ir2501 – week 8 lectures ii – postcolonial studies
TRANSCRIPT
IR2501 – week 8 lectures
II – Postcolonial Studies
Postcolonial Studies
Inter-disciplinary field of study involving all humanities, arts and social sciences Especially prominent in literary and cultural studies, but
recent impact on IR Aim: to analyse ‘the postcolonial condition’ Questions that transition to independence is
smooth, or unproblematic Initial questions:
What is the long term legacy of the Imperial era (political, cultural, economic…)?
How meaningful is independence? Who writes the history of colonialism? – have the ‘victors’
created a fantasy of a positive impact rather than oppression and exploitation?
Founding Parents Edward Said
Power-knowledge nexus of Imperialism deconstructive critique of techniques of Othering
Gayatri Spivak Subjectivity of subaltern subjects Debates on the representation of marginalised voices in
social research Homi Bhabha
conceptions of the nation Hybrid identities
Ranajit Guha and the ‘Subaltern Studies Group’ Rewriting history from the perspective of the colonised ‘Decentering’ the production of academic knowledge
Intellectual agendas in Postcolonial Studies
How can we re-write history to account for the perspective of native populations? What would be the impact on contemporary analyses and
categories? How can we have a non-oppressive academic
discourse? ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ Does Western scholarship have the tools of speak of ‘other’
cultures? Debates on universalism in values
Why are the concerns and views of Western scholars and policy-makers taken more seriously than those of thinkers from the ‘margins’? Agenda-setting by the powerful that excludes voices and
indigenous concerns of most of the world
Challenges and Debates Main debate in postcolonial theory: Neo-Marxist vs.
post-structuralist emphases Over-stating the discursive aspects hides the material
components of neo-imperialism? i.e. too stuck with talking about texts?
Importance of discussing increasingly subtle mechanisms for surveillance, control and exploitation should not be dismissed: discursive masks of colonialism change over time…
Resilience of Orientalism as a mechanism for Othering E.g. civilising mission of the War on Terror?
Risk of over-emphasising colonialism as a marker: p/c states vary, and elites should take share of the blame for ease of their own corruption
Implications for International Relations Seemingly very focused micro-theory, but the implications are
fundamental to IR: Theorisation of power, in terms of Empire, relating to the material and discursive aspects of power
Fundamentally challenges: Realist Foreign policy and the international system as a
‘rational’, predictable setting…IR is full of cultural assumptions and lacks objectivity
E.g. racist US assumptions about Japan shaping WWII
policy and academic discourses on the ‘developing’ world Categories chosen and linear, Western-centric, scale of development
set out ill-suited goals which postcolonial societies cannot but fail to reach
Assuming a level playing field of globalisation that hides growing inequalities steeped in a long history, and structurally reinforced
Hides ideological underpinnings of ‘good governance’ discourse
Can there be an IR without ‘Othering’? Connection to wider post-structuralist agendas: is
exclusion a feature of identity? David Campbell: the state defines its identity through
perceived enemies… Greater regional cooperation maintains boundaries – e.g.
EU: even common identities need an ‘outside’ Connection to wider neo-Gramscian thought and
World Systems Theory/Dependencia School Is the developed world ‘developed’ precisely because the
developing world isn’t? Discourse of the liberal growth (through free trade)
and the liberal peace (through intervention) imply that everyone is can be a ‘winner’ in IR… Is this structurally possible?
Conclusions Does Orientalism apply to analyses of the
contemporary Middle East? Does it apply to other parts of the ‘Global South’? What lies behind dominant discourses in IR, and IR
theory? Is IR theory fundamentally Western-centric? Does it put a veneer of legitimacy and rationality on
exclusion and exploitation?
What opportunities are there for marginalised sections of populations, cultures or parts of the world to speak for themselves... and to be heard?