ipc final final

8/14/2019 Ipc Final Final

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IQTM

IPC Practical

TO:Sir Abdullah Khan Durrani

BY: Tayyab Noreen BSIEM 06-01Pakeeza Bukhari BSIEM 06-17Sara Rehman BSIEM 06-25Hurria Afzal BSIEM 06-30Asfa BSIEM 06-35

[29-05-09]


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OBSERVATIONS:

MEASURED EQUIPMENT

TERMS 2-PAN BALANCE DENVER INSTRUMENT SPRING BALANCE

RANGE 50g ---- 5000g 0.1mg ---- 210g 96g ---- 1920g

SENSITIVITY 50g 0.1mg 96g

ZERO ERROR 88.2g 0 0

WEIGHTS MEASURED ON 2-PAN BALABNCE

OBJECTS PERSONS

WEIGHED PAKEEZA ASFA HURRIA SARA TAYYABA

PEN DRIVE 28g 28g 28g 28g 28g

PEN 6g 6g 6g 6g 6gBOTTLE 96g 96g 96g 96g 96g

WEIGHTS MEASURED ON DENVER INSTRUMENT

OBJECTS PERSONS

WEIGHED PAKEEZA ASFA HURRIA SARA TAYYAB

PEN DRIVE 25.45g 25.45g 25.45g 25.45g 25.45g

PEN 6.55g 6.55g 6.55g 6.55g 6.55g

BOTTLE 99.35g 99.35g 99.35g 99.35g 99.35g

WEIGHTS MEASURED ON SPRING INSTRUMENT

OBJECTS PERSONS

WEIGHED PAKEEZA ASFA HURRIA SARA TAYYAB

WEIGHT A 1536g 1536g 1536g 1440g 1440g

WEIGHT B 768g 768g 768g 768g 768g

WEIGHT C 960g 960g 960g 960g 960g

RESULT: Weight of same objects when measured by different persons gave variations because

of personal error.

Weight of same objects when measured by different instruments gave variations

because of instrumental error.

OBJECTIVE:


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To get knowledge of terms related to measurement using different length measuring

instruments:

THEORY:

STEEL RULES:Steel rules, also called rulers, are essential in any shop when accuracy matters. Steel rules

are inherently more accurate than folding rules because they are made in one piece and so

avoid the inaccuracies, however small, which are inherent in folding rules because of theto play in their hinges(joints).

Steel rules come in rigid and flexible versions. Their primary purpose is accurate

measurement. They can also be used as guides for laying out lines, and if rigid enough,for cutting. The thinner, more flexible rules can also be used to measure rounded or

cambered work.

MEASURING TAPE:

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible form ofruler.It consists of a ribbon ofcloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings with metric

units and sometimes additionally imperial units. It is a common measuring tool. Itsflexibility allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or tool kit

and permits one to measure around curves or corners.

Measuring tapes designed forcarpentry orconstructionoften use a stiff, curved metallicribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended, but retracts into a coil for

convenient storage. Engineers use tape measures in lengths of over100 m (300+ ft).

TRY SQUARE (L SCALE)

Try square is sometimes spelled "tri-square", or referred to as a combination square. A

traditional try square has a broad blade made ofsteel orbrass that is riveted to a woodenhandle. The inside of the wooden handle typically has a steel orbrass strip fixed to it thatis precisely 90 degrees to the blade. Some blades have either metric or English

graduations for measurement. A try square is a woodworking or a metal working tool

used for marking and measuring a piece ofwood. The square refers to the tool's primaryuse of measuring the accuracy of a right angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its

straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface.

PROCEDURE:

L-SCALE:

Different objects were taken & the length of each object was measured by differentpersons to know personal errors.

MEASURING TAPE:

The tape was opened to an appropriate extent and the length of given objects was

measured. Each measurement was performed by different person.

STEEL SCALE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)


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Different objects were taken & the length of each object was measured by different

persons to know personal errors.

OBSERVATIONS:

LENGTH OF BLOCK

MEASURING PERSONS

INSTRUMENT PAKEEZA ASFA HURRIA SARA TAYYAB

STEEL RULE 12.7cm (5") 12.5cm (4.9") 12.7cm (5") 12.7cm (5") 12.6cm (4

MEASURING TAPE 12.8cm (5") 12.8cm (5") 12.7cm (5") 12.8cm (5") 12.7cm (

L SQUARE 12.7cm (5") 12.4cm (4.9") 12.7cm (4.9") 12.8cm (5") 12.5cm (4

RESULT:

Length of the same wooden block when measured by different persons gavevariations because of personal error.

Length of the same wooden block when measured by different instruments

gave variations because of instrumental error.


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OBJECTIVE:

Calibrate different temperature sensing devices

Thermocouples

R.T.D

THEORY:

SENSORS:

Create a change in voltage/current/ resistance based upon the temperature of the

environment

GLASS THERMOMETERS:

In a glass thermometer, the liquid in the glass tube expands as it is heated. The liquid is

usually mercury and alcohol.

THERMOCOUPLE:Thermocouples are the most popular temperature sensors. They are cheap,interchangeable, have standard connectors and can measure a wide range of temperatures.

The main limitation is accuracy, system errors of less than 1C can be difficult to

achieve.Based on the Seebeck effect:Conversion of heat differences into electricity. EMFproduced around a circuit ofdifferentmetals. Output voltage related to the temperature

difference between the measurement and reference junction. Datasheets provide

conversion data from mV to T. Standardized based on metal types used. All voltages are

with respect to a 0C reference point. Must compensate if the reference point is not at0C

ADVANTAGES:

Low cost

Mechanical stability

Wide temperature ranges available (-200 - 2000 C)

DISADVANTAGES:

Low sensitivity (V/C)

Requires a known temperature reference

Requires recalibration periodically

OTHER PROPERTIES:

Reasonable accuracy (2.2C or 0.75%) Degrades as a function of time (e.g., oxidation)

RESISTIVE THERMOMETERS:

This type of sensors is based on the observation that different materials can have different

resistive profiles at different temperatures. These properties are mainly electrical innature.
http://www.picotech.com/thermocouples.htmlhttp://www.picotech.com/thermocouples.html


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CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES OF RTD:

Industrial RTDs are very accurate: the accuracy can be as high as 0.1C. The ultra high

accurate version of RTD is known as Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers(SPRTs) having accuracy at 0.0001C.

Special attention should be given on the wiring of RTD bridge connection as well as self-

heating when a current is sent through the RTD.Bridge circuit is used quite often to measure low level voltages, such as the outputs from

RTD, thermister, or thermocouples.Datasheetsprovide conversion data from R to T

Standardized based on metal types used, typically Pt

-value gives the slope of the R vs T relationship

Linear relationship

RTD characterized by resistance at 0C

ADVANTAGES:

More stable, reliable, repeatable than thermocouples

Very linear relationship between R and T

DISADVANTAGES:

More expensive than thermocouples

Requires a current source to operate

Slower response time (2-4x) than thermocouples

Self-heating causes measurement error

Smaller temperature ranges (-200 - 1000C)


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OBJECTIVE:Pressure Calibration of:

U- tube manometerInclined tube manometer

THEORY:

PRESSURE DEFINITION:

Pressure is defined as a force per unit area

U-TUBE MANOMETER:

Fig. 2-1. In its simplest form the manometer is a U-tube about half filled withliquid. With both ends of the tube open, the liquid is at the same height in eachleg.

Fig. 2-2. When positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is forced down in

that leg and up in the other. The difference in height, "h," which is the sum of thereadings above and below zero, indicates the pressure.

Fig. 2-3. When a vacuum is applied to one leg, the liquid rises in that leg and falls

in the other. The difference in height, "h," which is the sum of the readings aboveand below zero, indicates the amount of vacuum.


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INCLINED MANOMETER:

At left, equal pressure is imposed on the liquid in the well and the indicating tube.

Reading is zero. At the right a positive pressure has been imposed on the liquid in the

indicating tube pushing it down to a point on the scale equal to the pressure. Liquid levelin the well rises proportionately. Inclining the indicating tube has opened up the scale to

permit more precise reading of the pressure.


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OBJECTIVE:Calibration of flow measuring Equipments:

THEORY:

FLOW RATE:

The volume of fluid which passes through a given area per unit time. It is also called flux.

It is usually represented by the symbol Q

ORIFICE METER:

An orifice is simply a flat piece of metal with a specific-sized hole bored in it. Most

orifices are of the concentric type, but eccentric, conical (quadrant), and segmental

designs are also available

In practice, the orifice plate is installed in the pipe between two flanges

Acting as the primary device, the orifice constricts the flow of liquid to produce a

differential pressure across the plate

Pressure taps on either side of the plate are used to detect the difference

VENTURI METER:

Venturi tubes have the advantage of being able to handle large flow volumes at low

pressure drops

A venturi tube is essentially a section of pipe with a tapered entrance and a straight

throat

As liquid passes through the throat, its velocity increases, causing a pressuredifferential between the inlet and outlet regions

The flowmeters have no moving parts. They can be installed in large diameter pipesusing flanged, welded or threaded-end fittings. Four or more pressure taps are usually

installed with the unit to average the measured pressure

VARIABLE-AREA METERS:

Variable-area meters, often called rotameters, consist essentially of a tapered tube and

a float

Although classified as differential pressure units, they are, in reality, constant

differential pressure devices Flanged-end fittings provide an easy means for installing them in pipes

When there is no liquid flow, the float rests freely at the bottom of the tube. As liquid

enters the bottom of the tube, the float begins to rise

The position of the float varies directly with the flow rate. Its exact position is at thepoint where the differential pressure between the upper and lower surfaces balance

the weight of the float.


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OBJECTIVE:

Measure the delay time (for measurement) of an instrument.

EQUIPMENT:

Hot plate, Thermometer, Thermocouple, Beaker with Water

THEORY:

THERMOMETER:

A thermometer is a device that measures the temperature of things. The name is made up

of two smaller words: "Thermo" means heat and "meter" means to measure. A bulb is

present at the base of the thermometer with a long glass tube stretching out the top. The

liquid in the middle of the thermometer tube moves up and down depending on thetemperature. Liquid used is usually mercury or alcohol.

THERMOCOUPLE:

A thermocouple consists of two wires of dissimilar metals joined near the measurement

point. The output is a small voltage measured between the two wires.

Thermocouple circuit has at least two junctions: the measurement junction and a

reference junction. Typically, the reference junction is created where the two wiresconnect to the measuring device. It is based on the Seebeck effect and converts heat

differences into electricity. EMF is produced around the circuit. Output voltage is

related to the temperature difference between the measurement and referencejunction.


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DELAY TIME:

Time taken by an instrument to respond towards an input.

PROCEDURE:A beaker containing water was heated using hot plate. Temperature of water was

measured after specific time using both the Thermometer as well as Thermocouple andtime delay for measurement was calculated.

OBSERVATIONS :

Sr. No. TIME (Minutes)THERMOCOUPLE

(OC)

THERMOMETER

(OC)

1 0 29 32

2 1 32 34

3 2 34 38

4 3 38 44

Result:From the observations taken, it is clear that thermocouple gave a time delay of 1 Minute

for every measurement.

ipc final final

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