IR2002IR2002THEORIES OF THEORIES OF

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSRELATIONS

MARXISMMARXISM

HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

Emergence of ‘Socialist’ StatesEmergence of ‘Socialist’ States

The Cold WarThe Cold War

Fall of CommunismFall of Communism

THEORY AND PRACTICETHEORY AND PRACTICE

Enlightenment PromiseEnlightenment Promise

Progressive Theory of HistoryProgressive Theory of History

Critique of CapitalismCritique of Capitalism

Building an Alternative Social OrderBuilding an Alternative Social Order

THREE PRINCIPAL SOURCESTHREE PRINCIPAL SOURCES

German PhilosophyGerman Philosophy

Classical Political EconomyClassical Political Economy

French Socialism French Socialism

THREE SOURCESTHREE SOURCES(Continued)(Continued)

German Idealism (Dialectical Method)German Idealism (Dialectical Method)

Classical Political Economy (Theory of Classical Political Economy (Theory of Surplus Value)Surplus Value)

Utopian Socialism (Scientific Utopian Socialism (Scientific Socialism/Class Theory of Revolution)Socialism/Class Theory of Revolution)

Key Figures of German Key Figures of German IdealismIdealism

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787)Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787)

Critique of Practical Reason (1788)Critique of Practical Reason (1788)

Critique of Judgment (1790)Critique of Judgment (1790)

German IdealismGerman Idealism(Continued)(Continued)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)1831)

Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)

Science of Logic (1812, 1813, & Science of Logic (1812, 1813, & 1816)1816)

Philosophy of Right (1820)Philosophy of Right (1820)

Three Central Questions in Three Central Questions in PhilosophyPhilosophy

Nature of Reality (Material or Ideal)Nature of Reality (Material or Ideal)

Primacy: Matter or ConsciousnessPrimacy: Matter or Consciousness

Relations between Material Reality Relations between Material Reality and Consciousnessand Consciousness

Marx’s Relation to German Marx’s Relation to German IdealismIdealism

Dialectical MethodDialectical Method

1. The determination of the concept out of 1. The determination of the concept out of itselfitself

2. The contradictory nature and 2. The contradictory nature and tendencies in each phenomenontendencies in each phenomenon

3. The union of analysis and synthesis3. The union of analysis and synthesis

MaterialismMaterialism

Economic forces determine/condition Economic forces determine/condition ideology, forms of social ideology, forms of social consciousness, legal and political consciousness, legal and political institutionsinstitutions

Dialectical MaterialismDialectical Materialism Superstructure Superstructure

IDEOLOGY, FORMS OF SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS, LEGAL & POLITICAL IDEOLOGY, FORMS OF SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS, LEGAL & POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS

(army, police, courts, bureaucracy)(army, police, courts, bureaucracy)

Mode of ProductionMode of Production

RELATIONS OF PRODUCTIONRELATIONS OF PRODUCTION

(work+ownership/effective control)(work+ownership/effective control)

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FORCES OF PRODUCTIONFORCES OF PRODUCTION

(labour-power+means of production)(labour-power+means of production)

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism

Critique of CapitalismCritique of Capitalism

Romantic View of the futureRomantic View of the future

Moral DoctrineMoral Doctrine

Key Figures of Utopian Key Figures of Utopian SocialismSocialism

Saint Simon (1760-1825)Saint Simon (1760-1825)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Preliminary RemarksPreliminary Remarks

Capitalism and Social LifeCapitalism and Social Life

Historically specific form of social Historically specific form of social and economic organisationand economic organisation

Contradictory Nature of CapitalismContradictory Nature of Capitalism

Classical Political EconomyClassical Political Economy

Central Focus: Study of Capitalist SocietyCentral Focus: Study of Capitalist Society

Relations between commodities Relations between commodities (exchange of one commodity for (exchange of one commodity for another)another)

Marx (1818-1883): Relation between Marx (1818-1883): Relation between people mediated by exchange (people mediated by exchange (CapitalCapital, , 1967)1967)

Classical Political EconomyClassical Political EconomyKey FiguresKey Figures

Adam Smith (1723-1790), Adam Smith (1723-1790), Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations (1776) (1776)

David Ricardo (1772-1823), David Ricardo (1772-1823), Principles of Political Principles of Political Economy and TaxationEconomy and Taxation (1817) (1817)

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), Introduction to the Introduction to the Principles of MoralsPrinciples of Morals (1780) (1780)

John Baptiste Say (1767-1832), John Baptiste Say (1767-1832), A Treatise on A Treatise on Political EconomyPolitical Economy (1803) (1803)

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), Principles of Political Principles of Political EconomyEconomy (1848) (1848)

n

Two ElementsTwo Elements 1. Human labour-power becomes a commodity. 1. Human labour-power becomes a commodity.

The wage worker sells labour-power to the The wage worker sells labour-power to the capitalist (owner of the means of production: capitalist (owner of the means of production: land, factories, and instruments of labour).land, factories, and instruments of labour).

2. The worker spends one part of the day 2. The worker spends one part of the day covering the cost of maintaining herself/himself covering the cost of maintaining herself/himself and her/his family, while the other part of the and her/his family, while the other part of the day s/he works without reward, creating for the day s/he works without reward, creating for the capitalist SURPLUS-VALUE, the source of profit, capitalist SURPLUS-VALUE, the source of profit, the source of wealth of the capitalist class.the source of wealth of the capitalist class.

Principal ContradictionsPrincipal Contradictions

Growing InequalityGrowing Inequality

Impoverishment of the working classImpoverishment of the working class

Increased class conflictIncreased class conflict

Crisis of capitalism (Solution: Crisis of capitalism (Solution: Imperialism)Imperialism)