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confederation A group of states that willingly enter into an alliance to form a political unit for a common purpose, such

as economic security or defense; it is highly interdependent but has a weak directorate organization, thus allowing the

individual states to maintain a fairly high degree of sovereignty.

Council of the European Union The most important decision-making body of the EU. The Council represents the

member-states through each member's representatives, which can range from the head of state to specialized ministers

(such as agriculture). Formerly known as the Council of Ministers.

Court of Auditors An oversight institution within the EU. It is staffed by one individual from each member country and

monitors the implementation of EU budgets and policies.European Commission A 20-member commission that serves as the bureaucratic organ of the European Union.

European Communities (EC) Established in 1967, the EC was a single unit whose plural name (Communities) reflects

the fact that it united the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, and the European

Atomic Energy Community under one organizational structure. The EC evolved into the European Union beginning in

1993.

European Economic Community (EEC) The regional trade and economic organization established in Western Europe by

the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the Common Market.

European Ombudsman An official of the European Union appointed by the European Parliament to investigate EU

citizens' complaints about maladministration in the activities of EU bodies, excluding the Court of Justice and the Court

of First Instance.federation Also called a federal government, a power sharing governance structure in which the central authority and

the member units each have substantial authority.

Hague system Name given to the peace conferences held in the Netherlands in 1899 and 1907. They serve as the first

example of an international attempt to improve the condition of humanity.

league A governmental arrangement in which the centralized government is mostly symbolic and has little or no

functional authority.

League of Nations The first, true general international organization. It existed between the end of World War I and the

beginning of World War II and was the immediate predecessor of the United Nations.

limited membership council A representative organization body of the UN that grants special status to members who

have a greater stake, responsibility, or capacity in a particular area of concern. The UN Security Council is an example.

Maastricht Treaty The most significant agreement in the recent history of the European Union (EU). The Maastricht

Treaty was signed by leaders of the EU's 12 member-countries in December 1991 and outlined steps toward further

political-economic integration.

plenary representative body An assembly, such as the UN's General Assembly, that consists of all members of the main

organization.

President of the Commission Comparable to being president of the European Union (EU), this person is the director of

the 25-member European Commission, the policy-making bureaucratic organ of the EU.

regional governments A possible middle level of governance between the prevalent national governments of today

and the world government that some people favor. The regional structure that comes closest to (but still well short of ) a

regional government is the European Union.

supranational organizations An organization that is founded and operates, at least in part, on the idea that

international organizations can or should have authority higher than individual states and that those states should be

subordinate to the supranational organization.

UN General Assembly (UNGA) The main representative body of the United Nations, composed of all 192 member-

states.

UN Security Council (UNSC) The main peacekeeping organ of the United Nations. The Security Council has 15 members

including 5 permanent members.

Unitary government One in which the central government has all or most of the power and the subordinate units have

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little or no functional authority.

United Nations (UN) An international body created in 1945 with the intention of maintaining peace through the

cooperation of its member-states. As part of its mission, it addresses human welfare issues such as the environment,

human rights, population, and health. Its headquarters are located in New York City, and it was established following

World War II to supersede the League of Nations.

world government The concept of a supranational world authority to which current countries would surrender some o

all of their sovereign authority.

A History of IGOsTheories of IGO Formation

- Project for Perpetual Peace, 1713- Functionalism and neo-functionalism

The Growth of IGOs

Reasons for Growth

1. Increased international contact2. Increased global interdependence3. The expansion of transnational problems4. The failure of the current state-centered system to provide security5. The efforts of small states to gain strength through joint action6. The success of IGOs

Roles that IGOs Play

Interactive Arena

Center of Cooperation

Independent International Actor

Supranational Organization

- Arguments for expanding supranational authority- Arguments against expanding supranational authority

Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations

Membership and Voting

Membership Issues

- General Membership Issueso Standards for admitting new memberso Successor state statuso Withdrawal, suspension, or expulsion

- Membership Issues in IGO Substructures- Controversy over Membership on the Security CouncilVoting Issues

Leadership

Selecting the UN Secretary-General

The Current UN Secretary-General

Administration and Finance

- Administrationo Administrative reformo Putting charges of maladministration in perspective

- FinanceActivities of the UN and Other IGOs

Activities Promoting Peace and Security

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- Creating norms against violence- Providing a debate alternative- Intervening diplomatically- Promoting arms control and disarmament- Imposing sanctions- PeacekeepingSocial, Economic, Environmental, and Other Activities

- Promoting economic development- Advocating human rights- Advancing international law and norms- Improving the quality of human existence- Guarding the environment- Encouraging independence through self-determinationEvaluating Global IGOs

- Fulfillment of ultimate goals- Acquiescence to your goals- What is possible- Progress- World opinion- Whether alternatives exist

Regional IGOs: Focus on the European Union

The Origins and Evolution of the European Union

Economic Integration

Political Integration

Governance of the European Union

Political Leadership

Bureaucracy

Oversight Agencies

Legislature

Judiciary

The Future of the EU

Campaign for a Constitution

Reflecting on the EUs Future