

sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros celavda mtris garemocvas. am tipis etlebi

iTvleba etlis klasikur tipad, romelic Zv. w VII-IV ss-Si

gavrcelebuli iyo berZnul samyaroSi [Лордкипанидзе,..... 1999: 197].

etlis gamosaxulebiani kirqvis fragmenti dadasturebulia vanis

naqalaqarze, romelic Zv.w II-I ss-iT TariRdeba.

etlis arseboba bunebrivia cxensac gulisxmobs. magram, rogorc

arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, Sekazmuli cxeni antikuri xanis

saqarTveloSi mxolod warCinebul meomrebs hyavdaT da rogorc Cans,

cxenosani jari am dros upiratesobas uTmobda qveiT laSqars. es

dasturdeba werilobiTi wyaroebiTac. garda amisa, adreantikuri da

elinisturi xanis samarxeuli kompleqsebi, romlebSic cxenis damarxva

dasturdeba [wiTeli Suqura, sairxe, vani, iTxvisi, yanCaeTi, ardasubani,

Savsaydara, algeTi, axalgori, ivrispiri, alaznispiri] xSir SemTxvevaSi

ar Seicaven sabrZolo iaraRs. ase magaliTad, sairxeSi Svidi cxeniani

samarxidan SeiaraReba (beqTari da isrispirebi) mxolod erTSi-№8

samarxSi dadasturda [nadiraZe,1990: 30]. Savsaydara II-is samarxebidanac

erTi iyo sabrZolo iaraRis (Subispiri, satevari) Semcveli-№6

qvissamarxi [margiSvili, 1992: 6, 12-15]. sabrZolo iaraRi axlda wiTeli

Suquras, iTxvisis, yanCaeTis, enageTis, ardasubnis, ivrispiris da vanis

samarxebSi gansvenebulT, romlebsac Sekazmuli cxeni yavdaT Catanebuli.

mxedris samarxebs vxdebiT mogviano periodSic-kldeeTSi, Jinvalis ax.w.

II-IV ss-is samarxebSi, kodoris xeobaSi, e.w. ‘webelduri kulturis“ ax.w.

III-VI ss-is samarxebSi.

‐ 119 ‐  

TaviII.TavdacviTi SeiaraReba

&I.fari

Ffarebis tipologizaciisaTvis Cven SegviZlia daveyrdnoT mxolod maTi

liTonis nawilebs, romlebic samarxebSi gvxvdeba. Aam TvalsazrisiT, ori

‐ 120 ‐  

ZiriTadi tipis gamoyofa SeiZleba: pirvelia liTonis firfitiani farebi,

romlebic mTlianad an maTi didi nawili dafarulia erTi an ramodenime

liTonis naWrebisagan da meore, e.w umbonebiani farebi.Ppirveli tipis

nimuSebi adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis Zeglebze gvxvdeba da

berZnuli, e.w hoplituri farebis kategorias ganekuTvneba, maSin roca

umbonebi ufro damaxasiaTebelia e.w. “barbarosuli” samyarosaTvis da

gvxvdeba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, rogorc winareantikuri da

adreantikurixanis Zeglebze, ise gvianantikurი xanisa da

adreSuasaukuneebის fenebSi.

1. liTonis firfitiani farebi. aRmosavleT SavizRvispreTSi elinuri

koloniebis dafuZvnebisa da mravalferovani berZnul-kolxuri

urTierTobebis damyarebis Sedegad kolxeTSi sxvadasxva kategoriis

nivTebTan erTad aRwevs berZnuli tipis SeiaraRebis nimuSebi, kerZod,

individualuri Tavdacvis saSualebani.

1940 wels md. besleTisa da ZeguTas wyalgamyof qedze mdebare

aleqseevskoes xeobis zeda nawilSi, axul-aabaSi aRmoaCines dangreuli

samarxi. ormosamarxSi, romelSic micvalebuli iwva zurgze gaSotili,

TaviT dasavleTisaken, sxva nivTebTan erTad aRmoCnda xis faris naSTebi

[diametric 80-90sm.], romlisagan SemorCa brinjaos garsakravis

fragmentebi, maT Soris gareTa kidis Txeli fragmentebi,

ornamentirebuli reliefuri wnulis xuTi rigiT, wnulSi CarTuli

burcobebiT (e.w. giioSi) da mrgvali centraluri nawiliT(diametri 29

sm), romelsac kideebze Semosdevs moqlonebis rigi da oTxi brtyeli

kavi, rogorc Cans gareTa brinjaos rgolTan dasamagreblad [tab.XXVIII].

mTlianad samarxeuli kompleqsi adreelinisturi xaniT TariRdeba

[kvirlkvelia, 2001: 32].

zemoT aRwerili msgavsi farebi farTodaa cnobili berZnul

samyaroSi. magaliTad msgavsi fari aRmoCenilia aTenis agoraze. am

ukanasknelze moTavsebuli warweris mixedviT Cans, rom es nimuSi

warmoadgens erT-erT im fars, romelic aTenelebma nadavlis saxiT

Caigdes xelSi Zv.w. 425 wels sfaqteriasTan spartelebze gamarjvebis

Sedegad da Semdeg gamoifina aTenis agoraze. qronologiurad axul-aabas

‐ 121 ‐  

nimuSTan yvelaze axlosaa, qalaq olinToSi, e.w. `keTili bedis~ vilis

maxloblad gaTxrili fari.qalaqi Zv.w 348 wels filipe II makedonelis

alyis da Semdgomi Sturmis Sedegad daingra[kvirlkvelia, 2001: 33].

faris garsakravi aRmoCnda soxumis CrdiloeTiT mdebare wiTeli

Suquris samarovnis #7 samarxSi. garsakravi damzadebulia brinjaos 0.5-

1.0 mm. sisqis samfeniani firfitisagan da gamoxatavs mfrinav arwivs,

TaviT marcxniv [tab.XXIX]. frTebi da kudi gaSlilia, frTis mxrebi win

gamotanili, cali fexiT ebjineba marjvena frTas. frTebi sxeulTan

brinjaos RerakebiTaa dakavSirebuli. arwivis Tvalebi, `qercliseburi~

bumbuli kisersa da mkerdis areSi, agreTve frTebis da kudis grZeli

bumbuli WedviTaa gamoyvanili, frTebi samnawilebadia. bumbuli

gamosaxulia qveda or nawilze, xolo mxrebis are gluvia. garsakravs

kideebze dasdevs wyvil-wyvilad datanili naxvretebi xis an tyavis

safuZvelze dasamagreblad. arwivis sigrZe 54 sm-ia, gaSlili frTebis

sifarTe 60 sm[Воронов, 1975: 232,233. Рис.7].

yvelaze axlos `wiTeli Suquras~ arwivTan dgas 1938-1939 w-is

zamTarSi olimpiaSi aRmoCenili fragmentuli (aklia orive frTa)

gamosaxuleba, romelic igive funqcionaluri daniSnulebis nivTs

warmoadgenda. kidev erTi saintereso nimuSia dadasturebuli kunZul

samosze, kerZod, arqauli xanis samlocvelos nangrevebSi aRmoCnda

brinjaos ori disko erTi arwivis, xolo meore gorgoneionis

gamosaxulebiT. arwivis gamosaxvis manera Zlier waagavs wiTeli

Suqurisas, magram misgan gansxvavebiT frTebi bumbulis xuTi rigiTaa

gamosaxuli, kudi ki – eqvsiT, xolo qercli faravs, rogorc kisers,

aseve mTel sxeuls da frTebis mxris nawilebsac. es arwivi Zv.w. VI s-iT

TariRdeba[kvirlkvelia, 2001: 33,34].

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom analogiuri farebi, arwivis gamosaxulebiT,

berZnulkeramikul ferweraSi gamoCenas iwyebs Zv.w.VII s-dan[Greenhalg, 1973:

98, fig.51; 101, fig.53b]da gansakuTrebuli popularoba moipova Zv.w.VIs-

Si[Greenhalg, 1973, Pa.112, fig.56; Pa. 140, fig.75].

amrigad, berZnuli analogiebisa da ferweris mixedviT, afxazeTis

artefaqtebi Zv.w VI-V ss-iT SeiZleba daTariRdes.

‐ 122 ‐  

Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi aRmoCenil orive zemoT dasaxelebuli

nimuSi ganekuTvneba e.w.hoplitur anu argosul fars. am farebis erT-erTi

damaxasiaTebeli niSania maTi gare zedapirze sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaTa

moTavseba.

farebze arsebuli gamosaxulebebi daniSnulebis mixedviT SeiZleba

daiyos cxra kategoriad: 1) wminda dekoratiuli xasiaTis; 2)

mowinaaRmdegis dasaSineblad gamiznuli; 3) kultTan dakavSirebuli; 4)

saxelmwifos da erovnebis aRmniSvneli;5) ojaxTan an winaprebTan

dakavSirebuli; 6) statusis an rangis aRmniSvneli; 7) individualuri

Tvisebebis aRmniSvneli; 8) rogorc bedisweris aRmniSvneli; 9)

individualuri kaprizis gamoxatuleba [kvirlkvelia, 2001: 36].

Ffaris garsakravs ganekuTvneba eSeris naqalaqarze aRmoCenili

naxevarwriuli brinjaos furceli, romelsac gareTa, wriuli kide

Sekecili aqvs, xolo mopirdapire, swor kideze aqvs – gamWoli

naxvretebi 4-cali, lursmnebisaTvis. aseve naxvretebia 2-cali mrudi

kidis gaswvriv xis safuZvelze dasamagreblad. ivaraudeba, rom esaa erTi

naxevari ovaluri moyvanilobis xis faris garsakravisa [tab.XXX]. is

Zlier dazianebul mdgomareobaSi iqna napovni nayarSi. safuZveli misi am

formis garsakravad miCnevisa aris gvianelinisturi xanis bosforSi

aRmoCenili meomris terakotuli gamosaxulebani wagrZelebuli ovalis

formis, SuaSi gamyofzoliani farebiT[Шамба, 1980: 50. Таб.LXVI].

Ffaris liTonis nawilebi aRmoCnda varsimaanTkaris meomarTa 18-e da

65-e samarxSi romelTac SeiaraRebis TiTqmis sruli kompleqti gaaCndaT.

18-e samarxis fari sxva masalebis msgavsad sagangebodaa dazianebuli da

daWyletili, rac SesaZloa dakrZalvis ritualTanaa dakavSirebuli,

romelic savaraudoa gaZarcvis Tavidan acilebis mizniTac keTdeboda.

meore fari ki mTelia [tab.XXXI]. igi ido micvalebulis muclis areSi,

orive fari erTmaneTis msgavsia, formiT – moyvanilobiT ganekuTvnebian

mrgval farebs. damzadebulia Txelfurclovani brinjaosagan, napirebi

wertilovani ornamentiTaa Semkuli, farebs centrSi darCiluli aqvT

reliefuri gamosaxuleba, romelic eqvsi `sxivisagan” Sedgeba. `sxivebi”

sam-sami burTulaTi bolovdeba, `sxivebis” Semkreb centrSi SemaRlebuli

kuwubia gamoyvanili, romelic oTx-oTxi burTulisagan Sedgenil

‐ 123 ‐  

mtevnisebur Sverils warmoadgens. farebs sapirispiro mxares, oTx

adgilze mcire diametris or-ori xvreli aqvT, SesaZloa maTi

saSualebiT xdeboda Sida pirze tyavis sarCulis damagreba. faris

diametria 30 sm, `sxivana” gamosaxulebis diametric 7.4 sm-ia, simaRle –

3.5 sm. SesaZloa centrSi aseTi danawevreba dartymis Zalis

Sesasusteblad iyo gamoyenebuli. rac Seexeba faris TariRs, samarxeuli

kompleqsebis mixedviT isini Zv.w. IV s-iT TariRdeba[muxigulaSvili, 1986:

60, tab.XXIV].

kamaraxevis #27 qvebiT gadaxurul ormosamarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos

fari. samarxSi micvalebuli marjvena gverdze iwva, iqve iyo 2 mm sisqis

wris formis mokecili firfita. wris diametria 27-sm, umbonisa 5-sm.

umbons naxevarsferuli forma aqvs. faris kides ornamenti Semouyveba: is

Semkulia wvrili, mZiviseburi, amotvifruli ornamentiT. kideze, misgan 1.5

sm daSorebiT ori naxvretia[tab. XXXII].kamaraxevis samarovanze gaTxril

samarxebSi mopovebuli masala paralelebs poulobs aRmosavleT da

dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil ZeglebTan: vani, samadlo, cixiagora,

ufliscixe da TariRdeba Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT. Sesabamisad kamarxevis samarxSi

aRmoCenili faric IV-III ss-iT SeiZleba daTariRdes [jRarkava, 1982: 141,

150].

liTonissafariani farebis kidev erTi nairsaxeoba – rkinis

sartyelebisagan Sedgeneli da brinjaos mavTuliT Sekruli faris naSTi,

vanis naqalaqaris #9 meomris samarxSi iqna aRmoCenili[tab.XXXIII]. fari

daJangulia da deformirebuli, misi moyvaniloba ar isazRvreba. fari

ido meomris ferxTiT, faravda Subispirebs. #9 samarxi TariRdeba Zv.w.

IV-is meore naxevriT [lorTqifaniZe, 1972: 145,146].

aseTi farebi, romelTa garsakravi rkinis furclebisagan

(sartyelebisagan) Sedgeboda da brinjaos mavTuliT iyo Sekruli,

Crdilo SavizRvispira stepebis kompleqsebidanac aris cnobili. vanis

fari msgavsebas avlens volkovicis #2 yorRanis faris

rkinisfirfitovan garsakravTan [tab.XXXIV], romelsac tyavis safuZvlis

fragmentebi aqvs SerCenili. yorRani Zv.w. IV s-iT TariRdeba[Черненко, 1968:

98. Рис.58].

‐ 124 ‐  

U2. umbonebi. saqarTvelos antikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebidan

cnobilia faris wriuli, liTonis (vercxlis, brinjaos, rkinis) gulebi,

igive umbonebi, sxvadasxva profilis (konusuri, naxevarsferuli)

burcobiTa da irgvlivi kidiT. Uumetes SemTxvevebSi Cven ar viciT ra

konfiguraciisa iyo TviT fari, radgan faris korpusi xis masalisagan

keTdeboda, romlebmac Cvenamde ver moaRwies. umbonis wriuloba ki ar

niSnavs faris wriulobas.

brilis erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos diskiseburi nivTi. misi Sua

nawili cal gverdze amozneqilia, xolo meoreze Sesabamisad Cazneqili.

erTi gverdi sadaa, meore ki lamazi saxeebiTaa Semkuli. diskos napirs

irgvliv uvlis or reliefur zols Soris moTavsebuli grexili. am

sartyelsa da amozneqil centrs Soris farTo sivrce Sevsebulia

radialuri sxivebiT. amozneqil nawils amkobs reliefur zolTa,

grexilTa da `zenur~ xviaTa sartyelebi, agreTve sxva saxeebi, romlebic

kargad ar gairCeva nivTis Camotexil nawilze. safiqrebelia, rom es

mxatvrulad damuSavebuli disko warmoadgenda faris guls, magram isic

savaraudebelia, rom igi warmoadgenda sarkes [`saqarTvelos

arqeologia~, 1959: 194].

urekis samarovanzec damowmebulia umbonebi. umbonebi damzadebulia

brinjaos furclebisagan. maT naxevarsferuli forma aqvT da sworad

gaSlili mindvrebi, romlebic zog egzemplarze wertilovani ornamentiT

aris Semkuli. urekis samarovanze sul 10 – umboni aRmoCnda[tab.XXXV].

eqvsi #3 samarx-ormoSi, ori, Zlier fragmentirebuli, dangreuli

samarxebis nayarSi, da oric aseve Zlier fragmentirebuli, #1 samarx-

ormoSi. umbonebiani farebi gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel aRmosavleTSi.

urekis umbonebis zogadad Tanadroul umbonebs vxvdebiT urartul

Zeglebze. brinjaos furclebisagan damzadebuli umbonebi, wnuli

farebisa, aRmoCnda karmir-bluris #28-e saTavsoSi. es umbonebi,

damzadebis principebis mixedviT iseTivea rogorc urekisa, magram

gansxvavdeba formiT – isini mkveTrad konusuri formisani arian da

SuaSi azidul konuss ar aqvs mindvrebi. zogadi qronologiuri

Tanxvedris TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom TeiSebainis xuT umbonze

aris warwerebi argiSti – menuas Zisa (Zv.w. 786-764 ww) da sarduri

‐ 125 ‐  

argiStis Zis (764-735 ww) saxelebisa.sagulisxmoa, rom or uSualod

momijnave qveyanaSi, erTsa da imave xanaSi xmarebaSi iyo konstruqciulad

identuri, magram formalurad mkveTrad gansxvavebuli farebi, romlebic

TiToeuli am qveynis materialuri kulturis Tvisebebs asaxaven [miqelaZe,

1985: 45].

naxevarsferuli burcobiani brinjaos xuTi umboni aRmoCnda vanis

naqalaqarze, Tormetsafexurian sakurTxevelTan gamarTul Zv.w. II-I ss-is

sacav-saganZurSi.yvela erTi tipisaa, naxevarsferuli moyvanilobis Sua

nawils, irgvliv brtyeli kide Semouyveba [tab.XXXVI]. burcobs centrSi

naxvreti aqvs. erT maTgans centrSi, gamozidul nawilze, brinjaos

patara lursmani aqvs mikruli, xis safuZvelze dasamagreblad. umbonis

diametria 10 sm, burcobisa – 7 sm, simaRle – 3 sm, umbonebs Sida mxares

danaxSirebuli xis namcecebi hqondaT mikruli, xolo maTi aRmoCenis

adgilas uxvad Cndeboda damwvari xis fragmentebi. umbonebi aRmoCenili

iyo nagebobis im adgilas, sadac rkinis sxva iaraRebi iyo Tavmoyrili –

sami satevari da sami maxvili, ase rom, aRmoCenis konteqstic mxars uWers

umbonis faris kuTvnilad miCnevas[gamyreliZe, 2005: 146].

Uumbonebi gvxvdeba saqarTvelos gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis

Zeglebzec.

Jinvalis ax.w. II-IV ss-is samarovnis samarxebSi aRmoCnda 3 umboni, maT

Soris erTi rkinisa, xolo ori cali vercxlisa [CixlaZe, 1999: 67-68].

rkinis umboni daJangulia, SemorCenelia nawilobriv. danarCeni ori cali

vercxlis umboni warmoadgens mrgval, brtyel firfitas, romelic

centrSi amoburculia da irgvliv ori koncentruli sartyeli

Semosdevs. umbonis kide Semkulia wertilovani ornamentiT, romelic

varskvlavis gamosaxulebas qmnis. firfita or adgilas aris gaxvretili.

es umboni aRmoCenilia 277-e yorekedlian ormo-samarxSi, samarxis

gamTxrelis azriT isini SeiZleba meomris samkerdulebs warmoadgenda

da ara faris umbonebs [CixlaZe, 1999: 73].

modinaxes ax.w. IV s-iT daTariRebul #8-e samarxSi aRmoCnda 8 sm

simaRlisa da 15 sm diametriskonusis formis rkinis nivTi, romelic

faris umboni unda iyos. is iyo konusuri formis, garSemo Txeli, 2 sm-

is siganis piriT. pirze SemorCeneli aqvs ori manWvali erTmaneTis

‐ 126 ‐  

sapirispiro mxares. rogorc Cans igi faris Sua nawilze iyo mimagrebuli

da am sabrZolo iaraRis detals warmoadgenda [nadiraZe, 1975: 49,58].

modinaxes analogiuri konusuri formis rkinis umboni aRmoCnda rganis

ax.w. IV-V ss-issamarovnis #15 samarxSi[bragvaZe, 2000:111. sur.78].

26 sxvadasxva formis umbonia aRmoCenili afxazeTSi, e.w. “webelduri

kulturis” Zeglebze[tab.XXXVII].webeldis zogierT samarxSi faris

sxvadasxva liTonis garsakravebis gardadafiqsirda faris xis korpusis

nakvalevi, misi konturi, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada mTlianad

farisformis dadgena. Ggamoiyo oTxi ZiriTadi forma: ovaluri, wriuli,

eqvskuTxa da oTkuTxa[tab.XXXVIII].

oTxkuTxa fari webeldaSi sami egzemplariT aris warmodgeneli,

romelTagan erT-erTi abgiZraxus samarovnis (nekropolis) #44 samarxSi

aRmoCnda. am fars ganekuTvneboda: rkinis garsakravi firfitebi,

romelibic faris oTxive kuTxes amagrebda. rkinis wvrili da grZeli

firfitebi, romlebic faris kideebis gaswvriv magrdeboda. rkinis

lursmnebi, romliTac fiqsirdeboda rkinis detalebi faris xis an

tyavis safuZvelze. aRniSnuli samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. IV s-is meore

naxevriT. zemoT aRniSnuli TavdacviTi iaraRi, romlis sigrZe ar

aRemateboda 66 sm-s da sigane 50 sm-s, iyo Zalzed moxerxebuli

manipulirebisaTvis, amasTan erTad is SeiZleba gamosadegi yofiliyo

rogorc cxenosani ise msubuqad SeiaraRebuli qveiTi meomrisaTvis,

xelCarTuli brZolis dros[Трапш, 1971: 68].MdanarCeni ori

analogiurifarebi gamovlinda wibilium 1-is #39 da #43 samarxebSi.

pirvelis zomebia 40X60 sm, meorisa ki 50X70[Воронов, ..... 1982: 148, 154.

Рис.17,19]. oTkuTxa fari afxazeTSi gamoCnda, rogorc Cans, romis

gavlenis Sedegad. Crdilo SavizRvispireTis antikur qalaqebSi,

oTxkuTxa da wagrZelebulovaluri farebi Cndeba Cv.w. III s-Si.

eqvskuTxa faris xis safuZvlis naSTi aRmoCnda abgiZraxus samarovnis

№12 samarxSi.Mmisi simaRle yofila 80 sm, sigane 50 sm[Трапш, 1971: 33,154].

ovaluri moyvanilobisaa Монетный Холм 3-is #1 da laris #12 samarxebSi

napovni nimuSebi, romelTa parametrebia 75X50[Шамба, 1970:

Табл.XXI].wibilium 1-is#4 da #24 samarxebs ekuTvnis 60-70 diametris

mrgvali farebi[Воронов, ..... 1979: 185. Рис.3,1,8].

‐ 127 ‐  

lursmnebisa da kidisgarsakravebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebTam farebis

sisqe meryeobda 1,5-2 sm-s Soris [Воронов, ..... 1982: 132].

umbonebis umravlesoba damzadebuli rkinisagan, mxolod oria brinjaosi,

romelTagan erT-erTi mooqrovilia.maTi simaRle meryeobs 8-14 sm-s, xolo

diametri 15-21 sm-s Soris. zogierTi umbonis centralur nawils aqvs

cilindruli forma, 2 – 2.5 sm simaRlis, Semdeg is gadadis konusis

formaSi. unbonebs, gaSlil Zirebze, salursme naxvretebi aqvT, romliTac

isini magrdebodnen farze. zogierT unbonze lursmnebi aris

SemorCenili.

webeldaSi aRmoCenili farebis umbonebi SeiZleba daTariRdes ax.w. IV-VI

ss-iT. aseTi daTariReba efuZneba im masalas romelic napovni iqna

farebTan erTad, magaliTad: amforebi, minis Tasebi da Wiqebi, keramikuli

vazebi, Subispirebi, yunwiani-samfrTiani sarmatuli tipis isrispirebi,

fibulebi da sxva, romlebic ZiriTadad ax.w. III-VI ss-Tvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli[Трапш, 1971: 153-156].

sxvadasxva warmomavloba unda hqondeT erTis mxriv winareantikuri,

adreantikuri, elinisturi xanis umbonebsda meores mxriv gvianantikuri

da adreSuasaukuneebis nimuSebs. Tu pirveli(brilis, urekisa da vanis

artefaqtebi) aSkarad ukavSirdeba winaaziur umbonebs, ukve ax.w. IV

saukunidangavrcelebul egzemplarebs (pirvel rigSi es iTqmis webeldur

umbonebze) aSkarad dasavluri, konkretulad ki germanuli warmomavloba

aqvT. webeldis umbonebTan, tipologiuri msgavsebas amJRavnebs qerCis

ax.w. II s-is akldamaSi aRmoCeneli umbonebi. aseve qerCSi napovni ax.w. IV

s-iT daTariRebuli ori vercxlis umboni, romelTac gaaCniaT msgavseba

webeldis umbonebTan.webelduris analogiuriumbonebi damaxasiaTebelia

gvianantikuri xanis e.w. pSevorskisa(ax.w. I-III ss) da Cerniaxovis(ax.w. III-IV

ss) kulturebisaTvis [Магемедов,...... 1996: 306-307. Рис.4 1-15]dRevandeli

poloneTis, rumineTis, moldaveTisa da ukrainis teritoriaze. isini

mravlad gvxvdeba aseve dasavleT evropaSi. rusulenovan samecniero

literaturaSi, sarmatul samarxebSi aRmoCenili msgavsiumbonebi

germanul importad aris miCneuli[Щукин, 2004:445-463; Симоненко, 1989: 56-73].

maT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebas igive istoria unda hqondeს

‐ 128 ‐  

rac e.w. webelduri tipis culebs (maTze zemoT gvqonda saubari), e.i es

procesi dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis romaul cixe-

simagreebTan da iq Cayenebul “barbarizebuli”garnizonebTan, romelTa

meSveobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRwevs germanuli SeiaraRebis iseTi

elementebi rogoricaa e.w “webelduri tipis culi” da faris umboni.

garda uSualod faris naSTebisa, farebis formazegarkveul warmodgenas

gviqmnis sxvadasxva arqeologiuri artefaqtebi, sadac farebia

gamosaxuli da werilobiTi wyaroebi.

samadloSi aRmoCenil keramikul WurWelze gamosaxulia ramdenime

meomari, zogierT maTgans fari uWiravs. farebs mrgvali, gamoberili

forma aqvs da garkveulwilad berZnul hoplons waagavs

[tab.XXXIX][Гагошидзе, 1981: 67].

sof. gomSi aRmoCenili sasmisi yanwiseburi ritonis tips miekuTvneba.

masze gamosaxul oTxidan or meomers erTnairi konfiguraciis fari

uWiravs, romlebic menjidan mxramde faravT. fari oTxkuTxaa da

marjvena zeda kuTxe amoWrili aqvs [tab.XL]. fari naxatze isea

gamisaxuli, rom mklavze maryuJiT damagrebuli Cans da xelis CasaWidic

unda hqonoda. amgvarad, mebrZols fari ufro marjved, moxerxebulad

ekava da Tu dasWirdeboda brZolis dros orive xelis xmareba SeeZlo

[faris aseT samagrs pirvelad hoplitebi iyenebdnen]. gomis sasmisis

faris marjvena kuTxe amoWrili iyo, rac meoemars lavirebis dros

gamoxedvis saSualebas aZlevda da moxerxebuli unda yofiliyo. faris

amgvari detali mxolod am gamosaxulebebzea aRniSnuli da sxvagan ar

gvxvdeba. amitom savaraudoa es gamosaxedi sabrZolo aRWurvilobis

ganviTarebaSi adgilobriv novaciaT miviCnioT. gamosaxediani farebi

sxvaganacaa aRmoCenili, magram maTze simetria araa

darRveuli[gamyreliZe, 2002: 41].

berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi moixsenieba qarTveluri mosaxleobis

(kolxebis, mosinikebis, mosxebis, xalibebis) farebi. kerZod herodote

aRniSnavs - `kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT, gamouqneli tyavis

patara farebi da mokle Subebi, amis garda danebi~. qsenofontes

`anabasisSi~ xalibebis xaris tyavisagan gakeTebuli farebi moixsenieba.

aqve naxsenebia, rom mosinikebis meomrebs `yovels xelSi ekeva suros

‐ 129 ‐  

foTlis nairi fari, xaris TeTrbewviani tyaviT dafaruli~. straboni

`geografiaSi~ gadmogvcems, rom albanelebi `arian Subosnebi da

mSvildosnebi, aqvT tyavis abjrebi da farebi iberebis msgavsad~ aq

naxsenebia romauli skutumis msgavsi fari [gamyreliZe, 2002: 42].

rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, kolxebi, xalibebi, mosinikebi,

iberebi xmarobdnen – xaris tyavis mcire farebs; suros foTlis formis

farebs; skutumis msgavs kuTxeebian farebs. es farebis zogi Celtis iyo,

zogic xis da tyavgadakruli. arqeologiur masalaSi umbonebis

dadastureba migvaniSnevs imaze, rom faris konstruqciaSi xSirad

liTonic gamoiyeneboda[gamyreliZe, 2002:42].

&II.abjari

1.liTonis sabrZolo sartylebi. beqTari, jaWvis perangi da liTonis

sartylebi ganekuTvneba TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis im kategorias, romelic

icavs uSualod meomris torss, mis tans. samecniero literaturaSi ukve

didi xania damkvidrda erTgvari tradicia, romlis Tanaxmadac beqTari

da jaWvis perangi ganixileba cal-calke, rogorc abjris ori sxvadasxva

saxeoba. rac Seexeba brinjaos sartylebs, zogierT samecniero naSromSi

is moyvanilia rogorc beqTaris erT-erTi tipi, sxvagan ki is ganxilulia

rogorc calke, damoukidebeli saxeoba TavdacviTi SeiaraRebisa.

‐ 130 ‐  

farTo liTonis sartyeli, romelic icavda adamianis mucels, erT-

erTi uZvelesia TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis saxeobebidan. agebulebis

mixedviT ZiriTadad ori tipi gamoirCeoda: erT SemTxvevaSi is

warmoadgenda erT mTlian brinjaos sartyels, romelsac tyavis sarCuli

hqonda, meore SemTxvevaSi is Sedgeboda calkeuli liTonis Txeli

firfitebisagan, romlebic sartyelis tyavis safuZvelze magrdebodnen.

misi liTonis detalebi xSirad ornamentirebuliiyo.

b. piotrovski aRniSnavs, rom liTonis firfitebiT dafaruli

sartyeli, Zvel aRmosavleTSi iyo mSvildosani meomris aRWurvilobis

savaldebulo elementi, romelic misTvis, erTgvarad faris Semcvleli

iyo. misi umTavresi funqciis garda is erTgvarad sakulto, saritualo

funqciasac asrulebda. amaze metyvelebs xSir SemTxvevaSi masze

gamosaxuli sxvadasxva ritualebis scenebi [Пиотровский, 1962: 73].

am tipis sartyelebi xSirad aris gamosaxuli asurul da xeTur

bareliefebze. brinjaos farTo, zogjer mdidrulad ornamentirebuli

sartyelebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli urartuSi. is damaxasiaTebeli

iyo skviTuri da yobanuri kulturisaTvis. mikenur saberZneTSi is e.w.

mokle beqTaris damatebas warmoadgenda. aseTi sartylebi xSirad

ixsenieba homerosis iliadaSi. magaliTad, ifidamassa da agamemnons

Soris gamarTuli brZolis aRwerisas Cans rom, isini ar Sediodnen

uSualod beqTaris SemadgenlobaSi, aramed warmoadgendnen mis damatebas.

gvian brinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

gavrcelebuli iyo brinjaos rogorc sada, ise mdidrulad

ornamentirebuli farTo sartylebi. zogierT sartyelze sxvadasxva

Sinaarsis siuJetebia mocemuli – nadirobis, miTologiuri Sinaarsis

scenebi da sxva. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebul brinjaos

farTo sartylebs ormag funqcias miaweren – samxedros, rogorc

usafrTxoebis saSualeba da agreTve riatualurs. maTi warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmuli. zogi maT warmoSobas urartusTan

urTierTobas ukavSirebs, zogierTi ki maT adgilobriv nawarmad Tvlis,

Tumca urartus sakmaod Zlier gavlenas xedavs. brinjaos gravirebuli

sartylebi Zv.w. IX-VII ss-Si vrceldebian saqarTvelosa da aR.

‐ 131 ‐  

amierkavkasiaSi, rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi [o. lorTqifaniZe, 2002, gv.

111].

metad sainteresoa narekvavis samarovanze, №9 ormo-samarxSi

aRmoCeneli brinjaos erTi mTliani sartyeli [sigrZe – 83 sm, sigane –

16.5-17 sm, sisqe – 1 mm.]. masze gravirebis wesiT gamosaxulia kompoziciebi.

sartyelis boloebi Sua nawilSi gaxvretilia – Tasmebis Sesakravad.

sartyelze marcxnidan marjvniv gamosaxulia stilizebuli fafriani

cxeni, qveviT – msgavsi cxeni. mis win kidev ori cxenia amokveTili.

cxenze meomaria Semjdari, romelic mSvild-isars tyorcnis. centraluri

frizis Tavze sami iremia gamosaxuli. mis win – gardacvlili meomari,

romelsac svavi (?) kortnis. qveda nawilSi gamosaxulia taxi da

mSvildiani meomari. mas isari gautyorcnia. mis win mSvild-isriani

meomaria. igi TeZoSia daWrili. aseve gamosaxulia sami mamakaci. erTi

maTgani miuTiTebs erTmaneTSi mosaubre or mamakacze. erT-erTs xelSi

maxvili uWiravs. maT win kidev ori meomaria gamosaxuli. erTi, romelsac

welze didi maxvili hkidia, TiTqos niSans aZlevs – ubrZanebs

mSvildosans. mas isari gautyorcnia miznisaken. me-9 samarxi (sadac

aRmoCnda es sartyeli), iq aRmoCenili iaraRis (maxvilebi, culi) da

Tanmxlebi masalebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba Zv.w. XI-IX ss-iT

daTariRdes [`narekvavi~, 1999: 30-31]. sartylis forma da masze gamosaxuli

siuJetic, imaze miuTiTebs, rom is [da aseve sxva msgavsi sartylebi],

garda dekoratiulisa, samxedro funqciasac atarebda.

antikuri xanis dasawyisisaTvis TandaTanobiT xmarebidan gamodis

brinjaos farTo sartylebi, amieridan maT mxolod wminda

sayofacxovrebo funqcia aqvT da adamianis tanisamosis erT-erT elements

warmoadgenen. msgavsi tendenciebi iyo saqarTvelos teritoriis

farglebs gareTac, magram zogierTi xalxi, magaliTad samnitebi da

etruskebi, klasikursa da elinistur xanaSic xmarobdnen liTonis

farTo sartylebs, rogorc TavdacviTi saSualeba.

2.beqTari. beqTari aris liTonis firfitebiT dafaruli tyavis, selis an

qsovilis samosi. isini aRmoCnda saqarTvelos antikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis ramodenime Zeglze.gamoiyeneboda aseve tyavisa da

selis beqTaric, liTonis detalebis gareSe, romlebic Cvenamde ver

‐ 132 ‐  

SemorCa. maT Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT mxolod werilobiTi

wyaroebiTa da arqeologiur artefaqtebze arsebuli gamosaxulebebiT.

zogadad, liTonis firfitebisagan Semdgari beqTaris ramodenime

varianti gamoirCeva: pirvelia e.w `qercliseburi beqTari~ [Lorica

squamata], romelic Sedgeboda didi raodenobis Tevzis qerclis formis

patara liTonis firfitebisagan. isini damagrebuli iyvnen tyavis, selis

an qsovilis sarCulze da nawilobriv faravdnen erTmaneTs [tab.XLI].

firfitebs sxvadasxva moyvaniloba hqondaT, magram ZiriTadad iyo

wagrZelebuli formis firfitebi, romelTac zeda mxare swori hqondaT,

qveda ki momrgvalebuli, xolo zeda kideze naxvretebi iyo firfitis

tyavis an qsovilis safuZvelze dasamagreblad.

meore iyo e.w. firfitebiani beqTari (Lorica segmentata-

kramitiseburi), romelic Sedgeboda calkeuli liTonis firfitebisagan.

aRniSnuli tipi pirvelisagan (qercliseburisagan) gansxvavdeboda imiT,

rom misi firfitebi ufro didi zomisaa da ar faraven erTmaneTs. isini

erTmaneTis gverdiT, mTlianad iyvnen damagrebulni beqTarze [tab.XLII],

maSin rica qercliseburi beqTaris firfitebi mxolod nawilobriv

magrdeboda safuZvelze da nawilobriv faravda mis gverdiT da qvemoT

myof mezobel firfitebs (Sesabamisad, safuZvelze dasamagreblad,maT

naxvretebi mxolod zeda swori kidis midamoebSi hqondaT).

aseve arsebobda e.w. `Sedgenil firfitebiani~ beqTari, romelic

Sedgeboda erTmaneTze akinZuli liTonis firfitebisagan. aRniSnul

javSans ar hqonda sarCuli, mis firfitebs gaaCndaT ufro bevri

naxvretebi (TiTqmis yvela gverdze) romlebiTac isini, mavTulebiT an

TasmebiT erTiandebodnen horizontalur da vertikalur mwkrivebad

[tab.XLIII].

TiToeul zemoT aRniSnul tips gaaCnda Tavisi Zlieri Tu susti

mxare: qercliseburi beqTari uzrunvelyofda saimedo dacvas basri

iaraRisagan da amasTan erTad sakmaod rbili, drekedi iyo da

Tavisufali moZraobis SesaZleblobas iZleoda, magram iyo sakmaod

mZimec.

firfitebiabi beqTari ufro msubuqi da saimedo iyo, magram ara

sakmarisad drekadi. xolo mesame tipis beqTari – Sedgeneli

‐ 133 ‐  

firfitebiani iyo msubuqi, magram sxva abjrebisagan gansxvavebiT ufro

cudad icavda meomars axlo manZilidan sabrZolo iaraRisagan [Хазанов,

1971: 53].

mogvianebiT gavrcelebas iwyebs e.w.

kombinirebuliformebi[tab.XLIV], romlebSic gaerTianebuli iyo

sxvadasxva tipis beqTaris elenentebi. es iyo erTgvari universaluri

TavdacviTi saSualeba, sadac Sexamebuli iyo sxvadasxva tipis beqTaris

dadebiTi mxareebi.

pirveli primitiuli tyavis an Zvlis abjrebi Cndeba albaT jer

kidev neoliTuri periodidan. xolo liTonis safariani beqTarebis

istoria maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Zv.w. III-aTaswleulidan iwyeba. liTonis

TavdacviTi saWurvelis yvelaze Zveli gamisaxuleba daculia uris

Standartze. is warmoadgens erTgvar usaxeloebian kabas, romelic

morTulia mrgvali liTonis firfitebiT. es gamosaxuleba TariRdeba

Zv.w. III-aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT. aseTi forma gavrcelebuli iyo Zv.w. III-

aTaswleulidan Zv.w. V s-mde. Zalzed sainteresoa faravanTan, TrialeTSi

aRmoCenili TavdacviTi saWurvlis naSTebi: esaa eqvsi cali, burcobebiT

Semkuli spilenZis mrgvali firfitebi, centraluri naxvretiT. isini

aRmoCnda TrialeTis brinjaos xanis №40 yorRanSi (Zv.w. III-aTaswleulis

dasasruli)[tab.XLV]. centraluri naxvreti saWrio iyo maTi savaraudod

tyavis safuZvelze dasamagreblad. sainteresoa is, rom TrialeTuri

egzemplari, rogorc formiT ise daTariRebiT uaxlovdeba ukve zemoT

naxseneb beqTaris uZveles gamosaxulebas. aseTive firfitebi, magram ukve

gvian brinjaos xanisa, aRmoCenilia dRevandeli somxeTis teritoriazec.

rogorc Cans es forma (liTonis mrgvali firfitebiT gaZlierebuli

beqTari) sakmaod didi xani gavrcelebuli yofila SuamdinareTsa da

amierkavkasiaSi [Куфтин, 1941:1001]. droTa ganmavlobaSi, liTonis

firfitebiani beqTaris ganviTarebis Sedegad, ukve Zv.w. II-aTaswleulis

Sua xanebisaTvis, egvipteSi, siriaSi, palestinasa da mesopotamiaSi

arsebobs sakmaod daxvewili da Camoyalibebuli firfitebiani beqTari. am

drois arqeologiuri da ikonografiuli masalebis didi umravlesoba

dakavSirebulia egviptesa da siriasTan. yvela es masala aCvenebs, rom am

droisaTvis gavrcelebuli iyo grZeli, swori perangi mokle saxeloTi.

‐ 134 ‐  

is mTlianad dafaruli iyo mozrdili liTonis ovaluri firfitebiT.

maTi zeda kide iyo momrgvalebuli, qveda ufro maxvili. maT hqondaT

bevri naxvretebi, romelTa meSveobiTac isini mTlianad magrdebodnen

safuZvelze.

Zv.w. II-aTaswleulis meore naxevridan mimdinareibs firfitebiani

beqTaris TandaTanobiTi modernizaciis procesi, romelic gulisxmobda

misTvis ufro meti simsubuqisa da drekadobis SeZenas. amavdroulad mas

unda SeenarCunebina kargi TavdacviTi unarianoba. ase Seiqmna axali tipi

– e.w. `qercliseburi beqTari~. misi yvelaze Zveli egzemplari aRmoaCines

nuziaSi [mesopotamia] da TariRdeba Zv.w. XV s-iT, es aris qercliseburi

beqTaris arqauli forma.

Zv.w. I-aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis am tipma sruliad

Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo. Zveli tipis modernizaciis procesi sxva

mimarTulebiTac ganviTarda. amis Sedegad daaxloebiT Zv.w. II-

aTaswleulis bolosa da I-aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis Cndeba e.w.

Sedgenil firfitebiani, anu meorenairad “akinZul firfitebiani” beqTari.

Zv.w. IX-VIII ss-Si, zemoT aRwerili TavdacviTi aRWurvilobebi

vrceldeba urartuSi (savaraudod asurelebis gavleniT). xolo skviTebi

maT ecnobian wina aziaSi laSqrobebis dros. savaraudod skviTebisagan

gadaiRes qercliseburi abjrebi sarmatebma. aqemenidur iranSi

dominirebda Zveli firfitebiani da qercliseburi abjrebi, xolo

parTiul, Semdeg ki sasanidur iranSi farTod vrceldeba e.w.

kombinirebuli beqTari. qerclisebur javSans xSirad iyenebdnen romaul

armiaSic.

amrigad, jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi, egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi

Seqmnili TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis sxvadasxva formebi gavrcelda mTel

samyaroSi (saberZneTis garda). maT iyenebdnen rogorc winareantikuri ise

mTeli antikuri xanis ganmavlobaSi.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, arqeologiuri monacemebis

mixedviT, rogorc vnaxeT, liToniani beqTari Cans ukve brinjaos xanidan.

Aantikuri xaniT daTariRebuli nimuSebidan, yvelaze adreulia,

afxazeTSi, eSeris maxloblad, kutiSxaSi aRmoCenili egzemplari.

meomris mdidrul samarxSi, romelic TariRdeba Zv.w.VI s-iT, dadasturda

‐ 135 ‐  

“kombinirebuli” formis beqTaris brinjaos nawilebi. is Sedgeba

samkerde didi firfitisagan, e.w “kirasisagan” da ramodenime aseuli

qercliseburi formis, naxevrad ovaluri, samnaxvretiani patara

firfitebisagan. pirveli icavda meomris gulis ares, xolo sxvebi

faravdnen mucels, zurgsa da mxrebs[Шамба, ....... 2007: Рис. 7 1-3].

Mmetalografiulma analzma aCvena, rom javSanis “qerclebi”gamoWrili

iyo civi brinjaos firfitisagan. brinjaos duRabSi Sereuli kala

uzrunvelyofda abjris oqrosebur bzinvarebas.

60 mTeli da dazianebuli rkinis sajavSne firfita aRmoCnda 1972 wels

vanSi – I ubnis 90-91 kvadratebis sazRvarze, Zv.w. V-IV ss-iT daTariRebul

Savi feris kulturul fenaSi. firfitebis zeda nawili sworia, qvemo ki

momrgvalebuli. qsovilebze an erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad (albaT

ufro qsovilTan) firfitebs ori, iSviaTad erTi an sami naxvreti aqvT.

maTi zomebia 2 an 2.4smX1.1sm. sisqe 1 mm-ze cota metia. aSkaraa, rom isini

qerclisebur tips ganekuTvnebian. vanSive, 1947 wels gaTxrili meomris

#2 samarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos asamde firfita. isini SeiZleba sam

jgufad gaiyos: 1 – sigrZe 2.8 sm, sigane 1.3 sm; 2 – sigrZe 3.1 sm, sigane 2

sm; 3 – sigrZe 3.1 sm, sigane 2.5 sm. yoveli firfitis sisqe 1 sm-ze cota

metia. firfitebis umravlesobas 2-3 naxvreti aqvs, iSviaTia 4-6

naxvretiani firfitebi [xoStaria, 1972: 81-95]. vanuri beqTaris sruli

aRdgena SeuZlebelia. ucnobia mokle iyo is Tu grZeli, mokle Tu

grZelsaxeloiani [vani II, 1976: 183,184]. ratomRac miCneulia, rom (vani II-is

mixedviT) es ukanaskneli brinjaos firfitebi e.w. Sedgenili javSnis

tips ganekuTvneba. rogorc iTqva am firfitebis did umravlesobas

mxolod 2-3 naxvreti hqondaT, maSin roca wesiT Sedgenili javSnis

firfitebs ufro meti naxvretebi unda hqonodaT (minimum 4). amitom

SeiZleba isini ufro qerclisebur javSans davukavSiroT.

60-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumis arqeologiurma

eqspediciam sairxes naqalaqaris teritoriaze awarmoa arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi. rkinis sajavSne firfitebis didi raodenoba iqna aRmoCenili

№8 akldamaSi, romelic Zv.w. IV s-is Sua xanebiT TariRdeba. beqTaris

TiToeuli natexi aTeulobiT da zogjer aseulobiT rkinis firfitas

Seicavs. isini aq erTmaneTzea CaJanguli da maTi Tavdapirveli ganlageba

‐ 136 ‐  

naTlad ikiTxeba. firfitebi sxvadasxva formisaa, magram ZiriTadad

sWarbobs qercliseburi formis – momcro, ovaluri daboloebiT. maT,

sworkuTxa Tavze, zogjer gverdebzec, saganze dasamagrebeli ramodenime

naxvreti aqvT. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierT natexze

SemorCenilia oqros mZivebi. sairxeSi aRmoCenili firfitebi, rogorc

Cans ufro qerclisebur abjars ganekuTvneba. msgavsi firfitebi Crdilo-

SavizRvispireTSi, skviTur ZeglebSicaa dadasturebuli. sairxuli

beqTari, firfitebis formisa da ganlagebis mixedviT, sof. volkoviacaSi

mopovebuli brinjaos firfitebisa da soloxas maxloblad, yorRanSi

napovni rkinis beqTarTa analogiuria. magaliTad sairxulis msgavsi

firfitebi napovnia sof. kovolkovoSi da astraxanis olqSi, e.w.

meTxuTmete dasaxlebaSi gaTxril mdidrul samarxSi, romlebic

daTariRebulia Zv.w. IVs-iT.

rogorc ukve iTqva, sairxuli beqTaris firfitebze SemorCenilia

oqros mZivebi. beqTaris oqroTi Semkoba ucxo ar iyo klasikuri xanis

ostatebisaTvis. magaliTad, oqroTi gadakruli rkinis firfitebi

aRmoCnda persepolis saganZurSi. xolo mdidari skviTi meomrebis

samarxebSi, oqrocurvili sabeqTre rkinis firfitebis aRmoCenis xuTi

SemTxveavaa dafiqsirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare safiqralia rom sairxis

beqTaric oqroTi iyo galamazebuli. foladisfer javSans, oqros

wertilebad aelvarebuli mZivebi gansakuTrebul elfers miscemda da es

garemoeba TavisTavad usvams xazs misi mflobelis socialur

mdgomareobas [nadiraZe, 1990: 52-53].

gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, sairxeSi, sabaduris goraze gaiTxara

Zv.w. V-IVss-is kolxeTis warCinebul pirTa umdidresi samarxebi.

sabaduris goris samarovanis №5 da №8 samarxebSi, aseve e.w. sakulto

ormoSi, aRmoCnda Tevzis qerclis formis beqTaris narCenebi.

№5 samarxi Sedgeboda ori kamerisagan: micvalebulisaTvis

gankuTvnili mTavari kamera da Tanmxlebi pirebisa da cxenebisaTvis

gankuTvnili kamera. pirveli kamera mTlianad gadafaruli iyo

qvayriliT, mis qveS sarkofagi iyo. micvalebulisaTvis gankuTvnili

sarkofagis naSTebis gawmendisas aRmoCnda sxvadasxva nivTebi da maT

Soris e.w. qercliseburi beqTaris firfitebi. isini iyo rkinisa,

‐ 137 ‐  

daJanguli. maT wagrZelebuli, sworkuTxa forma hqondaT.firfitebis

qveda bolo momrgvalebuli iyo. zeda wibosTan gakeTebulia sam-sami

naxvreti, qveda nawilSi ki _ mxolod erTi [maxaraZe, wereTeli, 2007: 50-

53. sur. 26].

№8 samarxi №5 samarxis analogiuria. aqac micvalebulebisaTvis

gankuTvnili mTavari kamera gadafaruli iyo qvayriliT, romelic

nawilobriv vrceldeboda gverdiTa cxenebian kamerazec. qvayrilSi

napovnia didi raodenobiT samarxuli inventaris naSTebi, maT Soris,

monetebi da beqTaris fragmentebi. zogierT monetaze SemorCenili

qsovilis kvali, miuTiTebs, rom isini qisaSi eyara. Cans, qisa, iseve

rogorc beqTari, samarxis gaZarcvis dros dazianda da mimoifanta

sarkofagsa da qvayrilSi.

qvayrilis gawmendisas, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, napovnia javSnis

rkinis fragmentebi (didi raodenobiT), Zlier daJanguli da dazianebuli.

isini Sedgenilia mogrZo oTkuTxedis formis firfitebisagan. erT mxares

kuTxeebi momrgvalebulia, erTmaneTze gadasuli firfitebi warmoqmnian

horizontalur rigebs. firfitis sworkuTxa mxares sami naxvretia, xolo

momrgvalebul nawilSi _ erTi.

firfitebi damagrebulia tyavis safuZvelze. calkeul fragmentebze

tyavi gadmokecilia firfitebis horizontalur rigze da masiuri

kantiviT gasdevs mTel sigrZeze. isini beqTaris daboloebis nawili unda

iyos. javSanis nawilebze SeimCneva wminda qsovili da mcenareuli

Reroebis anabeWdebi. aqa-iq CaWedilia oqros mZivebi[maxaraZe, wereTeli,

2007: 64].

es rac Seexeboda uSualod kameris qvayrilSi aRmocenil masalas.

xolo micvalebulis sarkofagSi aseve aRmoCnda beqTaris fragmentebi,

analogiuri qvayrilSi nanaxi nimuSebisa. rogorc Cans qvayrilSi da

sarkofagis nangrevebSi aRmoCenili firfitebi erT beqTars ekuTvnoda. is

mTavari micvalebulis kameraSi dakrZalul warCinebul meomars

ekuTvnoda.

sakulto ormo ebjineboda sabaduris goris vertikalurad daSvebul

kalTas da CaWrili iyo sterilur fenaSi. igi moqmedi unda yofiliyo

gvian elinistur xanaSic. ormos gawmendis procesSi gamovlinda

‐ 138 ‐  

mravalferovani masala _ adgilobrivi da importuli keramika, oqrosaa

da vercxlis nivTebi, qercliseburi beqTaris fragmentebi, rkinis

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nivTebi.

beqTaris fragmentebi rkinisaa. isini erTmaneTTan SeduRebuli

wagrZelebuli, sworkuTxa formis Txeli firfitebia. zogierTi kuTxe

momrgvalebulia. maTi zeda swori kideebis gaswvriv ramodenime naxvretia

ganlagebuli. zogierT firfitas qveda momrgvalebul boloSic naxvreti

aqvs datanebuli [maxaraZe, wereTeli, 2007: 111-114. sur. 122].

sairxeSi aRmoCenili TavdacviTi saWurvilobis naSTebi aSkaraa, rom

beqTaris e.w. qerclisebur tips ganekuTvneba. amaze metyvelebs

firfitebis rogorc forma [wagrZelebuli, zeda mxare swori, qveda ki

momrgvalebuli] ise maTi ganlageba (isini erTmaneTs nawilobriv faraven,

rogorc vertikalur ise horizontalur rigebSi).

naxvretebis ganlagebis mixedviT, qercliseburi javSanis ori tipis

firfita arsebobda. erT SemTxvevaSi naxvretebi, garda zeda swori

kuTxeebisa, ganlagebuli iyo qveda momrgvalebul mxarezec, aseTi

firfita mTlianad magrdeboda safuZvelze. meore SemTxvevaSi mas qveda

momrgvalebul boloSi naxvreti ar hqonda, Sesabamisad firfitis es

nawili Tavisufali da moZravi iyo.

sairxeSi aRmoCenil firfitebs qveda momrgvalebul kidesTan erTi

naxvreti aqvT, magram is aris ara mis centrSi aramed ufro gverdiTa

kidesTan. am naxvrets faravda meore, mis gverdiT myofi firfitis qveda

momrgvalebuli nawili, xolo am meoris naxvrets mesame firfitis qveda

momrgvalebuli nawili da a.S. sairxeSi aseve aRmoCnda firfitebi,

romelTac qveda momrgvalebul boloSi naxvreti ar hqonda.

qerclisebur beqTarSi firfitebi aramxolod nawilobriv faraven

erTmaneTs, aramed xSirad maTi naxvretebic emTxveva erTmaneTs. liTonis

mavTuli, an sxva saSualeba, romelic gadis erTdroulad orive

firfitis naxvretze, maT amagrebs sarCulze.

winaaziuri da skviTuri masalebis mixedviT, qercliseburi javSnis

ZiriTadad ori forma arsebobda: mokle, usaxelo perangiseburi, romlis

mxolod wina mxare iyo liTonis firfitebiT dajavSnuli. SeiZleba

swored amiT aixsnas zogierT SemTxvevaSi aRmoCenili mcire raodenobis

‐ 139 ‐  

firfitebi. moere iyo mokle saxeloebiani, welamde CamoSvebuli beqTari,

romelic mTlianad iyo SejavSnuli sxvadasxva zomis firfitebisagan.

eSeris naqalaqaris elinisturi xanis fenaSi ori cali brinjaos

firfita iqna napovni. isini TavianTi formiTa da zomiT imeoreben vanSi

aRmoCenil firfitebs. aseve skviTur da sarmatul samarxebSi

dafiqsirebul nimuSebs [Шамба, 1980: 50].

Cven Tu kargad davakvirdebiT vanSi, sairxesa da eSeris naqalaqarze

aRmoCenili TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis naSTebs, vnaxavT, rom isini

yvelaze metad sparsul-skviTur firfitebian javSans uaxlovdebian.

urartuli samefo sajavSne firfitebi (Zv.w. VIII) wagrZelebuli formisaa,

sxvadasxva zomisa da moyvanilobis. b. piotrovskis azriT, isini

asiriulebis analogias warmoadgenen [Пиотровский, 1955: 30-36]. Tu

naxvretebis ganlagebisa da firfitebis formebis mixedviT vimsjelebT,

qarTuli egzemplarebi gansxvavdeba urartul-asiriulisagan da rogorc

avRniSneT ufro sparsul-skviTuri firfitebian javSans uaxlovdeba.

Sesabamisad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kolxeTSi qercliseburi da

Sedgenil firfitebiani javSanis gavrceleba dakavSirebulia

sparselebTan an skviTebTan (ufro savaraudebelia skviTuri kvali,

swored am dros, Zv.w. V-IVss-Si, es saxeoba sakmaod farTod vrceldeba

skviTebSi. Cr. SavizRvispireTSi TiTqmis 100-ze meti egzemplaria

dafiqsirebuli. metic, kamenskoes naqalaqarze aRmoCnda sajavSne

firfitebis naxevarfabrikatebi _ gauxvreteli sajavSne firfitebi, ase

rom Zv. w. V-IVss-Si skviTebi javSans TavianT saxelosnoebSic

amzadebdnen. yofili sparseTis teritoriaze ki maTi aRmoCenis faqtebi

SedarebiT iSviaTia).

calkea aRsaniSnavi kutiSxas artefaqti. Eesaa amierkavkasiaSi

kombinirebuli javSanis aRmoCenis pirveli SemTxveva. masSi

gaerTianebulia aRmosavluri da berZnuli TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis

elementebi. samkerde javSani, e.w kirasa,ufro ukavSirdeba berZnul

samyaros, sadac maT aqtiurad iyenebdnen Zv.w.VIII s-dan. maSin rodesac

“barbarosul” qveynebSi upiratesoba eniWeboda qercliseburebs. rogorc

Cans, iqmneba erTgvari Sualeduri forma, romelic ukve orive samyaroSi

xdeba miRebuli. Aamaze metyvelebs ramodenime Zv.w.VI s-is wiTellakiani

‐ 140 ‐  

kilikebi, sadac kutiSxas msgavsi kombinirebuli javSani acviaT

aqilevssa da patrokles. Aanalogiuri nimuSebi dafiqsirebulia skviTur

Zeglebzec.

SeiaraRebis zemoTaRniSnul formebi gvxvdeba gvianantikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis Zeglebzec:

sxvadasxva zomisa da formis firfitebisagan Sedgenili abjari

aRmoCnda dedoflis goris sasaxlis №1 oTaxSi. es iyo rkinis Jangis

erTiani masa, romelsac daaxloebiT naxevari kvadratuli metri forTobi

ekava. misi sisqe 4_7sm Seadgenda. firfitebi erTmaneTTan rkinis

mavTulovani yulfebiT unda yofiliyo gadabmuli, Tumca amJamad, es

rgolebi TiTqmis mTlianad daJanguli da gamqralia. amJamad

SemorCenilia abjris ori nawili, romelTaganac erTi ZiriTadad ufro

mcire zomis, meore ki ufro didi zomis firfitebisagan aris Sedgenili.

rogorc Cans, es ukanaskneli unda yofiliyo beqTaris qveda bolo, sadac,

rogorc wesi, ufro didi zomis firfitebi gamoiyeneboda xolme (ase iyo

kombinirebuli javSnis SemTxvevaSi). firfitebi rigebadaa dawyobili da

marcxniv mdebare firfita zemodan efareba marjvenas, ise rom erTi

firfitis marjvena wyvili naxvreti meore firfitis marcxena wyvil

naxvrets emTxveva. firfitebis aseTi horizontaluri rigebi erTmaneTs

efareba zevidan qveviT, rogorc saxuravze kramiti, ise rom abjris

yovel firfitas sami sxva firfita faravs.

abjris calkeuli firfitebi cxra jgufad aRmoCnda agreTve

dedoflis goris sasaxlis Crdilo karibWis mimdebare №13 da №11

oTaxebSi. firfitebis am jgufebis koncentracia erTmaneTisagan aTiode

metriT daSorebulur arealSi - №13 oTaxis samxreT-dasavleT meoTxedSi

da №11 oTaxis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxesTan _ gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq

saqme unda gvqondes firfitebis ara cxra, aramed mxolod or

kompleqsTan [gagoSiZe, 2004: 128].

firfitebi sxvadasxva formisa da zomis aris. gansxvavdeba isini

naxvretebis raodenobiT da maTi ganlagebiTac.firfitebi damzadebulia

rkinis furclisagan, romelis sisqe 0.5mm-ia. ufro masiuria _ daaxloebiT

1mm-is sisqis, mxolod viwro da grZeli xuTkuTxa da didi zomis

oTkuTxa firfitebi [gagoSiZe, 2004: 129,130].

‐ 141 ‐  

dedoflis goris sasaxle saqarTveloSi romauli xanis pirveli

Zeglia, sadac Tevzis qerclis formis rkinis firfitebisagan Sedgenili

beqTari aRmoCnda. Tevzis qerclis formis firfitebisagan Sedgenili

javSani Zalian farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aRniSnuli xanis mTel

samyaroSi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Cassios Dio_s aRweriloba parTelTa

jarisa: `parTelebi ar xmaroben farebs, aramed maTi jari Sedgeba

upiratesad mTlianad SejavSnuli cxenosani mSvildosnebisa da

xelSubosnebisagan~. iberielebi ki, strabonis cnobiT, `armenielTa da

midielTa msgavsad ewyobian~. rac imas unda gulisxmobdes, rom

SeiaraRebac, iberielebs armenielebis da midielebis [parTelebis]

mimsgavsebuli unda hqonodaT [gagoSiZe, 2004: 131].

romauli legionerebis simbolod iTvleboda Lorica segmentata_ rkinis

viwro da grZeli, morkaluri firfitebisagan Sedgenili

beqTari[tab.XLVI].romauli banakebisa da fortebis gaTxrebis

angariSebSic ufro xSirad sworeT aseTi abjris naSTebis aRmoCenis

faqtebi figurirebs. arqeologi i. gagoSiZe fiqrobs, rom dedoflis

goris sasaxleSi amgvari javSnis fragmentebic aRmoCnda. esaa 20-sm

sigrZisa da 3.1-sm siganis firfitebis dasta, Zlier daJanguli da

nakluli, romelic sasaxlis №11 oTaxis nangrevSi aRmoCnda, iatakis

donidan 4.-sm simaRleze. Tu es varaudi sworia, es iqneba Lorica

segmentata_s aRmoCenis pirveli da jerjerobiT erTaderTi SemTxveva

saqarTveloSi[gagoSiZe, 2004: 132].

es TavdacviTi saWurviloba firfitebian beqTaris tips ganekuTvneba.

Tavdapirvelad dasavleTis qveynebis mecnierebs miaCndaT rom Lorica

segmentata(segmentirebuli beqTari) ax.w. II-s-Si Seiqmna. magram mas Semdeg

rac misi fragmentebi ufro Zvel fenebSic naxes, es TariRi ax.w. I s-is

dasawyisamde Camovida.

sainteresoa is, rom am segmentirebuli beqTaris fragmentebs xSirad

pouloben araromaul namosaxlarebzec, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Lorica

segmentata_s mxolod romaeli legionerebi ar iyenebdnen (amaze miuTiTebs

dedoflis goraze aRmoCenili nimuSic).

‐ 142 ‐  

arqeologiuri masalis garda, werilobiTi wyaroebic gviqmnis

garkveul warmodgenas iberiasa da kolxeTSi gavrcelebul TavdacviT

aRWurvilobaze. magaliTad, qsenofoti `anabasisSi~ mogviTxrobs _

mosinikebs `... ecvaT tilos mkvrivi mokle qitonebi, romelnic muxlebs

ar swvdeboda...~ qsenofoti aqve aRniSnavs _xalibebs `...hqondaT selis

abjrebi, muclis qveda nawilamde, xolo qvemoT mWidrod dagrexili

Tokebi, welze qamrebi ertyaT~.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom berZnul-romaul werilobiT wyaroebSi, sadac

saubaria qarTveluri tomebis TavdacviT aRWurvilobaze, ZiriTadad

aRniSnulia organuli nivTierebebisagan (tyavi, seli, xe) gakeTebuli

abjrebi. rogorc Cans qarTvelur tomebs ZiriTadad aseTi SeiaraReba

hqondaT. swored amiT unda aixsnas liTonis TavdacviT saWurvelTan

dakavSirebuli artefaqtebis aRmoCenis simcire saqarTvelos

teritoriaze. liTonis aRWurviloba albaT ZiriTadad importul

saqonels warmoadgenda, romelzedac sazogadoebis mxolod zeda fenas

mouwvdeboda xeli. maT nawils albaT adgilobriv saxelosnoebSic

akeTebdnen.

3.jaWvis perangi. jaWvis perangi warmoadgens liTonis rgolebisagan

asxmul moklesaxeloian perangs.

rogorc p. konnoli aRniSnavs, daaxloebiT Zv.w. 300-w iqna gamogonili

jaWvis perangi. miuxedavad imisa, rom keltebi ar gamoirCeodnen

maincdamainc didi miswrafebiT TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis mimarT,

yvelaferi metyvelebs imaze, rom swored maT ukavSirdeba am yvelaze

gavrcelebuli da warmatebuli TavdacviTi saxeobis Seqmna. strabonic

jaWvis perangs moixseniebda rogorc kelturs. yvelaze adreuli

egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia keltur samarxebSi. is sakmaod ZviradRirebul

fufunebas warmoadgenda, amitom mas aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi Tu

iyenebdnen. jer kidev galiaSi, Semdeg mTel antikur samyaroSi,

garegnuli formis mixedviT, jaWvis perangis ori tipi gavrcelda: erT

SemTxvevaSi mas moklesaxeloebiani perangis forma hqonda, xolo meore

tipi imeorebda berZnuli selis abjris formas: jaWvis ZiriTadi nawili

faravda meomris torss, xolo aseve liTonis rgolebisagan naqsovi ori

‐ 143 ‐  

naWeri, romlebic ZiriTadi nawilis ukana mxares iyvnen mobmulni,

meomris mxrebze gaideboda da mkerdze ikvreboda[Коннолли, 2000].

saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi jaWvis perangis dadastureba

maincdamainc xSiri ar aris, Tanac rasac Cvenamde mouRwevia, umTavresad

naklulia da formas ver aRvadgeninebs. miuxedavad amisa SesaZlebelia

erTgvarad Tvali gavadevnoT am SeWurvilobis istorias ax.w. pirveli

saukuneebidan moyolebuli.

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT CvenSi sabrZolo SeWurvilobis

erT-erTi rTuli saxe _ jaWvis perangi ukve gavrcelebuli Cans ax.w. I-II

ss-dan. mas iyenebdnen mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, xolo

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, kerZod xevsureTSi, jaWvis perangebs XIX s-mde

xmarobdnen [ColoyaSvili, 1956: 281-302].

samwuxarod XIX s-ze ufro adrindeli sruli jaWvis perangi ar aris

daculi saqarTveloSi. Tumca maTi rgolebis forma da qsovis wesi

TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba antikuri xaniT daTariRebuli

egzemplarebisagan. Sesabamisad, unda vifiqroT, rom antikur periodSi,

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli jaWvis perangi arc mTliani

garegnuli formiT gansxvavdeboda saqarTvelos eTnografiul muzeumebSi

daculi nimuSebisagan.

jaWvis javSnebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben aseve maTi rgolebis

Sekvris wesis mixedviTac. am TvalsazrisiT maTi sami varianti gamoiyofa:

`fareSiani~ (fareSi mcire lursmania, romliTac jaWvis Tvali ikvreba),

`ufareSo~ da `daduRebuli~.ufareSo rgolis boloebi erTmaneTTan

daumagrebladaa dakavSirebuli_ Tavebis erTmaneTze

gadadebiT.daduRebul rgolebiani jaWvis yoveli rgolis boloebi

erTmaneTTan daduRebulia.fareSiani jaWvis yoveli rgoli magrdeboda

fareSis gayris, moqlonvis Sedegad.daduRebuli da fareSiani jaWvis

rgoli imiTac gansxvavdeba ufareSosagan, rom maTi Tavebis SeerTebis

adgili fareSiTa da daduRebiTaa gamsxvilebuli.

arsebobda mrgvali, Tevzis farfliseburi, wvetiani da

kombinirebuli rgolebi [Коннолли, 2000].

dedoflis goris sasaxleSi, ukve zemoT aRwerili beqTaris

fragmentebTan erTad, abjris sxva saxeobis _ jaWvis perangis fragmentic

‐ 144 ‐  

aRmoCnda. fragmenti egdo №7 oTaxis iatakze. esaa jerjerobiT

saqarTveloSi uZevelesi jaWvis perangi. saqarTveloSi romaul xanaze

ufro adreuli jaWvis perangi jerjerobiT ar Cans da amdenad, SeiZleba

jaWvis perangis saqarTveloSi gavrceleba romaelebis aq gamoCenas

ukavSirdebodes. TumcaRa, es kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom dedoflis goris

javSani uTuod romidan aris Semotanili. sruliad SeasaZlebelia is

aqve iyos damzadebuli. amis teqnikuri da materialuri SesaZlebloba

romauli xanis saqarTveloSi savsebiT iyo.

dedoflis goris jaWvis perangis fragmenti cecxlSi namyofia da

Zlier daJanguli, magram rgolebi mainc irCeva da SeiZleba darwmunebiT

iTqvas, rom misi qsovis procesi iseTivea, rogoric romauli perangebis,

magram misi damzadebis dros ar aris gamoyenebuli firfitisagan

gamoWrili rgolebi. rgolebze guldasmiT dakvirvebiT irkveva, rom

yvela rgoli mrgvalganikveTiani mavTulisagan aris damzadebuli.

rgolebis erTi nawili winaswar iyo Sekruli moqlinis an _ ufro

savaraudoa _ cxeli Wedvis saSualebiT, meore nawili ki, rigebis

damakavSirebeli rgolebi, jaWvis perangis qsovis procesSi ikvreboda,

albaT, moqloniT. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris zusti cnobebi

amzadebdnen Tu ara romaelebi jaWvis perangis rgolebs am wesiTac,

mainc am SesaZleblobis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba. magram rom arc

aRmoCndes aseTi jaWvis perangebi romSi, es mainc ar iqneba argumenti

saqarTveloSi jaWvis perangebis romidan gavrcelebis

uarsayofad[gagoSiZe, 2002: 132].

savsebiT sarwmunoa is cnobebi, romlis Tanaxmadac romaelebma

jaWvis perangis damzadebis xeloba iswavles galebisagan, romlebic misi

gamomgoneblebi iyvnen. romaul legionebSi gavrcelda jaWvis perangis is

tipi, romelic berZnuli selis beqTaris formas imeorebda[gagoSiZe, 2002:

131].

jaWvis perangi mzaddeboda liTonis wvrili rgolebisagan,

romelTaganac TiToeuli gayrilia oTx sxva rgolebSi _ orSi zeviTa da

orSic qveviTa rigidan da mis damzadebas sakmaod maRali daxelovneba

sWirdeboda. dasavleT evropaSi aRmoCenil romauli xanis jaWvis

perangebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze gairkva, rom misi konstruirebis

‐ 145 ‐  

dros, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneboda ori saxis rgolebi: erTni gamoWrili

iyo liTonis firfitisagan sxvadasxva diametris ori kernis gamoyenebiT,

meoreni ki, damakavSirebeli rgolebi _ mavTulis naWrebisagan, romelTa

boloebi, winaswar gabrtyelebuli da gaxvretili, jaWvis perangis

qsovis procesSi moqlondeboda. aseTi iyo jaWvis perangis damzadebis

uZevelesi da uswrafesi meTodi.

romauli xanis jWvis perangi saqarTvelos kidev sami punqtidan aris

cnobili: kldeeTis samarovanis gaTxris dros, erT-erT samarxSi

aRmoCnda brinjaos jaWvis perangis ori nawyveti. TviTon samarxeulma

inventarma es samarovani ax.w. II-III ss-iT daaTariRa. javSanis erTi

nawyveti sul sami rgolisagan Sedgeboda, meore ki ufro mozrdili iyo

da 50-mde rgols Seicavda. rgolebi yvela toli da erTgvaria:

wesierwriuli, wvrili, erT adgilas (iq sadac boloebi erTimeoreze

gadarCiluli aqvT) daprtyelebuli da gafarToebuli. adgilas orTave

mxarze burTebi azis. aSkaraa, rom rgolebis boloebi fareSiT aris

moqlonili (jer rgolebis boloebs gaabrtyelebdnen, Semdeg

gaxvretdnen da fareSiT moqlonavdnen). amrigad rgolebi erTimeoreSi

gayris Semdeg saimedodaa dakavSirebuli da mWidro `naqsovs~ qmnian

[lomTaTiZe, 1957: 14].

1968 wels sof. liaSi, `dida qirsas~ borcvze gaTxril ax.w. I-II ss-is

erT-erT samarxSi jaWvis naqsovi gamovlinda, magram is Zalian mokle

iyo, mxolod mxrebs Tu daufaravda meomars. savaraudod samarxis

Zarcvis dros jaWvis perangis danarCeni nawili daikarga, romelic

meomris torss faravda.

lias masalebze yvelaze metad SeiniSeba berZnul-romauli samyaros

gavlena. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kolxeTis imdroindel politikur

istorias, roca I-II ss-Si kolxeTis mefe ase Tu ise romis keisris

vasalia da kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebSi romaelTa saokupacio jarebi

dgas, maSin savsebiT naTeli gaxdeba romauli monetebis, iportuli

WurWlisa da jaWvis perangis arseboba aRniSnul samarovanze [wiTlanaZe,

1973: 67].

romauli xanis kidev erTi jaWvis perangi dadasturda TagilonSi.

1930 wels, aq gaTxrebis dros, erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis jaWvis

‐ 146 ‐  

perangis patara nafleTi. aseve sxvadasxva nivTebi: oqros nivTebi, cxenis

akazmulobani, iaraRi, WurWeli, savaraudod rkinis muzaradis naSTi da

sxva. samarxeuli inventari ax.w. I-II ss-iT TariRdeboda [Амиранашвили,

1935: 37].

romauli xanis saqarTveloSi jaWvis perangi, TiTqos,

warCinebulebasa da simdidresTan aris dakavSirebuli: TagilonSi da

liaSi mdidrul samarxebSi aRmoCnda jaWvis perangi da kldeeTis

samarovanic socialurad dawinaurebul wres ekuTvnis. dedoflis goris

sasaxleSic mxolod erTi jaWvis perangis fragmenti aRmoCnda, maSin

roca Lorica squamata-s iq masobrivi masalis xasiaTi aqvs [gagoSiZe, 2004:131-

132]. romSic jaWvis perangi sakmaod ZviradRirebuli javSani unda

yofiliyo, Tu ki vimsjelebT polibiosis im cnobiT, romlis Tanaxmadac

jaWvis perangebs atarebdnen ufro SeZlebuli legionerebi, romelTa

Semosavali aTiaTas draqmas aRemateboda [Polybii, Historia,VI, 23.9; 78, gv. 164].

urbnisSi, e.w. `damwvari nagebobis~ mesame oTaxis gaTxrebis dros,

oTaxis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi aRmoCnda rkinis nivTebis grova,

romlis didi nawilic JangiT iyo SeWmuli. qimiur-sarestavracio

samuSaoebis Catarebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom saqme gvaqvs sabrZolo

iaraRebis naSTebTan da sabrZolo jaWvTan. dafiqsirda romeliRac

Rerovani sabrZolo iaraRis natexebi, maxvilis zeda nawili, portupeis

rgolebi da jaWvis perangis nawilebi. jaWvi da maxvilis natexi

erTmaneTTanaa SeduRebuli. ramdenime natexze kargad Cans jaWvis

gadabmis adgilebi.

`damwvari nagebobis~ TariRis garkveva SesaZlebelia ubanze ZeglTa

ganawilebis stratigrafiuli Wrilisa da aseve nagebobis gaTxrebisas

aRmoCenili masalis meSveobiT. nagebobis erTi nawili zed adevs abanos,

romelic ax.w. IV s-is bolosaTvis ukve mwyobridan unda iyos gamosuli.

`damwvar nagebobas~ zed adevs marnis fena, romelic monetebiT VI-VIII ss-

iT TariRdeba. `damwvari nagebobis~ dangrevis TariRad unda miviCnioT

Vs-is miwuruli, an SesaZlebelia VIs-is dasawyisi. aseT TariRs emowmeba

pirvel oTaxSi aRmoCenili patara doqi da talRuri ornamentiT Semkuli

Riafrad gamomwvari Tixis WurWeli. arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT

dadasturebulia, rom zemoaRwerili nagebobis damwvari fena mTel

‐ 147 ‐  

naqalaqarzea warmodgenili. etyoba qalaqs am dros ubedureba

dastydomia Tavs [WilaSvili, 1964: 94-97].

noqalaqevis eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis d. lomitaSvilis cnobiT

noqalaqevis ax.w. IVs-is fenaSi aRmoCnda jaWvis perangis naSTi [gagoSiZe,

2002: 131].

webeldaSi aRmoCenil iqna jaWvis perangis ramodenime mcire naWrebi,

romelTa rgolebi moqlonviT aris SeerTebuli. rgolebis boloebi

gabrtyelebulia da gaxvretili, xolo Semdeg fareSiT moqlonvili.

webeldis es artefaqtebiax.w. VI-VIIIss-iT TariRdeba [Воронов,…. 1985: 84.

sur. 94-16,19]. 

jaWvis perangis aRmoCenis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1961-w. dmanisis

raionSi, zurtaketis Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanis gaTxris dros.

yorRanis qvayrilis moxsnisas eqspadiciam gaTxara CaSvebuli samarxi,

romelic erTTavad qvaRorRSi iyo moqceuli. Zvlebi cudad iyo Senaxuli

da samarxis damxroba da damarxvis wesi ver dadginda. samarxSi napovnia

rkinis isrispirebi, cxenis akazmulobis nawilebi, moneta da rkinis

jaWvis perangi. jaWvis perangi manamde aRmoCenil jaWvebTan SedarebiT

ukeTesad aris Senaxuli da ufro meti nawilic aris warmodgenili.

jaWvis rgolebi da qsova iseTivea, rogorc sxvebze. jaWvs da saerTod

samarxs kargad aTariRebs samarxSi aRmoCenili XIs-is oqros bizantiuri

moneta [WilaSvili, 1964: 96].

jaWvis perangis fragmentebi aRmoCnda aseve dmanisis naqalaqaris

gaTxrebisas, XII-XIIIss-is kulturul fenaSi.

amrigad TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis es saxeoba saqarTveloSi jer kidev

ax.w. I s-Tvis iyo cnobili, is sakmaod popularuli iyo mTeli antikuri

da feodaluri periodis ganmavlobaSi. jaWvis perangi iyo TavdacviTi

aRWurvilobis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis, daxvewis Sedegad miRebuli

produqti. is iyo yvelaze rTuli, daxvewili da gavrcelebuli forma,

magram, idealuric ar iyo: is iyo ufro msubuqi vidre beqTari, aseve

masSi meomars ufro Tavisuflad SeeZlo moZraoba, magram beqTarTan

SedarebiT is ufro naklebad uZlebda civi iaraRis dartymis Zalas.

amitom mas mTlianad ar Seucvlia beqTari da masTan Tanaarsebobda Zv.w.

III s-dan moyolebuli ax.w. XVIIIs-is bolomde, TiTqmis mTel samyaroSi.

‐ 148 ‐  

&III. Mmuzaradebi

TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis iseTi kategoria, rogoricaa muzaradi,

saqarTveloSi winareantikuri xanidan aris cnobili. aseTebia e.w.

asurul-urartuli tipis brinjaos konusuri Cafxutebi, romlebic

saqarTveloSi aRmoCeniliaadrerkinis xanis beSTaSenis №13[Куфтин,

1941:68]da primorskoes darRveul samarxSi[Стражев, 1926: 106,107]. es

ukanaskneliSedgeba brinjaos ramodenime furclisagan,romlebic

erTmaneTs brijaos TasmiT ukavSirdebian. beSTaSenis SemTxvevaSi ki

moqlonia gamoyenebuli.beSTaSenis muzarads aseve ori yursafari aqvs

SenarCunebuli.

‐ 149 ‐  

analogiuriaCrdiloeT oseTSi, sofel faskaus samarxSi gamovlenili

konusuri Cafxuti, romlisbrinjaos furclebi,primorskoes artefaqtis

msgavsad, brinjaos TasmiT aris Sekruli[Уварова, 1900: 277].

K konusuri, yursafariani brinjaos muzaradi gamovlinda stavropolis

mxareSi, klin-iaris Zv.w.VIII-VII ss-is yobanuri kulturis samarxSi

[Белинский, 1990: 190-195. Рис.1,2,3 1].

karmir-blurSi, 20 konusiseburi muzaradia Seswavlili. oTx maTgans aqvs

warwerebi, romlebic argiST I-sa da sardur II-is saxelebs ixsenieben.

zogierTis sasafeTqle da kefis nawilze gamosaxulia 8 urartuli

sabrZolo etli da 10 mxedari. sainteresoa is, rom meetleebi da

mxedrebi atarebdnen iseT muzaradebs romlebzedac TviTon arian

gamosaxulni [Есаян, 1966: 97,98,99].

analogiuri tipisaa brinjaos muzaradi, romelic napovnia zemo

italiaSi, oppeanoSi. is berZnul-aRmosavluri ornamentuli stiliTaa

morTuli, sfinqsisa da cxovelebis gamosaxulebiT. is Sedgeba ori

brinjaos nawilisagan, romlebic erTmaneTs ara nakeriT, aramed

moqlonviT uerTdebian. aRniSnuli Cafxuti TariRdeba vilanovis

periodis gviani safexuriT, e.i. Zv.w. Vs-iT.nimrudSi aRmoCenili

Sedgenili asuruli muzaradi inaxeba britaneTis muzeumSi.misi korpusis

nawilebicmoqlonviT uerTdebian erTmaneTs [Куфтин 1949: 139-143.Таб.X].

b. kuftini Tvlida, rom beSTaSenis, zemoT naxsenebi CrdiloeT oseTisa

da afxazeTSi aRmoCenili nimuSebi kolxur-yobanur kulturul jgufs

ganekuTvneboda da uryofda maT asurul warmomavlobas[Куфтин 1949: 139-

143]. b. rabinoviCi [Tavis naSromSi-“Шлемскифскогопериода”] kavkasiaSi

aRmoCenil am tipis muzaradebs miiCnevda adgilobrivi warmoebis

produqtad, Tumca ganixilavda mas, rogorc produqts kavkasiisa da wina

aziis kulturuli urTierTobisa [Пиотровский, 1950: 167].

s. esaiani miiCnevs, rom konusuri tipis muzaradebi Zv.w. VIIIs-dan

asuruli gavleniT vrceldeba urartuSi, xolo aqedan ki kavkasiis

regionSi. magram sainteresoa beSTaSenis egzemplari, romelic

gansxvavdeba karmir-bluris muzaradebisagan, mas, rogorc zemoT

aRiniSna, yursafari aqvs, msgavsi formis nimuSebi ki gamosaxulia

asurul bareliefur gamosaxulebebze aSurnasirpal II-is sasaxleSi.

‐ 150 ‐  

amitom SesaZlebelia uSualod asuruli importi xdeboda Zveli

kolxeTis teritoriaze an uSualod misi gavleniT xdeboda adgilzeve

analogiuri tipis muzaradebis damzadeba.

muzaradebi aseve iSviaTad gvxvdeba saqarTvelos antikuri xanis

arqeologiur Zeglebze. xelT gvaqvs Tormeti liTonis muzaradi, aqedan

TerTmeti ganekuTvneba e.w. qalkidur i da a t t i k u r i muzaradis

tips. erTi ki aSkarad romaulia.

qalkiduri da attikuri Cafxuti warmoadgenda korinTuli muzaradis

Semdgom ganviTarebas.elinur samyaroSi muzaradebis k o r i T n u l i

forma gamoiyeneboda Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-Si. Cafxutiadamianis mTel Tavs

faravda daWrilebi hqonda mxolod Tvalebis, cxvirisa da pirisaTvis.

uadresi korinTuli muzaradis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba

iyo aseve qveda gverdiTa kideebze, sadac mTavrdeba adamianis yba da

iwyeba kiseri, amonaWeris, CaRrmavebis qona. Zv.w. VI s-is dasawyisSi is

Seicvala ufro mkveTrad gamoxatuli isriseburi WriliT. korinTuli

muzaradis ybissafari iyo drekadi, amitom SesaZlebeli iyo Tavze misi

naxevrad Camocma. swored ase atarebdnen hoplitebi muzaradebs brZolis

dawyebamde. brZolis dros ki mas mTlianad Camoicvamdnen Tavze[Bottini, ......

1988:11-27].

saberZneTSi korinTuli muzaradi xmarebidan gamodis ukveZv.w. V s-is

dasawyisisaTvis, gansxvavebiT italiisa sadac Zv.w. VI-Vss-Siitalikuri

tomebi ganagrZobdnen korinTuli muzaradis sakuTari variantis

ganviTarebasa da modernizebas. ax.w. I s-is dasawyisisaTvis ki mTlianad

gaqra [Bottini, ...... 1988:65-107].

korinTul muzarads hqonda erTi didi nakli_masSi meomars

daqveiTebuli hqonda smena. am naklis aRmofxvras ecadnen yuris adgilze

naxvretis an Wrilis gakeTebiT, ramac warmoSva axali qalkiduri tipis

muzaradi. misi pirveli gamosaxulebebi vazebze gvxvdeba Zv.w. VI s-is

dasawyisidan. arsebobda misi ori varianti: erT SemTxvevaSi ybissafari

muzaradze myarad iyo miduRaebebuli da mis uSualo gagrZelebas

warmoadgenda, meore SemTxvevaSi is anjamebiT iyo Camokidebuli da

moZraobda. arsebobda aseve e.w. a t t i k u r i

m u z a r a d i , romelic analogiuria qalkidurisa, magram ar aqvs

‐ 151 ‐  

mxolod cxvirsafari. Ees ukanaskneli ufro apeninis naxevarkunZulze

iyo popularuli vidre egeosur samyaroSi[Bottini, ...... 1988:137-151].

ramodenime berZnuli qalkiduri muzaradi iqna aRmoCenili eSeris

naqalaqaris midamoebSi, antikuri xanis dangreul samarxebSi.

pirveli nimuSi aRmoaCines 60-ian wlebSi, eSeris naqalaqaris

CrdiloeTiT, dangreul samarxSi[tab.XLVII, 1]. mas aqvs naxevarsferuli

forma, ar aris Rrma da misi kefis nawili odnav ukan aris gaziduli.

suraTze Cans, rom mas ar hqonia yurisTvis gankuTvnili amonaWeri, xolo

qveda kideebze odnav SesamCnevi naxvretebi gasdevs, rac albaT

ybissafaris dasamagreblad gamoiyeneboda. muzarads saxis mxares aqvs

ori Tvalzeda rkali, xolo maT Soris aris mokle odnav SesamCnevi

samkuTxa gamonaSveri _ cxvirsafari. TiToeul saTvale rkals dauyveba

oTx-oTxi gamWoli naxvreti. muzaradis simaRlea 16-sm, sigrZe 25-sm,

diametri _ 17-sm [Воронов, 1969: 80, tab.XLVI,10].

am muzaradTan erTad napovni iqna muzaradis sakefe gamonaSveris

nawili, romelsac kideebze sxvadasxva zomis naxvretebi dauyveba. aqve

nanaxia sxva fragmentebic: ori mTeli ybissafari da savaraudod

yurisTvis gankuTvnili CaRrmavebis nawili. es nawilebi ukve zemoT

aRwerili muzaradisagan gansxvavdebodnen feriT da faqturiT, e.i.

aRmoCenil iqna ramodenime muzaradis fragmentebi. savaraudod mxolod

erTi ybissafari SeiZleba ekuTvnodes zemoTmoyvanil naxevarsferul

muzarads, radgan misi qveda kideebis naxvretebis raodenoba emTxveva

ybissafaris zeda naxvretebis raodenobas.Tavdapirvelad muzaradi

iwodeboda attikur tipad, xolo mogvianebiT mas Tvlidnen adgilzeve

gadakeTebul formad, romelic ToTqos imeorebda korinTuli muzaradis

formas[Воронов, 1969: 50].

msgavsi muzaradi gamovlinda 1971 wels, vereSaginis borcvis

aRmosavleT ferdobze. is naxes dangreul gruntian samarxSi, sadac aseve

dafiqsirda peplisebur vadiani rkinis e.w. akinaki, dana da brinjaos

samajuri [tab.XLVII, 2]. kompleqsi daTariRebulia Zv.w. VI-V ss-iT[Шамба,

1988: 130. sur-16]. muzaradisagan SemorCa misi wina nawili: patara samkuTxa

cxvirsafari,masiuri saSuble nawili da kefis mxare. Tvalzeda rkalebi

da saSuble nawili ornamentirebulia reliefuri xazebiT. amave

‐ 152 ‐  

muzarads ekuTvnis farTo, masiuri ybissafari, romelic naxvretebis

meSveobiT magrdeboda muzaradis qveda da sakefe nawilze. masac pirveli

muzaradis msgavsad ar hqonda qveda kideebze amonaWeri [tab.XLVII, 2].

analogiuri tipis mesame muzaradi aRmoCenil iqna 1979 wels,

vereSaginis borcvis samxreTiT, borcvis dasawyisTan. masTan erTad iyo

sami rkinis culi da ori rkinis akinaki. muzaradi `TiTqmis mTelia, aqvs

mxolod Zveli farTo naxvreti muzaradis zeda nawilze~ [Шамба, 1988: 82.

sur-2]. fotosuraTze Cans, rom muzarads ar aqvs sayure Wrili da

warmodgenilia masiuri sakefe nawiliT [tab.XLVII, 3].muzaradis safeTqlis

areSi da sakefe gamonaSveris gverdiTa kideebze SeimCneva ramodenime

naxvreti.

meoTxe analogiuri tipisnimuSi ukve Seswavlil iqna omisSemdgom

afxazeTSi, 2000 wels, amJamad is inaxeba afxazeTis humanitaruli

kvlevebis arqeologiur ganyofilebaSi. is mopovebuli iqna omis Semdeg

aRdgenili eSeris eqspediciis mier [Эрлих, 2008:80-81].

muzarads win, saxis mxareze aqvs patara samkuTxedis formis

gamonaSveri _ cxvirsafari. rogorc ukve zemoT moyvanil egzemplarebs,

amasac ar aqvs yurisTvis gankuTvnili Wrilebi. ukana masiuri sakefe

nawilis TiTqmis naxevaria SemorCenili. mis kideebze eqvsi naxvretia

datanili, romlebiTac is ukavSirdeboda ybissafars, Tumca es

ukanaskneli dakargulia. ramdenime naxvreti datanilia aseve muzaradis

qveda gverdiTa kideebze: Svidi cali erT gverdze, xolo rva meore

gverdze. rogorc Cans, ybissafarebi damagrebuli iyo, rogorc Cafxutis

qveda kideebze, aseve mis sakefe nawilzec. Tvalzeda Wrilebi _ rkalebi

gaformebulia odnav SesamCnevi momrgvalebuli formis Rrmulebis rigiT.

muzaradis simaRlea daaxloebiT 23.5 sm. sigrZe 23sm, sigane 18

sm[tab.XLVIII].

yvela zemoT moyvanili artefaqtisaTvis, romlebic sxvadasxva dros

iqna aRmoCenili eSeris naqalaqaris midamoebSi, damaxasiaTebelia saerTo

niSnebi: mokle samkuTxa cxvirsafari, masiuri kefissafari, sayure

Wrilis uqonloba,aseve gaaCndaT e.w. ”ybissafarebi” (an yurissafari),

romelTa moxsna da gamocvla SeiZleboda, rameTu, rogorc zemoTac

aRiniSna, isini ar warmoadgendnen muzaradis uSualo gagrZelebas,

‐ 153 ‐  

aramed naxvretebis daxmarebiT magrdebodnen muzaradis qveda gverdiTa

kideebze.

saerTo formiT, Seswavlili egzemplarebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT _

qalkiduri muzaradebis jgufs(Tumca xandaxan maT attikursac uwodeben,

rameTu swored isini arian gamosaxulni attikur mxatvrobaSi). am

muzaradebis tipologia SeimuSava e. kunzem (olimpiis muzaradebze

dayrdnobiT) da g. pflugma. eSeruli Cafxutebi yvelaze axlos dganan

pflugis V tipTan an kunzes VII jgufTan [Bottini, ...... 1988:S 138.ABB.2]. aseT

muzaradebs aqvT moZravi ybissafarebi da mokle cxvirsafari. orive

ybissafari Cafxutze Camokidebuli iyo mrgvali rgolebiT (kideebze

datanil naxvretebSi iyo gayrili) an anjamebiT.g. pflugs moyavs meomris

gamosaxuleba,romelsac Tavze qalkiduri muzaradi axuravs da orive

ybissafari maRla aris aweuli. es gamosaxuleba daTariRebulia Zv.w. V s-

is dasawyisiT [Bottini, ...... 1988:S. 144. Abb. 10].

swored aseTi anjamebiani ybissafaris mqone muzaradebi iqna

aRmoCenili 1979 da 1985 wlebSi, soxumSi, axul-abaasTan, Zv.w. IV s-is

samarxebSi [tab.XLIX, 1,2][Воронов, 1991: 227, sur. 2,3]da kidev ori cali

SemTxveviT eSeris naqalaqarsa da md. kelasuris SesarTavTan[Воронов,

1975:sur. 6. 1-3, 13-20].axul-abaaSi napovni erT-erTi qalkiduri muzaradis

mxolod wina mxarea SenarCunebuli, Tavisi cxvisafariTa da Sublis

areSi isrisebuli CaRrmavebiT. meore egzemplars SenarCunebuli aqvs

rogorc sakefe nawili ise ybissafari, romelic anjamebiT iyo

Camokidebuli muzaradis qveda kideze.

arsebiTi gansxvaveba e.w. V-tipis qalkidur muzaradebsa da zemoT

moyvanil pirvel oTx eSerul nimuSs Soris aris is, rom V-tipis

qalkiduri muzaradis ybissafariuSualod ar aris dakavSirebuli

kefissafarTan da maT Soris manZili ukavia yurisaTvis gankuTvnil

Wrils. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvanairia TviTon misi ybissafaris

garegnuli formac [tab.XLIX, 3].

eSeruli muzaradebis saxiT, Cven saqme gvaqvs berZnuli muzaradebis

gansakuTrebul seriasTan, romlebic rogorc Cans erTi saxelosnos

produqcias warmoadgendnen. amaze metyvelebs rogorc maTi msgavseba, ise

‐ 154 ‐  

eSeris naqalaqaris raionSi maTi koncentraciac. maTgan ori e.w.

akinakebTan erTad iqnaaRmoCenili Zv.w. VI-V ss-issamarxebSi.

zogierTi arqeologi, magaliTad i.voronovi fiqrobda, rom eSeruli

muzaradebi erTgvar gadakeTebul variantebs warmoadgendnen, rogorebic

iyo gavrcelebuli Cr. SavizRvispireTSi, skviTur samyaroSi. Tumca,

skviTur egzemplarebs moxsnili hqondaT kefissafari da ybissafari, maT

nacvladmuzaradzefirfitebiani zarads hkidebdnen. eSerul muzaradebs

ki aseTi gadakeTebis kvali ar etyobaT.Ggarda amisa,skviTuri

artefaqtebis didi umravlesoba Zv.w. IV s-iT TariRdeba.

saqarTveloSi kidev sami qalkiduri muzaradia cnobili. yvela

maTgani, afxazeTis muzaradebisagan gansxvavebiT, SemTxveviT iqna napovni.

maTi formebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, isini unda daTariRdes Zv.w. V an

ufro Zv.w. IV saukuniT. SeiZleba isini CaiTvalos ukve Camoyalibebul,

klasikur qalkidur muzaradebad, gansxvavebiT ukve zemoT aRwerili

arqauli eSeruli qalkiduri muzaradebisagan.

erT-erTi maTgani napovnia quTaisSi. mis naxevarsferul korpuss aqvs

cxvirsafari da kefissafari. Sublis areSi `isriseburadaa~

SeRrmavebuli. dakarguli aqvs orive ybissafari. misi muzaradTan

SeerTebis adgilas SeimCneva naxvretebi, amitom unda vivaraudoT, rom

ybissafari iyo moZravi [tab.L, 1].

aseve naklulia sof. koxSi [aWara] nanaxi muzaradi. muzarads

dakarguli aqvs ybissafarebi da motexilia Cafxutis zeda meore

naxevari. SenarCunebulia muzaradis qveda naxevari Tavisi

cxvirissafariT, yurisaTvis gankuTvnili WriliTa da sakefe nawiliT

[tab.L, 3].

lanCxuTSi aRmoCenili muzaradic qalkiduri tipisaa, magram odnav

gansxvavdeba bolo orisaganda ufro arqaul STabeWdilebas tovebs: mas

ufro masiuri, samkuTxedi formis maxvili cxvirissafari aqvs. masac

dakarguli aqvs ybissafarebi, Tumca aSkaraa, rom isini warmoadgendnen

muzaradis uSualo nawils, mis gagrZelebas. aqvs naklebad gamoxatuli

sakefe nawili. misi Sublis are, sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro naklebad

Sedis siRrmeSi [tab.L, 2].

‐ 155 ‐  

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kolxeTSi ukve Zv.w. VI

saukunisaTvis sakmaod farTod aris gavrcelebuli berZnuli TavdacviTi

SeiaraReba (aq igulisxmeba afxazeTSi aRmoCenili hoplituri faris

naSTebic). aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom maTi didi umravlesoba

SavizRvispira regionebSia aRmoCenili, sadac berZnuli gavlena yvelaze

didi iyo.

romauli naxevarsferuli muzaradi aRmoCnda kaxeTSi,

dedofliswyaros raionSi, sof. zemo qedSi. is naklulia: dakargulia

orive ybissafari da zeda naxevari. Tumca SemorCenilia muzaradis

Sublis, safeTqlis nawili da rac mTavaria misi sakefe gamonaSveri.

miuxedavT imisa, rom muzaradis TiTqmis naxevari dakargulia,

SenarCunebuli nawili (gansakuTrebiT ki sakefe gamonaSveri) ase Tu ise

iZleva SesaZleblobas misi tipis dadgenisa da daTariRebisa [tab.LI].

gamoricxvis meTodiT Tu vimsjelebT, kaxeTis arqeologiuri

artefaqti romauli muzaradebis arc montefortiul tips ganekuTvneba

da arc kuluss. aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobas iZleva, kaxeTSi

aRmoCenili muzaradis sakefe gamonaSveri, romelic aSkarad ufro

masiuria vidre es hqondaT montefortiul da kulusis Cafxutebs. es

detali mianiSnebs imaze, rom qarTuli nimuSi ufro gviandelia vidre

romauli muzaradebis es ori forma. yvelaze axlos is albaT dgas

portul da e.w. imperiul- keltur an imperiul-italiur muzaradebTan.

Sesabamisad, kaxeTSi aRmoCenili romauli muzaradi unda daTariRdes

arauadres ax.w. I saukunisa, da araugvianes ax.w. III saukunisa. marTalia am

dros roamauli muzaradebi ukve ZiriTadad rkinisagan mzaddeboda (Cveni

artefaqti ki brinjaosia), magram romauli legionebis damxmare

nawilebSi, e.w. auqsiliebSibrinjaos muzaradebi jer kidev

gamoiyeneboda[Bottini, 1988:327-365].

kaxeTSi aRmoCenili muzaradis aseT daTariRebas (ax.w. I-II ss) TiTqos

mxars uWers istoriuli konteqstic. am dros romis imperia sakmaod

aqtiurad aris warmodgenili rogorc kolxeTSi ise iberiis samefoSic.

gansakuTrebiT ki kolxeTSi, sadac mis zRvispira sanapiroebze romauli

garnizonebi dgas. xolo qarTlis samefosTan mas sakmaod mWidro da

intensiuri urTierTobebi qonda.

‐ 156 ‐  

aRniSnuli artefaqti dasavleT saqarTveloSi rom aRmoCeniliyo,

gansakuTrebiT ki romelime zRvispira regionSi, Cven sakmao safuZveli

gveqneboda gvefiqra, rom is romael legioners an auqsiliaSi mebrZol

adgilobriv meomars ekuTvnoda. Tumca is naxes aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, sadac arc werilobiTi da arc arqeologiurad, ar

dasturdeba romauli garnizonebis yofna. amitom muzaradi iq sxva

mravali gziTac SeiZleba moxvedriliyo (Tundac nadavlis saxiT).

arqeologiur artefaqtebze arsebuli gamosaxulebebic gvexmareba

sabrZolo iaraRis am saxeobis SeswavlaSi. sof. gomSi aRmoCenili

sasmisze gamoxatul oTxive meomars Tavze axuravs naxevarsferuli

muzaradi. zogierTs TiTqos cxvirsafari da ybebis safari mouCans.

berZnuli da Semdeg romauli samyarosaTvis ybissafarebi SedarebiT

xSiaria. romis imperiaSi muzaradebs SublTan simtkicisaTvis ukeTebdnen

damatebiT liTonis sartyels, iseTs, rogoric gomis sasmisze pirvel da

meore meomris muzaradebs mouCanT. respublikisa da imperiis xanis

romauli muzaradebisaTvis cxvirsafarebi naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli.

gomis sasmisze, albaT, Sereuli tipis (berZnul-romauli) an kolxuri

xis muzaradebia mocemuli. kolxuris muzaradebis Sesaxeb cnobas

gvawvdis herodote. xis muzaradebi mosxebsac exuraT. ufro mogviano,

kerZod, pompeusis iberebTan brZolis droindel ambebze Txrobisas,

straboni aRniSnavs, rom iberebs tyavis muzaradebi exuraT[gamyreliZe,

2002: 43; tab.I, 1,2].

&IV knemidebi

M meomris javSnis nawils Seadgenda liTonis sawvive, romelic meomris

fexs icavda muxlidan terfamde. sawviveebi, anu knemidebi, wminda

berZnuli aRWurvilobis nawilia. knemidebis wamoSobas rogorc wesi

ukavSireben mikenis droindel tyavis sawviveebs, romelTa gamosaxulebebi

xSirad gvxvdeba Zv.w. II aTswleulis meore naxevris egeosuri samyaros

xelovnebis nimuSebze. uZvelesi cnobebi tyavisa da liTonis knemidebis

Sesaxeb homerosTanaa daculi. Tumca bevri mecnieri homerosis

‐ 157 ‐  

TxzulebebSi dacul cnobebs tyavisa da liTonis knemidebis Sesaxeb,

gviandel interpolaciad miiCnevda. mas Semdeg rac saberZneTis

teritoriaze Zv.w. XIII saukuniT daTariRebuli knemidebi aRmoaCines,

cxadi gaxda, rom TvdacviTi SeiaraRebis es kategoria egeosur samyaroSi

jer kidev Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolo meoTxedSi arsebobda. Tavdacvis am

saxeobam TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis Sedegad Zv.w. VII saukunisaTvis

miiRo Camoyalibebuli klasikuri forma da aqedan moyolebuli

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar ganucdia momdevnosaukuneebSi.

Tavdapirvelad isini icavdnen fexis qveda nawils, muxlidan

koWebamde, xolo mogvianebiT TviTon muxlsac. aseve aRmoCenilia

specialuri knemidebi, romlebis koWs da quslsac icavdnen. Cven

SegviZlia isini vnaxoT sxvadasxva skulpturul gamosaxulebebzec.

egeosur samyaroSi aseve gavrcelebuli iyo xelis safari abjrebic

[tab.LII].

Zv.w. VI saukunis dasasrulisTvis, uSualod sawviveebis garda

danarCeni yvela saxis abjari, romelic adamianis zeda da qveda kidurebs

icavda,xmarebidan gamodis. es xdeba saberZneTSi, xolo mis gareT,

magaliTad italiaSi isini ufro gvianac gvxvdeba (magaliTad, romaeli

legionerebi knemidebs axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisamde aqtiurad

iyenebdnen).

Zv.w. VII da VI saukuneebSi knemidebi xSirad iyo dekorirebuli,

xolo ufro mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT Zv.w. VI saukunidan iwyeba e.w.

anatomiuri sawviveebis gavrceleba, romelic imeorebda adamianis fexis

moyvanilobas. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom eladaSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. IV

saukunis dasawyisidan, anatomiur knemidebze kunTebis moxazuloba

naklebad stilizebulia vidre ufro adrindel egzemplarebze (Zv.w. VI-

Vss.). Tumca italiis teritoriaze etruskebi Zv.w. IV saukuneSic

iyenebdnen mkveTrad stilizebul anatomiur knemidebs [Фуллер, 2003: 40].

sawviveebi fexze sxvadasxva meTodiT magrdeboda: zogierTs iseTi

konstruqcia hqonda, rom TavisiT magrdeboda fexze, yovelgvari

damatebiTi saSualebis gareSe (aseTebi ZiriTadad saberZneTSi iyo

gavrcelebuli).sxva SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda Tasmebi da

Rvedebi,risTvisacknemidebs gverdebze patara rgolebi hqondaT

‐ 158 ‐  

mimagrebuli an zeda da gverdiTa kideebze or-ori naxvreti hqondaT

datanebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mis fexze dasamagreblad Zalian

ubralo meTodi gamoiyeneboda: fexze javSnis Camocmis Semdeg mas Rveds

(ZiriTadad tyavis) Semoaxvevdnen garSemo. knemidebs unda hqonoda tyavis

an qsovilis sarCuli.

saqarTvelos antikuri xanis Zeglebidan cnobilia sami wyvili.

brinjaos knemidebis ori wyvili axul-abaas borcvzea napovni [tab.LIII].

erTi Zv.w. IVs-is samarxis naSTebs Soris, xolo meore-samarovnis

teritoriaze. isini ZiriTadad erTi tipisaa: muxli da kunTebi

reliefuradaa gamoyofili, xolo sigrZeze gasdevs reliefuri qedi,

SesaZloa simtkicisaTvis. qveda kide Sesqelebulia, gareTa gaweuli.

mTel perimetrs gasdevs sami araRrma paraleluri xazi da naxvretebi.

maTi sigrZe 30-35 sm-s Soris meryeobs[Kvirkvelia, 1995: 79].

mesame wyvili Seswavlilia vanis naqalaqarze, Zv.w. IVs-is mesame

meoTxediT daTariRebul #9 e.w. meomris samarxSi. am knemidebze odnav

magram mainc SeimCneva reliefurad gamoyofili qedi da kunTebi,

romlebic imeorebdnen adamianis fexis wvivis formas, amitom SeiZleba

isinic anatomiur knemidebad miviCnioT [tab.LIV]. Tumca vanis artefaqtebi

naklebad stilizebulia vidre magaliTad etruskuli knemidebi an

Tundac ufro adreuli, arqauli xanis berZnuli

sawviveebi[lorTqifaniZe, 1972: 50-51].

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa vanis samarxSi napovnia brinjaos e.w.

sabarkulebi[tab.LV], romlebic icavdnen meomars muxlis zemoT. es

sakmaod iSviaTi movlena iyo. marTalia berZnul skulpturul

gamosaxulebebze Cven SeiZleba vnaxoT sabarkulebi, magram saberZneTSi,

olimpiaSi aRmoCenilia mxolod erTi wyvili, xolo Cr.SavizRvispireTSi,

sadac kargadaa cnobili knemidebi, sabarkulebi saerTod ar gvxvdeba

[lorTqifaniZe, 1972: 50-51].

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili knemidebi, didi albaTobiT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom importuli nawarmi iyo. magram arc is aris mTlianad

gamoricxuli, rom isini berZnuli gavleniT, misi mibaZviT adgilobriv

saxelosnoebSi gaekeTebinaT(magaliTad SavizRvispira berZnul

‐ 159 ‐  

koloniebSi). Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, knemidebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ufro xSiri unda yofiliyo.

rac Seexeba werilobiT wyaroebs, qsenofontis `anabasisis” mixedviT

qarTvelur tomebs, xalibebs, hqoniaT knemidebi [miqelaZe, 1967: 133].

d a s k v n a

antikuri xanisa da adreSuasaukuneebis pirveli etapis (Zv.w. VII-ax.w VII

ss-bi) SeiaraRebis yvela saxeobis erTianobaSi ganxilvis Sedegad met-

naklebad sruli suraTi gamoikveTa. gairkva, rom aRniSnul xanaSi

qarTveluri mosaxleoba flobda rogorc SeteviT, ise TavdacviTi

SeiaraRebis komponentebs.

im arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze, romelic Zveli saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis, an calkeuli samxedro SenaerTebis wevrTa SeiaraRebis

sistemas asaxavs, Cans, rom im drois saqarTveloSi meomari sruladaa

aRWurvili, Cans aseve upiratesi iaraRic (Subi) da damxmare iaraRTa

kompleqsebic. es situacia akmayofilebs im moTxovnebs, romelTac

antikuri xanis samxedro saqme dRis wesrigSi ayenebda.

werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, rom antikur xanasa da

adreSuasaukuneebSi, rogorc iberiaSi, ise kolxeTSi wamyvan Zalas qveiTi

meomrebi warmoadgendnen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igives adasturebs

arqeologiuri monacemebic. pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba mcire

raodenobis cxeniani samarxebi, romlebic rogorc wesi, mdidrul

samarxebs ganekuTvneba da mxolod warCinebuli meomrebis atribucia iyo.

‐ 160 ‐  

SeteviTi xasiaTis iaraRidan mTeli mocemuli periodis manZilze

wamyvania Subi.rogorc wesi, winareantikuri, mTlianad antikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis samarxebSi, wminda sabrZolo iaraRebidan, yvelaze

mravalricxovani Subispirebia (Tu ar CavTvliT danebs, romlebsac

SeiZleba sameurneo funqciac hqonodaT, rameTu TiTqmis erTnairi

intensivobiT gvxvdeba mamakacTa da qalTa samarxebSic). Tumca aris

mcire gamonaklisebic (magaliTad rganisa da modinaxes samarovnebi)

roca sxva iaraRi sWarbobs Subispirebs(ixileT damatebani).Subispirebi

tipologiuri mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdebian,rac gamowveulia ara

imdenad drois faqtoriT (saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, SubispirTa formebSi

radikaluri cvlilebebi ar SeimCneva), ramdenadac sxvadasxva funqciuri

datvirTviT (axlodan saZgerebeli an satyorcni, sabrZolo an sanadiro,

abjris gasaxvretad da a.S), tradiciiT da maTi sxvadasxva sawarmoo

centrebSi damzadebiT, e.i warmomavlobiT. Subispirebi samarxebSi

gvxvdeba rogorc calke, ise sxva iaraRebTan kompleqsSi.

aseve mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iyeneben maxvilsa da

satevars.Subispirebis msgavsad, maxvilic samarxSi SeiZleba iyos marto

an Tan axldes sxva iaraRi.maxvilic umTavres, pirvelad iaraRs

warmoadgenda, Tumca raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnda

Camouvardeba Subispirebs. is sakmaod ZviradRirebul nivTs warmoadgenda,

romlis tareba mxolod sazogadoebis zeda fenis, samxedro elitis

privilegia iyo. Aamaze mianiSnebs aramxolod sxva iaraRebTan SedarebiT

maTi mcire raodenoba, aramed isic, rom rogorc wesi, maxviliani samarxi

mdidaria. maSin rodesac, Subispiri, culi da isrispiri SeiZleba

sruliad Raribul samarxSic aRmoCndes.

isrispirebi, satevrebi da culebi, rogorc wesi, samarxebSi yovelTvis

sxva iaraRebTan erTad fiqsirdeba, rac mianiSnebs imaze, rom Subispirisa

da maxvilisagan gansxvavebiT, isini warmoadgendnen damxmare iaraRebs.

mSvild-isari gvxvdeba mTeli epoqis ganmavlobaSi isrispirebis saxiT,

Tumca procentulad sakmaod CamorCeba iaraRis sxva komponentebs. TviTon

mSvildma gasagebi mizezebis gamo Cvenamde ver moaRwia, Tumca dedoflis

gorisa ax.w. I_II s-is sasaxlesa da wibiliumis ax.w. IV s-is erT-erT

samarxSi dadsturda mSvildis Zvlis garsakravebi, rac mianiSnebs e.w.

‐ 161 ‐  

rTuli, kompozituri mSvildebis gamoyenebaze gvianantikuri xanis iberia-

kolxeTSi. logikuri iqneba, Tu vivaraudebT, rom e.w. “skviTuri” masriani

da Semdeg “sarmatuli” yunwiani samfrTiani isrebis paralerulad unda

earseba maT Sesabamis mSvildebsac: mokle e.w. “skviTur kompozitur

mSvildebs” da Semdeg, elinisturi xanis dasasrulidan, samfrTiani

isrebis paralerulad, ufro mZime da did e.w. “hunuri tipis” mSvildebs.

A rac Seexeba culs, is sakmaod popularuli iaraRia mTels

saqarTveloSi Zv.w. VI-II ss-Si da Semdeg erTi periodi knindeba. ax.w IV-

VII ss-Si isini ZiriTadad gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki afxazeTSi. raodenobrivad, isini Subispirebis Semdeg

modian, Tumca is ar warmoadgenda umTavres saomar iaraRs. maTi didi

raodenoba albaT gamowveuli iyo maTi universalurobiT, isini

gamoiyeneboda rogorc saomari, ise sameurneo funqciiTac.

unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi suraTia saqarTvelos farglebs

gareTac, nomaduri xalxis arqeologiur kulturebSi, rogorc mTlianad

antikur, ise Sua saukuneebSi. odnav gansxvavebuli suraTia momTabare

xalxebis arqeologiur Zeglebze [skviTebi, sarmatebi, Semdeg hunebi da

sxva], sadac, raodenobis moxedviT, pirvel adgilze isrispirebia, rac

aixsneba maTi Taviseburi samxedro taqtikiT (cxenosani moisreebi).

TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis elementebidan gvxvdeba beqTari, fari,

muzaradi da wvivsafari-knemidebi. SemorCenilia mxolod liTonisagan

damzadebuli da e.w. liToniT gamyarebuli nimuSebi, magram uTuod unda

gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom iqneboda xisa da tyavis TavdacviTi

SeiaraRebis nimuSebic, miTumetes roca amas werilobiTi wyaroebic

gvidastureben da romlebic gasagebi mizezebis gamo miwaSi ar Semoinaxa.

TavisTavad liTonis TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis arsebobis faqti

mflobelis maRal socialur statusze metyvelebs. yoveli

arqeologiuri kompleqsi, romelic TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis erT an

ramdenime elements Seicavs, inventaris simdidriT gamoirCeva da maRali

socialuri wris pirovnebis kuTvnilebad iTvleba.

santereso sakiTxia sabrZolo iaraRebidan adgilobrivi da ucxouri an

maTi mibaZviT adgilze damzadebuli nimuSebis gamoyofa.adgilobriv

tipebad SegviZlia miviCnioT adreantikur da elinistur xanaSi kolxeTSi

‐ 162 ‐  

gavrcelebuli yvela formis rkinis culebi, romlebsac safuZveli

daudes adreulma kolxurma brinjas culebma.aseve adgilobriv an

zogadad kavkasiur tradicias SeiZleba daukavSirdes Zv.w. VIII-VI ss-Si

arsebuli brinjaosa da rkinis yunwiani, frTebCamoSvebuli isrispirebi,

romlebic antikuri xanis dasawyisis zogierT Zeglze skviTuri

isripirebis paralerulad gvxvdeba.

samecniero literaturaSi didi xania damkvidrda azri, rom klasikuri

da elinisturi periodis kavkasiaSigavrcelebuli akinakiseburi satevrebi

Tu maxvilebi ukavSirdeba skviTur gavlenas, Tumca arsebobs sxva

poziciac, romlis mixedviTac maTi prototipebi SeiZleba iyos

winareantikuri xanis CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da meoturi kulturis

ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. “bimetaluri” satevrebi.

wminda skviTurnimuSebad unda CaiTvalos brinjaos masriani isrispirebi,

romlebicamierkavkasiaSi gamoCenas iwyeben Zv.w. VII s-is bolosa da VI s-

is dasawyisSi.

sindo-meoturi maxvilebis tips ganekuTvneba dasavleT saqarTvelos

Zv.w.IV-III ss-is zogierT samarxSi dafiqsirebuli orlesili maxvilebi.

AaSkarad sarmatulia Zv.w. I-ax.w III ss-iT daTariRebuli tarrgoliani

iaraRebi. Aaseve sarmatul gavlenas unda ukavSirdebodes elinisturi

xanis bolodan yunwiani, samfrTiani rkinis isrispirebisa da ax.w. I s-dan

yunwiani, grZeli orlesili maxvilebis gamoCena.

B”webelduri kulturis” samarxebSi aRmoCenili calpirlesili

satevrebi, e.w.“skramasaqsebi”, bizantiidan momdinareoben, xolo

oTxSverilebiani qarqaSis mqone orlesil satevrebs, romlebic mcxeTasa

da webeldaSia dadsturebuli, xSirad vxdebiT sasaniduri xelovnebis

nimuSebze, rac maT sparsul warmomavlobaze gvafiqrebinebs.

e.w.“webelduri tipis culebi”, romelTa analogiebi dadsturebulia

evropaSi, kolxeTSi fexs ikidebs ax.w. IV-s-dan, savaraudod SavizRvispira

romaul-bizantiuri garnizonebis meSveobiT.

Subispirebis sxvadasxva formebi sakmao mdgradobas inarCuneben

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze da maTi

prototipebisa da warmomavlobis dadgena did sirTulebTanaa

dakavSirebuli.

‐ 163 ‐  

Tu Cen SevajamebT yvela arqeologiur masalas da werilobiT wyaroebs,

vnaxavT, rom importuli da adgilobrivi tradiciebis gamoyofa

SesaZlebelia antikuri xanis TavdacviTi aRWurvilobaSic: erTi iyo

adgilobrivi tradiciuli (adgilobriv inovaciebze dafuZnebuli)

TavdacviTi SeiaraReba, meore iyo importuli SeiaraRebaan SesaZlebelia

ucxouri gavleniT, misi mibaZviT adgilzeve damzadebuli aRWurviloba.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba eniWeboda maSindel samyaroSi dominirebad

formebs.Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva iyo socialuri fenac, romelic mas

iyenebda. sazogadoebis zeda fena, aristokratia, iyenebda TavdacviTi

aRWurvilobis meore kategorias, romelic gulisxmobda, liTonis

ZviradRirebul saWurvels, romelzedac mas miuwvdeboda xeli da

romelic warmoadgenda, rogorc iTqva, maSindel samyaroSi dominirebad

formas. arqeologiuri masalis did umravlesobas swored isini

warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis adgilobriv formebs, maT

Sesaxeb Cven vigebT berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebidan da

sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebiT. werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT isini

organuli masalisagan (tyavi, seli, xe) keTdeboda, amitom miwam isini ver

Semoinaxa. aristokratiaze ufro dabali socialuri fena swored aseT

SeiaraRebas iyenebda da rogorc Cans swored misgan Sedgeboda laSqris

ZiriTadi nawilic.

ukve gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom aris gansxvaveba werilobiT wyaroebSi

moyvanil faqtebsa da arqeologiur masalas Soris.

importuli TavdacviTi aRWurviloba, misi warmoSobis mixedviT,

SeiZleba aseve or kategoriad gavyoT _ maT SeiZleba pirobiTad

vuwodoT berZnul-romauli da `barbarosuli~.Ppirvels ekuTvnis yvela is

artefaqti romelic asaxavs berZeni hoplitisa da romaeli legioneris

sabrZolo aRWurvilobis elementebs, esaa dasavleT saqarTveloSi

Seswavlili qalkiduri muzaradebi, farebi, axul-aabas da vanis

knemidebi, kaxeTSi SemTxveviT aRmoCenili romauli muzaradi da

dedoflis goris sasaxleSi gamovlenili javSani, romelic ganixileba

rogorc Lorica segmentata.Mbrinjaos konusuri muzaradebi, liTonis mravali

‐ 164 ‐  

firfitebisagan Sedgenili beqTarebida faris liTonis umbonebi ufro

“barbarosul” samyarosTan asocirdeba.

amrigad, Tu rogori SeiaraReba iyo gavrcelebuli qarTvelur

tomebs Soris (mis aristokratiul fenebSi), winareantikur, antikur da

adreSuasaukuneebSi, didwilad damokidebuli iyo Tu vin iyo maTi

mezoblebi da vis kulturul gavlenas ganicdidnen isini. brinjaos

xanaSi SeimCneva urartuli da asuruli gavlena. klasikursa da

elinistur xanebSi berZnuli da skviTuri. romaul xanaSi SeimCneva

romauli, parTiuli da sarmatuli samxedro xelovnebis elementebi.

xolo adre da ganviTarebul feodalur xanaSi esaa bizantiuri gavlena.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, antikur xanasa da adreSuasaukuneebSi,

SeimCneva aseve berZnul-romauli da “barbarosuli” SeiaraRebis erTgvari

kombinaciac(gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebze).

amis kargi magaliTia wibilium I-is ax.w. V–s-is №43 samarxi, sadac e.w.

“iranul”satevarTan erTad (mas gamoarCevs, qarqaSze oTxi liTonis

naxevarwriuli Sverili) iyo “dasavluri” SeiaraRebis iseTi elementi,

rogoricaa faris rkinis umboni. umboniani farebi adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSi Cndeba gvianromauli xanis “barbarizebul” romaul da

Semdeg bizantiur garnizonebTan kontaqtebis Sedegad, romlebsac Savi

zRvis sanapiro cixeebi ekavaT, imperiis pontos sazRvrebSi. Aam

TvalsazrisiT aseve Zalzed sainteresoa dedoflis goris magaliTi,

rodecas sasaxlis erT oTaxSi aRmoCnda qercliseburi beqTari (didi

albaTobiT parTiuli importi) da wminda romauli tipisjavSnad

miCneulie.w.Lorica segmentataanu segmentirebuli beqTari. garda amisa, amave

periodis samarxebSi dadasturebulia “stepuri” SeiaraRebis iseTi

elementebi, rogoricaa samfrTiani isrispirebi, rac aSkarad mianiSnebs

momTabare xalxebis gavlenazec.

igive suraTia klasikur da elinisturi xanis Zeglebzec, magaliTad

vanSi, e.w. meomris #9-e samarxSi, napovni iqna berZnuli hoplituri

aRWurvilobis iseTi kalsikuri elementi, rogoricaa knemidebi da

sabarkulebi. magram aqve iyo liTonis furclebisagan Sedgenili fari,

romelic ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli hoplitisaTvis da rac mTavaria

dafiqsirda didi raodenobiT isrispirebi rac saerTod warmoudgeneli

‐ 165 ‐  

iyo berZeni mZimed SeiaraRebuli hoplitisaTvis. eSeris naqalaqarze, ori

qalkiduri muzaradi rkinis akinakebTan erTad iqna napovni. magaliTad

aseve SegviZlia moviyvanoT kutiSxas kombinirebuli javSani, sadac

beqTaris damzadebis aRmosavluri da dasavluri tradiciebia

gaerTianebuli. rogorc Cans adgilobrivi samxedro elitis TavdacviTi

da saerTod mTeli sabrZolo aRWurviloba warmoadgenda erTgvar nazavs

e.w. `barbarosuli~ da egeosuri samyaros SeiaraRebisa. es arcaa

gasakviri, radgan qarTvelur tomebs urTierToba hqondaT am orive

civilizaciasTan. msgavsi movlena damaxasiaTebeli iyo skviTebisTvisac.

Cr. SavizRvispireTSi, yorRanebSi, araerTi korinTuli da qalkiduri

muzaradebi, aseve knemidebi iqna aRmoCenili, maSin roca skviTuri

brZolis taqtika radikalurad gansxvavdeboda berZnuli falanguri

taqtikisagan.

sxvadasxva samxedro kulturebis aseTi Sexameba unikaluria

amierkavkasiisTvis da rogorc Cans, es gamowveuli iyo, antiku xanasa da

adreSuasaukuneebSi, saqarTvelosyofniT sxvadasxva kulturebisa da

samxedro-politikuri gavlenebis gzajvaredinze.

antikur xanaSi, SeiaraRebis mixedviT, laSqari rogorc wesi orad

iyofoda: mZime da msubuq kavaleriad, qveiTi jaris SemTxvevaSi ki aseve

mZimed SeiaraRebul an msubuqad SeiaraRebul qveiTebs gamoyofdnen

[Блаватский, 1954: 69-90].rogorc wesi mZimed SeiaraRebuli samxedro

nawilebi, gansakuTrebiT ki mZime kavaleria, sazogadoebis SeZlebuli

nawilisagan kompleqtdeboda. ase iyo romaul armiaSi mariusis

reformamde, roca kavaleria mTlianad aristokratiuli wridan

gamosuli adamianebisagan kompleqtdeboda, romauli legionebi ki

qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT [Военное искусство античности, 2003:475].

armiis aseT saxeobebad dayofa, obieqturi movlena iyo, romelic

damaxasiaTebeli iyo yvela mkvidri, sxvadasxva socialuri fenebisagan

Semdgari xalxebisaTvis. socialuri uTanasworoba armiaSic unda

asaxuliyo. erTgvarovani laSqari, rogorc wesi momTabare xalxebisaTvis

iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sadac batonobda Temuri wyobileba. Tumca, droTa

ganmavlobaSi, maT rigebSi mdidari fenis gaCenasTan erTad, armiaSi

‐ 166 ‐  

xdeboda calke mZimed SeiaraRebuli birTvis gamoyofa, magaliTad

rogorc es moxda skviTur da sarmatul laSqarSi.

zemoT moyvanili argumentebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, unda

davuSvaT, rom Zvel kolxeTsa da iberiaSic msgavsi sistema iqneboda.

amaze metyvelebs arqeologiuri masalac: yvela TavdacviTi aRWurviloba

mdidrul samarxebSi iqna aRmoCenili (dedoflis goris SemTxvevaSi,

sasaxleSi). maSin, roca e.w. Rarib samarxebSi, iSviaTad Tu Segvxvdeba

TiTo Subispiri, dana, isrispirebi.

rogorc Cans laSqris ZiriTadi nawili aRWurvili iyo adgilobrivi,

tradiciuli TavdacviTi saSualebebisagan, romlebic tyavis, xis, selis

masalisagan mzaddebodnen (rogorc amas gveubnebian werilobiTi

wyaroebi). xolo zeda fena, aristokratia warmoadgenda laSqaris mZimed

SeiaraRebul birTvs, romlebic aRWurvilni iyvnen ZviradRirebuli

liTonis abjrebiT.

aRniSnuli periodis sxvadasxva saxeobis iaraRis metalografiulma

kvlevam aCvena, rom Zv.w. VII_VI s-dan safuZveli eyreba rkinisa da

foladis iaraRis gamoWedvis ramodenime wess, romelic mTeli antikuri

xanis ganmavlobaSi da momdevno saukuneebSic ar icvleba (maTze zemoT

gvqonda saubari, iaraRis TiToeuli saxeobis ganxilvisas).

‐ 167 ‐  

danarTi

rac Seexeba sazogadoebis militarizaciis dones, amaze garkveuli

warmodgena SeiZleba Segviqmnas, samarovnebze, sabrZolo iaraRis

Semcveli samarxebis procentulma maCvenebelma(magram es maCvenebeli unda

gamoiTvalos mxolod mamakacTa samarxebs Soris, rameTu nebismieri

samarovani Seicavs bavSvis da qalis samarxebsac, xolo es ukanasknelni

ar atarebdnen iaraRs). am TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli gansxvaveba SeimCneva

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Soris. antikur periodSi

dasavleT saqarTvelos samarovnebi ufro mdidaria sabrZolo iaraRebiT

vidre aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, rac kolxeTsa da

iberiaSigansxvavebuli samxedro-politikuri istoriis arsebobiT unda

aixsnas. Tu gadavxedavT istorias, vnaxavT, rom elinisturi da Semdeg

gvianantikuri xanis iberiaSi metnaklebad stabiluri samefo

xelisuflebaa, maSin rodesac kolxeTSi xSiria samxedro-politikuri da

eTnikuri kataklizmebi, rac Tavis mxriv, bunebrivad iwvevda

sazogadoebis met militarizacias vidre es iyo iberiaSi. aseve

gasaTvaliswinebelia e.w saqalaqo samarovnebis Taviseburebac, romlebic

‐ 168 ‐  

sabrZolo iaraRebis simciriT gamoirCevian. iberia mdidari iyo

urbanistuli centrebiT, xolo mtkvirisa da aragvis xeobaSi

gamovlenili cnobili samarovnebi (urbnisi, Jinvalisa da mcxeTis

Zeglebi)swored aseT centrebs ukavSirdeba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi

aseTebia gvianantikuri periodis biWvinTisa da klasikur-elinisturi

xanis fiWvnaris samarovnebi (arqeolog a.kaxiZis azriT, fiWvnaris

samarovani dakavSirebuli unda iyos Zlier saqalaqo dasaxlebasTan

romelic jer Seuswavlelia).

gansxvavebul suraTs vxedavT TviT dasavleT saqarTvelos SigniTac.

sabrZolo iaraRebis siuxviT gamoirCeva afxazeTis, kerZod ki,

dRevandeli soxumisa da gulirifSis raionSi koncentrirebuli

adreantikuri, gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis Zeglebi. magaliTad

soxumis midamoebSi gaTxrili adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis

samarovnebSi (guadixu, soxumis mTa, wiTeli Suqura, eSera, kulanurxva)

mamakacTa samarxebis 40-50% iaraRiania, xolo ax.w.II-VII ss-is

e.w.“webelduri kulturis” mamakacTa samarxebis 60-70% Seicavs sabrZolo

iaraRebs. es garemoeba SeiZleba am mxaris Taviseburi politikuri,

religiuri da strategiuli TaviseburebiT aixsnas: adreantikuri da

elinisturi xanis dioskuriaSi, misi mimdgomi mxareebiT, yovelTvis

iyorTuli eTno-politikuri viTareba, rac gamowveuli iyo misi

gansakuTrebuli geo-politikuri mdgomareobiT, kolxeTis centraluri

xelisuflebis susti gavleniT da sxva faqtorebiT. gvianantikur

periodsa da adreSuasaukueebSi kodoris xeobaze gadioda strategiuli

mniSvnelobis gza sebastopolisidan CrdiloeT kavkasiisken, Sesabamisad,

aq yovelTvis SeiniSneba romauli da Semdeg bizantiuri samxedro-

politikuri gavlena, es mxare mdidaria saforTifikacio nagebobebiTac.

garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT (webelduri samarxebi gamoirCevian samarxeuli

inventaris siuxviT), dasavleT saqarTvelos centraluri raionebisagan

gansxvavebiT, ax.w.IV-VII ss-Si aq ar SeniSneba qristianobis didi gavlena.

iaraRebidan yvelaze mravalricxovania Subispirebi da danebi, Tumca am

ukanasknels albaT ufro sameurneo funqcia hqonda daEDgvxvdeba rogorc

mamakacis, ise qalebis samarxebSi.Semdeg modis culi. Aaris mcire

‐ 169 ‐  

gamonaklisebic, roca samarovanze maxvil-satevrebi ufro bevria, vidre

culebi da Subispirebi, Tumca es ver cvlis zogad suraTs, romelic

gviCvenebs, rom mTlianad antikur perodSi da momdevno saukuneebSi,

wamyvan sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda Subi, romelic samarxSi

fiqsirdeba rogorc marto, ise sxva iaraRebTan kompleqsSi. iaraRis sxva

saxeobebs- culs, mSvild-isars ufro damxmare funqcia hqondaT da

samarxebSi, umeteswilad, sxva iaraRebTan kompleqsSi gvxvdeba. Mmcirea

TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis aRmoCenis faqtebi, rac SeiZleba ori mizeziT

iyos gamowveuli: pirveli, maTi umravlesoba organuli nivTierebebisagan

mzaddeboda (tyavi, seli da xis masala), amitom ver SemorCa, da meore,

zogadad, abjari, gansakuTrebiT ki liTonisagan damzadebuli nimuSebi,

ZviradRirebul produqts warmoadgenda da mxolod aristokratiuli

fenisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. isini, rogorc wesi, mdidrul samarxebSi

gvxvdeba.

‐ 170 ‐  

‐ 171 ‐  

‐ 172 ‐  

‐ 173 ‐  

‐ 174 ‐  

‐ 175 ‐  

‐ 176 ‐  

‐ 177 ‐  

‐ 178 ‐  

‐ 179 ‐  

‐ 180 ‐  

‐ 181 ‐  

‐ 182 ‐  

‐ 183 ‐  

‐ 184 ‐  

‐ 185 ‐  

‐ 186 ‐  

‐ 187 ‐  

‐ 188 ‐  

‐ 189 ‐  

‐ 190 ‐  

‐ 191 ‐  

‐ 192 ‐  

Irakli Anchabadze

‐ 193 ‐  

Weaponry in the Antique and Early Medieval Period Iberia-Colchis (The 7th cent. BC-7th cent. AD)

Introduction

The long and specific process of the historical-cultural development of the Georgians on

Georgian land continued over the millennia. For many centuries the Georgians were engaged in

permanent warfare. Their military and fighting experience, strategy, tactics and armament

developed and were perfected in battles.

In the classical period political hegemony on Georgian territory was attained by the

kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, on whose place and basis Georgia was formed in the future.

The present work discusses the history of the Georgian military equipment and warfare of the

cited period. The history of military-warfare is researched on the basis of a study of the

available written sources and archaeological evidence on the cultural and historical

development of Iberia and Colchis. It should be noted that, unfortunately, factual data for the

reconstruction of the military history of the ancient period is scarce. Nevertheless,

reconstruction of the military history of the 7th cent. BC-7th cent. AD is feasible to a greater or

lesser extent on the basis of a mutual collation and critical analysis of the evidences of the

written sources and archaeological and epigraphic remains.

Armament constitutes one of the principal sources for the study of military art of ancient

Georgia and generally of the ancient World. Its development is directly proportional to the

development of society. Both offensive and defensive types of armament occur in the

archaeological material of Georgia.

From The types of offensive weapons, in the 7th cent. BC-7th cent. AD archaeological material

are represented by spears, battle-axes, daggers, swords, knives, bows and arrows, siege engines

and slings. The helmets, armours and shields represent the defensive types of armament.

The main corpus of archaeological materials related to the Colchians and Iberians comes from

the cemeteries. A part of the objects was found without apparent archaeological context and it is

very possible that we are dealing with objects left on the places of ancient battles.

Chapter I. Offensive weapons

‐ 194 ‐  

§ I.Daggers and Swords

7th-1st centuries BC. Daggers and swords occur, with different ratios, in Georgian material

culture throughout the Classical period, Early Middle Ages and it may be said that each

chronological stage is characterized by a definite type. We come across with two-blade flat-

handled (5th-3rd centuries BC), the so-called akcinakes-type (6th-4th centuries BC), single-bladed

(4th-3rd centuries BC), ring-handled (1st century BC-4th centuries AD), and with wooden case

handle specimens. The points of their discovery are: Sukhumi, Tsiteli Shukura, Guadikhu,

Eshera, Vani, Inashauri, Gora, Qanchaeti, Itkhvisi, Chkhari, Lia, Dzevri, Modinakhe,

Chkhorotsqu, Bori, Kamarakhevi, Zhinvali, Armaztsikhe, Kldeeti. Their number is small in

comparison to spearheads. The dagger and the sword appear to have been the property of

aristocrats, being a kind of insignia at the same time. They are always found in grave of rich

warriors.

1.Acinaces.The acinaces (Greek akinákës) is a type of dagger or short sword (30–60 cm),

mainly a thrust weapon used in hand-to-hand fighting in the middle and the second half of the

first millennium B.C. They were used in the eastern Mediterranean region, especially by the

Medes, Persians and Scythians, then by the Colchians, Iberians and Greeks. The Acinaces had

the liver-shaped, heart-shaped (butterfly-shaped) or so-called false-triangular shaped guards

between the hilt and the bladeand the handle with the flat pommel in the form of a short

crossbar or crescent. The Acinaces with the liver-shapedand heart-shapedguards are most

typical for the Georgian monuments of the 6th-4th centuries BC. From the 4th century BC the

acinaces with the “antenna” hilt begins to spread (Sukhumi Mountain, Sukhumi, Bombora,

Machara.- Abkhazia). Their appearance and then spreading in the territory of Georgia is

associated with the Scythian influence.

2. Single-edged swords. Single-edged swordsare found mainly in the western Georgia, on

the monuments of the 4th-3rd centuries BC: Guadikhu, Eshera, Tsiteli Shukura (Abkhazia),

Itkhvisi, Shromis Ubani (Imereti), Gebi (Racha), Upper Lakhami (Svaneti), Qanchaeti (“Inner

Kartli”,Eastern Georgia). The single-edged swords are also attested in the northern Caucasus

and the north Black Sea Region. Such weapons in the scientific literature are often referred to as

the Greek “Makhaira”, which is a term used by modern scholars to describe a type of ancient

bladed weapon, generally a knife or sword with a single cutting edge. These weapons were of

various sizes and shapes, being regional, and not exclusively Greek weapon, Greek art shows

‐ 195 ‐  

Lacedaemonian and Persian armies employing swords with a single cutting edge, moreover

Herodotus states that Colchians were armed by the “Makhairas” along with the spears and

shields. It is possible that the Greek makhaira served as a prototype for the Caucasian Single-

edged weapons. It is also possible that they have the local origins (generated from the single-

edged knives, which are so typical for the whole Caucasus region in the 6th-1st centuries BC).

3. Sindo-Meotian type double-edged swords. It was a type of sword popular during the 5th to

2nd centuries BC, particularly among the Sindo-Meotian peoples in the Kuban area. They were

also common in the North Caucasus. Similar weapons have been found on the sites of western

Georgia (Sukhumi Mountain, Guadikhu, Vani), dated back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC. The

distinctive feature of the sword is the lack of crossguards. It has a short pommel or broadened

back part of the handle. Surviving examples of these swords have blades measuring between

60 and 85 in length and 5 to 6 in width. The blade is normally smooth or diamond in the cross

section.

4. Double-edged daggers. In the scientific literature these double-edged daggers are called as

the Western Asian daggers.This type of dagger, not having prototypes in the territory of

Georgia, arose from the bronze daggers which were typical for the West Asia in the 15th -9th

centuries BC. Similar weapon together with the Scythian arrowheads was found in one of the

burials of the 7th-6th centuries BC in the cemetery of Kulanurkhva (Abkhazia). Similar artifacts

have also been found together with the Scythian arrowheads at the other sites of the 7th -6th

centuries BC, such as: Brili (Racha, mountain region of Northwest Georgia), Mirzik

(Azerbaijan), Karmir-Blur (Armenia). They have a pair of holes on the handles and shoulders,

expanded back part of the handle and the blade, gradually narrowing to the point. The

discovered daggers are typically 38–40 cm. in length and 3,5 cm. in width. Maybe the

appearance of such daggers in Caucasus is result of the Scythian hikes to Asia and back.

1st-7th centuries AD.The main characteristic of the swords is the long blade converting to the

tang-shaped handle forged together with blade. There are more than 50 known items and most

of them come from Abkhazia (North-Western Colchis).

1. Swords are divided into three types: type I— with the ring-pommel and short, double-edged

blade; type II — with guard and Double-edged long blade; type III— without guard, the

Double-edged blade smoothly runs into the tang or the blade runs into the tang under the right

angle. Their blades have a lens-shaped, rhombic-shaped or so-called double-rhombic-shaped

crosssections.

‐ 196 ‐  

Swords of type Iwere found in 13 locations of Iberia and Colchis. In general, the blades of the

swords and daggers of this type are of two variants: ones with the parallel edges narrowed in the

last third of the blade, close to its tip, and ones with the cuts narrowed from the guard that shape

the blade into a triangle. The dominant type of blades, as in Georgia as abroad, is the first type.

As a rule, daggers with ring-pommel have blades with 20–30 cm in length and 3–4 cm in width.The

usual swords’ lengthis 35–50cm. These sizes are typical for such weapons all over the

Sarmatianterritory (ca. 66% of all finds). It should be noted that the most of the “Georgian”

swords with the ring pommel have the longer blades-49-82 cm (Jinvali, Zeda Gora,Lia). The

longest of them is the artifact from Dzevrie, whose length is 82 cm.

Almost all swords and daggers ofthis time have the straight guard made outof an iron stripe.

The length of the guard is depending on the blade’s width. The handles are oval in cross-

section, rectangular or oval-rectangular. The typical diameter of the pommel’s ring is 5 cm, its

cross-section 0,5–1 cm. The pommels are usually round or oval in projection. 

In the first century BC, the Colchis was devastated heavily by the continuous military

operations. In the 1st-2nd centuries AD, weakened Colchis attracts the neighboring hill tribes.

Some scientists suppose that “Barbarian” tribes settled in the lowlands of the Colchis. Thus,

from the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD, there was a difficult political situation in

Kolchis, that can explain the appearance some “Sarmatian” elements in the western Georgian

graves. The same can be said relative to eastern Georgia too. Famous Roman geographer Strabo

mentions that the population of the mountain Iberia had the close trade-economic and family

ties to their northern neighbors, with Sarmatians. Other sources reported about the northern

mercenaty armies, who were recruited by the kings of Iberia.

These facts reflect an influence and partial penetration of the “Sarmatian “ cultural and

ethnical elements into the mentioned territories.

Swords of type IIhas bronze guard diamond-shaped in section with cutout above and central

ledge at the foot. Some archaeologists propose according the shape of a guard to divide swards

with bronze guards into two groups: with the guards close to nephriteс (with cutting above and

central ledge at the foot) and with straight diamond-shaped guards in section, without central

ledge. Others suppose that the division in two groups according the shape of the guard is not so

valuable, because all the conformable swards, regardless of material of the guards, go back to

the united tradition of fabrication.

Long swards with short diamond-shaped guards made of bronze, iron or nephrite and with

long dowel for the handle are known in Sarmatian sites insteppes between Volga and Don and

at adjoining territories. It is believed that they belong the weapons of Chinese origin with the

‐ 197 ‐  

bronze guards (2nd- lst century BC). In Central Asia this kind of weapon connects to the retreat

into the region of the Yuech- Chihs who were pushed there by the Hsiung-nu in the middle of

the 2nd century BC. The Yuech- Chihs and Hu-sungs introduced this weapon to the Sarmatians.

From the 2nd-3rd centuries AD it penetrates in Georgia. The swords of type II are attested

throughout the whole Georgia, but most of them are grouping in Western Georgia (Colchis).

Swords of type III, with the blade running into the tang under the obtuse angle and with blades

running into the tangs under the right angle (without guard) have the long (up to 60-70 cm) and

wide (up to 6 cm) blades. They are the most numerous. Some of them are characterized by the

narrow (up to 4,5 cm) and long (70-100 cm) blade. The hilts shaped as tangs were forged

together with blades; their length varies from 8 cm to 14-15 cm.

In Georgia they were found in Kldeeti, Chkhorocku, Bandza, Abgidzraxu, Tsibilium.In the

Abkhazia (Northwets Colchis. Western Georgia) they were in use until the 6th century AD.

Some princely tombs of Georgia (Tombs of Tsebelda. Abkhazia) yielded examples of

ceremonial swords, probably part of an eastern tradition, which had silver sheet scabbards and

were decorated in a polychrome style (Byzantine style). Analogies were brought to light in the

sedentary Alan sites of the central northern Caucasus and the North Pontic region.

The long swords of this type were in use in the North Pontic region in the 1st — beginning of

the 2nd century AD. In the first phase of the late Sarmatian period (second half of the 2nd —

first half of the 3rd century AD) they become the main weapon of the Sarmatian warriors.

The swords of type III are concentrated in Crimea, on the sites of the Ozemoe-Inker- man type

that were left by the Latest Alans. In the second half of the 3rd century AD two more traditions

had met on this territory in the making of the long swords: the Sarmatian and Gothic traditions.

The swords of type III came as the result of the symbiosis of two morphologically similar

models combined Roman-Gothic and Sarmatian features.

The distinctive feature of swords of the type II and III is the pommel made out of different

stones, and non-ferrous and precious metals. Locations of the mentioned pommels on the area

from Kazachstan to Hungary and their representations indicated that this tradition has Chinese-

Central Asian roots.

These swords were often accompanied by buckles, which belong to the straps for tying swords

to the belt, so the swords mentioned above, carried “Iranian” style, were tied to the belt, and not

the West Roman style, attached to a shoulder strap.

2. Daggers have the two forms: type I-with guard and Double-edged blade; type II-Single-

edged daggers.

‐ 198 ‐  

The daggers of type I. Suchdaggers arewell-attested in funerary contexts. One of them is the

type of Double-edged blade daggers with guard plate or without it. The oriental daggers with

four attachment points on scabbards are most noteworthy (Persian origin) in Georgia.The length

of the daggers’ blades varies from 21 to 28 cm, with width of 3-3,5 cm. The hilts shaped as

tangs were forged together with blades; their length varies from 8 cm to 14-15 cm.

During the Great Migration of the Peoples, as well as in the early Middle Ages, scramasaxes

were widely distributed in Europe, amongst them was Eastern Georgia.

The dagger of type IIis a straight-bladed,single-edged weapon, so-called scramasaxe or seaxe,

with the guard plateor without it. Their length varies between 25-70 centimeters. By size, one

can distinguish long scramasaxes derived from the Byzantine-Sassanid area and the short ones

representing the evolution of the Late-Roman and, possibly, German fighting knives.Amongst

the shape and construction of the blades there is a great deal of variation. The most frequent

characteristics are: 1-Both the edge and the back are curved towards the tip, which is generally

located above the centerline of the blade; 2-Both the edge and the back curve towards the tip,

which is generally located at the centerline of the blade; 3-The edge is generally straight, or

curved slightly towards the tip. The back either curves gently, or with a sharp angle towards the

tip, which is located below the centerline of the blade.

In Georgia they are mainly found in Abkhazian tombs (Tsibilium, Shapka-TserkovnyKholm,

Justinianov-Kholm, Abgidzrakhu, Alrakhu, Aukhuamakhu, Akhatsarakhu, Akhacharkhu,

Apiancha, Merkheul, Gerzeul, Anukhva, Khashupse) belonging to the 5th- 6th centuries AD. The

seaxe was often used as an additional weapon and it was worn together with the Double-edged

blade swords (Mentioned Georgian daggers usually are found in the graves in conjunction with

other types of weapons-swords, spearheads, arrowheads). The blade is worn inside a scabbard

(some of them has a silver frame) attached to the belt. As a rule,scramasaxes are found in

Abkhasian tombs together with the oval or square buckles. They appeared in western Georgia at

the beginning of the 5th century AD and had an eastern, in particular the Byzantine origin.

§ II.Knives

‐ 199 ‐  

A knife was the most common form among the agricultural tools andit could also be used for

military purposes. They occur equally in both men's and women's burials.

They were widely used in the Iberia-Colchissince the Early Iron Age and during the Classical

antiquity andEarly Middle Ages.

Mainly two different types of iron knives were used during the mentioned period (7th century

B.C.-7th century A.D. ) in Iberia and Colchis- a straight-bladed,single-edged and so called

“crescent” Knives.

§ III.Axes

Article aims the chronological and typological systematization of the axes that had emerged at

the beginning of the millennium before our era and existed through the classical antique period

and early middle ages in a great extension in the territories of the Central, Western

Transcaucasia and partly in the East.

In the south Caucasus the iron battle-axes appear in the 8th-7th centuries BC. Those appear

first in the Western Transcaucasia and begin their extension to the east, Central and Eastern

Georgia (Iberia). In the first stage they coexist with the bronze axes and repeat their forms. As

the bronze so the iron axes, usually are found in the graves in conjunction with other types of

weapons (swords, spearheads, arrowheads). As a rule, the warrior has a single battle-axe placed

in his grave. The amount of iron axes significantly increases on the sites of the 7th—6th

centuries BC and from the 6th century BC only iron axes are attested. At the same time, the

similarity to the bronze copies is broken and the iron axes obtain peculiar shapes.

Two principal types are distinguishable among them in terms of characteristics:

Type I. So called “Ax-hammer type axes” or “Scythian axes”. They are the axes with a well-

marked heel and an asymmetrical narrow or wide blade. They have the oval hole for the handle.

Type I axes occur in Western and Eastern Georgia in the 7th-6th cent. BC and 4th-2nd cent. BC

complexes: Tsiteli Shukura, Ergeta, Gudauta, Guadikhu, the Sukhumi Mountain, Eshera, Vani,

Dablagomi, Dzevri, Kutaisi, brili, Qanchaeti, Beshtasheni, Gomareti, Etso, Manglisi, Asureti,

Santa, Rveli).

Typologically close axes (so-called “Scythian axes”) are found in the south Russia (The

North Caucasus and the North Black Sea Region). There are some opinions about their Scythian

origins, as if their spreading in the territories of the Eastern, Central and Western Transcaucasia

and partly in the Northern Caucasus relates to Scythian expansion, but actually the Scythians

‐ 200 ‐  

adopted them from the Koban-Colchian culture. With the great probability we can say that the

early Colchian bronze axes had served as prototypes for these iron axes.

They are divided into three variants:

a)-The first form is characterized by a narrow elongated contour. It has the long

multifaceted butt, the asymmetrical narrow blade and the oval hole in the middle. It is the oldest

form of the iron axes and typical for the western transcaucasus in the 7th-6th centuries BC.

b)-The second variant has the short butt and a wider blade. Probably it was developed from

the first form. Such axes had first appeared in the Western Transcaucasia approximately in the

6th century BC and then began their extension to the east, in the Central and Eastern Georgia

(Iberia), also penetrating in the northern Armenia and the North Caucasus. Perhaps this process

linked to the Scythian expansion.

c)-The third one has the hammer-shaped butt and the wide lunate blade. Such weapons have

only been found in the western Georgia, mainly in Abkhazia (The north-western part of

Colchis), including region of Sochi (The Sochi and its environment belonged to the kingdom of

Lazica and kingdom of Abkhazia). The axes of the third form get enough fame in the Scythian

world (judging by images). Typologically close axes are depicted in the hands of Scythians on

the different archaeological artifacts of the 4th-3rd centuries BC (vessels, medallions), however

the main findings of this type of axes are grouped on the territory of Abkhazia, in particular in

the vicinity of Dioskuria. Such weapons are dated by the 4th-3rd centuries BC.

The “Ax-hammer axes” also existed in the Late Antique period and early middle ages (the

1st-7th centuries AD), for example, Such axes are attested in the necropolis Pitchvnari (in the

context of the fourth century AD), Archeopolis / Nokalakevi, Shapka-Abgydzrahu,Tsibilium.

These axes are also known in Iberia (Including Nedzikhi, Armazisxevi). The similar forms

Outside Georgia were found in the Crimea and northern Caucasus in the context of the fourth

and sixth centuries AD.Apparently their origins go to the Classical and Hellenistic periods (6th-

1st centuries BC), where we find the similar forms (as mentioned above). The “Ax-hammer

axes” could be used for both military and agricultural purposes, but they were mainly the battle-

axes.

Type II.The second type is so-called "Tsebelda type" axe. Type II battle-axes are characteristic

for only Western Georgia in the 3rd-6th centuries AD. One was discovered in the fortress of

Tsibilium in the layer of the fire due to the Sassanid occupation (first half of the 6th

century).About 80% of them were found in the Abkhazia (The north-western part of Colchis),

particularly in the region of Tsebelda (that is why it received such name). At the present time, in

the eastern Black Sea Region, more than 150 "Tsebelda type" axes are known.

‐ 201 ‐  

These axes have no prototypes in Georgia, therefore, we have to look for their prototypes

beyond its borders. Besides Colchis the similar types were uncovered in the Central, Western

and Eastern Europe (For example, similar axes we can see on the German and Czechoslovakian

monuments of the late Roman period). One copy was attested to Sardis in Asia Minor.It is not

excluded that such axes have the German origins, that began to spread in the eastern Black Sea

Region through the Roman garrisons from the beginning of the 3rd-4th centuries AD. As we

know, the process of “Germanization” (military and human) of the Roman legions takes place

in the 3rd-4th centuries AD.

There are three variants: 1-with long sleeve (characteristic for the 3rd -4th centuries), 2-with

short sleeve and narrow blade (4th -5th centuries), 3-with short sleeve and broad blade (4th -6th

centuries).All the forms were designed for military purposes. As a rule, in the burials, they lie

together with spearheads on the left shoulder of the deceased, or some cases, they are found on

the left at the waist or hip. Therefore it can be assumed that these axes were usually worn on the

left side of the belt, with handle down. It is known that the force of impact also depends on the

length of the axe handle, therefore it usually has the long and relatively thin handle, but

sometimes could also be used the short handles for throwing. It is noteworthy that, the length of

"Tsebelda type" axe, which was attested by the ancient stone figures on the mountain Guarap,

coincides with the length of the Frankish axe-handles (30-40 cm). Such axes were used by

Franks as projectile weapons. Procopius of Caesarea reports that “the iron of these axes was

strong... and wooden handle very short.... at the first onset, they usually throw their axes to the

enemies by smashing their shields and killing them”. This circumstance enables us to think that

the "Tsebelda type" axes also could be used (besides melee) as the projectile weapons,

especially when they are included in the package with the basic melee weapon-with the sword.

The axe with the shape of pickaxe stands apart. Such axes were unearthed in the male burials

(the 6th century BC- the 7th century AD). Its one head is long and flat but another head has the

ordinary axe blade. Probably for the most part they were used as agricultural tools.

§ IV.Bows and arrowheads

‐ 202 ‐  

As for thebow and arrow, unfortunately they not attested archaeologically. In Georgia the

Classical period and Early Middle Ages complexes containing arrowheads are relatively rare.

The bow or its parts have not been discovered in quantities, to be accounted for by the fact that

in the course of time both the wooden base of the bow and the string disintegrate in the earth.

The Iberians began to use the powerful bows of the so-called «Hunic» type, reinforced with the

bone plates, in the 1st century AD. The bone pats of the «Hunic» type bow was found in

Dedoflis Gora (palace ruins of the 1st-2nd centuries AD. Eastern Georgia). Judging on the

arrangement of the bone plaques, its length in the released state reached approximately 120 cm.

The similar details were unearthed in the region of Abkhazia, from the tomb of the 4th century

AD. Parallels to the bone plaques were found in the Sarmatian graves of the Volga river region

and Kalmykia, as well as in the Hsiungnu assemblages of Mongolia, Tuva and the Transbaikal

area. These bows had greater length, longer range and were more effective than the «Scythian»

type bows.

The existence of bows and arrows is attested by a bronze plaque adorning the tip of a goritus,

recorded in 4th century BC complexes (see Ivrispirebi, Bogviskhevi). Bronze, bone and iron

arrowheads have come to light at different points of Georgia (Vani, Itkhvisi, Kutaisi,

Ivrispirebi, Enageti, Tsikhedidi, Gomareti, Sioni, Kumisa, Tsikhiani, Samadlo, Nastakisi,

AlgeTi, Varsimaantkari, Chala, Kldeeti). These arrowheads are of different types: bone, four-

faced, pyramidal (5th-4th cent.BC); bone-conical (4th-3rd cent.BC). So-called “Scythian type”

bronze arrowheads: two-winged, socketed (7th-6th cent.BC); three-winged, socket-less (4th-3rd

cent.BC) or socketed (6th-3rd cent.BC); three-winged, socketed-spurred and spurless (6th-4th

cent.BC); pyramidal headed, socketed (4th-3rd cent.BC); So-called “Sarmatian Type” iron

arrowheads”: tanged, three-winged (1st cent. BC-6th cent.AD). They were composed the

quivers sets, as well as found as single or paired items. Small sized “Scythian” arrowheads,

appearing in the 6th-3rd cent.BC have corresponding small-sized «Scythian» type bows, while

relatively large iron arrowheads point to large bows (“Sarmatian” or «Hunic» type bow).

§ V.Spears and Javelins

‐ 203 ‐  

As shown by research, the spears and javelins were the main weapons of war in Georgia

throughout the Classical period. Numerically, iron spears come first in comparison with other

weapons, according to archaeological evidence. The same is confirmed by written sources (see

Herodotus, Xenophon, Srabo). At different stage of the Classical period, wherever mention is

made of the armament of Kartvelian population, the spear features invariably. The spear has

been discovered at many archaeological sites (Sukhumu, Tsiteli Shukura, Guadikhu, Sukhumi

Mountain, Eshera, Vani, Pereta, Gora, Dablagomi, Chkhorotsqu, Dzevri, Itkhvisi, Modinakhe,

Beshtasheni, Shavsaqdara, Santa, Tashbashi, Qanchaeti, Kamarakhevi, Tsikhedidi, Natsargora,

Varsimaantkari, Zhinvali, Tsipranisdziri, Nedzikhi, Kldeeti, Uplistsikhe). Spears and Javelins

consist of spearhead, wooden shaft and sometimes spear-butt. Sometimes spear shafts ended in

iron butts.

1.Spears (lances). Judging on the literary sources and representations, the spear was the one of

the principal types of weaponry and as a ground for the typology the shape and the crosssection

of the blade were used. According to the features characteristic of the spearhead, five principal

types are known in Classical-period and Early Middle Ages of Georgia:

Type I. Spearheads with the laurel-shaped blade and socket of the medium length. This weapon

is characterized by the symmetrical blade that gradually runs from the socket; its maximum

width comes in the middle. Most analyzed items have the lens-shaped or rhombic-shaped

crosssection and do not have the rib. The Average length of the blade is 20–25 cm, average

width 3–4 cm. They are known as the "Scythian spears", because they are typical for the

Scythian tombs, but their origins go to the Late Bronze Age (Colchian-Koban culture).

Type II. Spearheads with the leaf-shaped blade. These spearheads have the maximum width in

the bottom part, just after the socket. They are divided into three variants by the cross-section:

2a, 2b, 2c and 2d. The 2a variant has the lens-shaped cross-section and lack the rib. The 2b

variant has the diamond cross-section and the 2c with a high central rib. Their blade’s length

varies from 20 to 25 cm, width from 3 to 4 cm, and the length of socket is 9–20 cm.

Type III. The so-called elongate rhomboid-bladed spears. The elongate rhomboid-bladed spears

coexisted with the rounded shouldered spearheads (Spearheads with the leaf-shaped blade)

throughout the Classical period. Notably enough, these three types (Type 1,2,3) are known from

the pre-Classical period. Their prototypes appeared in the Middle Bronze Age.It is interesting to

note that the spearheads of type 2 and type 3 are often found in pairs.

Type IV. These are the long spearheadswith the “combined” cross-section. The blade has a

diamond cross-section, with a rib. They are divided into three variants by the shape: Spearheads

with the leaf-shaped blade, Spearheads with the straight edges (or elongate rhomboid-bladed),

‐ 204 ‐  

and the spearheads with the flame-shaped blade. Such spearheads were mainly spread in the 4th-

6th centuries AD.

Type V. Spearheads with the diamond cross-section. They have the different shapes: sharp

blade, straight blade and flame-shaped spearheads. This type is the latest form of the spearheads

and characteristic for the 5th-6th centuries AD.

It is noteworthy that in Western-Georgian archaeological complexes a warrior is attended by

several spears-various types at that, whereas in Eastern Georgia the warrior is equipped with a

single spear.

2.Javelins.A javelin is a light spear designed primarily to be thrown.

Type I. Spears with triangular blades appear at the end of the 5th century BC and are current in

the 4th-3rd centuries on the territory of Western Georgia alone. This type of javelins appeared in

the North Pontic region from the 6th century BC together with the Scythians and was used by

the Maeotians in the Kuban river region too.

Type II. Tetrahedral spearheadswith the small heador without it. Tetrahedral spearheads are

encountered throughout the whole Classical period. They consist of short socket, long

tetrahedral shank and small triangular or pyramidal head. Their bronze prototypes were attested

on the monuments of the Bronze Age in Georgia.

3.Spear Butt. A spear butt or shoe was a metal ferrule which was attached to the base of a

spear shaft, which could have been used for a number of purposes such as: to counter balance

the weight of the head; or to make it easier to stick into the ground; and in one source it is

suggested that it even could have been used as a substitute weapon.

In the ancient period of Georgia, two principal types of the butts were used: the cylindrical

and the conical spear butts with the round or tetrahedral cross-sections.

The present archaeological materials do not provide evidence on the length of the spears,

because they had a wooden shaft, but it is quite possible to reconstruct the length of the

Georgian spears according to the position of the spearhead in the grave and grave’s size. Taking

into account the size of the graves where the spearheads were found (in most cases, spearheads

are placed in parallel to the diseased, near the right or left shoulders), it is possible to suggest

that they did not exceed 2,5 m. The longest Scythian and Sarmatian spears reached 3,1–3,2 m

and it is no any grounds to consider the bigger length of the Iberian-Colchian spears.

In some cases, when the spearheads were found “in situ”, they were placed not along the long

axis of the grave (e.g. as if the whole spear would be put in the grave) but in different places:

near the palms, along the hand or leg, near the pelvis, behind the head or feet, perpendicularly

to the grave, or in the corner of the grave among the other goods. Most likely, the Iberians and

‐ 205 ‐  

Colchians broke the spears before putting them in a grave, so they sometimes practiced a

custom of intentional damage to the burial goods.

§ VI.Siege engines

An archaeological survey of the ancient city Vani in western Georgia revealed a significant

amount of siege weapons: the stone balls of all sizes for onagers, long iron arrows, designed for

throwing from the siege machines and the iron tip of the battering ram. It has a form of a huge,

three-winged, socketed arrow-head (the whole length-1,05 m; socket diameter-30 cm ) and

forged from a single massive sheet (thickness of 0.5 cm). Judging by the socket, it was put on

the pointy end of the log. Maybe Ram's log was slung from a wheeled frame by ropes or chains

so that it could be made more massive and be more easily bashed against its target, but some

ram's log could be so light that it could be carried on the shoulders of the men transporting the

ram, and the same men could beat the ram against the wall when they reached it.Artifact was

found in the ruins, which belong to the Hellenistic period (the 2nd century BC).

An archaeological surveyrevealed a significantamount of ballista balls (Vani, pichvnari). Their

diameter is 11-30 cm, their weight 2-25 kg. The discovery points to destructive attacks suffered

these ancient cities which, in the author’s view, must have been connected with the military

campaign of Mithridates Eupator in colchis in the 80s of the 1st century B.C.

§ VII.Sling

The sling wasa simple variety of a projectile weapon. The simplest projectile was a stone,

preferably well-rounded. Suitable ammunition is frequently from a river. Projectiles could also

be purpose-made from clay. The size of the projectiles can vary dramatically, from pebbles

massing no more than 50 grams to fist-sized stones massing 500 grams or more.

Small-sized round boulder-stones are found in abundance at the ruins of Georgian Classical

period fortification systems and graves of warriors, along with armour plates (see Vani,

Anakopia).

‐ 206 ‐  

§ VIII.War chariot

Accoding to archaeological evidence, the war chariot held a definite place in the military art of

Georgia’s ruling circles of the Classical and Hellenistic period. Its remains have been

discovered in the 4th century archaeological complex at Uplistsikhe. These must have been

traces of a two-wheeled war chariot.A bronze model of a two-wheeled war chariot, drawn by

two horses, has been found at Gokhebi, near Tetritsquaro.

Chapter II.Defensive armament

Of the categories of defensive armament coat-of-arms, helmet, shield and cnemides are

attested in Classical period Georgia. These varieties have come down to us in specimens made

of metal. The Kartvelian population, as evidenced by written sources, was armed with wooden

and leather, at time flax, defensive means, hence these failed to be preserved in the earth.

The chain-mail is represented as fragments of metal-reinforced armour, i.e. small plates of iron

and bronze with which clothes of leather of fabric were covered. These have been found in 4th

century BC archeological complexes(Vani, Sairkhe, Eshera, Dedoflis Gora).

The helmets are represented by the so-called Conical and Chalcidice type bronze helmets. The

conical bronze and iron helmets of different types became widespread in the Assyrian Empire

and Urartu during the Late bronze and Early iron period, thus, Georgian archaeological finds of

the same periods (discovered in Beshtasheni and Primorskoe) may havean oriental origin. As a

rule such a type consists of three to six steel or bronze platesconnected to each other by the

nails or straps. The frame takes a conical design that curves with the shape of the head and

culminates in a point.

11 “Chalcidian type” helmets are known on the territory of Georgia. They were Found in the

5th-4th century archeological complexes- Eshera, Akhul Abaa, Kutaisi, Kokhi, Lanchkhuti,

(Western Georgia). This reflects the influence of the Greek military art in Colchis during the

Classical and Hellenistic periods. Chalcidian type helmet was a helmet made of bronze and

‐ 207 ‐  

worn by ancient warriors of the Hellenic world, especially popular in Greece in the fifth and

fourth centuries BC. The helmet was also worn extensively in the Greek (Southern) parts of

Italy in the same period.

One Roman helmet have been brought to light in Dedoplistsqaro, Eastern Georgia

(Accidental finding).Most probably, it belongs to the “Imperial helmet-type”. It was a type of

helmet worn by Roman legionaries; it replaced the Coolus type, and constituted the final

evolutionary stage of the legionary helmet (galea).

As to shields, we may from an idea of them from specimens with a metal cover; according to

the latter several types are distinguishable in Classical-time Georgia: covered entirely with a

metal plate, the so-called hoplite shields (6th-5th centuries BC); covered with metal bands or

narrow plates (4th-3rd centuries BC); with metal umbones (2nd-1st centuries BC-3rd-6th centuries

AD). These are discovered on Georgian archaeological sites-Tsiteli Shukura, Akhul Abaa,

Eshera, Vani, Modinakhe, Rgani, Kamarakhevi, Varsimaantkari and Zhinvali. Thus, the shield

is found at all stages of the Classical, Hellenistic period and Early Middle Ages.

In all, three bronze cnemides have been brought to light (Vani, Akhul Aaba), dateable to the 4th

century B.C.

Conclusion

During theClassical period and the Early Middle Ages Georgia faced different groups of

“barbarian” peoples and empires across its borders-Scythins, Sarmatians, Alans in North and

Northwest on the one hand and Persian, Greco-Roman and Byzantine world on the other hand.

These all groups had clearly distinctive fighting styles and military equipment which reflected

on the Colchian and Iberian military affairs. There are many cases, when one tomb combines

“Eastern” and “Western” weaponry (it is especially noticeable in the Western Georgia,where

there was the boundary between the western and eastern world), for example, tomb 61 from the

Tsibilium necropolis, dated towards the end of the 4th or first half of the 5th century, is a good

example of the mixture of these influences: in particular, it contains Western elements of

military equipment-bossed shield and an oriental dagger with four attachment points for a

handle. From the 4th century AD characteristically Germanic shield bosses and axes started

appearing in the western Georgian funerary assemblages, but an actual German presence in this

area is extremely unlikely. It may thus be supposed that typically German weapons were

‐ 208 ‐  

diffused into these regions by “barbarised” Roman army garrisons in the coastal fortresses of

sebastopolis (modern Sukhumi) and Pitiunt (the modern city of Pitsunda). The distribution of

three-finned “nomadic” arrows demonstrates the concurrent military influence of the steppe

peoples. East Roman elite military fashion provided a further influence. This is demonstrated by

the presence of cloisonné-decorated Byzantine swords and seaxes in the 5th to 6th century

tombs. We can see the similar situation in the earlier periods: The so-called Chalcidice type

helmets, found in 4th-3rd century BC archeological complexes (Akhul Abaa, Kutaisi, Kokhi,

Lanchkhuti, Dedoplistsqaro), were accompanied by so-called “Scythin type” acinaces and

three-winged, socketed arrowheads.

Summarizing written sources (see Herodotus-VII,79;Anabasis-IV,VIII,17;Strabo-XI,III,3;

XI,IV,5; Appian-HR,XII,103; K.Ts.,I,pp. 24-25; Plutarch, Lucullus-31) and archaeological

evidences we can conclude that the Iberian and Colchian army largely consisted of infantry.

Cavalry was used relatively rarely. They were armed with spears, daggers, battle-axes, arrows,

chain and armour, helmets, shields. Their armament contained also war chariots, machines for

throwing stone missiles and battering ram. Light armed infantry (not wearing chain and armour)

fought mainly with spears, slings, bows, arrows and wooden shields; these troops were most

numerous.

Spears and swords were the most common weapons. Numerically, spearheads come first in

comparison with other weapons, according to archaeological evidence. They are situated in the

tombs alone or in combination with other weapons. The axes, daggers, bows and arrows were

the auxiliary weapons, which always occur together with other weapons in the tombs.

‐ 209 ‐  

gamoyenebuli literatura

 

1. abramiSvili, 1957. abramiSvili r. samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili

gvianbrinjaos xanis da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis Zeglebis

daTariRebisTvis.-Ssmm. XIX-XX. Tbilisi.gv. 115-140

2. aslaniSvili, 2002. aslaniSvili l.sabrZolo birTvebifiWvnaris

naqalaqaridan. baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis Sromebi, II. baTumi gv.80-

81

3.afaqiZe, 1963. afaqiZe a. qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi

4.afxazava, 1979.Afxazavan. adreuli Suasaukuneebis aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos nivTieri kultura. Tbilisi

5.baramiZe, 1977. baramiZe m. merxeulis samarovani. Tbilisi

6.baramiZe, 1998.baramiZe m.SavizRvispireTi Zv.w II-I aTaswleulebis pirvel

naxevarSi. sadoqtoro disertacia. Tbilisi

7.bragvaZe, 1997. bragvaZe z. Cxaris samarovani. Tbilisi

8.bragvaZe,2000. bragvaZe z. rganis samarovani. saqarTvelos xelovnebis

saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri Jurnali, I. Tbilisi. gv.107-151

9.berulava, 2009. berulava n. dasavleT evropis qveynebis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi da samxedro saqme adreSuasaukuneebSi (V-XI ss). Tbilisi

10.bragvaZe, CigogiZe, 2002. bragvaZe z., CigogiZe q. modinaxes samarovani.-

saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumis arqeologiuri Jurnali, II. Tbilisi.

gv. 91-141

10.gagoSiZe, 1964.gagoSiZe i. adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan.

Tbilisi

11.gagoSiZe, 1968.gagoSiZe i. iTxvisis samarxi.- ssmm., XXV-B. Tbilisi gv.

31-35

12.gagoSiZe, 1982.gagoSiZe i. TrialeTis samarovnebi. Kkatalogi. Tbilisi

13.gagoSiZe, 2004. gagoSiZe i. pirveli saukunis iberieli mxedari.- akc-s Ziebani, #13-14. Tbilisi gv. 118-142

‐ 210 ‐  

14.gagoSiZe, maxaraZe, qoriZe, gogiberiZe, 2004. gagoSiZe i., maxaraZe g.,

qoriZe er., gogiberiZe n. iTxvisis namosaxlari.-saqarTvelos

xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri Jurnali, III. Tbilisi

gv. 73-113

15.gamyreliZe, 2002. gamyreliZe g. versia brZolis siuJetiani vercxlis ritonis Sesaxeb zemo raWis sof.gomidan.- akc-s Ziebani, № 10. Tbilisi gv. 39-49 16.gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani, 2005.gamyreliZe g., fircxalava m., yifiani g. Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi  

17.gobejiSvili, 1952. gobejiSvili g. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sabWoTa

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi

18.daviTaSvili, 1998. daviTaSvili a. „meomris samarxi“ sofel

mcxeTijvridan.- narkvevebi II. Tbilisi gv. 106-107

19.daviTaSvili, daviTaSvili, 2006. daviTaSvili q., daviTaSvili a.

naurialis samarovnis dangreuli samarxebis arqeologiuri masala.-

saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri Jurnali,

IV. Tbilisi gv. 31-35

20.davlianiZe, 1983. davlianiZe c. qvemo qarTlis [TrialeTis] kultura

Zv.w I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi. Tbilisi

21.TavaZe, sayvareliZe, inaniSvili, 1976. TavaZe f., sayvareliZe T.,

inaniSvili g. vanSaRmoCenili rkinis nivTebis kvlevis Sedegebi.-vani

II.Tbilisi Ggv. 215-220

22.Todua, 1992.Todua T. sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraRi biWvinTis

naqalaqaridan. Tbilisi

23. Tolordava, 1963.Tolordava v. masalebi qarTlis samefos

istoriisTvis Zv.w III-I ss-Si.- mska, t-3. Tbilisi gv. 137-165

24.Tolordava, 1976.Tolordava v. mdidruli samarxi dablagomidan.-vani

II.Tbilisi. Ggv. 68-78

25.inaiSvili, 1993. inaiSvili n. cixisZiris ax.w I-VI ss-is arqeologiuri

Zeglebi. Tbilisi

26.kalandaZe, 1954. kalandaZe a. soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi.

Soxumi

‐ 211 ‐  

27. kaxiZe, vikersi, mamulaZe, 2000. kaxiZe a., vikersi m., mamulaZe S.

adreSuasaukuneebis samarxebi fiWvnaridan. baTumis arqeologiuri

muzeumis Sromebi, I. baTumi gv.70-89

27.kaxiZe, vikersi, 2004. kaxiZe a., vikersi m. fiWvnari I. saqarTvelo–

britaneTis erToblivi arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi. baTumi

28. kvirkvaia, 2009. Kkvirkvaia r. borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis

xanaSi (Zv.w VIII-VII ss).disertaciis macne. Tbilisi

29.kvirkvelia, 1981.Kkvirkveliag. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis materialuri

kultura Zv.w. VIII-V ss-Si. Tbilisi

30.kvirkvelia, 2001. kvirkvelia g. hoplituri farebi kolxeTSi.- Ziebani

#7. Tbilisi gv. 32-40

31.kobaiZe, 1978. kobaiZe l. rkinis kalos samarovani (katalogi). ivris

xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi I. Tbilisi

32.lomTaTiZe, 1957.lomTaTiZe g. kldeeTis samarovani. Tbilisi

33.lomTaTiZe, 1974. lomTaTiZe g. brinjaos satevrebi da maxvilebi

samTavros uZveles samarxebSi. Tbilisi

34.lomouri, 1966. lomouri n. dion kasiosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, XXXVII.2. Tbilisi

35.lorTqifaniZe, fuTuriZe, Tolordava, Wyonia, 1972. lorTqifaniZe o.,

fuTuriZe r., Tolordava v., Wyonia a. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanSi 1969

wels.- vani I. Tbilisi gv. 198-239

36.lorTqifaniZe, 1972. lorTqifaniZe o. vanis naqalaqari.- vani

I.Tbilisi.gv. 7-42

37.lorTqifaniZe, 1973. lorTqifaniZe o. vanis naqalaqari. Tbilisi

38.lorTqifaniZe,1976.lorTqifaniZe g.sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraRi.-vani

II. Tbilisi gv. 167-190

39.lorTqifaniZe, 1979. lorTqifaniZe g. samxedro saqmis istoriisaTvis

antikuri xanis kolxeTSi.- Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, t-205.

Tbilisi Ggv. 95-107

40.lorTqifaniZe, 1991. lorTqifaniZe g. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tbilisi

‐ 212 ‐  

41.lorTqifaniZe, 1976. lorTqifaniZe o. arqeologia da saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi.- Mmacne #2.Tbilisi. gv. 110-128 42.lorTqifaniZe, 2002. lorTqifaniZe o. saqarTvelos Zveli civilizaciis

saTaveebTan. Tbilisi

43.mamaiSvili, 1980.mamaiSvilin. beJanbaRis ormosamarxi.-kaxeTis

arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sromebi, IV. Tbilisi gv. 116-124

44.mamaiSvili, 1980. mamaiSvili n. skviTurinventariani samarxebi ior-alaznis auzidan.-kaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sromebi, IV. Tbilisigv. 103-115. 45. makalaTia, 1928.makalaTia s. 1920-1924 wlebSi saqarTveloSi aRmocenili

zogierTi nekropolis daTariRebisaTvis.- saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe,

IV. Tbilisi

46.makalaTia, 1948. makalaTia s. dvanis nekropoli. Tbilisi

47.margiSvili, 1992. margiSvili s. antikuri xanis mdidruli samarxebi

algeTis xeobidan. Tbilisi

48.maxaraZe, 1991. maxaraZe g. sabaduris goris stratigrafia da sairxis

naqalaqaris istoriis ZiriTadi etapebi. Tbilisi

49.maxarZe, wereTeli, 2007. maxarZe g., wereTeli m. sairxe. Tbilisi

50.menabde, kiRuraZe, 1981. menabde m., kiRuraZe T. sionis arqeologiuri

Zeglebi. Tbilisi

51. miqelaZe, 1967. miqelaZe T. qsenofontis anabasisi. wigni XI. IV. 7-15,16.

IV. 8-31. V. 2-22. V.4-12. Tbilisi

52.miqelaZe, 1974. miqelaZe T. Ziebani kolzeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan. Tbilisi

53.miqelaZe, 1985.miqelaZe T. kolxeTis adrerkinis xanis samarovnebi.

Tbilisi

54.muxigulaSvili, 1986.muxigulaSvili n. varsimaanTkaris samarovnis

brinjaos farebi.- arqeologiuri Ziebani, VI. Tbilisi gv. 67-75

55.mcxeTa I. Tbilisi, 1955

56.nadiraZe, 1975.nadiraZe j. yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi.

Tbilisi

‐ 213 ‐  

57.nadiraZe,1990.nadiraZe j.sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi,wigni I. Tbilisi

58.nikolaiSvili, 1978. nikolaiSvili v. antikuri xanis Zeglebi diRmis

xeobidan.-sas, I. Tbilisigv.93-98

59.nikolaiSvili, narimanaSvili, 1995. nikolaiSvili v., narimanaSvili g.

wiwamuri III.- mcxeTa X. Tbilisi gv. 58-96

60. oqropiriZe, 1984. oqropiriZe n. narekvavis samarovani. Tbilisi

61.papuaSvili, 1998. papuaSvili r. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

centraluri kolxeTis samarx ormoTa fardobiTi qronologiisTvis

sabrZolo iaraRis mixedviT. sakandidato disertacia. Tbilisi

62.ramiSvili, 1959. ramiSvili r. kamaraxevis samarovani.- Mmska, II.Tbilisi

gv. 5-53

63.ramiSvili, 1999. ramiSviliq. nadirobis scenebi aragvispiris vercxlis surebze.- akc-s Ziebani, № 3. Tbilisi gv. 71-75 64.saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tbilisi 1959

65.saxarova, 1973. saxarova l. uZvelesi sabrZolo iaraRis

istoriisaTvis.-istoriis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria,

macne, #3. Tbilisigv. 82-94

66.sonRulaSvili, 2006. sonRulaSvili x. jieTis samarovani.-

saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis a r q e o l o g i u r i

J u r n a l i, IV.Tbilisigv. 74-84

67.fuTuriZe, 1959.fuTuriZer.gvianantikuri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos

arqeologiuri Zeglebi.- masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

arqeologiisTvis. t-II. Tbilisigv. 54–94

68.qoriZe, 1965.qoriZe d. kolxuri kulturis istoriisTvis. Tbilisi

69.qoriZe, 1972.qoriZe d. alisebrpiriani Subebisa da xelSubebis

gavrcelebis arealisa da genezisis sakiTxisaTvis.-saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe. XXIX-B.Tbilisi gv. 34-50

70.yauxCiSvili, 1957. yauxCiSvili T. strabonis geografia, XI. 4-5. Tbilisi  71.yauxCiSvili, 1957. yauxCiSvili T. strabonis geografia, XI. 2-19.

Tbilisi

‐ 214 ‐  

72.yauxCiSvili, 1959. yauxCiSvili T. apiane. miTridates omebis istoria, 101. Tbilisi  

73.yauxCiSvili, 1960. yauxCiSvili T. herodotes cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, VII. 78,79. Tbilisi

74.yauxCiSvili, 1975-1976. yauxCiSvili T. herodotes «istoria». I-II.

Tbilisi

75.yifiani, 2000.yifiani g. ufliscixis kldovani samarxis inventari.-

arqeologiuri Jurnali I. saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax.muzeumi. Tbilisi

gv. 74-95

76.SatberaSvili, 1999. SatberaSvili v. ecos samarovnis qronologiis

sakiTxi.- akc-s Ziebani, #3.Tbilisi.gv. 57-60

77.SatberaSvili, 2003. SatberaSvili v. Zv.w IV-III ss-is sabrZolo

iaraRiani samarxebi samxreT-aRmosavle saqarTvelodan.- akc-s Ziebani,

damatebani, IX, iberia-kolxeTi. Tbilisi gv. 118-129

78.CarTolani, 1996. CarTolani S. Zveli svaneTi. Tbilisi

79.CarTolani, cindeliani, 2010. CarTolani S., cindeliani m. kodoris

xeobis “dal”-is mxaris arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi

80.CixlaZe, 1999. CixlaZe v. aragvis xeoba ax.w I aTaswleulis pirvel

naxevarSi. smk-akc. disertacia. Tbilisi

81.ColoyaSvili, 1956. ColoyaSvili k. qarTuli saWurveli. jaWvi. Tbilisi

82.ZiZiguri, 2002.ZiZiguri l. samxreT kavkasiis miwaTmoqmedebis

istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi

83.ZiZiguri, 2002. ZiZiguri l. Zveli kolxeTis sameurneo kultura.

Tbilisi

84. wiTlanaZe, 1973. wiTlanaZe l. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi sof.liaSi.-

Zeglis megobari, krebuli 33. Tbilisi gv. 66-72

85.wiTlanaZe, 1976. wiTlanaZe l. xevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi

86. wiTlanaZe, 1983. wiTlanaZe l. varsimaanTkaris samarovani.-krebuli

Jinvali. arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba aragvis xeobaSi, t.I. Tbilisi

87.WilaSvili, 1964. WilaSvili l. naqalaqari urbnisi. Tbilisi

88.xarabaZe, 2003.xarabaZe x. ax.w I-II ss–is samarxi sof.zeda goradan.-

saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa

krebuli.Tbilisi gv. 164–169

‐ 215 ‐  

89.xoStaria, 1955.xoStaria n. arqeologiuri gamokvleva urekSi.- masalebi

saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis. I. Tbilisi.

90. xoStaria,1972. xoStaria n. vanis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis istoria.-

vani I. Tbilisigv. 81-95

91.xoxobaSvili, ZnelaZe, 2008. xoxobaSvili T., ZnelaZe m. abulmugis

antikuri xanis samarovani (Zv.w VI-III ss). Tbilisi

92. jafariZe, 1989. jafariZe v. vardcixis naqalaqari. Tbilisi

93.jafariZe, 2003.jafariZe o. saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan. Tbilisi

94.jafariZe, 2006. jafariZe v. egrisis ax.w I-VII ss–is materialuri

kulturis Zeglebi. o.lorTqifaniZis saxelobis a.k.c. Tbilisi

95.jRarkava, 1982. jRarkava T. kamaraxevis samarovani. kreb.mcxeTa VI.

Tbilisigv. 139-190

96. Абрамова, 1997. Абрамова М.П. Ранние аланы Северного Кавказа III-V вв. н.э. Москва

97.Абрамова, 2004.АбрамоваМ.П. Омечахсиндо-меотскоготипа.-Материалы и исследования по археологии России. Вып 6. Москва ст. 17-22

98.Амиранашвили, 1935.Амиранашвили А.И. Новая находка в низовьях реки Ингура.

Тбилиси

99. Анфимов, 1951.Анфимов Н.В. Меото-сарматский могилъник у станции Устъ-Лабинской.-МИА, №23.Москва ст. 155-207

100.Артилаква,1976.Артилаква В. Е. Железообрабатываюшее ремесло древней

Грузии.Тбилиси

101.Археология СССР. 1984. Античные государства Северного Причерноморъя. Москва.

102.Археология СССР 1989. Степи Европейской части СССР скифо-сарматское время. Москва

103.Асланов, Ваидов, Ионе, 1959. Асланов Г.М., Ваидов Р.М., Ионе Г.И. Древний Мингечаур. Баку

104.Аханов, 1969.Аханов И.И. Геленджикские подкурганные долмены.-СА, №1. Москва ст. 143-145

‐ 216 ‐  

105.Ахмедов, Казанский, 2004. Ахмедов И.Р., Казанский М.М. После Аттилы. Киевский клад и его кулътурно-исторический контекст.-Кулътурные трансформации и взаимовлияния в Днепровском регионе на исходе римского времени и в раннем средневековъе.Санкт-Петербург ст. 168-202

106.Бгажба , 1979.Бгажба О.Х. Технология изготовления цебелъдинских ножей [II-VII вв. н.э]. Материалы по археологии Абхазии. Тбилиси

107.Бгажба, 1979.Бгажба О.Х. Однолезвийный меч VI-VII вв. н.э. из Цебелъды.-Материалы по археологии Абхазии. Тбилиси ст. 59-61

108.Бгажба, Воронов, 1980.БгажбаО.Х, ВороновЮ.Н.Памятники села Герзеул. Сухуми

109.Бгажба, Розанова, Терехова, 1989.Бгажба О. Х., Розанова Л. С., ТереховаН. Н. Обработка железа в древней Колхиде. Опубликовано в: Естественно-научные методы в археологии.Москва   ст. 117-139

110. Белинский, 1990.Белинский А.Б. К вопросу о времени появления шлемов Ассирийского типа на Кавказе. СА, №4. Москва 190-195

111.Блаватский, 1954.Блаватский В. Д. Очерки военного дела в античных государствах Северного Причерноморья. Москва

112.Вадецкая, 1987. Вадецкая Э.Б. Модели оружия таштыкской эпохи.- Военное дело древнего населения Северной Азии. Новосибирск ст. 67-75

113. Валъчак, 2008. Валъчак С.Б. Хронология и генезис мечей и кинжалов с рукоятями округлого сечения в предскифский период (VIII-VIIвв. до н.э.).-Военная Археология. Москва. 6-25

114.Веймарн, Айбабин, 1993. ВеймарнЕ.В., АйбабинА.И. Скалистинский могильник. Киев

115.Виноградов,1972.Виноградов В.Б.Централъный и Северо-Восточный Кавказ в скифское время. Грозный 116.Военное искусство античности.2003. Москва

117.Вознесенская,1972.Вознесенская Г.А. Техника обработки стали и железа.- Металл Черняховской кулътуры. Москва

118.Вознесенская, Техов, 1973. Вознесенская Г.А., Техов Б.В. Технология производства кузнечных изделий из Тлийского могилъника (X-VI вв. до н.э.).- СА, №3. Москва ст. 153-162

119. Воронов, 1969.Воронов Ю.Н. Археологическая карта Абхазии. Сухуми

‐ 217 ‐  

120.Воронов, Вознюк, Юшин, 1970. Воронов Ю.H., Вознюк А.С., Юшин В.А. Апуштинский могильник IV—VI вв. н. э. в Абхазии.-СА, 1. Москва ст. 175-190

121.Воронов,1971.Воронов Ю. Н. Разведки в Абхазской АССР, — «АО 1970 г.». Москваст. 377-379

122.Воронов, Юшин, 1971. Воронов Ю.Н., Юшин В.А. Погребение VII в н.э. из с.Цебелъда в Абхазии. КСИА, 128. Москва ст. 100-105

123.Воронов, Юшин, 1973. Воронов Ю.H., Юшин В.А. Новые памятники Цебелъдинской кулътуры в Абхазии.-СА, 1. Москва ст. 171-191

124. Воронов, 1975. Воронов Ю.Н. Вооружение древнеабхазских племен в VI-I вв. до н.э.- Скифский мир. Киев. Ст. 218-234

125.Воронов, Бгажба, 1979. Воронов Ю.Н., Бгажба О.Х. Новые материалы VII в. из могилъников Абхазии.-КСИА, 158. Москва ст. 67-71.

126.Воронов,1979. Воронов Ю. Н.Материалы по археологии Абазгии и Санигии [II-VII вв].-Материалы по археологии Абхазии. Тбилиси ст. 49-58

127.Воронов, Юшин, 1979. Воронов Ю.Н., Юшин В.А. Ранний горизонт [II-IV вв. н.э] в могилъниках цебелъдинской кулътуры.-СА, № 1.Москва ст. 181-198

128.Воронов, 1979. Воронов Ю.Н. Древности сочи и его окрестностей. Краснодар

129.Воронов,1980.Воронов Ю.H.Памятники села Герзеул. Сухуми

130.Воронов, Бгажба, Шенкао, Логинов. 1980. ВороновЮ.Н., БгажбаО.Х., ШенкаоН.К., Логинов В.А. Исследования в Цебелъде.-Археологические открытия 1980 года в Абхазии. Тбилиси ст. 21-26

131.Воронов, 1982.Воронов Ю.H.Древности Азантской долины. Тбилиси

132.Воронов, Шенкао, 1982. Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К. Вооружение воинов Абхазии IV-VII вв.-Древности эпохи Великого переселения народов V–VIII вв.Москва ст. 121-165

133.Воронов, Бгажба, 1985. Воронов Ю.Н., Бгажба О.Х. Материалы по археологии

Цебельды. Тбилиси

134.Воронов, Бгажба, Шенкао, Логинов, 1990. Воронов Ю.Н., Бгажба О.Х., Шенкао Н.К., Логинов В.А. Новые погребения апсилов из окрестностей Цебельды.- АОА - 1985. Тбилиси

135.Воронов, 1991. Воронов Ю.Н. Новые материалы античной эпохи из окресности

Диоскуриады.-СА, №1. Москва Ст. 225-234

136.Воронин, Малашев, 2006. Воронин К.В., Малашев В.Ю. Погребальные памятники эпохи бронзы и раннего железного равнинной зоны республики Ингушетия. Москва

‐ 218 ‐  

137. Гавритухин, Пьянков,2003.Гавритухин И.О., Пьянков А.В. Могильники III-IV веков.- Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказье в эпоху средневековья IV – XIII века.Москва ст. 187-191.

138.Гзелишвили, 1947.Гзелишвили И.А.Остатки кремации, погребенные в глиняных сосудах в Абхазии. «САНГ», VIII, 1-2. Тбилиси 139.Гогадзе, 1984.Гогадзе Э. К вопросу о хронологии и периодизации памятников

колхидской кулътуры. შსმმ XXXVII-B.37. Тбилиси

140.Гопак, 1976.Гопак В.Д. Техника кузнечного ремесла у восточних славян во 2-ой половине I тыс. До н.э.-СА №2. Москва ст. 46-56

141.Гунба, 1978.Гунба М.М. Новые памятники Цебелъдинской кулътуры. Тбилиси

142.Гунба, 1982.Гунба М.М. Раскопки башни №2 и помещения №I. Археологические исследования в Цебелъде. Сухуми ст. 27-39

143.Даскалов, Трендафилова, 2003.Даскалов М., Трендафилова К. Могилъник эпохи переселения народов у с.Кошарево.-РА №1.Софиая ст. 145-152

144.Дилъс, 1934.Дилъс Г. Античная техника. Москва

145.Дмитриев, 1979. Дмитриев А.В. Погребения всадников и боевых коней в могильнике эпохи переселения народов на р. Дюрсо близ Новороссийска.-СА, № 4.Москва ст. 212–231.

146.Дмитриев, 2003.Дмитриев А.В. Могильник Дюрсо- эталонный памятник древнсотей V-IX веков.- Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказье в эпоху средневековья IV – XIII века.Москва ст. 200-206

147.Джапаридзе, 1953. Джапаридзе О.Бронзовые топоры Западной Грузии.-СА. XVIII.Москва ст. 281-300 148.Есаян, 1966.Есаян С.А. Оружие и военное дело древней Армении [III-I тыс. до н.э.].

Ереван

149.Есаян, Погребова, 1985.Есаян С. А., Погребова М.Н. Скифские памятники закавказъя. Москва 150.Засецкая, 1979. Засецкая И.П. Боспорские склепы гуннской эпохи как хронологический эталон для датировки памятников восточноевропейских степей.-КСИА, Вып.158. Москва ст. 5-17

‐ 219 ‐  

151.Засецкая, 1993. Засецкая И.П. Материалы Боспорского некрополя второй половины IV- первой половины V вв.-Материалы по Археологии, Истории и Этнографии Таврии 3. Симферопол ст. 23-105.

152. Засецкая, Казанский, Ахмедов, Минасян, 2007.Засецкая И.П., Казанский М.М., Ахмедов И.Р., Минасян Р.С. Погребения знати из Приазовъя и их место в истории племен Северного Причерноморя постгуннскую эпоху.-СПб. Москва

153.Илинская, 1968.ИлинскаяВ.А. Скифы днепровского лесостепного лево бережъя. Киев

154.Казанский, 2011.Казанский М.М. Иранские кинжалы V в. из некрополя Цибилиума. Проблемы археологии Кавказа. Сухуми ст. 146-152

155.Казанский,2012.Казанский М.М. О происхождении скрамасакса.- Другая Русъ, чудъ, меря и инии языци, №5. Санкт-Петербург ст. 111-124

156.Казанский, 2012.Казанский М. М. К истории парадного клинкового оружия эпохи великого переселения народов на северном кавказе: кинжал и скрамасакс.- Новейшие открытия в археологии северного кавказа. Махачкала ст. 332-334

157.Казиев, 1960.Казиев С.М. Археологические раскопки в Мингечаури.- АЛЪБОМ кувшинных погребений. Баку

158.Каландадзе, 1969. Каландадзе А.Н.Разыскания о археологии Грузии. Тбилиси

159.Калантариян, 2003.Калантариян А. Армения. Ранне средневековъе.- Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморъе и Закавказъе в эпоху средневековъя IV-XIII века. Москва ст. 321-334

160.Кахиани, Глигвашвили, 1986 (1991).Кахиани К.К., Глигвашвили Э.В. Археологическое исследование Машаверского ущелъя в 1984-1986 гг.-ПАИб 1986 (1991). Ст. 51-58

161.Кахидзе, Мемулидзе, 2001.Кахидзе А. Ю. Мемулидзе С. С. Погребения раннесредневекового периода из Пичвнари.-Российская Археология 1.Москва ст. 76-87

162.Квирквелия, 1981. Квирквелия Г.Т. Материалъная кулътура северо-западной Колхиды в VIII-Vвв. до н.э. Авторф.канд.дис. Тбилиси

163.Кигурадзе, 1976.Кигурадзе Н.Ш. Дафнарский могилъник. Тбилиси. 164.Козенкова, 1982. Козенкова В.И Типология и хронологическая классификация предметов кобанской кулътуры [восточныи вариант]. САИ. В2-5. Археология СССР.Москва

165. Коннолли, 2000. Коннолли П. Греция и Рим. Энциклопедия военной истории. «Эксмо-Пресс». Москва

‐ 220 ‐  

166.Крупнов, 1960.Крупнов Е.И.Древняя история Северного Кавказа. Москва

167.Кубарев, 1981. Кубарев В.Д. Кинжалы из Горного Алтая. Военное дело древних племен сибири и Централъной Азии. Новосибирск ст. 29-54

168. Куфтин, 1941.Куфтин Б.А. Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Тбилиси

169.Куфтин, 1949.Куфтин Б.А.Материалы к археологии колхиды. Т-1. Тбилиси 170.Куфтин, 1950.Куфтин Б.А.Материалы к археологии Колхиды, Т-2. Тбилиси

171.Левина, 1994.Левина Л.М.Джетыасарская культура3-4. Могильник Алтынасар 4. Москва

172.Леквинадзе, Хведелидзе, 1981. Массовые археологические находки из раскопок Археополиса.- Нокалакеви-Археополис. Археологические раскопки 1973-1977. Тбилиси ст. 120-148.

173.Либеров, 1965. Либеров П.Д. Памятники скифского времени на Среднем Дону. Москва.

174.Лордкипанидзе, 1969.Лордкипанидзе Г.А.Наконечник тарана из Вани.-СА, №4. Москва ст. 248-250

175.Лордкипанидзе, 1970.Лордкипанидзе Г.А.К истории древней Колхиди. Тбилиси

176. Лордкипанидзе, 1978.Лордкипанидзе Г.А. Колхида в VI-IIвв. до н.э. Тбилиси

177.Лордкипанидзе, Кипиани, 1999.Лордкипанидзе Г.А, Кипиани Г.Г. Боевые колесницы древней Грузии.-РА,4.Москва ст. 195-198

178.Магомедов, Левада, 1996.Магомедов Б.В., Левада М.Е Оружиечерняховскойкулътуры.-Материалы по Археологии, Истории и Этнографии Таврии. Вып.V.Симферополъ  ст. 304-323

179.Макалатия, 1951.Макалатия С.И. Археологические находки в село Ахриси.- ВДИ. №3. Тбилиси ст. 181–186

180.Мартиросиян, 1954.Мартиросиян А.А.Археологические раскопки в Головино. Ереван

181.Мартиросян, 1964.Мартиросян А.А.Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа. Ереван

182.Маслов, 1999. Маслов В. Е. О датировке изображений на поясных пластинах из Орлатского могильника.- Евразийские древности. 100 лет Б. Н. Гракову: Архивные материалы, публикации, статьи. Москва ст. 219-236.

‐ 221 ‐  

183. Мелюкова, 1964. Мелюкова А.И. Вооружение Скифов. Археология СССР. Москва

184.Мелюкова, 1975. Мелюкова А.И. Поселение и могилъник скифского времени у села Николаевки. Москва

185.Мерперт, 1955.Мерперт Н.Я. Из истории оружия племен Восточной Европы в раннем средневековъе.- СА, XXIII. Москваст. 131-168

186.Микеладзе, Барамидзе, 1977. Микеладзе Т. К., Барамидзе М. В. Колхский могильникVII—VI вв.дон. э. В с. Нигвзиани.-КСИА, №151. Москва ст. 33-39 187.Микеладзе,1995.Микеладзе Т. Колхидская экспедиция в 1987 году.-ПАИ. Тбилиси ст. 39-43

188.Минаева, 1971.Минаева Т.М. К истории алан Верхнего Прикубанья по археологическим данным. Ставропол

189.Монгайт, 1974.Монгайт А.Л. Археология Западной Европи. Бронзовый и железный век. Москва

190. Наридзе, 1991.Наридзе Г.Ш. Итоги исследования могилъника в с.Нацаргора.- ПАИ в 1987. Тбилисист. 74-76

191.Обельченко, 1978. Обельченко О.В. Мечи и кинжалы из курганов Согда.-СА, №4. Москва ст. 115-127

192. Петренко, 1967. Петренко В. Г. Правобережъе среднего приднепровъя в V-III вв. до н.э.-САИ, Д1-4.Москва

193.Пиотровский,1939. Пиотровский Б.Б Пиотровский Б. Урарту. древнее государство Закавказъя. Ленинград 194.Пиотровский, 1950.Пиотровский Б.Б Кармир-Блур. Вып 1. Ереван

195. Пиотровский, 1959. Пиотровский Б.Б Город бога Тейшебы.- СА №2. МоскваСт. 169-186

196.Пиотровский, 1962. Пиотровский Б.Б. Искусство урарту – VIII-VII вв до н.э.

Москва

197.Погребова, 1969.Погребова М.Н. Железные топоры скифского типа в Закавказъе.- СА №2. Москва ст. 179-188 198. Рамишвили, Джорбенадзе, 1986 [1991]. Рамишвили Р.М., Джорбенадзе В.А. Археологическая экспедиция горного региона Восточной Грузии.-ПАИ, 1986 (1991).Тбилиси. Ст. 89-95

‐ 222 ‐  

199.Рамишвили, 2003.РамишвилиР.М.Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказьевэпохусредневековья.(IV – XIII века). Москва 200.Распопова, 1980.Распопова В.И. Металлические изделия раннесредневекового Согда. Ленинград

201.Сарианиди, 1989. Сарианиди В.И. Храм и некрополь Тиллятепе. Москва 202.Седов, 1987. Седов А.В. Кобадиан на пороге раннего средневековья. Москва

203. Симоненко, 1989. Симоненко А. В.Импортное оружие у сарматов. Кочевники Евразийских степей и античный мир. Новочеркаск 56-73

204.Симоненко,Лобай, 1991.Симоненко А.В.,Лобай Б.И. Сарматы Северо-Западного Причерноморья в I в. н.э. Киев

205.Симоненко, 2010. Симоненко А. В. Сарматские всадники Северного Причерноморья. Санкт-Петербург

206.Скрипкин, 2000.Скрипкин А. С. Новые аспекты в изучении материальной культуры сарматов.-НАВ, Выпю 3. Волгоград ст. 17-40.

207.Смирнов, 1958.Смирнов К.Ф. Меотский могилъник у станицы Пашковской.- МИА №64. Москва ст. 272-312

208.Смирнов, 1961.СмирновК.Ф. Вооружение Савроматов.- МИА, №101.Москва ст. 5-170

209.Соколъский, 1954. Соколъский Н. И. Боспорские мечи.- МИА 33. Москва ст. 123-196

210.Стражев, 1926.Стражев В.И. Бронзовая кулътура в Абхазии. ИАИО, №4. Москва

211.Тавадзе, 1963.Тавадзе Ф.Н. Изучение технологии производства железа в древней Грузии. Методы естественных и технических наук в археологии. Москва

212.Техов, 1980.Техов Б.В. Тлийский могилъник (комплексы XVI-X вв. До н. э.). Тбилиси 213. Тирациян, 1960. Тирациян Г.А. Уточнение некоторых деталей сасанидского вооружения по данным армиянского историка IV в до.н.э. Фавста Бузанда. Исследования по истории кулътуры народов востока. Ереван

214.Тирацян, 1988.ТирацянГ.А. Кулътура древней Армении VI в. до н.э-III в. н.э. Ереван

215.Толстов, Итина, 1966. Толстов С.П., Итина М.А. Саки низовъев Сыр-Даръи.- СА, №2. Москва Ст.151-175

‐ 223 ‐  

216.Трапш, 1951.Трапш М.М. Грунтовые погребения с инвентарем скифского типа в сел.КуланурхваТр. Абхазского Института языка, литературы и истории. Т XXIV. Сухуми

217.Трапш, 1954.Трапш М.М. Новая археологическая находка в Абхазии.- КСИИМК-53. Москва ст. 139-143

218.Трапш, 1959.Трапш М. М Археологические раскопки в Анакопии в 1957-1958

гг.Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы а истории АН Грузинской ССР. т.

XXX. Сухуми

219.Трапш, 1962.ТрапшМ.М.ПамятникиколхидскойискифскойкулътурвселеКуланурхваАбхазскойАССР. Сухуми

220.Трапш, 1969.ТрапшМ.МТрудыII. ДревнийСухуми. Сухуми.

221.Трапш, 1970.ТрапшМ.М.ТрудыI. Памятники эпохи бронзы и раннего железа в

Абхазии.Сухуми.

222.Трапш, 1971. Трапш М.М. Труды 3. Кулътура Цебелъдинских некрополей. Тбилиси

223.Уварова, 1900.Уварова П.С.Могилъники Северного Кавказа. МАК. VIII. Москва

224. Фуллер, 2003.Фуллер Д. Военное искусство Александра великого. Москва

225. Хазанов, 1971. Хазанов А.М. Очерки военного дела сарматов. Москва 226.Халилов, 1962. Халилов Д.А. Раскопки на городище Хыныслы, памятнике древней кавказской Албании.-СА, №1. Москва ст. 209-220.

227.Халилов, 1985.ХалиловД.А. МатериалънаякулътураКавказской Албании. Баку

228.Хачатурян, 1967.Хачатурян Ж.Д Античный некрополъ. Гарни. Ереван

229.Хомутова, 1973. Хомутова Л.С. Техника кузнечного ремесла в древнерусском городе серенска.-СА №2ст. 216-225

230.Хоштария, 1941. Хоштария Н.В. Чхороцку-могилъник с трупосожжением (захоронения в урнах) и остатки поселений. Археологические разведки.-mski,II. Тбилиси

ст. 67-95

231.Хоштария, 1979. Хоштария Н.В. О раскопках на вершине холма в 1947-1959 гг.-Вани IV. Тбилиси ст. 115-134

‐ 224 ‐  

232.Худяков, 1986.Худяков Ю. С. Вооружение средневековых кочевников Южной Сибири и Централъной Азии. Новосибирск

233.Черненко, 1968.Черненко Е.В.Скифский Доспех. Киев

234.Шамба, 1970.Шамба Г.К. Ахаччарху древний могилъник нагорной Абхазии. Сухуми

235.Шамба, 1970.Шамба Г.К. Погребение II в. Из Мацесты.-СА, 2.Москва ст. 232-237 

236.Шамба, 1972. Шамба Г. К. Об одном раннеэллинистическом захоронении представителя древнеабхазской знати из с.Эшери. Известия Абхазского научно-исследователъского института языка, литературы и истории им Д.Гулия. 1. Тбилиси 98-12 

237.Шамба, 1974. Шамба Г.К. Археологические разведки 1967 года в Гагрском районе. МАИА. Сухумист. 29-33

238.Шамба, 1980. Шамба Г.К. Эшерское городища. Тбилиси

239.Шамба, 1988.Шамба Г.К. Археологические памятники Абхазии. Сухуми

240. Шамба, 2007.Шамба Г.К, Эрлих В.Р., Джопуа А.И., Ксенофонтова И.В. Элитныархаические воинские комплексы из Центральной Абхазии. Вестник Академии наук Абхазии.

241.Шрамко, Солнцев, Фомин, 1963.Шрамко Б.А., Солнцев Л.А., Фомин Л.Д.Техника обработки железа в лесостепной и степной Скифии.-СА №4. Москва ст. 36-57 242. Щукин, 2004. Щукин М.Б. Умбон из кургана “Садовый” под Новочеркасском.Археолог: детектив и мыслителъ. Санкт-Петербург 445-463

243.Эрлих , 1991.Эрлих В.Р Меотские мечи из Закубанья.-Древности Северного Кавказа и Причерноморья. Москва ст. 77-99.

244.Эрлих, 2008. Эрлих В.А. Об одном типе греческих шлемов из центральной Абхазии.

Сухуми

245. Bespalyi, Perevoztchikov, 1995.Bespalyi E.I., Perevoztchikov V.I. La cache du kourgane 1 de Datchi dans labanlieued'Azov. L'or des Sarmates. Nomades des steppes dans l'Antiquité. Daoulas 67-82.

246.Bishop, Coulston, 1993.Bishop M.C., Coulston C.N. Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. London

247.Bottini, Egg, Hase, Pflug, Schaaf, Schauer, Waurick,1988.Bottini F., Egg M., Hase F.,

Pflug H., Schaaf V., Schauer P., Waurick G. Antike Helme. Mainz

248.Connolly, 1988. Connolly P. Greece and Rome at war. London

‐ 225 ‐  

249. Greenhalgh, 1973. Greenhalgh P.A.L. Early Greek Warfare. Cambridge

250.Kazanski, 1991. Kazanski M. À propos des armes et des éléments de harnachement "orientaux"en Occident à l'époque des Grandes Migrations (IV-V s).-Journal of Roman Achaeology, 4.Paris pa. 123-139

251.Kazanski, 1996.Kazanski M. Les tombes «princières» de l'horizon Untersiebenbrunn, le problème de l'identification ethnique.- L'identité des populations archéologiques. Sophia Antipolis pa. 109-126.

252.Kazanski, 2013.Kazanski M., Barbarian Military Equipement and its Evolution in the Late Roman and Great Migration Periods (The 3rd-5th cen..A.D.).-Sarantis A., Christie N. (eds.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity.Brill, Leiden-Boston pa. 493-522

253.Kazanski, Mastykova,2007. Kazanski M., Mastykova A.TSIBILIUM II. Paris

254.Kvirkvelia, 1995.Kvirkvelia G. On the early Hellenistic burials of North-Western Colchis. Berlin

255.Lordkipanidze, 2001. Lordkipanidze O. The “Akhalgori Hoard.” An attempt at Dating and Historical Interpretation. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, B 33, Berlin

251.Shchukin, Kazanski, Sharov, 2006. Shchukin M., Kazanski M., Sharov O. Des Goths aux Huns. Le Nord de la mer Noire au Bas–Empire et a l’époque des Grandes Migrations (British Archaeological Reports –S1535). Oxford

252.Voronov, 2007. Voronov Y.TSIBILIUMI. Paris

‐ 226 ‐  

tabulebis aRweriloba

I.SemTxveviTi aRmoCena. CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi

http://popgun.ru/files/g/79/orig/317168.jpg 

II.1-4. SemTxveviTi aRmoCena. CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi. q.anapa

http://www.welcometoanapa.ru/articles/61/ 

III.volgisa da uralis ormdinareTSi aRmoCenili tarrgoliani

maxvilebi [Хазанов, 1971: Ст. 136. tab.IV].

IV.e.w. zoomorful Taviani satevrebi ruseTis teritoriidan

[Хазанов, 1971: Ст. 133. Таб.I].

V.sofel ZevrSi aRmoCenili nimuSebi [fuTuriZe, 1959: 54–94, tab.V].

VI.sofel zeda goraSi gaTxrili samarxi da iq aRmoCenili

maxvili [xarabaZe, 2003: 164-169].

VII.Cxorowyus satevari. darRveuli samarxidan

[Хоштария,1941: 67-92,Ст.9].

VIII. Jinvalis samarovanze aRmoCenili maxvilebi: 1-№ 277 samarxi; 2-№

479 samarxi[CixlaZe, 1999: tab.XX, XXI]

IX.sarmatTa samarxebi [Хазанов, 1971: Ст.140.Таб.VIII].

X.tarrgoliani satevris tarebis erT–erTi xerxi

[Симоненко, 2010:Ст.63. Рис..40]

XI.1. “Церковный холм”; 2,3.abgiZraxu; 4. axaCaraxu;5. lari;6. eSera

‐ 227 ‐  

[Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К.1982: ст. 131. Рис.4]

XII.calpirlesili satevrebi, e.w. “skramasaqsebi”. SemTxveviTiaRmoCena.

Dda.evropisteritoria.

XIII. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da adreantikuri xanis yuakveriani

culebi [Zv.w. VII-I ss]. 1,2. yulanurxva; 3. md.kelasuri; 4.

aCandara; 5. guadixu; 6. bombora; 7. aCandara[Воронов Ю.Н. 1975: ст. 220.

Рис.4].

XIV, XV, XVI-evropisteritoriazeSemTxveviTaRmoCenili

“webelduritipis” analogiuriculebi.

XVII.gamosaxuleba guarapis qvaze

[ВороновЮ.Н., ШенкаоН.К.1982: ст. 129. Рис.3]

 

XVIII.adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis isrispirebi:1-12.

yulanurxva; 13-18. wiTeli Suqura; 19.SemTxveviTi aRmoCena; 20-

24. soxumis mTa [ВороновЮ.Н. 1975:ст. 219. Рис.2].

 

XIX.gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis isrispirebi afxazeTis

samarxebidan: 1-7. wibiliumis cixesimagre; 8-12. wibilium-I;

13-16. abgiZraxu [ВороновЮ.Н., ШенкаоН.К.1982:ст. 123. Рис.1]

XX.adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis Subispirebi:1. gulrifSi; 2.

beSkardaSi; 3.guadixu; 4. soxumis mTa

[ВороновЮ.Н. 1975:ст. 219. Рис.3].

XXI.1,2. soxumis mTa; 3. qveda eSera; 4,5. abgiZraxu

[Воронов Ю.Н. 1975:ст. 219. Рис.3].

XXII.1-5. soxumis mTa[Воронов Ю.Н. 1975:ст. 219. Рис.3].

XXIII.1,2. “Юстинианов холм”,3. abgiZraxu

[Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К.1982: ст. 125. Рис.2]

‐ 228 ‐  

XXIV.1. Aaxacaraxu; 2-4. abgiZraxu

[Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К.1982: ст. 125. Рис.2]

XXV.1. abgiZraxu; 2. lari; 3. abgiZraxu; 4, 5. Sapka; 6. axaCaraxu;

7.axacaraxu

[Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К.1982: ст. 125. Рис.2]

XXVI.1. abgiZraxu; 2. axacaraxu; 3. Sapka; 4. apuSta; 5. Aaxacaraxu; 6.

„Юстинианов холм“; 7.Sapka; 8. „Юстинианов холм“; 9. Sapka

[Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К.1982: ст. 125. Рис.2]

XXVII.rkinis urnalis piri vanis naqalaqaridan

[gamyreliZe, 2005: 207. tab.XXVII]

XXVIII.axul-aabas xis faris brinjaos garsakravi [kvirkvelia, 2001: 32. sur.1]

XXIX.wiTeli Suquris faris garsakravi [kvirkvelia, 2001: 33. sur. 4].

XXX.eSeris fari [Шамба, 1980: 50. Таб.LXVI]

XXXI.varsimaanTkaris fari [muxigulaSvili, 1986: 60. tab.XXIV]

XXXII.kamarxevis brinjaos fari [jRarkava, 1982: 141,150]

XXXIII.vanis naqalaqaris, №9meomris samarxSi aRmoCenili fari [lorTqifaniZe, 1972: sur.164]

XXXIV.volkovcis №2 yorRanis faris rkinisfirfitovni garsakravi [Черненко, 1968: 98. Рис.58]

XXXV.urekis samarovanis umbonebi [miqelaZe, 1985: tab.XI1-5]

XXXVI.vanis naqalaqaris umbonebi

[gamyreliZe, 2005: 215. tab.XXXV 4]

‐ 229 ‐  

XXXVII.webeldaSi aRmoCenili sxvadasxva formis umboni

[Воронов Ю.Н., Шенкао Н.К.1982: ст. 133. Рис.5]

XXXVIII.rekonstruirebulifarisformebi

[ВороновЮ.Н.,….. 1982: ст. 133. Рис.5]

XXXIX.samadloskeramikul WurWelze gamosaxuli meomrebi

[gamyreliZe, 2005: 184. tab.IV]

XL.sof. gomSi aRmoCenili sasmisi

[gamyreliZe, 2002: 48. tab.I]

XLI.faraon SeSonikis beqTaris gamosaxuleba

[Хазанов, 1971: Ст.164.Таб.XXXII].

XLII.terakota britaneTis muzeumidan

[Хазанов, 1971: Ст.162.Таб.XXIX].

XLIII Sedgenili beqTaris rekonstruqcia

[Хазанов, 1971: Ст.165.Таб.XXXIII].

XLIV.dura-evroposis gamosaxuleba

[Хазанов, 1971: Ст.162.Таб.XXIX].

XLV.TrialeTis adreuli brinjaos xanis №40 yorRanSiaRmoCenili

brinjaos firfitebi [Куфтин, 1941: 467. Таб.CXV].

XLVI.romauliLorica segmentata-s rekonstruqcia

XLVII.eSeris naqalaqaris muzaradebi [Воронов, 1969: 80, tab.XLVI, 10; Г. Шамба, 1988:Ст. 130.Рис-16. Ст. 82. Рис-2]

 

XLVIII.eSeris axali muzaradi [2008 w]

[Эрлих, 2008:80-81]

XLIX.eSeris midamoebSi aRmoCenili muzaradebi [Воронов, 1991:Ст.227, 228.Рис.2,3]

L.saqarTvelos sxvadasxva teritoriaze SemTxveviT nanaxi muzaradebi

[gamyreliZe, 2005: 209. tab.XXIX]

‐ 230 ‐  

LI.romauli naxevarsferuli muzaradi. kaxeTi, dedofliswyaros raioni,

sof. zemo qedi

[gamyreliZe, 2005: 210. tab.XXX]

LII.egeosur samyaroSi gavrcelebuli fexis da xelis safari abjrebi

LIII.axul-abaas brinjaos knemidebi [Воронов, 1991:Ст.227,228.Рис.2,3]

LIV.vanis brinjaos knemidebi [lorTqifaniZe, 1972:sur.173]

LV.vanis brinjaos sabarkulebi [lorTqifaniZe, 1972:sur.172, 172a]

‐ 231 ‐  

Description of the figures

I. Accidental finds.Northern Black Sea coast

II. Accidental finds.Northern Black Sea coast. Anapa

III. Weapons with the ring-pommel. [or Ring-Shaped Hilt] Russia

IV. Weapons with antenna-pommel.Russia

V. Dzevri. Western Georgia

VI. Zeda Gora. Western Georgia

VII. Chxorowyu. Western Georgia VIII. Jinval. Eastern Georgia: 1-Burial №277; 2-Burial №479

IX. Sarmatian burials. Russia, Ukraine. X. The rule of wearing daggers and short swords

XI. 1.“Tserkovni Kholm”; 2,3.Abgidzrakhu; 4. Akhacharakhu; 5. lar; 6. Eshera

XII. Seaxes. Accidental finds XIII. The “ax-hammer’ type axes [The 7th-1st centuries B.C]. 1,2-Kulanurkhva; 3-Kelasuri; 4-Achandara; 5-Guadikhu; 6-Bombora; 7-Achandara XIV,XV,XVI. Axes typical for necropolis Tsibilium. Accidental finds.Western Europe

XVII. The image of axe. Guarap, Abkhazia XVIII. Arrowheads of the Classical and Hellenistic Periods:1-12. Kulanurkhva;13-18. Tsiteli shuqura; 19.Accidental discovery; 20-24. Sukhumi Mountain; XIX. Arrowheads of the 1st-6th centuries AD: 1-7. Tsibilium fortress; 8-12. Necropolis Tsibilium-I; 13-16. Abgidzrakhu XX. Spearheads of the Classical and Hellenistic Periods:1- Gulripsh, 2-Beshkardash, 3- Guadikhu, 4-Sukhumi Mountain

XXI. 1,2-Sukhumi Mountain, 3- Lower Eshera, 4,5- Abgidzrakhu XXII. 1-5. Sukhumi Mountain XXIII. 1,2-“Юстинианов холм”, 3-Abgidzrakhu XXIV. 1-Akhacarakhu; 2-4-Abgidzrakhu XXV . 1-Abgidzrakhu, 2- Lar, 3-Abgidzrakhu, 4,5-Shapka, 6- Akhacharakhu, 7-Akhacarakhu

‐ 232 ‐  

XXVI. 1-Abgidzrakhu, 2-Akhacarakhu, 3-Shapka, 4-Apushta, 5-Akhacarakhu, 6- „Юстинианов холм“, 7-Shapka, 8-„Юстинианов холм“, 9- Shapka XXVII. Battering ram from Vani XXVIII. Theshieldfrom Akhul-Aaba, covered with the metal plates. The so-called hoplite shield XXIX. Theshieldfrom Tsiteli shuqura, covered with a eagle shaped metal plate. The so- called hoplite shield XXX. Theshieldfrom Eshera, covered with the metal plates. The so-called hoplite shield XXXI. Theshieldfrom Varsimaantkari, covered entirely with a metal plate. The so-called hoplite Shield XXXII. Theshieldfrom Kamarakhevi, covered entirely with a metal plate. The so-called hopliteShield XXXIII. Theshieldfrom Vani, covered with metalbands or narrow plates XXXIV. Reconstruction of the shield XXXV. Thebronzeumbones. Ureki necropolis XXXVI. The bronze umbones. Vani XXXVII. The ironumbones.Tsebelda XXXVIII. Reconstruction of the shields. Tsebelda XXXIX. Images of warriors. Samadlo XL. Images of warriors on the silver bowl. Gomi XLI. Pharaoh Sheshonik's scale armour XLII. Terracotta. British Museum XLIII. Reconstruction of lamellar armor XLIV. Image of warrior.Dura Europos XLV. Armour plates. Trialeti XLVI. Reconstruction oflorica segmentata XLVII. The so-called Chalcidice type bronze helmets. Eshera XLVIII. Chalcidice type bronze helmet. Eshera XLIX. Chalcidice type bronze helmets. Eshera L. Chalcidice type bronze helmets. Kutaisi, Kokhi, Lanchkhuti LI. Roman helmet. Georgia, Upper Quedi LII. The greaves and other pieces of Greek armour that protect the leg LIII. The greaves. Akhul Abaa LIV. The greaves. Vani LV. Thecuisses. Vani

‐ 233 ‐  

‐ 234 ‐  

‐ 235 ‐  

‐ 236 ‐  

‐ 237 ‐  

‐ 238 ‐  

‐ 239 ‐  

‐ 240 ‐  

‐ 241 ‐  

‐ 242 ‐  

‐ 243 ‐  

‐ 244 ‐  

‐ 245 ‐  

‐ 246 ‐  

‐ 247 ‐  

‐ 248 ‐  

‐ 249 ‐  

‐ 250 ‐  

‐ 251 ‐  

‐ 252 ‐  

‐ 253 ‐  

‐ 254 ‐  

‐ 255 ‐  

‐ 256 ‐  

‐ 257 ‐  

‐ 258 ‐  

‐ 259 ‐  

‐ 260 ‐  

‐ 261 ‐  

‐ 262 ‐  

‐ 263 ‐  

‐ 264 ‐  

‐ 265 ‐  

‐ 266 ‐  

‐ 267 ‐  

‐ 268 ‐  

‐ 269 ‐  

‐ 270 ‐  

‐ 271 ‐  

‐ 272 ‐  

‐ 273 ‐  

‐ 274 ‐  

‐ 275 ‐  

‐ 276 ‐  

‐ 277 ‐  

‐ 278 ‐  

‐ 279 ‐  

‐ 280 ‐  

‐ 281 ‐  

‐ 282 ‐  

‐ 283 ‐  

‐ 284 ‐  

‐ 285 ‐  

‐ 286 ‐  

‐ 287 ‐  

‐ 288 ‐  

‐ 289 ‐